Hamilton, Ontario: Difference between revisions
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imported>Carpnsw Reverted to previous distance from Toronto, should be measured from border to border, not city hall to city hall (in which case Mississauga would be 28km from Toronto, whereas common sense says Mississauga is right next to Toronto, or 0 km away, because they border each other) |
imported>Василенко1990 : Updated GDP |
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{{Short description|City in Ontario, Canada}} | {{Short description|City in Ontario, Canada}} | ||
{{For|the township in Northumberland County|Hamilton Township, Ontario}} | {{For|the township in Northumberland County|Hamilton Township, Ontario}} | ||
{{distinguish|Milton, Ontario}} | |||
{{Featured article}} | {{Featured article}} | ||
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2022}} | {{Use Canadian English|date=June 2022}} | ||
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Hamilton | ||
| official_name | | official_name = City of Hamilton | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|single-tier]]) | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| border = infobox | | border = infobox | ||
| perrow = 1/2/2/2 | | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | ||
| Line 98: | Line 99: | ||
| population_metro = 785184 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|9th]]) | | population_metro = 785184 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|9th]]) | ||
| population_demonym = Hamiltonian | | population_demonym = Hamiltonian | ||
| demographics_type2 | | demographics_type2 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2021)}} | ||
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=November 27, 2024 |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> | |||
| | | demographics2_title1 = Metro | ||
| demographics2_info1 = CA${{FXConvert|CAN|41.169|b|lk=on}} | |||
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita | |||
| demographics2_info2 = CA${{FXConvert|CAN|50343|lk=on}} | |||
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | | timezone1 = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = −05:00 | | utc_offset1 = −05:00 | ||
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| geocode = | | geocode = | ||
| iso_code = | | iso_code = | ||
| website = {{URL| | | website = {{URL|hamilton.ca}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hamilton''' is a port city in the | '''Hamilton''' is a port city in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]]. Hamilton has a population of 569,353 as of the [[2021 Canadian census]], and its [[Census Metropolitan Area|census metropolitan area]], which encompasses [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]] and [[Grimsby, Ontario|Grimsby]], has a population of 785,184. The city is situated approximately {{Convert|45|km|mi|abbr=out}} southwest of [[Toronto]] in the [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area]] (GTHA). | ||
Conceived by [[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]] when he purchased the [[James Durand|Durand]] farm shortly after the [[War of 1812]], the town of Hamilton became the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of [[Lake Ontario]] known as the [[Golden Horseshoe]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hamilton |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=March 11, 2019 |last=Weaver |first=John C. |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195810/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the [[Merger (politics)|amalgamation]] of the original city with other municipalities of the [[Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth]].<ref name=amalgprovles>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |title=City of Hamilton Act, 1999 |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822061022/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians.<ref name=HAM100>{{cite book |title=The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives |first=Margaret |last=Houghton |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6 6] |year=2003 |isbn=1-55028-804-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6}}</ref> | Conceived by [[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]] when he purchased the [[James Durand|Durand]] farm shortly after the [[War of 1812]], the town of Hamilton became the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of [[Lake Ontario]] known as the [[Golden Horseshoe]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hamilton |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=March 11, 2019 |last=Weaver |first=John C. |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195810/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the [[Merger (politics)|amalgamation]] of the original city with other municipalities of the [[Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth]].<ref name=amalgprovles>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |title=City of Hamilton Act, 1999 |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822061022/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians.<ref name=HAM100>{{cite book |title=The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives |first=Margaret |last=Houghton |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6 6] |year=2003 |isbn=1-55028-804-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6}}</ref> | ||
Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. During the 2010s, a shift toward | Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. During the 2010s, a shift toward service sector industries such as health and sciences occurred. Hamilton is home to the [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)|Royal Botanical Gardens]], the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]], the [[Bruce Trail]], [[McMaster University]], [[Mohawk College]], and [[Redeemer University]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the [[Grand Lodge of Canada]] in 1855,<ref name=GRANDLODGE>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandlodge.on.ca/ |title=A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now |publisher=Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224557/http://grandlodge.on.ca/ |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |url-status=live}}(Requires navigation to article).</ref> West Flamboro Methodist Church in 1879 (later purchased by Dufferin Masonic Lodge in 1893),<ref name=dufferin>{{cite web |url=http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |title=Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M. |access-date=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083030/http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the [[British Empire]], and the second telephone exchange in all of North America were each established in the city between 1877 and 1878.<ref name=headlake>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |title=Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225930/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co.<ref>''Cataract Traction'', by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971).</ref> | As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the [[Grand Lodge of Canada]] in 1855,<ref name=GRANDLODGE>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandlodge.on.ca/ |title=A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now |publisher=Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224557/http://grandlodge.on.ca/ |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |url-status=live}}(Requires navigation to article).</ref> West Flamboro Methodist Church in 1879 (later purchased by Dufferin Masonic Lodge in 1893),<ref name=dufferin>{{cite web |url=http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |title=Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M. |access-date=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083030/http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the [[British Empire]], and the second telephone exchange in all of North America were each established in the city between 1877 and 1878.<ref name=headlake>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |title=Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225930/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co.<ref>''Cataract Traction'', by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971).</ref> | ||
Though suffering through the [[Hamilton Street Railway]] strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]], were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively. [[Procter & Gamble]] and the [[Beech-Nut|Beech-Nut Packing Company]] opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.<ref name=HISINDI>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |title=Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future |publisher=Canada's Digital Collections |access-date=January 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528232906/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June and July 1916, the [[1916 Hamilton machinists' strike| | Though suffering through the [[Hamilton Street Railway]] strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]], were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively. [[Procter & Gamble]] and the [[Beech-Nut|Beech-Nut Packing Company]] opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.<ref name=HISINDI>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |title=Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future |publisher=Canada's Digital Collections |access-date=January 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528232906/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June and July 1916, the [[1916 Hamilton machinists' strike|Hamilton machinists' strike]], caused by a failure of employers to improve working conditions or pay during a booming World War I economy, disrupted production at many of the largest manufacturers and was the largest dispute in the city's history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siemiatycki |first1=Myer |title=Munitions and Labour Militancy: The 1916 Hamilton Machinists' Strike |journal=Labour / Le Travail |date=1978 |volume=3 |page=134 |doi=10.2307/25139910 |jstor=25139910 |url=https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174922/https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Population and economic growth continued until the 1960s. In 1929 the city's first high-rise building, the Pigott Building, was constructed; in 1930 [[McMaster University]] moved from Toronto to Hamilton, in 1934 the second [[Canadian Tire]] store in Canada opened here; in 1940 the airport was completed; and in 1948, the [[Studebaker Canada Ltd.|Studebaker]] assembly line was constructed.<ref name=memproj45>{{cite press release |title=The Hamilton Memory Project; STUDEBAKER |publisher=The Hamilton Spectator–Souvenir Edition |page=MP45 |date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> Infrastructure and retail development continued, with the [[Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway]] opening in 1958,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/life/local-history/2019/10/30/oct-30-1958-burlington-bay-skyway-completed.html |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |title=Oct. 30, 1958: Burlington Bay Skyway completed |date=March 3, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041411/https://www.thespec.com/life/local-history/2019/10/30/oct-30-1958-burlington-bay-skyway-completed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first [[Tim Hortons]] store in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |title=May 17, 1964: Tim Hortons store No. 1 opens on Hamilton's Ottawa Street |date=March 1, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516162033/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last [[streetcar]] line was abandoned in 1951, but HSR's service included [[Trolley buses in Hamilton|trolley bus routes]] from 1950 to 1992.<ref name="schwarzkopf-2018">{{cite book |last1=Schwarzkopf |first1=Tom |title=Tires and Wires: The Story of Electric Trolley Coaches Serving Sixteen Canadian Cities |date=2018 |publisher=Railfare DC Books and Canadian Transit Heritage Foundation |isbn=978-1927-59948-8 |pages=88–97}}</ref> | ||
Since | Since the 1970s, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations in a restructuring that also affected the United States.<ref name=HISINDI/> In 1997, there was a devastating fire at the Plastimet plastics plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt |title=Plastimet Inc. fire Hamilton, Ontario: July 9-12, 1997 |year=1997 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160547/http://www.archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> Approximately 300 firefighters battled the blaze, and many sustained severe chemical burns and inhaled [[volatile organic compound]]s when at least 400 tonnes of [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] plastic were consumed in the fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2147497-deadly-legacy-is-plastimet-killing-firefighters-/ |title=Deadly legacy: Is Plastimet killing firefighters? |website=The Hamilton Spectator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024023618/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2147497-deadly-legacy-is-plastimet-killing-firefighters-/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013}}</ref> | ||
On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]], [[Glanbrook, Ontario|Glanbrook]], and [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]].<ref name=amalgprovles/><!-- <ref name=headlake/> --> Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 residents and was divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The former region of Hamilton-Wentworth had a population of 490,268. The amalgamation created a single-tier municipal government ending subsidization of its suburbs. The new amalgamated city had 519,949 people in more than 100 neighbourhoods, and surrounding communities.<ref name=FOOTSTEPS>{{cite book |title=Footsteps in Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods |first=Bill |last=Manson |publisher=North Shore Publishing Inc |year=2003 |isbn=1-896899-22-6}}</ref> | On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]], [[Glanbrook, Ontario|Glanbrook]], and [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]].<ref name=amalgprovles/><!-- <ref name=headlake/> --> Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 residents and was divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The former region of Hamilton-Wentworth had a population of 490,268. The amalgamation created a single-tier municipal government ending subsidization of its suburbs. The new amalgamated city had 519,949 people in more than 100 neighbourhoods, and surrounding communities.<ref name=FOOTSTEPS>{{cite book |title=Footsteps in Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods |first=Bill |last=Manson |publisher=North Shore Publishing Inc |year=2003 |isbn=1-896899-22-6}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:8Hamilton Marina.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Harbour]] during the winter.]] | [[File:8Hamilton Marina.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Harbour]] during the winter.]] | ||
Hamilton's climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid-continental]], characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], Hamilton is on the Dfb/Dfa boundary, found in [[southern Ontario]] because the average temperature in July is {{convert|22.0|C|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |title=Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map |website=www.plantmaps.com |language=en |access-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014555/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 14, 1868.<ref name="Hamilton (July 1868)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |title=Hamilton (July 1868) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609182902/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest temperature ever recorded was −30.6 °C (−23 °F) on January 25, 1884.<ref name="Hamilton (January 1884)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1# |title=Hamilton (January 1884) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191008/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was found that the city has areas of poor air quality with a high concentration of [[benzo(a)pyrene]], particularly in neighbourhoods near industrial sites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peesker |first1=Saira |title=Breathing the air in parts of Hamilton is like smoking a cigarette a day, researcher says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |website=CBC News |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713214901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Hamilton's climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid-continental]], characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], Hamilton is on the Dfb/Dfa boundary, found in [[southern Ontario]] because the average temperature in July is {{convert|22.0|C|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |title=Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map |website=www.plantmaps.com |language=en |access-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014555/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 14, 1868.<ref name="Hamilton (July 1868)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |title=Hamilton (July 1868) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609182902/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest temperature ever recorded was −30.6 °C (−23 °F) on January 25, 1884.<ref name="Hamilton (January 1884)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1# |title=Hamilton (January 1884) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191008/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was found that the city has areas of poor air quality with a high concentration of [[benzo(a)pyrene]], particularly in neighbourhoods near industrial sites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peesker |first1=Saira |title=Breathing the air in parts of Hamilton is like smoking a cigarette a day, researcher says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |website=CBC News |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713214901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The record high daily minimum temperature at Hamilton Airport was {{cvt|25.1|C|1}} on August 1, 2006.<ref name="CCN"/> The record high dew point was {{cvt|27.7|C|1}} on July 14, 1995.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> The most humid month was August 2021 with a monthly average dew point of {{cvt|18.3|C|1}}.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> The warmest month was July 1988 with a monthly average mean temperature of {{cvt|24.8|C|1}}.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> The month with the warmest average daily maximums was July 2011 with an average monthly daily maximum of {{cvt|29.8|C|1}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} The month with the warmest average daily minimums was July 2020 with an average monthly daily maximum of {{cvt|17.4|C|1}}, with no daily minimum temperature below {{cvt|12.9|C|1}} during the entire month.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> July 2011 recorded no daily maximum temperature below {{cvt|26.0|C|1}} during the entire month.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> July 2023 recorded no dew point below {{cvt|9.9|C|1}} throughout the month.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> | |||
Summer 2000 recorded the lowest yearly maximum temperature of {{cvt|29.8|C|1}}.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> Summer 2017 recorded the lowest yearly maximum daily minimum temperature of {{cvt|19.1|C|1}}.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> Summer 2007 recorded the lowest yearly maximum dew point of {{cvt|22.1|C|1}} at Hamilton Airport.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> | |||
At Hamilton Airport, the average yearly maximum dew point is {{cvt|24.3|C|1}}, and the average yearly maximum daily minimum temperature is {{cvt|21.6|C|1}}.<ref name="wsc YHM"/> | |||
{{climate chart | |||
|Hamilton International Airport | |||
|-9.1 |-1.4 |72.9 | |||
|-9.2 |-0.9 |53.4 | |||
|-4.4 |4.7 |68.7 | |||
|1.3 |11.8 |81.3 | |||
|7.3 |18.9 |81.0 | |||
|12.8 |24.2 |77.6 | |||
|15.2 |26.6 |97.5 | |||
|14.5 |25.6 |66.8 | |||
|10.5 |21.7 |73.5 | |||
|4.8 |14.5 |84.2 | |||
|-0.2 |7.7 |78.1 | |||
|-5.4 |1.5 |67.3 | |||
|jansnow=408.0 |febsnow=351.0 |marsnow=265.0 |aprsnow=84.0 |maysnow=5.0 |junsnow=0.0 |julsnow=0.0 |augsnow=0.0 |sepsnow=0.0 |octsnow=7.0 |novsnow=110.0 |decsnow=335.0 | |||
|float=right | |||
|clear=right | |||
|source=Environment Canada<ref name=CCN/> | |||
}} | |||
{{Hamilton Airport weatherbox}} | |||
{{Hamilton, Ontario weatherbox}} | {{Hamilton, Ontario weatherbox}} | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
| Line 198: | Line 228: | ||
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=July 2, 2019 |title=2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180559/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref> | ! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=July 2, 2019 |title=2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180559/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]] | ![[Population (human biology)|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]] | ||
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | !{{Abbr|%|percentage}} | ||
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}} | ||
| Line 450: | Line 480: | ||
Hamilton is represented by the [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats|Tiger-Cats]] in the [[Canadian Football League]]. The team traces its origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] museum.<ref name=foothof>{{cite web |title=Canadian Football Hall of Fame & Museum |url=http://www.cfhof.ca/ |access-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330001037/http://www.cfhof.ca/ |archive-date=March 30, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.<ref name=hallfame>{{cite web |title=Five more walk into Canadian Football's hallowed shrine |url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |publisher=Hamilton Scores! |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015201959/http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=IVORW>{{cite web |url=http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |title=Ivor Wynne Stadium Information |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231122708/http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[108th Grey Cup|108th championship game]] of the Canadian Football League, the [[Grey Cup]], was played in Hamilton in 2021 and won by the [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |title=Blue Bombers defeat Tiger-Cats 33-25 in OT to repeat as Grey Cup champions |first=Dan |last=Ralph |work=[[CBC Sports]] |date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228160730/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Hamilton is represented by the [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats|Tiger-Cats]] in the [[Canadian Football League]]. The team traces its origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] museum.<ref name=foothof>{{cite web |title=Canadian Football Hall of Fame & Museum |url=http://www.cfhof.ca/ |access-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330001037/http://www.cfhof.ca/ |archive-date=March 30, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.<ref name=hallfame>{{cite web |title=Five more walk into Canadian Football's hallowed shrine |url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |publisher=Hamilton Scores! |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015201959/http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=IVORW>{{cite web |url=http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |title=Ivor Wynne Stadium Information |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231122708/http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[108th Grey Cup|108th championship game]] of the Canadian Football League, the [[Grey Cup]], was played in Hamilton in 2021 and won by the [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |title=Blue Bombers defeat Tiger-Cats 33-25 in OT to repeat as Grey Cup champions |first=Dan |last=Ralph |work=[[CBC Sports]] |date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228160730/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[File:FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton,_ON.jpg|thumb|left|[[TD Coliseum|FirstOntario Centre]] is an indoor arena and was the home arena for the [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]'s [[Hamilton Bulldogs]].]] | [[File:FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton,_ON.jpg|thumb|left|[[TD Coliseum|FirstOntario Centre]] is an indoor arena and was the home arena for the [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]'s [[Hamilton Bulldogs (OHL)|Hamilton Bulldogs]].]] | ||
In 2019, [[Forge FC]] debuted as Hamilton's [[association football|soccer]] team in the [[Canadian Premier League]]. The team plays at Hamilton Stadium and shares the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Former Hamilton Forge FC defender David Edgar joins CPL champion's coaching staff |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200757/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |url-status=live }}</ref> | In 2019, [[Forge FC]] debuted as Hamilton's [[association football|soccer]] team in the [[Canadian Premier League]]. The team plays at Hamilton Stadium and shares the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Former Hamilton Forge FC defender David Edgar joins CPL champion's coaching staff |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200757/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| Line 477: | Line 507: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Hamilton Cardinals]] | | [[Hamilton Cardinals]] | ||
| [[ | | [[Canadian Baseball League]] | ||
| [[Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium]] | | [[Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium]] | ||
| align="center" | 1958 | | align="center" | 1958 | ||
| align="center" | 1 | | align="center" | 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Hamilton Hammers]] | |||
| [[American Hockey League]] | |||
| [[TD Coliseum]] | |||
| align="center" | 2026 | |||
| align="center" | 0 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] | | [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] | ||
| Line 488: | Line 523: | ||
| align="center" | 1950 | | align="center" | 1950 | ||
| align="center" | 8 | | align="center" | 8 | ||
|- | |||
| [[PWHL Hamilton]] | |||
| [[Professional Women's Hockey League]] | |||
| [[TD Coliseum]] | |||
| align="center" | 2026 | |||
| align="center" | 0 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Toronto Rock]] | |[[Toronto Rock]] | ||
| Line 517: | Line 558: | ||
===Transportation=== | ===Transportation=== | ||
{{See also|Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario|List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario}} | {{See also|Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario|List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario}} | ||
The primary highways serving Hamilton are [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]], the [[QEW]], the [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]], and the [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]]. Other highways connecting Hamilton include [[Highway 5 (Ontario)|Highway 5]], [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|Highway 6]] and [[Highway 8 (Ontario)|Highway 8]]. Public transportation is provided by the [[Hamilton Street Railway]], which operates an extensive local bus system. Hamilton and [[Metrolinx]] will build a provincially-funded [[Light rail|LRT]] line ([[Hamilton LRT]]) in the | The primary highways serving Hamilton are [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]], the [[QEW]], the [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]], and the [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]]. Other highways connecting Hamilton include [[Highway 5 (Ontario)|Highway 5]], [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|Highway 6]] and [[Highway 8 (Ontario)|Highway 8]]. Public transportation is provided by the [[Hamilton Street Railway]], which operates an extensive local bus system. Hamilton and [[Metrolinx]] will build a provincially-funded [[Light rail|LRT]] line ([[Hamilton LRT]]) in the 2020s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-budget-1.5094808 |title=Provincial budget confirms - again - that Hamilton will get LRT |last=Craggs |first=Samantha |date=April 11, 2019 |work=CBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625020957/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-budget-1.5094808 |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Intercity public transportation, including frequent service to Toronto, is provided by [[GO Transit]]. The [[Hamilton GO Centre]] (formerly the [[Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway]] station), as well as [[West Harbour GO Station]] are | Intercity public transportation, including frequent service to Toronto, is provided by [[GO Transit]]. The [[Hamilton GO Centre]] (formerly the [[Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway]] station), as well as [[Confederation GO Station]] and [[West Harbour GO Station]] are three [[commuter rail]] stations on the [[Lakeshore West line]] of GO Transit that serve the city, with the latter having hourly service to Toronto. Regional bus services operated by GO Transit also run to [[Brantford]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], and cities along the [[Ontario Highway 407]]. [[Aldershot GO Station|Aldershot station]] in nearby [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]], is the intercity ([[Via Rail]]) station for both Burlington and Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: Hamilton-Toronto GO Transit service impacted amid anticipated ridership drop |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Global News |language=en-CA |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140527/https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In the 1940s, the [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] was a wartime air force training station. Today, managed by TradePort International Corporation, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has grown from 90,000 in 1996 to approximately 900,000 in 2002 with mostly domestic and vacation destinations in the United States, Mexico and Central America. The airport's mid-term growth target for its passenger service is five million air travellers annually. The airport's air cargo sector has 24–7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000 [[metric tonnes]] (100,000 [[Short ton|tons]]) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include [[United Parcel Service]] and Cargojet Canada.<ref name=airport2>{{cite web |title=2009 Annual Report |publisher=John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport |url=http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |access-date=October 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021951/http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2003, the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive [[aerotropolis]] industrial park centred on Hamilton Airport. Advocates of the aerotropolis proposal, now known as the ''Airport Employment Growth District'', tout it as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.<ref name=AirportB>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Gord |title=Energy City |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=December 18, 2007}}</ref> The closest other international airport to Hamilton is [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], located northeast of the city in [[Mississauga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Ontario asks federal government to make interprovincial travellers take COVID-19 tests |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Toronto |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests-1.5403698 |url-status=live }}</ref> | In the 1940s, the [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] was a wartime air force training station. Today, managed by TradePort International Corporation, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has grown from 90,000 in 1996 to approximately 900,000 in 2002 with mostly domestic and vacation destinations in the United States, Mexico and Central America. The airport's mid-term growth target for its passenger service is five million air travellers annually. The airport's air cargo sector has 24–7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000 [[metric tonnes]] (100,000 [[Short ton|tons]]) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include [[United Parcel Service]] and Cargojet Canada.<ref name=airport2>{{cite web |title=2009 Annual Report |publisher=John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport |url=http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |access-date=October 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021951/http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2003, the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive [[aerotropolis]] industrial park centred on Hamilton Airport. Advocates of the aerotropolis proposal, now known as the ''Airport Employment Growth District'', tout it as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.<ref name=AirportB>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Gord |title=Energy City |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=December 18, 2007}}</ref> The closest other international airport to Hamilton is [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], located northeast of the city in [[Mississauga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Ontario asks federal government to make interprovincial travellers take COVID-19 tests |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Toronto |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests-1.5403698 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||