Fandom: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Taylor_Swift_at_TIFF_2022_-_3.jpg|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] clicking pictures with [[Swifties]]]]

Music fandom in the 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating [[fan art]], participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. David |title=New media cultures |date=2004 |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-80699-9 |series=Cultural studies in practice |location=London}}</ref> These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting the careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include [[Beatlemania]], [[Swifties]], [[Deadhead]]s, and ~~The~~ [[List of fandom names|Barbz]].

Music fandom in the 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating [[fan art]], participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. David |title=New media cultures |date=2004 |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-80699-9 |series=Cultural studies in practice |location=London}}</ref> These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting the careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include [[Beatlemania]], [[Swifties]], [[Deadhead]]s, and [[List of fandom names|Barbz]].

The [[furry fandom]] refers to the fandom for fictional [[anthropomorphic]] animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. The concept of the ''furry'' originated at a [[science fiction convention]] in 1980,<ref>{{Cite news

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}}</ref> when a drawing of a character from [[Steve Gallacci]]'s ''[[Albedo Anthropomorphics]]'' initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and [[comics]] conventions.

}}</ref> when a drawing of a character from [[Steve Gallacci]]'s ''[[Albedo Anthropomorphics]]'' initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and [[comics]] conventions. Many furries create [[fursona]]s as personalized animal characters representing themselves.<ref name="Gerbasi2016">{{Cite book |last1=Plante |first1=Courtney N. |url=https://www.furscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Fur-Science-Final-pdf-for-Website_2017_10_18.pdf |title=FurScience! A summary of five years of research from the International Anthropomorphic Research Project |last2=Reysen |first2=Stephen |last3=Roberts |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Gerbasi |first4=Kathleen C. |publisher=FurScience |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9976288-0-7 |location=Waterloo, Ontario |pages=6, 34, 50–74 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424000612/https://sites.google.com/site/anthropomorphicresearch/home/publications |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2020 survey in ''The New Science of Narcissism'', 95% of furries have a fursona.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=W. Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9ToDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fursona&pg=PT121 |title=The New Science of Narcissism: Understanding One of the Greatest Psychological Challenges of Our Time—and What You Can Do About It |last2=Crist |first2=Carolyn |date=2020-09-29 |publisher=Sounds True |isbn=978-1-68364-403-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|180}}

The [[brony fandom]] refers to the fanbase of the animated television series ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'', which emerged in late 2010 and early 2011 on the imageboard [[4chan]] before spreading to other [[Online communities of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|online communities]]. The fandom adopted the name ''brony'', a [[portmanteau]] of ''[[bro culture|bro]]'' and ''pony''.<ref name="nyobserver origin">{{cite news | url = https://observer.com/2011/08/pony-up-haters-how-4chan-gave-birth-to-the-bronies/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312090619/http://betabeat.com/2011/08/pony-up-haters-how-4chan-gave-birth-to-the-bronies/| archive-date=March 12, 2014|url-status=live| title = Pony Up Haters: How 4chan Gave Birth to the Bronies | first = Una | last = LaMarche | date =2011-08-03 | access-date = 2011-08-03 | newspaper = [[The New York Observer]] }}</ref> Bronies have developed their [[Slang of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|own distinctive vernacular]],<ref name="Ellis-2015">{{cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Bill |title=What Bronies See When They Brohoof: Queering Animation on the Dark and Evil Internet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |volume=128 |issue=509 |year=2015 |pages=298–314 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.128.509.0298 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> organize numerous [[My Little Pony fan convention|fan conventions]],<ref name="collectorsweekly">{{cite web | url = http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/my-little-pony-smackdown-girls-vs-bronies/ | title = My Little Pony Smackdown: Girls vs. Bronies | date = 2012-06-28 | access-date = 2012-06-28 | work = [[Collectors Weekly]] | first = Lisa | last = Hix }}</ref> and engage in a [[Charity of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|culture of charitable activities]].<ref name="usatoday fandom">{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2012/11/26/my-little-pony/1725375/ | title = 'My Little Pony' plants a hoof in pop culture | work = [[USA Today]] | first = Brian | last = Truitt | date = 2012-11-26 | access-date = 2012-11-26 }}</ref> They commonly create personalized pony characters representing themselves called [[ponysona]]s (similar to furries and their fursonas),<ref name="Kosnac-2016">{{cite book |last=Kosnáč |first=Pavol|title=Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781317135494 |pages=79–97}}</ref> produce [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fan fiction|fan fiction]], [[Art of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|fan art]], and [[Music of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|original music]] inspired by the show.<ref name="Edwards-2019">{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Patrick |last2=Chadborn |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Plante |first3=Courtney N. |last4=Reysen |first4=Stephen |last5=Redden |first5=Marsha Howze |title=Meet the Bronies: The Psychology of the Adult My Little Pony Fandom |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |location=United States |isbn=9781476663715 |date=2019-09-11 |chapter=Chapter 8: Come for the Show, Stay for the Swag |pages=88–100}}</ref> The brony fandom notably includes [[Military bronies|military personnel]] who have incorporated pony imagery into their units,<ref name="Winter-2012">{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Jana |title=Warhorse: The military's 'My Little Pony' fan club |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/warhorse-the-militarys-my-little-pony-fan-club |website=[[Fox News]] |date=2012-07-18}}</ref><ref name="Anderson-2012">{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Jon R. |title=Bronies in uniform — and proud of it |url=http://www.navytimes.com/entertainment/tv/offduty-bronies-in-uniform-083012/ |website=[[Navy Times]] |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129160148/http://www.navytimes.com/entertainment/tv/offduty-bronies-in-uniform-083012/ |archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref><ref name="Roth-2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/military/2012/07/19/military-lovers-my-little-pony-bronies|title=Military Lovers Of 'My Little Pony' Make Headlines|website=[[KPBS_Public_Media|KPBS]]|first=Beth Ford|last=Roth|date=2012-07-19|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> and has attracted both media attention and academic study for challenging traditional [[gender norms]] around entertainment consumption.<ref name="Amon-2016">{{cite journal |last=Amon |first=Maria Patrice |title=Candy coloured ponies and pastel uniforms: Military Bronies and masculine innocence |journal=[[Journal of Fandom Studies]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=89–104 |doi=10.1386/jfs.4.1.89_1}}</ref><ref name="bailey">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=John |last2=Harvey |first2=Brenna |title='That pony is real sexy': My Little Pony fans, sexual abjection, and the politics of masculinity online |journal=[[Sexualities]] |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325–342 |doi=10.1177/1363460717731932}}</ref><ref name="Palmer-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=Zachary D. |date=April 2022 |title="I'm Going to Love and Tolerate the Shit Out of You": Hybrid Masculinities in the Brony Community |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=87–105 |doi=10.1177/1097184X211031969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/01/my-little-pony-bronies-rebels?newsfeed=true | title = Adult male My Little Pony fans? Bronies are true rebels | first = Rebecca | last = Angel | date = 2012-10-01 | access-date = 2025-08-03 | website = [[The Guardian]] | location=London}}</ref>

Additional subjects with significant fandoms include [[comics]], [[animation|animated cartoons]], [[video games]], [[sports]], music, films, television shows, [[pulp magazine]]s,<ref name=cook-1983>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael L. |year=1983 |title=Mystery fanfare: a composite annotated index to mystery and related fanzines 1963–1981 |publisher=Popular Press |pages=24–5 |isbn=0-87972-230-4}}</ref> [[soap operas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/kristian-alfonso-alison-sweeney-and-more-shocking-soap-opera-exits/ss-BB181FcD?parent-title=mary-louise-parker-reflects-on-amy-gardners-complicated-legacy-on-the-west-wing&parent-ns=ar&parent-content-id=BB18thqe&fullscreen=true|title=Kristian Alfonso, Alison Sweeney and More Shocking Soap Opera Exits|msn.com|website=[[MSN]] }}</ref> celebrities, and [[game shows]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_102/565-Gamings-Fringe-Cults |title="Gaming's Fringe Cults"{{!}}The Escapist |access-date=2007-12-04 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102645/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_102/565-Gamings-Fringe-Cults |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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The Temple of the Jedi Order, or [[Jediism]], a self-proclaimed "real living, breathing religion," views itself as separate from the Jedi as portrayed in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.templeofthejediorder.org/|title=Home|website=www.templeofthejediorder.org|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> Despite this, sociologists view the [[conflation]] of religion and fandom in Jediism as legitimate in some sense, classifying both as participatory phenomena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popdust.com/fandoms-and-religion-2629441581.html|title=Fandom for the Faithless: How Pop Culture Is Replacing Religion|last=Hanson|first=Megan|date=2019-02-20|website=Popdust|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>

There are also ~~active~~ fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create a positive social impact. For example, the [[Harry Potter Alliance]] is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. [[Nerdfighters]], another fandom formed around [[Vlogbrothers]], a YouTube [[vlog]] channel, are mainly high school students united by a common goal of "decreasing world suck".<ref name=dws-2013>{{Cite web|url=http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/default/files/publications/Decreasing_World_Suck_6.25.13_0.pdf|title=Kilgler-Vilenchik, Neta (2013). "Decreasing World Suck: Fan Communities, Mechanisms of Translation, and Participatory Politics." ''USC''}}</ref> [[K-pop]] fans have been involved in various online [[fan activism]] campaigns related to [[Donald Trump]]'s presidential campaign and the [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture|Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>Bruner, Raisa (2020-07-25). "How K-Pop Fans Actually Work as a Force for Political Activism in 2020". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref><ref>Ohlheiser, Abby (2020-06-05). "How K-pop fans became celebrated online vigilantes". ''MIT Technology Review''. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref>

Some fans engage in "fan activism", in which fans use market logic to apply political pressure and merge consumption behavior with political or civic goals.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Chenyang |title=Nationalist and Popular Culture Practices on Social Media: A Digital Ethnography of Chinese Online Fandom Nationalists |date=2025 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8376-7926-7 |edition= |location=Bielefeld}}</ref>'''{{Reference page|page=39}} There are also fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create a positive social impact. For example, the [[Harry Potter Alliance]] is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. [[Nerdfighters]], another fandom formed around [[Vlogbrothers]], a YouTube [[vlog]] channel, are mainly high school students united by a common goal of "decreasing world suck".<ref name=dws-2013>{{Cite web|url=http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/default/files/publications/Decreasing_World_Suck_6.25.13_0.pdf|title=Kilgler-Vilenchik, Neta (2013). "Decreasing World Suck: Fan Communities, Mechanisms of Translation, and Participatory Politics." ''USC''}}</ref> [[K-pop]] fans have been involved in various online [[fan activism]] campaigns related to [[Donald Trump]]'s presidential campaign and the [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture|Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>Bruner, Raisa (2020-07-25). "How K-Pop Fans Actually Work as a Force for Political Activism in 2020". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref><ref>Ohlheiser, Abby (2020-06-05). "How K-pop fans became celebrated online vigilantes". ''MIT Technology Review''. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref>

==In film==

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Such outcries, even when unsuccessful, suggest a growing self-awareness on the part of entertainment consumers, who appear increasingly likely to attempt to assert their power as a [[Voting bloc|bloc]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/519|title=Veronica Mars Kickstarter and crowd funding|first1=Bertha|last1=Chin|first2=Bethan|last2=Jones|first3=Myles|last3=McNutt|first4=Luke|last4=Pebler|date=March 15, 2014|journal=Transformative Works and Cultures|volume=15|via=journal.transformativeworks.org|doi=10.3983/twc.2014.0519|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fan activism]] in support of the [[2007 Writers Guild of America strike]] through [[Fans4Writers]] appears to be an extension of this trend.

[[Science fiction]] writers, editors and publishers have participated in [[science fiction fandom]] themselves, from [[Ray Bradbury]] and [[Harlan Ellison]] to [[Patrick Nielsen Hayden]] and [[Toni Weisskopf]]. [[Ed Brubaker]] was a fan of the ''[[Captain America (comic book)|Captain America]]'' comics as a child and was deeply upset by the death of [[Bucky Barnes]]. Brubaker's first work as a writer at [[Marvel Comics]] was the [[Captain America (vol. 5)|fifth volume]] of ''Captain America'', which brought Barnes back from the dead as the Winter Soldier, a brainwashed assassin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riesman |first=Abraham Josephine |date=May 6, 2016 |title=The Story Behind Bucky's Groundbreaking Comic-Book Reinvention As the Winter Soldier |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/05/bucky-winter-soldier-history.html |access-date=December 2, 2016 |newspaper=Vulture}}</ref> Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. [[Lev Grossman]] has written stories in the ''Harry Potter'', ''[[Adventure Time]]'', and ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' universes. [[S. E. Hinton|S.E. Hinton]] has written about both [[Supernatural (~~U.S.~~ TV series)|''Supernatural'']] and her own books, ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/03/6-famous-authors-whove-written-fanfiction.html|title=Lev Grossman, S.E. Hinton, and Other Authors on the Freedom of Writing Fanfiction|date=2015-03-13|website=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being a regular fan at cons; for example, [[Daniel Radcliffe]] cosplayed as [[Spider-Man]] at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/28/daniel-radcliffe-spider-man-comic-con_n_5628062.html|title=Daniel Radcliffe Disguised Himself As Spider-Man During Comic-Con|last=Reporter|first=Tyler McCarthy Trending News|date=2014-07-28|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Before the release of ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', [[Andrew Garfield]] dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/07/andrew_garfield_comic-con_spee.html|title=Watch Andrew Garfield's Earnest Spider-Man Speech at Comic-Con|date=2011-07-23|newspaper=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>

[[Science fiction]] writers, editors and publishers have participated in [[science fiction fandom]] themselves, from [[Ray Bradbury]] and [[Harlan Ellison]] to [[Patrick Nielsen Hayden]] and [[Toni Weisskopf]]. [[Ed Brubaker]] was a fan of the ''[[Captain America (comic book)|Captain America]]'' comics as a child and was deeply upset by the death of [[Bucky Barnes]]. Brubaker's first work as a writer at [[Marvel Comics]] was the [[Captain America (vol. 5)|fifth volume]] of ''Captain America'', which brought Barnes back from the dead as the Winter Soldier, a brainwashed assassin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riesman |first=Abraham Josephine |date=May 6, 2016 |title=The Story Behind Bucky's Groundbreaking Comic-Book Reinvention As the Winter Soldier |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/05/bucky-winter-soldier-history.html |access-date=December 2, 2016 |newspaper=Vulture}}</ref> Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. [[Lev Grossman]] has written stories in the ''Harry Potter'', ''[[Adventure Time]]'', and ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' universes. [[S. E. Hinton|S.E. Hinton]] has written about both [[Supernatural (American TV series)|''Supernatural'']] and her own books, ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/03/6-famous-authors-whove-written-fanfiction.html|title=Lev Grossman, S.E. Hinton, and Other Authors on the Freedom of Writing Fanfiction|date=2015-03-13|website=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being a regular fan at cons; for example, [[Daniel Radcliffe]] cosplayed as [[Spider-Man]] at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/28/daniel-radcliffe-spider-man-comic-con_n_5628062.html|title=Daniel Radcliffe Disguised Himself As Spider-Man During Comic-Con|last=Reporter|first=Tyler McCarthy Trending News|date=2014-07-28|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Before the release of ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', [[Andrew Garfield]] dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/07/andrew_garfield_comic-con_spee.html|title=Watch Andrew Garfield's Earnest Spider-Man Speech at Comic-Con|date=2011-07-23|newspaper=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>

The relationship between fans and professionals has changed because of access to social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. By giving their follows a glimpse into their everyday life, public figures have a new way of expressing themselves and engaging with their fanbases on a deeper level. Online platforms also give fans more ways to connect and participate in fandoms.<ref>Bennett, Lucy (2014). "Tracing Textual Poachers: Reflections on the development of fan studies and digital fandom". ''The Journal of Fandom Studies''. '''2.1''': 5–20.</ref>

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* [[Anorak (slang)]]

* [[Anti-fan]]

* [[Cringe culture#Impact|Cringe culture]]

* [[Fan activism]]

* [[Fan club]]

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* [[Furry fandom]]

* [[Gamers]]

* [[K-pop ~~fans~~]]

* [[Impact and popularity of K-pop]]

* [[Vidding fandom]]

}}

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* [[A Song of Ice and Fire fandom]] (fans of [[George R. R. Martin]]'s ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' including ''[[A Game of Thrones]]'')

* [[Beatlemania]]cs (fans of [[the Beatles]])

* The Beyhive (fans of [[Beyoncé]])

* [[Bondian]]s ([[James Bond]])

* [[Bronies]] (fans of ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'')

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* [[Deadheads]] (fans of [[The Grateful Dead]])

* [[Directioner]]s (fans of ''[[One Direction]]'')

* [[~~Disney~~]] ~~fandom~~

* [[EarthBound fandom|''EarthBound'' fandom]] (fans of the ''[[Mother (video game series)|Mother]]'' trilogy of video games)

* [[Fandom culture in South Korea]] (fans of [[Korean idol|Korean pop idols]] and [[anime]])

* [[Janeite]]s (fans of [[Jane Austen]])

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* [[Larries]] ([[Shipping (fandom)|shipping]] fans of [[Harry Styles]] and [[Louis Tomlinson]])

* [[Lego fandom]]

* [[Madonna ~~wannabe]]s (part of [[Madonna fandom|Madonna's~~ fandom]])

* [[Madonna fandom]]

* [[Marvel Studios|Marvel]] fandom

* [[Michael Jackson fandom|Moonwalkers]] (fans of [[Michael Jackson]])

* [[MSTie]]s (fans of ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'')

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* [[Shakira fandom]]

* [[Sherlock Holmes fandom|Sherlockians]] (fans of [[Sherlock Holmes]])

* [[Shah Rukh Khan|SRKians]] (fans of ''[[Shah Rukh Khan]]'')

* [[Sports fandom]]

* [[Stargate fandom]]

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* [[Tifosi]] (fans of Italian sports teams or motor vehicles)

* [[Toonheads]]

* [[Tolkien fandom]] (also known as Tolkienites, or, if only fans of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Ringers)

* [[Tolkien fandom]] (also known as Tolkienites, or, if only fans of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)| ''The Lord of the Rings'']], Ringers)

* [[Trekkies]] (fans of ''[[Star Trek]]'')

* [[Ultras]], fanatic sports supporters

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
+[[File:Taylor_Swift_at_TIFF_2022_-_3.jpg|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] clicking pictures with [[Swifties]]]]
-Music fandom in the 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating [[fan art]], participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. David |title=New media cultures |date=2004 |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-80699-9 |series=Cultural studies in practice |location=London}}</ref> These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting the careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include [[Beatlemania]], [[Swifties]], [[Deadhead]]s, and The [[List of fandom names|Barbz]].
+Music fandom in the 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating [[fan art]], participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. David |title=New media cultures |date=2004 |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-80699-9 |series=Cultural studies in practice |location=London}}</ref> These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting the careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include [[Beatlemania]], [[Swifties]], [[Deadhead]]s, and [[List of fandom names|Barbz]].
 The [[furry fandom]] refers to the fandom for fictional [[anthropomorphic]] animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. The concept of the ''furry'' originated at a [[science fiction convention]] in 1980,<ref>{{Cite news
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 |date=2012-07-15
 |access-date=2012-07-15
-}}</ref> when a drawing of a character from [[Steve Gallacci]]'s ''[[Albedo Anthropomorphics]]'' initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and [[comics]] conventions.
+}}</ref> when a drawing of a character from [[Steve Gallacci]]'s ''[[Albedo Anthropomorphics]]'' initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and [[comics]] conventions. Many furries create [[fursona]]s as personalized animal characters representing themselves.<ref name="Gerbasi2016">{{Cite book |last1=Plante |first1=Courtney N. |url=https://www.furscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Fur-Science-Final-pdf-for-Website_2017_10_18.pdf |title=FurScience! A summary of five years of research from the International Anthropomorphic Research Project |last2=Reysen |first2=Stephen |last3=Roberts |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Gerbasi |first4=Kathleen C. |publisher=FurScience |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9976288-0-7 |location=Waterloo, Ontario |pages=6, 34, 50–74 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424000612/https://sites.google.com/site/anthropomorphicresearch/home/publications |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2020 survey in ''The New Science of Narcissism'', 95% of furries have a fursona.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=W. Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9ToDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fursona&pg=PT121 |title=The New Science of Narcissism: Understanding One of the Greatest Psychological Challenges of Our Time—and What You Can Do About It |last2=Crist |first2=Carolyn |date=2020-09-29 |publisher=Sounds True |isbn=978-1-68364-403-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|180}}
+The [[brony fandom]] refers to the fanbase of the animated television series ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'', which emerged in late 2010 and early 2011 on the imageboard [[4chan]] before spreading to other [[Online communities of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|online communities]]. The fandom adopted the name ''brony'', a [[portmanteau]] of ''[[bro culture|bro]]'' and ''pony''.<ref name="nyobserver origin">{{cite news | url = https://observer.com/2011/08/pony-up-haters-how-4chan-gave-birth-to-the-bronies/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312090619/http://betabeat.com/2011/08/pony-up-haters-how-4chan-gave-birth-to-the-bronies/| archive-date=March 12, 2014|url-status=live| title = Pony Up Haters: How 4chan Gave Birth to the Bronies | first = Una | last = LaMarche | date =2011-08-03 | access-date = 2011-08-03 | newspaper = [[The New York Observer]] }}</ref> Bronies have developed their [[Slang of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|own distinctive vernacular]],<ref name="Ellis-2015">{{cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Bill |title=What Bronies See When They Brohoof: Queering Animation on the Dark and Evil Internet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |volume=128 |issue=509 |year=2015 |pages=298–314 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.128.509.0298 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> organize numerous [[My Little Pony fan convention|fan conventions]],<ref name="collectorsweekly">{{cite web | url = http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/my-little-pony-smackdown-girls-vs-bronies/ | title = My Little Pony Smackdown: Girls vs. Bronies | date = 2012-06-28 | access-date = 2012-06-28 | work = [[Collectors Weekly]] | first = Lisa | last = Hix }}</ref> and engage in a [[Charity of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|culture of charitable activities]].<ref name="usatoday fandom">{{cite news | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2012/11/26/my-little-pony/1725375/ | title = 'My Little Pony' plants a hoof in pop culture | work = [[USA Today]] | first = Brian | last = Truitt | date = 2012-11-26 | access-date = 2012-11-26 }}</ref> They commonly create personalized pony characters representing themselves called [[ponysona]]s (similar to furries and their fursonas),<ref name="Kosnac-2016">{{cite book |last=Kosnáč |first=Pavol|title=Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781317135494 |pages=79–97}}</ref> produce [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fan fiction|fan fiction]], [[Art of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|fan art]], and [[Music of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom|original music]] inspired by the show.<ref name="Edwards-2019">{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Patrick |last2=Chadborn |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Plante |first3=Courtney N. |last4=Reysen |first4=Stephen |last5=Redden |first5=Marsha Howze |title=Meet the Bronies: The Psychology of the Adult My Little Pony Fandom |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |location=United States |isbn=9781476663715 |date=2019-09-11 |chapter=Chapter 8: Come for the Show, Stay for the Swag |pages=88–100}}</ref> The brony fandom notably includes [[Military bronies|military personnel]] who have incorporated pony imagery into their units,<ref name="Winter-2012">{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Jana |title=Warhorse: The military's 'My Little Pony' fan club |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/warhorse-the-militarys-my-little-pony-fan-club |website=[[Fox News]] |date=2012-07-18}}</ref><ref name="Anderson-2012">{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Jon R. |title=Bronies in uniform — and proud of it |url=http://www.navytimes.com/entertainment/tv/offduty-bronies-in-uniform-083012/ |website=[[Navy Times]] |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129160148/http://www.navytimes.com/entertainment/tv/offduty-bronies-in-uniform-083012/ |archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref><ref name="Roth-2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/military/2012/07/19/military-lovers-my-little-pony-bronies|title=Military Lovers Of 'My Little Pony' Make Headlines|website=[[KPBS_Public_Media|KPBS]]|first=Beth Ford|last=Roth|date=2012-07-19|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> and has attracted both media attention and academic study for challenging traditional [[gender norms]] around entertainment consumption.<ref name="Amon-2016">{{cite journal |last=Amon |first=Maria Patrice |title=Candy coloured ponies and pastel uniforms: Military Bronies and masculine innocence |journal=[[Journal of Fandom Studies]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=89–104 |doi=10.1386/jfs.4.1.89_1}}</ref><ref name="bailey">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=John |last2=Harvey |first2=Brenna |title='That pony is real sexy': My Little Pony fans, sexual abjection, and the politics of masculinity online |journal=[[Sexualities]] |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325–342 |doi=10.1177/1363460717731932}}</ref><ref name="Palmer-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=Zachary D. |date=April 2022 |title="I'm Going to Love and Tolerate the Shit Out of You": Hybrid Masculinities in the Brony Community |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=87–105 |doi=10.1177/1097184X211031969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/01/my-little-pony-bronies-rebels?newsfeed=true | title = Adult male My Little Pony fans? Bronies are true rebels | first = Rebecca | last = Angel | date = 2012-10-01 | access-date = 2025-08-03 | website = [[The Guardian]] | location=London}}</ref>
 Additional subjects with significant fandoms include [[comics]], [[animation|animated cartoons]], [[video games]], [[sports]], music, films, television shows, [[pulp magazine]]s,<ref name=cook-1983>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael L. |year=1983 |title=Mystery fanfare: a composite annotated index to mystery and related fanzines 1963–1981 |publisher=Popular Press |pages=24–5 |isbn=0-87972-230-4}}</ref> [[soap operas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/kristian-alfonso-alison-sweeney-and-more-shocking-soap-opera-exits/ss-BB181FcD?parent-title=mary-louise-parker-reflects-on-amy-gardners-complicated-legacy-on-the-west-wing&parent-ns=ar&parent-content-id=BB18thqe&fullscreen=true|title=Kristian Alfonso, Alison Sweeney and More Shocking Soap Opera Exits&#124;msn.com|website=[[MSN]] }}</ref> celebrities, and [[game shows]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_102/565-Gamings-Fringe-Cults |title="Gaming's Fringe Cults"{{!}}The Escapist |access-date=2007-12-04 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102645/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_102/565-Gamings-Fringe-Cults |url-status=dead }}</ref>
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
 The Temple of the Jedi Order, or [[Jediism]], a self-proclaimed "real living, breathing religion," views itself as separate from the Jedi as portrayed in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.templeofthejediorder.org/|title=Home|website=www.templeofthejediorder.org|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> Despite this, sociologists view the [[conflation]] of religion and fandom in Jediism as legitimate in some sense, classifying both as participatory phenomena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popdust.com/fandoms-and-religion-2629441581.html|title=Fandom for the Faithless: How Pop Culture Is Replacing Religion|last=Hanson|first=Megan|date=2019-02-20|website=Popdust|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>
-There are also active fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create a positive social impact. For example, the [[Harry Potter Alliance]] is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. [[Nerdfighters]], another fandom formed around [[Vlogbrothers]], a YouTube [[vlog]] channel, are mainly high school students united by a common goal of "decreasing world suck".<ref name=dws-2013>{{Cite web|url=http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/default/files/publications/Decreasing_World_Suck_6.25.13_0.pdf|title=Kilgler-Vilenchik, Neta (2013). "Decreasing World Suck: Fan Communities, Mechanisms of Translation, and Participatory Politics." ''USC''}}</ref> [[K-pop]] fans have been involved in various online [[fan activism]] campaigns related to [[Donald Trump]]'s presidential campaign and the [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture|Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>Bruner, Raisa (2020-07-25). "How K-Pop Fans Actually Work as a Force for Political Activism in 2020". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref><ref>Ohlheiser, Abby (2020-06-05). "How K-pop fans became celebrated online vigilantes". ''MIT Technology Review''. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref>
+Some fans engage in "fan activism", in which fans use market logic to apply political pressure and merge consumption behavior with political or civic goals.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Chenyang |title=Nationalist and Popular Culture Practices on Social Media: A Digital Ethnography of Chinese Online Fandom Nationalists |date=2025 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8376-7926-7 |edition= |location=Bielefeld}}</ref>'''{{Reference page|page=39}} There are also fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create a positive social impact. For example, the [[Harry Potter Alliance]] is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. [[Nerdfighters]], another fandom formed around [[Vlogbrothers]], a YouTube [[vlog]] channel, are mainly high school students united by a common goal of "decreasing world suck".<ref name=dws-2013>{{Cite web|url=http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/default/files/publications/Decreasing_World_Suck_6.25.13_0.pdf|title=Kilgler-Vilenchik, Neta (2013). "Decreasing World Suck: Fan Communities, Mechanisms of Translation, and Participatory Politics." ''USC''}}</ref> [[K-pop]] fans have been involved in various online [[fan activism]] campaigns related to [[Donald Trump]]'s presidential campaign and the [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture|Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>Bruner, Raisa (2020-07-25). "How K-Pop Fans Actually Work as a Force for Political Activism in 2020". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref><ref>Ohlheiser, Abby (2020-06-05). "How K-pop fans became celebrated online vigilantes". ''MIT Technology Review''. Retrieved 2023-01-31.</ref>
 ==In film==
@@ Line 152: / Line 154: @@
 Such outcries, even when unsuccessful, suggest a growing self-awareness on the part of entertainment consumers, who appear increasingly likely to attempt to assert their power as a [[Voting bloc|bloc]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/519|title=Veronica Mars Kickstarter and crowd funding|first1=Bertha|last1=Chin|first2=Bethan|last2=Jones|first3=Myles|last3=McNutt|first4=Luke|last4=Pebler|date=March 15, 2014|journal=Transformative Works and Cultures|volume=15|via=journal.transformativeworks.org|doi=10.3983/twc.2014.0519|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fan activism]] in support of the [[2007 Writers Guild of America strike]] through [[Fans4Writers]] appears to be an extension of this trend.
-[[Science fiction]] writers, editors and publishers have participated in [[science fiction fandom]] themselves, from [[Ray Bradbury]] and [[Harlan Ellison]] to [[Patrick Nielsen Hayden]] and [[Toni Weisskopf]]. [[Ed Brubaker]] was a fan of the ''[[Captain America (comic book)|Captain America]]'' comics as a child and was deeply upset by the death of [[Bucky Barnes]]. Brubaker's first work as a writer at [[Marvel Comics]] was the [[Captain America (vol. 5)|fifth volume]] of ''Captain America'', which brought Barnes back from the dead as the Winter Soldier, a brainwashed assassin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riesman |first=Abraham Josephine |date=May 6, 2016 |title=The Story Behind Bucky's Groundbreaking Comic-Book Reinvention As the Winter Soldier |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/05/bucky-winter-soldier-history.html |access-date=December 2, 2016 |newspaper=Vulture}}</ref> Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. [[Lev Grossman]] has written stories in the ''Harry Potter'', ''[[Adventure Time]]'', and ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' universes. [[S. E. Hinton|S.E. Hinton]] has written about both [[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|''Supernatural'']] and her own books, ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/03/6-famous-authors-whove-written-fanfiction.html|title=Lev Grossman, S.E. Hinton, and Other Authors on the Freedom of Writing Fanfiction|date=2015-03-13|website=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being a regular fan at cons; for example, [[Daniel Radcliffe]] cosplayed as [[Spider-Man]] at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/28/daniel-radcliffe-spider-man-comic-con_n_5628062.html|title=Daniel Radcliffe Disguised Himself As Spider-Man During Comic-Con|last=Reporter|first=Tyler McCarthy Trending News|date=2014-07-28|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Before the release of ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', [[Andrew Garfield]] dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/07/andrew_garfield_comic-con_spee.html|title=Watch Andrew Garfield's Earnest Spider-Man Speech at Comic-Con|date=2011-07-23|newspaper=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
+[[Science fiction]] writers, editors and publishers have participated in [[science fiction fandom]] themselves, from [[Ray Bradbury]] and [[Harlan Ellison]] to [[Patrick Nielsen Hayden]] and [[Toni Weisskopf]]. [[Ed Brubaker]] was a fan of the ''[[Captain America (comic book)|Captain America]]'' comics as a child and was deeply upset by the death of [[Bucky Barnes]]. Brubaker's first work as a writer at [[Marvel Comics]] was the [[Captain America (vol. 5)|fifth volume]] of ''Captain America'', which brought Barnes back from the dead as the Winter Soldier, a brainwashed assassin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riesman |first=Abraham Josephine |date=May 6, 2016 |title=The Story Behind Bucky's Groundbreaking Comic-Book Reinvention As the Winter Soldier |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/05/bucky-winter-soldier-history.html |access-date=December 2, 2016 |newspaper=Vulture}}</ref> Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. [[Lev Grossman]] has written stories in the ''Harry Potter'', ''[[Adventure Time]]'', and ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' universes. [[S. E. Hinton|S.E. Hinton]] has written about both [[Supernatural (American TV series)|''Supernatural'']] and her own books, ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/03/6-famous-authors-whove-written-fanfiction.html|title=Lev Grossman, S.E. Hinton, and Other Authors on the Freedom of Writing Fanfiction|date=2015-03-13|website=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being a regular fan at cons; for example, [[Daniel Radcliffe]] cosplayed as [[Spider-Man]] at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/28/daniel-radcliffe-spider-man-comic-con_n_5628062.html|title=Daniel Radcliffe Disguised Himself As Spider-Man During Comic-Con|last=Reporter|first=Tyler McCarthy Trending News|date=2014-07-28|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Before the release of ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', [[Andrew Garfield]] dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/07/andrew_garfield_comic-con_spee.html|title=Watch Andrew Garfield's Earnest Spider-Man Speech at Comic-Con|date=2011-07-23|newspaper=Vulture|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
 The relationship between fans and professionals has changed because of access to social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. By giving their follows a glimpse into their everyday life, public figures have a new way of expressing themselves and engaging with their fanbases on a deeper level. Online platforms also give fans more ways to connect and participate in fandoms.<ref>Bennett, Lucy (2014). "Tracing Textual Poachers: Reflections on the development of fan studies and digital fandom". ''The Journal of Fandom Studies''. '''2.1''': 5–20.</ref>
@@ Line 184: / Line 186: @@
 * [[Anorak (slang)]]
 * [[Anti-fan]]
+* [[Cringe culture#Impact|Cringe culture]]
 * [[Fan activism]]
 * [[Fan club]]
@@ Line 201: / Line 204: @@
 * [[Furry fandom]]
 * [[Gamers]]
-* [[K-pop fans]]
+* [[Impact and popularity of K-pop]]
 * [[Vidding fandom]]
 }}
@@ Line 210: / Line 213: @@
 * [[A Song of Ice and Fire fandom]] (fans of [[George R. R. Martin]]'s ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' including ''[[A Game of Thrones]]'')
 * [[Beatlemania]]cs (fans of [[the Beatles]])
-* The Beyhive (fans of [[Beyoncé]])
 * [[Bondian]]s ([[James Bond]])
 * [[Bronies]] (fans of ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'')
@@ Line 216: / Line 218: @@
 * [[Deadheads]] (fans of [[The Grateful Dead]])
 * [[Directioner]]s (fans of ''[[One Direction]]'')
-* [[Disney]] fandom
+* [[EarthBound fandom|''EarthBound'' fandom]] (fans of the ''[[Mother (video game series)|Mother]]'' trilogy of video games)
 * [[Fandom culture in South Korea]] (fans of [[Korean idol|Korean pop idols]] and [[anime]])
 * [[Janeite]]s (fans of [[Jane Austen]])
@@ Line 222: / Line 224: @@
 * [[Larries]] ([[Shipping (fandom)|shipping]] fans of [[Harry Styles]] and [[Louis Tomlinson]])
 * [[Lego fandom]]
-* [[Madonna wannabe]]s (part of [[Madonna fandom|Madonna's fandom]])
+* [[Madonna fandom]]
-* [[Marvel Studios|Marvel]] fandom
 * [[Michael Jackson fandom|Moonwalkers]] (fans of [[Michael Jackson]])
 * [[MSTie]]s (fans of ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'')
@@ Line 232: / Line 233: @@
 * [[Shakira fandom]]
 * [[Sherlock Holmes fandom|Sherlockians]] (fans of [[Sherlock Holmes]])
-* [[Shah Rukh Khan|SRKians]] (fans of ''[[Shah Rukh Khan]]'')
 * [[Sports fandom]]
 * [[Stargate fandom]]
@@ Line 239: / Line 239: @@
 * [[Tifosi]] (fans of Italian sports teams or motor vehicles)
 * [[Toonheads]]
-* [[Tolkien fandom]] (also known as Tolkienites, or, if only fans of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Ringers)
+* [[Tolkien fandom]] (also known as Tolkienites, or, if only fans of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)| ''The Lord of the Rings'']], Ringers)
 * [[Trekkies]] (fans of ''[[Star Trek]]'')
 * [[Ultras]], fanatic sports supporters

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