HyperCard: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox software | {{Infobox software | ||
| name = HyperCard | | name = HyperCard | ||
| logo = HyperCard | | logo = Logo of Apple HyperCard.svg | ||
| logo alt = | | logo alt = | ||
| screenshot = <!-- Image name is enough --> | | screenshot = <!-- Image name is enough --> | ||
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| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] | | license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] | ||
| AsOf = | | AsOf = | ||
| website = {{web archive|url= | | website = {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980509055957/http://www.apple.com:80/hypercard/index.html|title=apple.com/hypercard}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''HyperCard''' is a [[application software|software application]] and [[software development kit|development kit]] for Apple [[Macintosh]] and [[Apple IIGS]] computers. It is among the first successful [[hypermedia]] systems predating the [[World Wide Web]]. | '''HyperCard''' is a [[application software|software application]] and [[software development kit|development kit]] for Apple [[Macintosh]] and [[Apple IIGS]] computers. It is among the first successful [[hypermedia]] systems predating the [[World Wide Web]]. | ||
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==Reception== | ==Reception== | ||
"Hypercard Steals Show At Macworld Exposition", ''[[InfoWorld]]'' reported in August 1987. The magazine said that Apple expected to put the "unusual" software in Macs' [[ROM]], and that third-party developers would create most stackware.<ref name="flynn19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Flynn |first=Laurie |date=1987-08-17 |title=Hypercard Steals Show At Macworld Exposition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 | "Hypercard Steals Show At Macworld Exposition", ''[[InfoWorld]]'' reported in August 1987. The magazine said that Apple expected to put the "unusual" software in Macs' [[ROM]], and that third-party developers would create most stackware.<ref name="flynn19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Flynn |first=Laurie |date=1987-08-17 |title=Hypercard Steals Show At Macworld Exposition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=1 |volume=9 |issue=33}}</ref> Besides Activision and Goodman, [[Dialog (online database)|Dialog]] and the [[Whole Earth Catalog]] announced stackware at the show, while [[Dan Bricklin]] said HyperCard "seems to be the best" hypertext software so far.<ref name="warner19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Warner |first=Edward |date=1987-08-17 |title=Stackware Integrates Databases |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=85 |volume=9 |issue=33}}</ref> The magazine's Michael J. Miller said "Hypercard is unlike anything else I've seen". While predicting that many would find it useful just for the built-in applications, he concluded that "Hypercard seems so deep and so powerful that I'm sure I haven't discovered everything it's capable of. Yet it's surprisingly simple to use ... It's a unique program at an unbelievable price".<ref name="miller19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Michael J. |date=1987-08-17 |title=Hypercard Gives Mac Users Superb Control Over Databases, Applications |department=First Look |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=43 |volume=9 |issue=33}}</ref> While noting HyperCard's slow performance and incomplete documentation, ''[[MacWeek]]''{{'}}s David Dunham said that it had replaced MacPaint as "the greatest program ever written".<ref name="dunham19871006">{{Cite magazine |last=Dunham |first=David |date=1987-10-06 |title=HyperCard |url=https://archive.org/details/mac-week-v-1-n-22/page/n25/mode/1up |access-date=December 13, 2025 |magazine=MacWeek |pages=26-28 |volume=1 |issue=22}}</ref> | ||
Within one week, an estimated 10,000 copies had been distributed; 35,000 copies within one month. Goodman's on HyperCard manual, released at the same time as the software, became the best-selling Macintosh book in history.{{r|macuser1188}} ''Compute!'s Apple Applications'' in 1987 stated that HyperCard "may make Macintosh the personal computer of choice". While noting that its large memory requirement made it best suited for computers with 2 MB of memory and hard drives, the magazine predicted that "the smallest programming shop should be able to turn out stackware", especially for using CD-ROMs.<ref name="caa198712">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/COMPUTEs_Apple_Applications_Vol._5_No._2_Issue_6_1987-12_COMPUTE_Publications_US#page/n9/mode/2up |title=Information On A Card |work=Compute!'s Apple Applications |date=December 1987 |access-date=18 August 2014 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Compute!'' predicted in 1988 that most future Mac software would be developed using HyperCard, if only because using it was so addictive that developers "won't be able to tear themselves away from it long enough to create anything else".<ref name="leemon198804">{{cite news |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue95/049_1_MICROSCOPE_THE_HAZARDS_OF_HYPERCARD.php |title=The Hazards of HyperCard |work=Compute! |date=April 1988 |access-date=18 August 2014 |author=Leemon, Sheldon |pages=49}}</ref> ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' in 1989 listed it as among the "Excellence" winners of the Byte Awards. While stating that "like any first entry, it has some flaws", the magazine wrote that "HyperCard opened up a new category of software", and praised Apple for bundling it with every Mac.<ref name="byte198901">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1989 |title=The Byte Awards |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets/page/n371/mode/2up |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]| volume=14 |issue=1 |page=327}}</ref> In 2001 [[Steve Wozniak]] called HyperCard "the best program ever written".<ref name="macworld20010622">{{cite news |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1018126/woz.html |title=Wozniak's fireside chat |work=Macworld |date=2001-06-22 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> | Within one week, an estimated 10,000 copies had been distributed; 35,000 copies within one month. Goodman's on HyperCard manual, released at the same time as the software, became the best-selling Macintosh book in history.{{r|macuser1188}} ''Compute!'s Apple Applications'' in 1987 stated that HyperCard "may make Macintosh the personal computer of choice". While noting that its large memory requirement made it best suited for computers with 2 MB of memory and hard drives, the magazine predicted that "the smallest programming shop should be able to turn out stackware", especially for using CD-ROMs.<ref name="caa198712">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/COMPUTEs_Apple_Applications_Vol._5_No._2_Issue_6_1987-12_COMPUTE_Publications_US#page/n9/mode/2up |title=Information On A Card |work=Compute!'s Apple Applications |date=December 1987 |access-date=18 August 2014 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Compute!'' predicted in 1988 that most future Mac software would be developed using HyperCard, if only because using it was so addictive that developers "won't be able to tear themselves away from it long enough to create anything else".<ref name="leemon198804">{{cite news |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue95/049_1_MICROSCOPE_THE_HAZARDS_OF_HYPERCARD.php |title=The Hazards of HyperCard |work=Compute! |date=April 1988 |access-date=18 August 2014 |author=Leemon, Sheldon |pages=49}}</ref> ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' in 1989 listed it as among the "Excellence" winners of the Byte Awards. While stating that "like any first entry, it has some flaws", the magazine wrote that "HyperCard opened up a new category of software", and praised Apple for bundling it with every Mac.<ref name="byte198901">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1989 |title=The Byte Awards |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets/page/n371/mode/2up |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]| volume=14 |issue=1 |page=327}}</ref> In 2001 [[Steve Wozniak]] called HyperCard "the best program ever written".<ref name="macworld20010622">{{cite news |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1018126/woz.html |title=Wozniak's fireside chat |work=Macworld |date=2001-06-22 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> | ||
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HyperCard is one of the first products that made use of and popularized the [[hypertext]] concept to a large popular base of users. | HyperCard is one of the first products that made use of and popularized the [[hypertext]] concept to a large popular base of users. | ||
[[Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)|Jakob Nielsen]] has pointed out that HyperCard was really only a [[hypermedia]] program since its links started from regions on a card, not text objects; actual [[HTML]]-style text [[hyperlink]]s were possible in later versions, but were awkward to implement and seldom used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1990/9006/9006j/9006j.htm|title=Programming Paradigms, Dr. Dobbs Journal, Jun 1990|quote=The biggest failing of HyperCard for anyone interested in hypertext is the lack of text links.| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130124858/http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1990/9006/9006j/9006j.htm |archive-date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_15/page/n559/mode/2up|title=Programming Paradigms |magazine=Dr. Dobb's Journal |volume=15 |issue=June 1990|quote=The biggest failing of HyperCard for anyone interested in hypertext is the lack of text links.| page=130 |first=Michael |last=Swaine}}</ref> [[Deena Larsen]] programmed links into HyperCard for Marble Springs. Bill Atkinson later lamented that if he had only realized the power of network-oriented stacks, instead of focusing on local stacks on a single machine, HyperCard could have become the first Web browser.<ref>{{Citation |url= https://www.wired.com | [[Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)|Jakob Nielsen]] has pointed out that HyperCard was really only a [[hypermedia]] program since its links started from regions on a card, not text objects; actual [[HTML]]-style text [[hyperlink]]s were possible in later versions, but were awkward to implement and seldom used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1990/9006/9006j/9006j.htm|title=Programming Paradigms, Dr. Dobbs Journal, Jun 1990|quote=The biggest failing of HyperCard for anyone interested in hypertext is the lack of text links.| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130124858/http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1990/9006/9006j/9006j.htm |archive-date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/dr_dobbs_journal_vol_15/page/n559/mode/2up|title=Programming Paradigms |magazine=Dr. Dobb's Journal |volume=15 |issue=June 1990|quote=The biggest failing of HyperCard for anyone interested in hypertext is the lack of text links.| page=130 |first=Michael |last=Swaine}}</ref> [[Deena Larsen]] programmed links into HyperCard for Marble Springs. Bill Atkinson later lamented that if he had only realized the power of network-oriented stacks, instead of focusing on local stacks on a single machine, HyperCard could have become the first Web browser.<ref>{{Citation |url= https://www.wired.com/2002/08/hypercard-what-could-have-been/ |title= HyperCard: What Could Have Been |newspaper= Wired |date=Aug 2002}}</ref> | ||
HyperCard saw a loss in popularity with the growth of the World Wide Web, since the Web could handle and deliver data in much the same way as HyperCard without being limited to files on a local [[hard disk]]. HyperCard had a significant impact on the web as it inspired the creation of both [[HTTP]] (through its influence on [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s colleague [[Robert Cailliau]]),<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Computer |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/ic-cailliau |first=Robert |last=Cailliau |title=How It Really Happened |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106041256/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/ic-cailliau |archive-date=January 6, 2011}} (on the WWW proposal).</ref> and [[JavaScript]] (whose creator, [[Brendan Eich]], was inspired by [[HyperTalk]]<ref>{{Citation|first=Brendan |last=Eich |year=1998 |publisher=Danny G |url=http://www.dannyg.com/pubs/jsb/JSB6TOC.html |title=JavaScript Bible |edition=3rd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415133443/http://www.dannyg.com/pubs/jsb/JSB6TOC.html |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>). It was also a key inspiration for [[ViolaWWW]], an early web browser.<ref>{{cite book |title= How the Web was born: The Story of the World Wide Web |last1= Gillies |first1= James |first2= Robert |last2= Cailliau |year= 2000 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 0-19-286207-3 |page= [https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/213 213] |quote= I got a HyperCard manual and looked at it and just basically took the concepts and implemented them in X-windows{{sic}}. |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/213 }}</ref> | HyperCard saw a loss in popularity with the growth of the World Wide Web, since the Web could handle and deliver data in much the same way as HyperCard without being limited to files on a local [[hard disk]]. HyperCard had a significant impact on the web as it inspired the creation of both [[HTTP]] (through its influence on [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s colleague [[Robert Cailliau]]),<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Computer |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/ic-cailliau |first=Robert |last=Cailliau |title=How It Really Happened |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106041256/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/ic-cailliau |archive-date=January 6, 2011}} (on the WWW proposal).</ref> and [[JavaScript]] (whose creator, [[Brendan Eich]], was inspired by [[HyperTalk]]<ref>{{Citation|first=Brendan |last=Eich |year=1998 |publisher=Danny G |url=http://www.dannyg.com/pubs/jsb/JSB6TOC.html |title=JavaScript Bible |edition=3rd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415133443/http://www.dannyg.com/pubs/jsb/JSB6TOC.html |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>). It was also a key inspiration for [[ViolaWWW]], an early web browser.<ref>{{cite book |title= How the Web was born: The Story of the World Wide Web |last1= Gillies |first1= James |first2= Robert |last2= Cailliau |year= 2000 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 0-19-286207-3 |page= [https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/213 213] |quote= I got a HyperCard manual and looked at it and just basically took the concepts and implemented them in X-windows{{sic}}. |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/213 }}</ref> | ||
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===Similar systems=== | ===Similar systems=== | ||
Atkinson said that the odds a non-Macintosh software product would clone HyperCard were "99 percent", and hoped that they would be data compatible with HyperCard.{{r|mace19870817}} {{As of|2024}}, two products are available which offer HyperCard-like abilities: | Atkinson said in 1987 that the odds a non-Macintosh software product would clone HyperCard were "99 percent", and hoped that they would be data compatible with HyperCard.{{r|mace19870817}} In 2017 he said of [[iBooks Author]], "I think it's the closest thing we have today to what HyperCard was", but with superior video and distribution tools.<ref name="yt20170415">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejdgTVj7ZG8 |title=The Legacy of the Apple Hypercard with Bill Atkinson |date=April 15, 2017 |last=The Nostalgist |time=1:08:15 |access-date=2026-05-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, two products are available which offer HyperCard-like abilities: | ||
* [[HyperStudio]], one of the first HyperCard clones, is {{as of|2009|lc=yes}}, developed and published by Software MacKiev.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mackiev.com/hyperstudio/hs_reviews.html |title= HyperStudio |publisher=Software MacKiev|access-date= August 31, 2009}}</ref> | * [[HyperStudio]], one of the first HyperCard clones, is {{as of|2009|lc=yes}}, developed and published by Software MacKiev.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mackiev.com/hyperstudio/hs_reviews.html |title= HyperStudio |publisher=Software MacKiev|access-date= August 31, 2009}}</ref> | ||
* [[LiveCode]], published by [[LiveCode (company)|LiveCode, Ltd.]], expands greatly on HyperCard's feature set<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opensource.com/education/13/2/livecode |title= LiveCode is Next Generation of HyperCard |publisher=opensource.com |date= February 23, 2013}}</ref> and offers color and a GUI toolkit which can be deployed on many popular platforms (Android, iOS, Classic Macintosh system software, Mac OS X, Windows 98 through 10, and Linux/Unix). LiveCode directly imports extant HyperCard stacks and provides a migration path for stacks still in use. | * [[LiveCode]], published by [[LiveCode (company)|LiveCode, Ltd.]], expands greatly on HyperCard's feature set<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opensource.com/education/13/2/livecode |title= LiveCode is Next Generation of HyperCard |publisher=opensource.com |date= February 23, 2013}}</ref> and offers color and a GUI toolkit which can be deployed on many popular platforms (Android, iOS, Classic Macintosh system software, Mac OS X, Windows 98 through 10, and Linux/Unix). LiveCode directly imports extant HyperCard stacks and provides a migration path for stacks still in use. | ||
Past products include: | Past products include: | ||
* [[Guide (hypertext)|Guide]], which preceded HyperCard. [[Office Workstations Limited]] announced immediately after HyperCard's debut that version 2.0 would allow HyperCard files to work on Windows.<ref name="mace19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Mace |first=Scott |date=1987-08-17 |title=PCs, PS/2s May Run Hypercard Soon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 | * [[Guide (hypertext)|Guide]], which preceded HyperCard. [[Office Workstations Limited]] announced immediately after HyperCard's debut that version 2.0 would allow HyperCard files to work on Windows.<ref name="mace19870817">{{Cite magazine |last=Mace |first=Scott |date=1987-08-17 |title=PCs, PS/2s May Run Hypercard Soon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |pages=1, 8 |volume=9 |issue=33}}</ref> | ||
* [[SuperCard]], the first HyperCard clone, is similar to HyperCard, but with many added features such as full color support, pixel and vector graphics, a full GUI toolkit, and support for many modern macOS features. It can create both standalone applications and projects that run on the freeware SuperCard Player. SuperCard can also convert extant HyperCard stacks into SuperCard projects. It runs only on Macs. | * [[SuperCard]], the first HyperCard clone, is similar to HyperCard, but with many added features such as full color support, pixel and vector graphics, a full GUI toolkit, and support for many modern macOS features. It can create both standalone applications and projects that run on the freeware SuperCard Player. SuperCard can also convert extant HyperCard stacks into SuperCard projects. It runs only on Macs. | ||
* [[SK8 (programming language)|SK8]] is a "HyperCard killer" developed within Apple but never released. It extends HyperTalk to allow arbitrary objects which allowed it to build complete Mac-like applications (instead of stacks). The project was never released, although the source code was placed in the public domain. | * [[SK8 (programming language)|SK8]] is a "HyperCard killer" developed within Apple but never released. It extends HyperTalk to allow arbitrary objects which allowed it to build complete Mac-like applications (instead of stacks). The project was never released, although the source code was placed in the public domain. | ||
* Hyper DA by Symmetry is a Desk Accessory for classic single-tasked Mac OS that allows viewing HyperCard 1.x stacks as added windows in any extant application, and is also embedded into many Claris products (like MacDraw II) to display their user documentation. | * Hyper DA by Symmetry is a Desk Accessory for classic single-tasked Mac OS that allows viewing HyperCard 1.x stacks as added windows in any extant application, and is also embedded into many Claris products (like MacDraw II) to display their user documentation. | ||
* HyperPad from Brightbill-Roberts is a clone of HyperCard, written for | * HyperPad from Brightbill-Roberts is a clone of HyperCard, written for MS-DOS. It makes use of ASCII linedrawing to create the graphics of cards and buttons. | ||
* Plus, later renamed [[WinPlus]], is similar to HyperCard, for Windows and Macintosh. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] purchased Plus and created a cross-platform version as Oracle Card, later renamed [[Oracle Media Objects]], used as a [[4GL]] for database access. | * Plus, later renamed [[WinPlus]], is similar to HyperCard, for Windows and Macintosh. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] purchased Plus and created a cross-platform version as Oracle Card, later renamed [[Oracle Media Objects]], used as a [[4GL]] for database access. | ||
* IBM LinkWay is a mouse-controlled HyperCard-like environment for DOS | * IBM LinkWay is a mouse-controlled HyperCard-like environment for MS-DOS. It has minimal system requirements, runs in graphics CGA and VGA. It even supported video disc control.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM LinkWay 2.0 |url=https://archive.org/details/IBM-LinkWay}}</ref> | ||
* Asymetrix's Windows application [[ToolBook]] resembles HyperCard, and later included an external converter to read HyperCard stacks (the first was a third-party product from Heizer software). | * Asymetrix's Windows application [[ToolBook]] resembles HyperCard, and later included an external converter to read HyperCard stacks (the first was a third-party product from Heizer software). | ||
* TileStack is an attempt to create a web based version of HyperCard that is compatible with the original HyperCard files.<ref>{{Citation |title= HyperCard comes back from the dead to the web |newspaper= Slashdot |url= http://developers.slashdot.org/developers/08/06/07/196242.shtml |date= June 7, 2008}}</ref> The site closed down January 24, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title= Farewell to Tilestack |url= http://tilestack.com/ |access-date= May 14, 2013 |archive-date= January 5, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200105074030/http://tilestack.com/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=29725702500651008|user=tilestack|title=Farewell. http://tilestack.com|date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> | * TileStack is an attempt to create a web based version of HyperCard that is compatible with the original HyperCard files.<ref>{{Citation |title= HyperCard comes back from the dead to the web |newspaper= Slashdot |url= http://developers.slashdot.org/developers/08/06/07/196242.shtml |date= June 7, 2008}}</ref> The site closed down January 24, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title= Farewell to Tilestack |url= http://tilestack.com/ |access-date= May 14, 2013 |archive-date= January 5, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200105074030/http://tilestack.com/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=29725702500651008|user=tilestack|title=Farewell. http://tilestack.com|date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> | ||
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[[AppWare]], originally named Serius Developer, is sometimes seen to be similar to HyperCard, as both are [[rapid application development]] (RAD) systems. AppWare was sold in the early 90s and worked on both Mac and Windows systems. | [[AppWare]], originally named Serius Developer, is sometimes seen to be similar to HyperCard, as both are [[rapid application development]] (RAD) systems. AppWare was sold in the early 90s and worked on both Mac and Windows systems. | ||
[[Zoomracks]], | [[Zoomracks]], an application for the [[Atari ST]] and IBM PC compatibles with a similar "stack" database metaphor, predates HyperCard by four years, which led to a contentious lawsuit against Apple.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heckel |first=Paul |title=Debunking the Software Patent Myths |journal=Communications of the ACM |date=June 1992 |url=https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/int-prop/heckel-debunking.html |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{web archive|url= | * {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980509055957/http://www.apple.com:80/hypercard/index.html|title=Official website}} | ||
* {{Citation |url= https://archive.org/details/CC501_hypercard |newspaper= Computer Chronicles |year= 1987 |type= Interview |first1= William ‘Bill’ |last1= Atkinson |first2= Dan |last2= Winkler |title= Demonstrating HyperCard }} | * {{Citation |url= https://archive.org/details/CC501_hypercard |newspaper= Computer Chronicles |year= 1987 |type= Interview |first1= William ‘Bill’ |last1= Atkinson |first2= Dan |last2= Winkler |title= Demonstrating HyperCard }} | ||
* [https://archive.org/details/hypercardstacks Collection of emulated HyperCard stacks] via the [[Internet Archive]] | * [https://archive.org/details/hypercardstacks Collection of emulated HyperCard stacks] via the [[Internet Archive]] | ||