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[[File:CJEF joint training Exercise Wessex Storm 2020 MOD 45167425.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[French Army]] and [[British Army]] infantry during a [[military exercise]] in 2020]] | [[File:CJEF joint training Exercise Wessex Storm 2020 MOD 45167425.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[French Army]] and [[British Army]] infantry during a [[military exercise]] in 2020]] | ||
{{War}} | {{War}} | ||
'''Infantry''', or '''infantryman''' are a type of [[soldier]] who specialize in ground [[combat]], typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadly encompasses a wide variety of subspecialties, including [[light infantry]], [[irregular infantry]], [[heavy infantry]], [[mountain infantry]], [[motorized infantry]], [[mechanized infantry]], [[Airborne forces|airborne infantry]], [[Air assault|air assault infantry]], and [[Marines|naval infantry]]. Other subtypes of infantry, such as [[line infantry]] and [[mounted infantry]], were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the | '''Infantry''', or '''infantryman''' are a type of [[soldier]] who specialize in ground [[combat]], typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadly encompasses a wide variety of subspecialties, including [[light infantry]], [[irregular infantry]], [[heavy infantry]], [[mountain infantry]], [[motorized infantry]], [[mechanized infantry]], [[Airborne forces|airborne infantry]], [[Air assault|air assault infantry]], and [[Marines|naval infantry]]. Other subtypes of infantry, such as [[line infantry]] and [[mounted infantry]], were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the 19th century with the invention of more accurate and powerful weapons. | ||
== Etymology and terminology == | == Etymology and terminology == | ||
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[[File:Tafel Io.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Various infantry of the 17th through 18th century ([[halberdier]], [[arquebus]]ier, [[pikeman]], and mix of [[musketeer]]s and [[grenadier]]s) of [[Duchy of Württemberg]]|left]] | [[File:Tafel Io.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Various infantry of the 17th through 18th century ([[halberdier]], [[arquebus]]ier, [[pikeman]], and mix of [[musketeer]]s and [[grenadier]]s) of [[Duchy of Württemberg]]|left]] | ||
In English, use of the term ''infantry'' began about the 1570s, describing [[soldier]]s who march and fight on foot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infantry - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/infantry |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> The word derives from [[Middle French]] {{Lang|frm|infanterie}}, from older Italian (also Spanish) ''infanteria'' (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin ''[[wikt:infans|īnfāns]]'' (without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also gets ''[[wikt:infant|infant]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantry|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/infantry|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> The individual-soldier term ''infantryman'' was not coined until 1837.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantryman|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/infantryman|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantry and infantrymen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantry|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/infantry|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> | In English, use of the term ''infantry'' began about the 1570s, describing [[soldier]]s who march and fight on foot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infantry - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/infantry |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> The word derives from [[Middle French]] {{Lang|frm|infanterie}}, from older Italian (also Spanish) ''infanteria'' (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin ''[[wikt:infans|īnfāns]]'' (without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also gets ''[[wikt:infant|infant]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantry|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/infantry|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> The individual-soldier term ''infantryman'' was not coined until 1837.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantryman|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/infantryman|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantry and infantrymen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infantry|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/infantry|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Some military forces, such as the Canadian Army, use the term "infanteer" as opposed to "infantryman" to refer to an individual soldier of the infantry <ref>{{cite web | title=Infanteer | Canadian Armed Forces | url=https://forces.ca/en/career/infanteer/ }}</ref> | ||
From the mid-18th century until 1881, the [[British Army]] named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from [[cavalry]] and [[dragoon]] regiments (see [[List of regiments of foot|List of Regiments of Foot]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | From the mid-18th century until 1881, the [[British Army]] named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from [[cavalry]] and [[dragoon]] regiments (see [[List of regiments of foot|List of Regiments of Foot]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | ||
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[[Dragoon]]s were created as [[mounted infantry]], with horses for travel between battles; they were still considered infantry since they dismounted before combat. However, if [[light cavalry]] was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties; this practice increased over time, and dragoons eventually received all the weapons and training as both infantry and cavalry, and could be classified as both. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms. Thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the ''dragoon'' and ''cavalry'' designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the [[Royal Dragoon Guards]], [[Royal Lancers]], and [[King's Royal Hussars]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | [[Dragoon]]s were created as [[mounted infantry]], with horses for travel between battles; they were still considered infantry since they dismounted before combat. However, if [[light cavalry]] was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties; this practice increased over time, and dragoons eventually received all the weapons and training as both infantry and cavalry, and could be classified as both. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms. Thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the ''dragoon'' and ''cavalry'' designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the [[Royal Dragoon Guards]], [[Royal Lancers]], and [[King's Royal Hussars]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | ||
[[File:M2 loading.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Infantry of the [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] of the [[United States Army]] boarding an [[M2 Bradley]] IFV in [[Iraq]] in 2006]] | [[File:M2 loading.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Infantry of the [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] of the [[United States Army]] boarding an [[M2 Bradley]] [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]] in [[Iraq]] in 2006]] | ||
Similarly, [[motorised infantry]] have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat. Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is generally assumed, and the few exceptions might be identified as modern ''light infantry''. [[Mechanised infantry]] go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s (APCs), providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s (IFVs), which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of [[light tank]]s. Some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as ''armoured infantry''. Given that infantry forces typically also have some tanks, and given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | Similarly, [[motorised infantry]] have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat. Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is generally assumed, and the few exceptions might be identified as modern ''light infantry''. [[Mechanised infantry]] go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s (APCs), providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s (IFVs), which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of [[light tank]]s. Some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as ''armoured infantry''. Given that infantry forces typically also have some tanks, and given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | ||
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When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammunition, and other basic essentials, and leaving other items deemed unnecessary with their transport or [[baggage train]], at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) simply discarding the items.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Handy | first1=Aaron Jr. |title=That Powerless Feeling |publisher=Trafford Publishing |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4251-3155-5 |section=Part Two, chapter 3 }}</ref> Additional specialised equipment may be required, depending on the mission or to the particular terrain or environment, including [[satchel charge]]s, [[demolition]] tools, [[Land mine|mines]], or [[barbed wire]], carried by the infantry or attached specialists. | When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammunition, and other basic essentials, and leaving other items deemed unnecessary with their transport or [[baggage train]], at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) simply discarding the items.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Handy | first1=Aaron Jr. |title=That Powerless Feeling |publisher=Trafford Publishing |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4251-3155-5 |section=Part Two, chapter 3 }}</ref> Additional specialised equipment may be required, depending on the mission or to the particular terrain or environment, including [[satchel charge]]s, [[demolition]] tools, [[Land mine|mines]], or [[barbed wire]], carried by the infantry or attached specialists. | ||
Historically, infantry have suffered high casualty rates from [[disease]], exposure, exhaustion and privation—often in excess of the casualties suffered from enemy attacks.<ref>{{cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |title=Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era |date=1989 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0345359429 |page=[https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00jame/page/485 485] |edition=1st Ballantine books |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00jame/page/485 }}</ref> Better infantry equipment to support their health, energy, and protect from environmental factors greatly reduces these rates of loss, and increase their level of effective action. Health, energy, and morale are greatly influenced by how the soldier is fed, so militaries issue standardised [[field ration]]s that provide palatable meals and enough calories to keep a soldier well-fed and combat-ready.{{ | Historically, infantry have suffered high casualty rates from [[disease]], exposure, exhaustion and privation—often in excess of the casualties suffered from enemy attacks.<ref>{{cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |title=Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era |date=1989 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0345359429 |page=[https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00jame/page/485 485] |edition=1st Ballantine books |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00jame/page/485 }}</ref> Better infantry equipment to support their health, energy, and protect from environmental factors greatly reduces these rates of loss, and increase their level of effective action. Health, energy, and morale are greatly influenced by how the soldier is fed, so militaries issue standardised [[field ration]]s that provide palatable meals and enough calories to keep a soldier well-fed and combat-ready.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=J. |last2=Mullan |first2=B. |last3=Harris |first3=N. |title=Effects of food attributes and feeding environment on acceptance, intake and performance in soldiers |journal=Appetite |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2004.08.002 |pmid=15604036 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195666304001278 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances, and communication with artillery and other support units. Modern infantry can have [[GPS]], encrypted individual communications equipment, surveillance and night vision equipment, advanced intelligence and other high-tech mission-unique aids.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances, and communication with artillery and other support units. Modern infantry can have [[GPS]], encrypted individual communications equipment, surveillance and night vision equipment, advanced intelligence and other high-tech mission-unique aids.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} | ||
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Infantrymen are defined by their primary arms – the [[personal weapons]] and [[body armour]] for their own individual use. The available technology, resources, history, and society can produce quite different weapons for each military and era, but common infantry weapons can be distinguished in a few basic categories.<ref name="Germany at War">{{cite book |last1=Zabecki |first1=David T. |title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=28 October 2014 |isbn=978-1598849806 |page=640 }}</ref><ref name="List of weapons">{{cite web |last1=Blumberg |first1=Naomi |title=List of weapons |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-weapons-2058724 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> | Infantrymen are defined by their primary arms – the [[personal weapons]] and [[body armour]] for their own individual use. The available technology, resources, history, and society can produce quite different weapons for each military and era, but common infantry weapons can be distinguished in a few basic categories.<ref name="Germany at War">{{cite book |last1=Zabecki |first1=David T. |title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=28 October 2014 |isbn=978-1598849806 |page=640 }}</ref><ref name="List of weapons">{{cite web |last1=Blumberg |first1=Naomi |title=List of weapons |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-weapons-2058724 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> | ||
* <u>Ranged combat weapons</u>: [[javelin]]s, slings, [[blowgun]]s, bows, [[crossbow]]s, hand cannons, [[arquebuses]], [[muskets]], [[grenades]], [[flamethrower]]s.<ref name="List of weapons" /> | * <u>Ranged combat weapons</u>: [[javelin]]s, [[Sling (weapon)|slings]], [[blowgun]]s, [[Bow and arrow|bows]], [[crossbow]]s, [[Hand cannon|hand cannons]], [[arquebuses]], [[muskets]], [[grenades]], [[flamethrower]]s.<ref name="List of weapons" /> | ||
* <u>Melee combat weapons</u>: bludgeoning weapons like [[Club (weapon)|clubs]], [[flail (weapon)|flails]] and [[mace (bludgeon)|maces]]; [[bladed weapons]] like swords, [[dagger]]s, and [[axe]]s; [[polearm]]s like spears, halberds, [[naginata]], and pikes.<ref name="List of weapons" /> | * <u>Melee combat weapons</u>: bludgeoning weapons like [[Club (weapon)|clubs]], [[flail (weapon)|flails]] and [[mace (bludgeon)|maces]]; [[bladed weapons]] like [[Sword|swords]], [[dagger]]s, and [[axe]]s; [[polearm]]s like [[Spear|spears]], [[Halberd|halberds]], [[naginata]], and pikes.<ref name="List of weapons" /> | ||
* <u>Both ranged and close weapons</u>: the bayonet fixed to a firearm allows infantrymen to use the same weapon for both ranged combat and close combat. This started with [[musket]]s and its use still continues with modern [[assault rifle]]s.<ref name="List of weapons" /> Use of the bayonet has declined with the introduction of [[automatic firearm]]s, but are still generally kept as a weapon of last resort.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kontis |first1=George |title=Are We Forever Stuck with the Bayonet? |url=http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=531 |website=Small Arms Defense Journal |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> | * <u>Both ranged and close weapons</u>: the [[bayonet]] fixed to a firearm allows infantrymen to use the same weapon for both ranged combat and close combat. This started with [[musket]]s and its use still continues with modern [[assault rifle]]s.<ref name="List of weapons" /> Use of the bayonet has declined with the introduction of [[automatic firearm]]s, but are still generally kept as a weapon of last resort.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kontis |first1=George |title=Are We Forever Stuck with the Bayonet? |url=http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=531 |website=Small Arms Defense Journal |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> | ||
Infantrymen often carry secondary or back-up weapons, sometimes called a [[Sidearm (weapon)|sidearm]] or ancillary weapons. Infantry with ranged or polearms often carried a sword or dagger for possible hand-to-hand combat.<ref name="Germany at War" /> The ''[[pilum]]'' was a javelin the Roman legionaries threw just before drawing their primary weapon, the ''[[gladius]]'' (short sword), and closing with the enemy line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhmodikov |first1=Alexander |title=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte |chapter=Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.) |volume= 49 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2000 |issue=1 |isbn=978-1598849806 |page=640 }}</ref> | Infantrymen often carry secondary or back-up weapons, sometimes called a [[Sidearm (weapon)|sidearm]] or ancillary weapons. Infantry with ranged or polearms often carried a sword or dagger for possible hand-to-hand combat.<ref name="Germany at War" /> The ''[[pilum]]'' was a javelin the Roman legionaries threw just before drawing their primary weapon, the ''[[gladius]]'' (short sword), and closing with the enemy line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhmodikov |first1=Alexander |title=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte |chapter=Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.) |volume= 49 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2000 |issue=1 |isbn=978-1598849806 |page=640 }}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Stele of Vultures detail 01a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Ancient depiction of infantry formations, from the [[Stele of the Vultures]], [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)]], {{circa|2500 BC}}]] | [[File:Stele of Vultures detail 01a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Ancient depiction of infantry formations, from the [[Stele of the Vultures]], [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)]], {{circa|2500 BC}}]] | ||
Beginning with the development the first regular military forces, close-combat regular infantry fought less as unorganised groups of individuals and more in coordinated units, maintaining a defined [[tactical formation]] during combat, for increased battlefield effectiveness; such infantry formations and the arms they used developed together, starting with the spear and the shield.{{ | Beginning with the development of the first regular military forces, close-combat regular infantry fought less as unorganised groups of individuals and more in coordinated units, maintaining a defined [[tactical formation]] during combat, for increased battlefield effectiveness; such infantry formations and the arms they used developed together, starting with the spear and the shield.<ref>{{cite book | ||
|last=Keegan | |||
|first=John | |||
|title= [[A History of Warfare]] | |||
|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | |||
|location=New York | |||
|year=1993 | |||
|isbn=978-0679730828 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
A spear has decent attack abilities with the additional advantage keeping opponents at distance; this advantage can be increased by using longer spears, but this could allow the opponent to side-step the point of the spear and close for [[hand-to-hand combat]] where the longer spear is near useless. This can be avoided when each spearman stays side by side with the others in close formation, each covering the ones next to him, presenting a solid wall of spears to the enemy that they cannot get around. | A spear has decent attack abilities with the additional advantage of keeping opponents at a distance; this advantage can be increased by using longer spears, but this could allow the opponent to side-step the point of the spear and close for [[hand-to-hand combat]], where the longer spear is near useless. This can be avoided when each spearman stays side by side with the others in close formation, each covering the ones next to him, presenting a solid wall of spears to the enemy that they cannot get around.<ref>Hanson, Victor Davis. The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. 2nd ed., University of California Press, 2009, pages 69-73</ref> | ||
Similarly, a shield has decent defence abilities, but is literally hit-or-miss; an attack from an unexpected angle can bypass it completely. Larger shields can cover more, but are also heavier and less manoeuvrable, making unexpected attacks even more of a problem. This can be avoided by having shield-armed soldiers stand close together, side-by-side, each protecting both themselves and their immediate comrades, presenting a solid [[shield wall]] to the enemy. | Similarly, a shield has decent defence abilities, but is literally hit-or-miss; an attack from an unexpected angle can bypass it completely. Larger shields can cover more, but are also heavier and less manoeuvrable, making unexpected attacks even more of a problem. This can be avoided by having shield-armed soldiers stand close together, side-by-side, each protecting both themselves and their immediate comrades, presenting a solid [[shield wall]] to the enemy. | ||
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{{Div col|colwidth=15em}} | {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} | ||
* [[Air Assault Troops|Air assault | * [[Air Assault Troops|Air assault infantry]] | ||
* [[Ashigaru]] | * [[Ashigaru]] | ||
* [[Carabinier]] | |||
* [[Chasseur]] | |||
* [[Combined arms]] | * [[Combined arms]] | ||
* [[Commando]] | |||
* [[Foot guards]] | * [[Foot guards]] | ||
* [[Fusilier]] | * [[Fusilier]] | ||
* [[Glider infantry]] | * [[Glider infantry]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Grenadier]] | ||
* [[Heavy infantry]] | |||
* [[Indonesian Army infantry battalions]] | * [[Indonesian Army infantry battalions]] | ||
* [[Infantry Branch (United States)]] | * [[Infantry Branch (United States)]] | ||
* [[Infantry of the British Army]] | * [[Infantry of the British Army]] | ||
* [[Infantry tactics]] | * [[Infantry tactics]] | ||
* [[Irregular military|Irregular Infantry]] | |||
* [[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]] | |||
* [[Light infantry]] | |||
* [[Line infantry]] | * [[Line infantry]] | ||
* [[Marines]] | * [[Marines]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Mechanized infantry]] | ||
* [[Motorized infantry]] | |||
* [[Mountain warfare|Mountain Infantry]] | |||
* [[Mounted infantry]] | |||
* [[Musketeer]] | |||
* [[Panzergrenadier]] | |||
* [[Paratrooper]] | |||
* [[Pathfinder (military)|Pathfinder]] | |||
* [[Pike (weapon)|Pikeman]] | |||
* [[Ranger#Military|Ranger]]{{dn|date=May 2026}} | |||
* [[Riflemen]] | * [[Riflemen]] | ||
* [[Rifle regiment]] | |||
* [[Royal Canadian Infantry Corps]] | * [[Royal Canadian Infantry Corps]] | ||
* [[School of Infantry]] | * [[School of Infantry]] | ||
* [[Special forces]] | * [[Skirmisher]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Special forces]] | ||
* [[United States Army Rangers]] | |||
* [[Voltigeur]] | |||
{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||