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{{Short description|1968 encyclical by Pope Paul VI}} | {{Short description|1968 encyclical by Pope Paul VI}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} | <noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Humanae Vitae|2=Talk:Humanae vitae#Requested move 26 May 2026}} | ||
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{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
{{Infobox Encyclical | {{Infobox Encyclical | ||
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| argument = About birth control | | argument = About birth control | ||
| date = 25 July 1968 | | date = 25 July 1968 | ||
| pope = Paul VI | |type=| pope = Paul VI | ||
| papal_coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms of Pope Paul VI.svg | | papal_coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms of Pope Paul VI.svg | ||
| pages = | | pages = | ||
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{{Abortion in the Catholic Church}} | {{Abortion in the Catholic Church}} | ||
[[File:Pape Paul VI – Vatican, 1968.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|right|[[Pope Paul VI]] signed {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} on 25 July 1968.]] | [[File:Pape Paul VI – Vatican, 1968.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|right|[[Pope Paul VI]] signed {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} on 25 July 1968.]] | ||
'''{{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}''' ([[Latin]], meaning 'Of Human Life') is an [[encyclical]] written by [[Pope Paul VI]] and dated 25 July 1968. The text was issued at a Vatican press conference on 29 July.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stamane l'atteso documento del Pontefice sulla 'pillola'|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,0121_02_1968_0170_0001_17749612/|newspaper=[[La Stampa]]|date=29 July 1968|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Subtitled ''On the Regulation of Birth'', it re-affirmed the teaching of the [[Catholic Church]] regarding [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|married love]], responsible parenthood, and the rejection of artificial [[contraception]]. In formulating his teaching he explained why he did not accept the conclusions of the [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control]] established by his predecessor, [[Pope John XXIII]], a commission he himself had expanded.<ref>See encyclical, n.6.</ref> | '''{{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}''' ([[Latin]], meaning 'Of Human Life') is an [[encyclical]] written by [[Pope Paul VI]] and dated 25 July 1968. The text was issued at a Vatican press conference on 29 July.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stamane l'atteso documento del Pontefice sulla 'pillola'|author-last1=Zanotti|author-first1=Livio|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,0121_02_1968_0170_0001_17749612/|newspaper=[[La Stampa]]|date=29 July 1968|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Subtitled ''On the Regulation of Birth'', it re-affirmed the teaching of the [[Catholic Church]] regarding [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|married love]], responsible parenthood, and the rejection of artificial [[contraception]]. In formulating his teaching he explained why he did not accept the conclusions of the [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control]] established by his predecessor, [[Pope John XXIII]], a commission he himself had expanded.<ref>See encyclical, n.6.</ref> | ||
Mainly because of its restatement of the Church's opposition to artificial contraception, the encyclical was politically controversial. It | Mainly because of its restatement of the Church's opposition to artificial contraception, the encyclical was politically controversial. It solidified a traditional interpretation of Church [[Catholic moral theology|moral teaching]] on the [[sanctity of life]] in the context of human intervention in fertility and the procreative and unitive nature of Catholic conjugal relations. | ||
It was the last of Paul's seven encyclicals.<ref name="paulvi" /> | It was the last of Paul's seven encyclicals.<ref name="paulvi" /> | ||
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===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
{{See also|Christian views on contraception}} | {{See also|Christian views on contraception}} | ||
There had been a long-standing general Christian prohibition on contraception and abortion, with such [[Church Father]]s as [[Clement of Alexandria]] and [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] condemning the practices.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} It was not until the 1930 [[Lambeth Conference]] that the [[Anglican Communion]] allowed for contraception in limited circumstances. [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline]] [[Protestant]] denominations have since removed prohibitions against artificial contraception.<ref name="flann">{{cite journal|author=Campbell, Flann|title=Birth Control and the Christian Churches|journal=Population Studies|date=November 1960|volume=14|issue=2|pages=131–147|doi=10.2307/2172010|jstor=2172010}}</ref> In a partial reaction, [[Pope Pius XI]] wrote the encyclical {{lang|la|[[Casti connubii]]}} ('' | There had been a long-standing general Christian prohibition on contraception and abortion, with such [[Church Father]]s as [[Clement of Alexandria]] and [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] condemning the practices.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} It was not until the 1930 [[Lambeth Conference]] that the [[Anglican Communion]] allowed for contraception in limited circumstances. [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline]] [[Protestant]] denominations have since removed prohibitions against artificial contraception.<ref name="flann">{{cite journal|author=Campbell, Flann|title=Birth Control and the Christian Churches|journal=Population Studies|date=November 1960|volume=14|issue=2|pages=131–147|doi=10.2307/2172010|jstor=2172010}}</ref> In a partial reaction, [[Pope Pius XI]] wrote the encyclical {{lang|la|[[Casti connubii]]}} (''Of Chaste Wedlock'') in 1930, reaffirming the Catholic Church's belief in various traditional Christian teachings on marriage and sexuality, including the prohibition of artificial birth control even within marriage. {{lang|la|Casti connubii}} is against [[contraception]] and regarding [[natural family planning]] allowed married couples to use their nuptial rights "in the proper manner" when because of either time or defects, new life could not be brought forth.<ref name=HV/> | ||
===The commission of John XXIII=== | ===The commission of John XXIII=== | ||
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===Concern of the Church=== | ===Concern of the Church=== | ||
{{blockquote|18. It is to be anticipated that perhaps not everyone will easily accept this particular teaching. There is too much clamorous outcry against the voice of the Church, and this is intensified by modern means of communication. But it comes as no surprise to the Church that it, no less than its divine Founder, is destined to be a " | {{blockquote|18. It is to be anticipated that perhaps not everyone will easily accept this particular teaching. There is too much clamorous outcry against the voice of the Church, and this is intensified by modern means of communication. But it comes as no surprise to the Church that it, no less than its divine Founder, is destined to be a "sign of contradiction."<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:34}}</ref> The Church does not, because of this, evade the duty imposed on it of proclaiming humbly but firmly the entire moral law, both natural and evangelical. Since the Church did not make either of these laws, it cannot be their arbiter—only their guardian and interpreter. It could never be right for the Church to declare lawful what is in fact unlawful, since that, by its very nature, is always opposed to the true good of man. In preserving intact the whole moral law of marriage, the Church is convinced that it is contributing to the creation of a truly human civilization. The Church urges man not to betray his personal responsibilities by putting all his faith in technical expedients. In this way it defends the dignity of husband and wife. This course of action shows that the Church, loyal to the example and teaching of the divine Savior, is sincere and unselfish in its regard for men whom it strives to help even now during this earthly pilgrimage "to share God's life as sons of the living God, the Father of all men".}} | ||
===Developing countries=== | ===Developing countries=== | ||
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===Open dissent=== | ===Open dissent=== | ||
The publication of the encyclical marks the first time in the twentieth century that open dissent from the laity about teachings of the Church was voiced widely and publicly. The teaching has been criticized by development organizations and others who claim that it limits the methods available to fight worldwide population growth and struggle against [[HIV/AIDS]]. Within two days of the encyclical's release, a group of dissident theologians, led by Rev. [[Charles Curran (theologian)|Charles Curran]], then [[Catholic University of America]], issued a statement stating, "spouses may responsibly decide according to their conscience that artificial contraception in some circumstances is permissible and indeed necessary to preserve and foster the value and sacredness of marriage."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://americamagazine.org/node/148840 | work=America | title=Humanae Vitae 25 Years Later | date=7 July 1993 | access-date=11 November 2013 | first1=Richard | last1=McCormick}}</ref> | The publication of the encyclical marks the first time in the twentieth century that open dissent from the laity about teachings of the Church was voiced widely and publicly. The teaching has been criticized by development organizations and others who claim that it limits the methods available to fight worldwide population growth and struggle against [[HIV/AIDS]]. Within two days of the encyclical's release, a group of dissident theologians, led by Rev. [[Charles Curran (theologian)|Charles Curran]], then [[Catholic University of America]], issued a statement stating, "spouses may responsibly decide according to their conscience that artificial contraception in some circumstances is permissible and indeed necessary to preserve and foster the value and sacredness of marriage."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://americamagazine.org/node/148840 | work=America | title=Humanae Vitae 25 Years Later | date=7 July 1993 | access-date=11 November 2013 | first1=Richard | last1=McCormick}}</ref> | ||
===Dutch Catechism=== | ===Dutch Catechism=== | ||
The [[Dutch Catechism]] of 1966, based on the Dutch bishops' interpretation of the just completed Vatican Council, and the first post-Council comprehensive Catholic catechism, noted the lack of mention of artificial contraception in the council. "As everyone can ascertain nowadays, there are several methods of regulating births. The Second Vatican Council did not speak of any of these concrete methods{{nbsp}}[...] This is a different standpoint than that taken under Pius XI some thirty years ago which was also maintained by his successor{{nbsp}}[...] we can sense here a clear development in the Church, a development, which is also going on outside the Church."<ref>''A New Catechism'', pg. 402</ref> | The [[Dutch Catechism]] of 1966, based on the Dutch bishops' interpretation of the just completed Vatican Council, and the first post-Council comprehensive Catholic catechism, noted the lack of mention of artificial contraception in the council. "As everyone can ascertain nowadays, there are several methods of regulating births. The Second Vatican Council did not speak of any of these concrete methods{{nbsp}}[...] This is a different standpoint than that taken under Pius XI some thirty years ago which was also maintained by his successor{{nbsp}}[...] we can sense here a clear development in the Church, a development, which is also going on outside the Church."<ref>''A New Catechism'', pg. 402</ref> | ||
===Ecumenical reactions=== | ===Ecumenical reactions=== | ||
Ecumenical reactions were mixed. Liberal and Moderate [[Lutheran]]s and the [[World Council of Churches]] were disappointed. [[Eugene Carson Blake]] criticised the concepts of nature and [[natural law]], which, in his view, still dominated Catholic theology, as outdated. This concern dominated several articles in Catholic and non-Catholic journals at the time.<ref>''La Croix'', 31 July 1968; 13 August 1968</ref><ref>''Sontagsblatt'', 11 November 1968</ref><ref>''Reforme'', 10 August 1968</ref> [[Patriarch Athenagoras I]] stated his full agreement with [[Pope Paul VI]]: "He could not have spoken in any other way."<ref>''Herder Korrespondenz'', Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968, pg. 404</ref> | Ecumenical reactions were mixed. Liberal and Moderate [[Lutheran]]s and the [[World Council of Churches]] were disappointed. [[Eugene Carson Blake]] criticised the concepts of nature and [[natural law]], which, in his view, still dominated Catholic theology, as outdated. This concern dominated several articles in Catholic and non-Catholic journals at the time.<ref>''La Croix'', 31 July 1968; 13 August 1968</ref><ref>''Sontagsblatt'', 11 November 1968</ref><ref>''Reforme'', 10 August 1968</ref> [[Patriarch Athenagoras I]] stated his full agreement with [[Pope Paul VI]]: "He could not have spoken in any other way."<ref>''Herder Korrespondenz'', Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968, pg. 404</ref> | ||
===Latin America=== | === Responses by region === | ||
==== Canada ==== | |||
Two months later, the controversial [[Winnipeg Statement]] issued by the [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]] stated that those who cannot accept the teaching should not be considered shut off from the Catholic Church, and that individuals can in good conscience use contraception as long as they have first made an honest attempt to accept the difficult directives of the encyclical.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} | |||
==== Soviet Union ==== | |||
In the [[Soviet Union]], ''[[Literaturnaya Gazeta]]'', a publication of Soviet intellectuals, included an editorial and statement by Russian physicians against the encyclical.<ref>HK 1968, pg. 548</ref> | |||
==== Latin America ==== | |||
In [[Latin America]], much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As [[World Bank]] President [[Robert McNamara]] declared at the 1968 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group|Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]] that countries permitting [[birth control]] practices will get preferential access to resources, doctors in [[La Paz, Bolivia]], called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In [[Colombia]], Cardinal [[Aníbal Muñoz Duque]] declared, "if [[United States|American]] conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent".<ref name="HerderKorrespondenz">''Herder Korrespondenz'', Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968, pg. 549</ref> The Senate of Bolivia passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]], stating that {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} can be discussed in its implications on individual consciences, but is of greatest significance because it defends the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.<ref name="HerderKorrespondenz" /> The Jesuit Journal ''Sic'' dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.<ref>''Sic'', 31, pg. 308, October 1968, pgs. 359-79</ref> However, against eighteen insubordinate priests, professors of theology at [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]], and the ensuing conspiracy of silence practiced by the Chilean [[Episcopate]], which had to be censured by the [[Nuncio]] in Santiago at the behest of Cardinal [[Gabriel-Marie Garrone]], prefect of the [[Congregation for Catholic Education]], triggering eventually a media conflict with {{ill|El Diario Ilustrado|es}}, [[Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira]] expressed his affliction with the [[lamentations]] of [[Jeremiah]]: "O ye all that pass through the way…" (Lamentations 1:12, [[King James Bible]]).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Lamentations|1:12|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pliniocorreadeoliveira.info/FSP%2069-03-05%20O%20vos.htm |title=Ó vós todos que passais pelo caminho… |date=1969-03-05 |access-date=2018-08-25 |language=pt}}</ref> | In [[Latin America]], much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As [[World Bank]] President [[Robert McNamara]] declared at the 1968 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group|Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]] that countries permitting [[birth control]] practices will get preferential access to resources, doctors in [[La Paz, Bolivia]], called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In [[Colombia]], Cardinal [[Aníbal Muñoz Duque]] declared, "if [[United States|American]] conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent".<ref name="HerderKorrespondenz">''Herder Korrespondenz'', Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968, pg. 549</ref> The Senate of Bolivia passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]], stating that {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} can be discussed in its implications on individual consciences, but is of greatest significance because it defends the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.<ref name="HerderKorrespondenz" /> The Jesuit Journal ''Sic'' dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.<ref>''Sic'', 31, pg. 308, October 1968, pgs. 359-79</ref> However, against eighteen insubordinate priests, professors of theology at [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]], and the ensuing conspiracy of silence practiced by the Chilean [[Episcopate]], which had to be censured by the [[Nuncio]] in Santiago at the behest of Cardinal [[Gabriel-Marie Garrone]], prefect of the [[Congregation for Catholic Education]], triggering eventually a media conflict with {{ill|El Diario Ilustrado|es}}, [[Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira]] expressed his affliction with the [[lamentations]] of [[Jeremiah]]: "O ye all that pass through the way…" (Lamentations 1:12, [[King James Bible]]).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Lamentations|1:12|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pliniocorreadeoliveira.info/FSP%2069-03-05%20O%20vos.htm |title=Ó vós todos que passais pelo caminho… |date=1969-03-05 |access-date=2018-08-25 |language=pt}}</ref> | ||
===Cardinal Martini=== | === Responses by individuals === | ||
In the book "Nighttime conversations in Jerusalem. On the risk of faith.", well-known liberal Cardinal [[Carlo Maria Martini]] | |||
==== Cardinal Martini ==== | |||
In the book "Nighttime conversations in Jerusalem. On the risk of faith.", well-known liberal Cardinal [[Carlo Maria Martini]] accused Paul VI of deliberately concealing the truth, leaving it to theologians and pastors to fix things by adapting precepts to practice: "I knew Paul VI well. With the encyclical, he wanted to express consideration for human life. He explained his intention to some of his friends by using a comparison: although one must not lie, sometimes it is not possible to do otherwise; it may be necessary to conceal the truth, or it may be unavoidable to tell a lie. It is up to the moralists to explain where sin begins, especially in the cases in which there is a higher duty than the transmission of life."<ref>[http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/209045?eng=y Sandro Magister-s blog]</ref> | |||
=== | ==== Karol Wojtyła ==== | ||
The future [[Pope John Paul II]] (at the time [[Archdiocese of Krakow|Archbishop of Krakow]] [[Karol Wojtyla|Karol Wojtyła]]) asked Paul VI to apply [[Papal infallibility]] ''in docendo'' (in teaching) to the encyclical, equating it with the authority of a [[dogma]]. Paul VI and John XXIII did not. Wojtyła himself declared the encyclical part of the ordinary and universal [[Magisterium]] of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.php?ID=192963|title=Reacting to pontifical academy, theologian says teaching of Humanae vitae can't change|date=9 August 2022|author=ACI Prensa}}</ref> | The future [[Pope John Paul II]] (at the time [[Archdiocese of Krakow|Archbishop of Krakow]] [[Karol Wojtyla|Karol Wojtyła]]) asked Paul VI to apply [[Papal infallibility]] ''in docendo'' (in teaching) to the encyclical, equating it with the authority of a [[dogma]]. Paul VI and John XXIII did not. Wojtyła himself declared the encyclical part of the ordinary and universal [[Magisterium]] of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.php?ID=192963|title=Reacting to pontifical academy, theologian says teaching of Humanae vitae can't change|date=9 August 2022|author=ACI Prensa}}</ref> | ||
=== | ==== Pope Paul VI ==== | ||
Pope Paul VI was troubled by the encyclical's reception in the West. Acknowledging the controversy, Paul VI in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics (30 August 1968), stated: "May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of God's will."<ref name="'Humanae Vitae' 25 Years Later">{{cite news | url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10960 | work=America Magazine | title='Humanae Vitae' 25 Years Later | date=17 July 1993 | access-date=19 January 2011 | first1=Richard | last1=McCormick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024855/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10960 | archive-date=15 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 1969, he had a meeting with one of the main critics of {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}, Cardinal [[Leo Joseph Suenens]]. Paul heard him out and said merely, "Yes, pray for me; because of my weaknesses, the Church is badly governed."<ref>Peter Hebblethwaite, Paul VI, Paulist Press New York, 1993, pg. 532</ref> To jog the memory of his critics, he also put in their minds the experience of no less a figure than [[Saint Peter|Peter]]: "[n]ow I understand St Peter: he came to Rome twice, the second time to be crucified",<ref name="paulvi">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/09/12/the-future-blessed-pope-paul-vi-was-a-great-champion-of-family-life/ |title=The future Blessed Pope Paul VI was a great champion of family life |last=Phillips |first=Francis |date=Sep 12, 2014 |magazine=[[The Catholic Herald]] |access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> – herewith directing their attention to his rejoicing in glorifying the Lord.<ref>[[Martyrdom of Peter]] ([[Codex Vercellensis]], chapters 33–41): "And Peter came to himself: and having beheld the Lord ascending up into heaven, he returned to Rome, rejoicing, and glorifying the Lord, for that he said: I am being crucified: the which was about to befall Peter." (ch. 35) "But I, so long as the Lord will that I be in the flesh, resist not; and again if he take me to him I rejoice and am glad." (ch. 36)</ref> Increasingly convinced, that "the smoke of Satan entered the temple of God from some fissure",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/homilies/1972/documents/hf_p-vi_hom_19720629.html |title=29 giugno 1972: Santa Messa per il IX anniversario dell'incoronazione di Sua Santità nella solennità dei Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo | Omelia di Paolo VI |publisher=[[Santa Sede|La Santa Sede]] |date=1972-06-29 |access-date=2018-08-26 |language=it |quote=Riferendosi alla situazione della Chiesa di oggi, il Santo Padre afferma di avere la sensazione che «da qualche fessura sia entrato il fumo di Satana nel tempio di Dio».}}</ref> Paul VI reaffirmed, on 23 June 1978, weeks before his death, in an address to the [[College of Cardinals]], his {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}: "following the confirmations of serious science", and which sought to affirm the principle of respect for the laws of nature and of "a conscious and ethically responsible paternity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-23333?l=english |title=''L'Osservatore'': Paul VI Never Looked Back: Vatican Paper Remembers "Humanae Vitae", 25 July 2008 |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727164454/http://www.zenit.org/article-23333?l=english |archive-date=27 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Pope Paul VI was troubled by the encyclical's reception in the West. Acknowledging the controversy, Paul VI in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics (30 August 1968), stated: "May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of God's will."<ref name="'Humanae Vitae' 25 Years Later">{{cite news | url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10960 | work=America Magazine | title='Humanae Vitae' 25 Years Later | date=17 July 1993 | access-date=19 January 2011 | first1=Richard | last1=McCormick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024855/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10960 | archive-date=15 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 1969, he had a meeting with one of the main critics of {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}, Cardinal [[Leo Joseph Suenens]]. Paul heard him out and said merely, "Yes, pray for me; because of my weaknesses, the Church is badly governed."<ref>Peter Hebblethwaite, Paul VI, Paulist Press New York, 1993, pg. 532</ref> To jog the memory of his critics, he also put in their minds the experience of no less a figure than [[Saint Peter|Peter]]: "[n]ow I understand St Peter: he came to Rome twice, the second time to be crucified",<ref name="paulvi">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/09/12/the-future-blessed-pope-paul-vi-was-a-great-champion-of-family-life/ |title=The future Blessed Pope Paul VI was a great champion of family life |last=Phillips |first=Francis |date=Sep 12, 2014 |magazine=[[The Catholic Herald]] |access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> – herewith directing their attention to his rejoicing in glorifying the Lord.<ref>[[Martyrdom of Peter]] ([[Codex Vercellensis]], chapters 33–41): "And Peter came to himself: and having beheld the Lord ascending up into heaven, he returned to Rome, rejoicing, and glorifying the Lord, for that he said: I am being crucified: the which was about to befall Peter." (ch. 35) "But I, so long as the Lord will that I be in the flesh, resist not; and again if he take me to him I rejoice and am glad." (ch. 36)</ref> Increasingly convinced, that "the smoke of Satan entered the temple of God from some fissure",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/homilies/1972/documents/hf_p-vi_hom_19720629.html |title=29 giugno 1972: Santa Messa per il IX anniversario dell'incoronazione di Sua Santità nella solennità dei Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo | Omelia di Paolo VI |publisher=[[Santa Sede|La Santa Sede]] |date=1972-06-29 |access-date=2018-08-26 |language=it |quote=Riferendosi alla situazione della Chiesa di oggi, il Santo Padre afferma di avere la sensazione che «da qualche fessura sia entrato il fumo di Satana nel tempio di Dio».}}</ref> Paul VI reaffirmed, on 23 June 1978, weeks before his death, in an address to the [[College of Cardinals]], his {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}: "following the confirmations of serious science", and which sought to affirm the principle of respect for the laws of nature and of "a conscious and ethically responsible paternity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-23333?l=english |title=''L'Osservatore'': Paul VI Never Looked Back: Vatican Paper Remembers "Humanae Vitae", 25 July 2008 |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727164454/http://www.zenit.org/article-23333?l=english |archive-date=27 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
=== Padre Pio === | ==== Padre Pio ==== | ||
In his last letter to Pope Paul VI, Christian mystic and canonized saint [[Padre Pio]] called {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} "clear and decisive words".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beyondthesestonewalls.com/blog/gordon-macrae/padre-pios-letter-pope-paul-vi-humanae-vitae | title=Padre Pio's letter to Pope Paul VI on Humanae Vitae }}</ref> | In his last letter to Pope Paul VI, Christian mystic and canonized saint [[Padre Pio]] called {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} "clear and decisive words".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beyondthesestonewalls.com/blog/gordon-macrae/padre-pios-letter-pope-paul-vi-humanae-vitae | title=Padre Pio's letter to Pope Paul VI on Humanae Vitae }}</ref> | ||
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===Pope John Paul I=== | ===Pope John Paul I=== | ||
John Paul the First's views on {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} have been debated.<ref>Kay Withers, "Pope John Paul I and Birth Control", ''America'', 24 March 1979, pp. 233-34.</ref> Journalist [[John L. Allen Jr.]] claims that "it's virtually certain that John Paul I would not have reversed Paul VI's teaching, particularly since he was no doctrinal radical. Moreover, as Patriarch in [[Venice]] some had seen a hardening of his stance on social issues as the years went by." According to Allen, "it is reasonable to assume that John Paul I would not have insisted upon the negative judgment in {{lang|la|Humanae Vitae}} as aggressively and publicly as John Paul II did, and probably would not have treated it as a quasi-infallible teaching. It would have remained a more 'open' question".<ref>[http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/word/word090503.htm ''National Catholic Reporter'']</ref><ref>Kay Withers, "Pope John Paul I and Birth Control", ''America'', 24 March 1979, pgs. 233-4</ref> Other sources take a different view and note that during his time as Patriarch of Venice that "Luciani was intransigent with his upholding of the teaching of the Church and severe with those, through intellectual pride and disobedience paid no attention to the Church's prohibition of contraception", though while not condoning the sin, he was tolerant of those who sincerely tried and failed to live up to the Church's teaching. Raymond and Lauretta's book ''The Smiling Pope, The Life & Teaching of John Paul I'' states that "if some people think that his compassion and gentleness in this respect implies he was against {{lang|la|Humanae Vitae}} one can only infer it was wishful thinking on their part and an attempt to find an ally in favor of artificial contraception."<ref>Raymond and Lauretta, ''The Smiling Pope, The Life & Teaching of John Paul I''. Our Sunday Visitor Press: 2004</ref> | |||
===Pope John Paul II=== | ===Pope John Paul II=== | ||
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===Pope Benedict XVI=== | ===Pope Benedict XVI=== | ||
On 12 May 2008, [[Benedict XVI]] accepted an invitation to talk to participants in the International Congress organized by the [[Pontifical Lateran University]] on the 40th anniversary of {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}. He put the encyclical in the broader view of love in a global context, a topic he called "so controversial, yet so crucial for humanity's future." {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} became "a | On 12 May 2008, [[Benedict XVI]] accepted an invitation to talk to participants in the International Congress organized by the [[Pontifical Lateran University]] on the 40th anniversary of {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}}. He put the encyclical in the broader view of love in a global context, a topic he called "so controversial, yet so crucial for humanity's future." {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} became "a sign of contradiction but also of continuity of the Church's doctrine and tradition... What was true yesterday is true also today."<ref>Benedict XVI, international congress organized by the Pontifical Lateran University on the 40th anniversary of the encyclical ''Humanae vitae'', 12 May 2008</ref> The Church continues to reflect "in an ever new and deeper way on the fundamental principles that concern marriage and procreation." The key message of {{lang|la|Humanae vitae}} is love. Benedict states, that the fullness of a person is achieved by a unity of soul and body, but neither spirit nor body alone can love, only the two together. If this unity is broken, if only the body is satisfied, love becomes a commodity.<ref>''Deus Caritas Est,'' no. 11</ref> | ||
===Pope Francis=== | ===Pope Francis=== | ||
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* [http://www.viastuas.net.au/bc/WeigelHV.html The Humanae Vitae controversy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302010028/http://viastuas.net.au/bc/WeigelHV.html |date=2 March 2020 }}, chapter from George Weigel's biography of Karol Wojtyła | * [http://www.viastuas.net.au/bc/WeigelHV.html The Humanae Vitae controversy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302010028/http://viastuas.net.au/bc/WeigelHV.html |date=2 March 2020 }}, chapter from George Weigel's biography of Karol Wojtyła | ||
* [[G. E. M. Anscombe]]: [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/AnscombeChastity.shtml ''Contraception and Chastity''] | * [[G. E. M. Anscombe]]: [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/AnscombeChastity.shtml ''Contraception and Chastity''] | ||
* [ | * [https://konkanicatholics.blogspot.com/2006/08/cardinal-varkey-vithayathil-pastoral.html Cardinal Varkey's Letter on Family Planning Trends Among Catholics]: Cardinal [[Mar Varkey Vithayathil]], [[Kerala#Demographics|Kerala]], India | ||
* [http://www.NFPandmore.org Natural Family Planning], John and Sheila Kippley's website that supports ''Humanae vitae'' and provides instruction in natural family planning | * [http://www.NFPandmore.org Natural Family Planning], John and Sheila Kippley's website that supports ''Humanae vitae'' and provides instruction in natural family planning | ||
* [http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/07/002-the-vindication-of-ihumanae-vitaei-28 The Vindication of Humanae Vitae], by Mary Eberstadt ''First Things'', August/September 2008. | * [http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/07/002-the-vindication-of-ihumanae-vitaei-28 The Vindication of Humanae Vitae], by Mary Eberstadt ''First Things'', August/September 2008. | ||
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[[Category:Catholic theology of the body]] | [[Category:Catholic theology of the body]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Encyclicals of Pope Paul VI]] | ||
[[Category:Christian natalism]] | [[Category:Christian natalism]] | ||
[[Category:1968 documents]] | [[Category:1968 documents]] | ||