Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Difference between revisions

The '''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''' ('''IPCC''') is an [[intergovernmental body]] of the [[United Nations]]. Its job is to "provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop [[climate policies]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=About the IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> The [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) and the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]] endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.<ref name="UNGA resolution endorsing IPCC">{{cite web |title=UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 "Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind" |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/530/32/IMG/NR053032.pdf?OpenElement |website=UN General Assembly Resolutions 43rd Session 1988-1989 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208083351/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/530/32/IMG/NR053032.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has a secretariat in [[Geneva]], Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]] who govern the IPCC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annex C to Appendix C to the Principles Governing IPCC Work |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation/procedures/ |website=IPCC Procedures |publisher=IPCC}}</ref> The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.<ref name="Structure" /> There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.<ref name="Structure" />

The IPCC informs governments about the state of knowledge of climate change. It does this by examining all the relevant scientific literature on the subject. This includes the natural, [[Economic impacts of climate change|economic]] and social impacts and [[Effects of global warming|risks]]. It also covers possible [[Climate change adaptation|response]] [[Climate change mitigation|options]]. The IPCC does not conduct its own original research. It aims to be objective and comprehensive. Thousands of scientists and other experts volunteer to [[Systematic review|review]] the publications.<ref name="Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work"/> They compile key findings into "Assessment Reports" for policymakers and the general public;<ref name="Structure">{{cite web |title = Structure of the IPCC | url =https://www.ipcc.ch/about/structure/|publisher = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Experts have described this work as the biggest [[peer review]] process in the scientific community.<ref name="AFP unrivalled authority 2021">{{cite news |title=IPCC, the world's unrivalled authority on climate science |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210809-ipcc-the-world-s-unrivalled-authority-on-climate-science |agency=AFP |date=9 August 2021}}</ref>

</ref><ref name="AFP unrivalled authority 2021" /> This underscores that the IPCC is a well-respected authority on climate change. Governments, civil society organizations, and the media regularly quote from the panel's reports. IPCC reports play a key role in the annual climate negotiations held by the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC).<ref name="UNFCCC intro">{{cite web |title=What is the UNFCCC? |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change |website=UNFCCC }}</ref><ref name="Principles">IPCC. {{cite web |title=Principles Governing IPCC Work |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation/procedures/}}. Approved 1–3 October 1998, last amended 14–18 October 2013.</ref> The IPCC [[Fifth Assessment Report]] was an important influence on the landmark [[Paris Agreement]] in 2015.<ref name="Nature_Schleussner_20160725">{{Cite journal|last1=Schleussner|first1=Carl-Friedrich|last2=Rogelj|author2-link=Joeri Rogelj|first2=Joeri|last3=Schaeffer|first3=Michiel|last4=Lissner|first4=Tabea|last5=Licker|first5=Rachel|last6=Fischer|first6=Erich M.|last7=Knutti|first7=Reto|last8=Levermann|first8=Anders|last9=Frieler|first9=Katja|last10=Hare|first10=William|date=25 July 2016|title=Science and policy characteristics of the Paris Agreement temperature goal|url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13431/1/nclimate3096.pdf|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=6|issue=9|pages=827|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..827S|doi=10.1038/nclimate3096}}</ref> The IPCC shared the [[2007 Nobel Peace Prize]] with [[Al Gore]] for contributions to the understanding of climate change.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach}}</ref>

The seventh assessment cycle of the IPCC began in 2023. In August 2021, the IPCC published its Working Group I contribution to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] on the physical science basis of climate change.<ref name=":6">IPCC, 2021: ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis]. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, In press, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described this report as the "starkest warning yet" of "major inevitable and irreversible climate changes".<ref name="Guardian 9Aug21">{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=9 August 2021 |title=Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/09/humans-have-caused-unprecedented-and-irreversible-change-to-climate-scientists-warn |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Many newspapers around the world echoed this theme.<ref name="Guardian 10Aug21">{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Helen|date=10 August 2021|title='Code red for humanity': what the papers say about the IPCC report on the climate crisis|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/10/code-red-for-humanity-what-the-papers-say-about-the-ipcc-report-on-the-climate-crisis}}</ref> In February 2022, the IPCC released its Working Group II report on impacts and adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/|title = Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability}}</ref> It published Working Group III's "mitigation of climate change" contribution to the Sixth Assessment in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/resources/press/press-release |title= Mitigation of climate change }}</ref> The Sixth Assessment Report concluded with a Synthesis Report in March 2023.

The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] sought an international convention to restrict [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. The [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]] worried that independent scientists would have too much influence. The WMO and UNEP therefore created the IPCC as an intergovernmental body in 1988. Scientists take part in the IPCC as both experts and government representatives. The IPCC produces reports backed by all leading relevant scientists. Member governments must also endorse the reports by consensus agreement. So the IPCC is both a scientific body and an organization of governments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weart |first=Spencer R. |title=[[The Discovery of Global Warming]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-41755-7 |edition=Revised and expanded |location=Cambridge, Mass. |chapter=Democracy and Policy Advice (1980s) |oclc=872115457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135754/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/internat.htm#S9 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate/internat.htm#S9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2021/07/AR6_FS_What_is_IPCC.pdf|title=IPCC Factsheet: What is the IPCC?}}</ref> Its job is to tell governments what scientists know about climate change. It also examines the [[Effects of climate change|impacts of climate change]] and options for dealing with it. The IPCC does this by assessing peer-reviewed scientific literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Mahony |first2=Martin |date=October 2010 |title=Climate change: What do we know about the IPCC? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309133310373719 |journal=Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=705–718 |doi=10.1177/0309133310373719 |bibcode=2010PrPG...34..705H |s2cid=130711399 |issn=0309-1333|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The IPCC bases its work on the decisions of the WMO and UNEP, which established the IPCC. It also supports the work of the UNFCCC.<ref name="Principles" /> The main work of the IPCC is to prepare assessments and other reports. It also supports other activities such as the Data Distribution Centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the IPCC Data Distribution Centre |url=http://www.ipcc-data.org/ |access-date=25 June 2012 |publisher=Ipcc-data.org |archive-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519152028/http://www.ipcc-data.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This helps manage data related to IPCC reports.

IPCC reports are important for [[public awareness of climate change]] and related policymaking. This has led to several academic studies of IPCC communications, for example in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Saffron |date=5 October 2021 |title=Launch of the Topical Collection: Climate change communication and the IPCC, 2021 |url=https://saffrononeill.com/research_projects/si_cc_comms_ipcc/ |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Saffron |last2=Pidcock |first2=Roz |date=2021 |title=Introducing the Topical Collection: 'Climate change communication and the IPCC' |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03253-3 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=19 |bibcode=2021ClCh..169...19O |doi=10.1007/s10584-021-03253-3 |issn=1573-1480 |pmc=8638646 |pmid=34876762}}</ref>

Scientists who work as authors on IPCC reports do not receive any compensation for this work, and all work voluntarily.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=De Pryck |first=Kari |title=GIEC, la voix du climat |date=2022 |publisher=Sciences po, les presses |isbn=978-2-7246-3870-7 |series=Collection académique |location=Paris |pages=65–66}}</ref> They depend on the salaries they receive from their home institutions or other work. The work is labour-intensive with a big time commitment. It can disrupt participating scientists' research. This has led to concern that the IPCC process may discourage qualified scientists from participating.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Committee on Analysis of Global Change Assessments |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11868.html#toc |title=Analysis of Global Change Assessments: Lessons Learned |author2=Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate |author3=Division of Earth and Life Sciences |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0309104852 |access-date=24 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Climate change science : an analysis of some key questions |date=2001 |publisher=National Academy Press |others=National Research Council. Committee on the Science of Climate Change |isbn=0-309-52872-0 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=52816599}}</ref> More than 3,000 authors (coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors) have participated in the drafting of IPCC reports since its creation.<ref name=":7" />

* The [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] (AR5) was published in 2013 and 2014. This report again stated the fact of climate change. It warned of the dangerous risks. And it emphasizes how the world can counter climate change. Three key findings were for example: Firstly, human influence on the [[climate system]] is clear. Secondly, the more we disrupt our climate, the more we risk severe, pervasive, and irreversible [[Effects of climate change|impacts]]. And thirdly, we have the means to limit climate change and build a more prosperous, [[sustainable]] future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCC 5th Assessment Report published |url=https://ieaghg.org/conferences/2-uncategorised/511-ipcc-5th-assessment-report-published |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=ieaghg.org |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110173512/https://ieaghg.org/conferences/2-uncategorised/511-ipcc-5th-assessment-report-published |url-status=dead }}</ref> The report's findings were the scientific foundation of the UNFCCC's 2015 [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCC (AR5) report - the foundation for the Paris Agreement |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences/research/impact/ipcc/ar5-report |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The University of Edinburgh |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Some critics have argued that IPCC reports tend to be too conservative in their assessments of climate risk. In 2012, it was reported that the IPCC has been criticized by some scientists, who argue that the reports consistently underestimate the pace and impacts of global warming.<ref name=":2" /> As a result, they believe this leads to findings that are the "lowest common denominator".<ref>{{cite journal|last=McKibben|first=Bill |date=15 March 2007 |title=Warning on Warming|journal=The New York Review of Books|volume=54|issue=4|page=18|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19981|access-date=21 February 2010|bibcode=2004Natur.427..197S|doi=10.1038/427197a|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Clarify|reason=The use of the phrase "lowest common denominator" is somewhat ambiguous|date=April 2023}} Similar claims have also been made by scientists who found that for the last several assessment reports, the focus of the IPCC reports skewed more and more towards lower temperatures, especially 1.5°C.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jehn |first1=Florian U. |last2=Kemp |first2=Luke |last3=Ilin |first3=Ekaterina |last4=Funk |first4=Christoph |last5=Wang |first5=Jason R. |last6=Breuer |first6=Lutz |title=Focus of the IPCC Assessment Reports Has Shifted to Lower Temperatures |journal=Earth's Future |date=May 2022 |volume=10 |issue=5 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002876|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022EaFut..1002876J }}</ref> Temperatures above 2°C however, have seen much less attention, even though they seem more likely given current emission trajectories.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jehn |first1=Florian U |last2=Schneider |first2=Marie |last3=Wang |first3=Jason R |last4=Kemp |first4=Luke |last5=Breuer |first5=Lutz |title=Betting on the best case: higher end warming is underrepresented in research |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=1 August 2021 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=084036 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac13ef|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021ERL....16h4036J }}</ref>  

David Biello, writing in the [[Scientific American]], argues that, because of the need to secure consensus among governmental representatives, the IPCC reports give conservative estimates of the likely extent and effects of global warming.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Biello D |date=April 2007 |title=Conservative Climate |journal=Scientific American |volume=296 |issue=4 |pages=16–19 |bibcode=2007SciAm.296d..16B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0407-16 |pmid=17479619}}</ref> ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' editor Brooks Hanson states in a 2010 editorial: "The IPCC reports have underestimated the pace of climate change while overestimating societies' abilities to curb greenhouse gas emissions."<ref name="AAAS">{{cite journal |last=Hanson |first=Brooks |date=7 May 2010 |title=Stepping Back; Moving Forward |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5979 |pages=667 |bibcode=2010Sci...328..667H |doi=10.1126/science.1190790 |pmid=20448154 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Climate scientist [[James E. Hansen]] argues that the IPCC's conservativeness seriously underestimates the risk of [[Sea level rise|sea-level rise]] on the order of meters—enough to inundate many low-lying areas, such as the southern third of Florida.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hansen JE |date=April–June 2007 |title=Scientific reticence and sea level rise |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=024002 |arxiv=physics/0703220 |bibcode=2007ERL.....2b4002H |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024002 |s2cid=59929933}}</ref> In January 2024, he told the Guardian, "We are now in the process of moving into the 1.5C world." He added that "passing through the 1.5C world is a significant milestone because it shows that the story being told by the United Nations, with the acquiescence of its scientific advisory body, the IPCC, is a load of bullshit."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/08/global-temperature-over-1-5-c-climate-change Global heating will pass 1.5C threshold this year, top ex-Nasa scientist says], Guardian, 8 January 2023</ref>

[[Stefan Rahmstorf]], a professor of physics and oceanography at [[University of Potsdam]], argued in 2007 that the IPCC's tendency to make conservative risk assessments had benefits. Rahmstorf argued that "In a way, it is one of the strengths of the IPCC to be very conservative and cautious and not overstate any climate change risk".<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate change: The scientific basis |date=5 February 2007 |access-date=24 July 2007 |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070129/ipcc_faq_070129/20070129?hub=SciTech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205051907/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070129/ipcc_faq_070129/20070129?hub=SciTech |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2007 |publisher=[[CTV Television Network]]}}</ref> IPCC reports aim to inform policymakers about the state of knowledge on climate change. They do this by assessing the findings of the thousands of scientific papers available on the subject at a given time. Individual publications may have different conclusions from IPCC reports. This includes those appearing just after the release of an IPCC report. This can lead to criticism that the IPCC is either alarmist or conservative. New findings must wait for the next assessment for consideration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New climate report actually understates threat, some researchers argue |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/new-climate-report-actually-understates-threat-some-researchers-argue |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How the IPCC is more likely to underestimate the climate response |url=https://skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=51 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=skepticalscience.com}}</ref>

The IPCC came under unprecedented media scrutiny in 2009 in the run-up to the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Copenhagen climate conference]]. This "[[Climatic Research Unit email controversy]]" involved the leak of emails from climate scientists. Many of these scientists were authors of the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] which came out in 2007. The discovery of an error in this report that the Himalayan glaciers would melt by 2035 put the IPCC under further pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearce |first=Fred |date=21 January 2010 |title=Climate chief admits error over Himalayan glaciers |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18420-climate-chief-admits-error-over-himalayan-glaciers/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Scientific bodies upheld the general findings of the Fourth Assessment Report and the IPCC's approach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ICSU |date=2011-01-27 |title=ICSU releases statement on the controversy around the 4th IPCC Assessment |url=https://council.science/current/news/icsu-releases-statement-on-the-controversy-around-the-4th-ipcc-assessment/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=International Science Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PBL |date=2010-07-06 |title=Assessing an IPCC assessment. An analysis of statements on projected regional impacts in the 2007 report |url=https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/Assessing-an-IPCC-assessment.-An-analysis-of-statements-on-projected-regional-impacts-in-the-2007-report |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency |language=en}}</ref> But many people thought the IPCC should review the way it works.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Black |first=Richard |date=10 March 2010 |title=Scientists to review climate body |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8561004.stm |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>

Public debate after the publication of AR4 in 2009 put the IPCC under scrutiny, with controversies over alleged bias and inaccuracy in its reports. In 2010, this prompted U.N. Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] and IPCC chair [[Rajendra K. Pachauri]] to request that the [[InterAcademy Panel|InterAcademy Council]] (IAC) review the IPCC and recommend ways to strengthen its processes and procedures for the preparation of AR5. The IAC report made recommendations to fortify IPCC's management structure, to further develop its conflict-of-interest policy, to strengthen the review process, to clarify the guidelines on the use of so-called [[Grey literature|gray literature]], to ensure consistency in the use of probabilities for the likelihood of outcomes, and to improve its communications strategy, especially regarding transparency and rapidity of response.<ref>{{cite web |title=InterAcademy Council Report Recommends Fundamental Reform of IPCC Management Structure |url=http://reviewipcc.interacademycouncil.net/ReportNewsRelease.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://reviewipcc.interacademycouncil.net/ReportNewsRelease.html |archive-date=2013-08-06 |access-date=30 August 2013 |publisher=InterAcademy Council}}</ref>

</ref><ref name="2001 science academies statement">{{citation |others=Joint statement by 16 national science academies |title=The Science of Climate Change |date=17 May 2001 |url=http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2001/10029.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419074652/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2001/10029.pdf |location=London |publisher=Royal Society |isbn=978-0854035588 |archive-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> Many scientific bodies have issued official statements that endorse the findings of the IPCC. For example:

* For the [[Third Assessment Report]] in 2001 endorsements came from the [[Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences]],<ref name="cfcas tar endorsement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfcas.org/LettertoPM19apr06e.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222002/http://www.cfcas.org/LettertoPM19apr06e.pdf|url-status=dead|title=CFCAS Letter to PM, November 25, 2005|archive-date=21 August 2010|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> [[United States National Research Council]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10139/climate-change-science-an-analysis-of-some-key-questions |title=Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions |date=2001 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-07574-9 |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Summary |doi=10.17226/10139 |chapter-url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10139/chapter/2}}</ref> and [[European Geosciences Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.egu.eu/media/filer_public/10/78/10784a01-d4e6-4093-9c8f-8de0ffc3d13b/climate_change.pdf|title=European Geosciences Union (EGU): Position Statements|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610033148/https://cdn.egu.eu/media/filer_public/10/78/10784a01-d4e6-4093-9c8f-8de0ffc3d13b/climate_change.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* For the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] in 2007 endorsements came from the [[International Council for Science]] (ICSU),<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2011-01-27 |title=ICSU releases statement on the controversy around the 4th IPCC Assessment |url=https://council.science/current/news/icsu-releases-statement-on-the-controversy-around-the-4th-ipcc-assessment/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=International Science Council |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Network of African Science Academies]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Joint statement by the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) |url=http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/4/825/NASAC%20G8%20statement%2007%20-%20low%20res.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214452/http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/4/825/NASAC%20G8%20statement%2007%20-%20low%20res.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=[[Network of African Science Academies]]}}</ref>