Ink: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Füller-tinte hg.jpg|thumb|Bottles of ink from [[Germany]]]]

[[File:קלף, נוצה ודיו.jpg|thumb|Writing ink and a quill]]

'''Ink''' is a [[gel]], [[Sol (colloid)|sol]], or [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]] that contains at least one [[colorant]], such as a [[dye]] or [[pigment]], and is used to color a surface to produce an [[image]], [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for [[drawing]] or [[writing]] with a [[pen]], [[brush]], [[reed pen]], or [[quill]]. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in [[letterpress]] and [[lithographic]] [[printing]].

'''Ink''' is a [[gel]], [[Sol (colloid)|sol]], or [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]] that contains at least one [[colorant]], such as a [[dye]] or [[pigment]], and is used to color a surface to produce an [[image]], [[writing|text]], or design. Ink is used for [[drawing]] or [[writing]] with a [[pen]], [[brush]], [[reed pen]], or [[quill]]. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in [[letterpress]] and [[lithographic]] [[printing]].

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, [[dye]]s, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, [[solubilizer]]s, [[surfactant]]s, [[Suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[Fluorescence|fluorescents]], and other materials. The components of inks serve ~~many~~ purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, [[dye]]s, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, [[solubilizer]]s, [[surfactant]]s, [[Suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[Fluorescence|fluorescents]], and other materials.<ref>Richard Rothe: ''Die Tusche und ihre Techniken.'' (Bücherei der Quelle; H. 27) Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Wien 1926.</ref> The components of inks serve multiple purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.

== History ==

[[File:Ganesha ink.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Ink drawing of [[Ganesha]] under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called [[Masi (india ink)|''masi'']], an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Banerji, page 673">Banerji, page 673</ref> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early [[South India]].<ref name="Sircar, page 62">Sircar, page 62</ref> Several [[Jain]] sutras in India were compiled in ink.<ref name="Sircar, page 67">Sircar, page 67</ref>]] Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts ~~itself~~. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with ''[[lampblack]]'', a kind of [[soot]], easily collected as a by-product of fire.<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=5}}</ref>

[[File:Ganesha ink.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Ink drawing of [[Ganesha]] under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called [[Masi (india ink)|''masi'']], an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Banerji, page 673">Banerji, page 673</ref> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early [[South India]].<ref name="Sircar, page 62">Sircar, page 62</ref> Several [[Jain]] sutras in India were compiled in ink.<ref name="Sircar, page 67">Sircar, page 67</ref>]] Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts themselves. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with ''[[lampblack]]'', a kind of [[soot]], easily collected as a by-product of fire.<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=5}}</ref>

Ink was used in [[Ancient Egypt]] for writing and drawing on [[papyrus]] from at least the 26th century BC.<ref name=BritishMuseum>{{cite journal|title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf|journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan|last=Tallet|first=Pierre|volume=18|year=2012|pages=147–68|issn=2049-5021|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> Egyptian red and black inks included [[iron]] and [[ocher]] as pigments, in addition to [[phosphate]], [[sulfate]], [[chloride]], and [[carboxylate]] ions, with [[lead]] also used as a drier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=Thomas |last2=Cotte |first2=Marine |last3=de Nolf |first3=Wout |last4=Mouro |first4=Elouan |last5=Reyes-Herrera |first5=Juan |last6=de Meyer |first6=Steven |last7=Vanmeert |first7=Frederik |last8=Salvadó |first8=Nati |last9=Gonzalez |first9=Victor |last10=Lindelof |first10=Poul Erik |last11=Mortensen |first11=Kell |last12=Ryholt |first12=Kim |last13=Janssens |first13=Koen |last14=Larsen |first14=Sine |title=Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |journal=PNAS |year=2020 |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27825–27835 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004534117 |pmid=33106396 |pmc=7668004 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727825C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Ink was used in [[Ancient Egypt]] for writing and drawing on [[papyrus]] from at least the 26th century BC.<ref name=BritishMuseum>{{cite journal|title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf|journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan|last=Tallet|first=Pierre|volume=18|year=2012|pages=147–68|issn=2049-5021|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> Egyptian red and black inks included [[iron]] and [[ocher]] as pigments, in addition to [[phosphate]], [[sulfate]], [[chloride]], and [[carboxylate]] ions, with [[lead]] also used as a drier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=Thomas |last2=Cotte |first2=Marine |last3=de Nolf |first3=Wout |last4=Mouro |first4=Elouan |last5=Reyes-Herrera |first5=Juan |last6=de Meyer |first6=Steven |last7=Vanmeert |first7=Frederik |last8=Salvadó |first8=Nati |last9=Gonzalez |first9=Victor |last10=Lindelof |first10=Poul Erik |last11=Mortensen |first11=Kell |last12=Ryholt |first12=Kim |last13=Janssens |first13=Koen |last14=Larsen |first14=Sine |title=Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |journal=PNAS |year=2020 |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27825–27835 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004534117 |pmid=33106396 |pmc=7668004 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727825C |doi-access=free |author-link14=Sine Larsen}}</ref>

[[File:BlackInkBottle.JPG|thumb|Black ink bottle]]

The earliest Chinese inks may date to<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=234}}</ref> four millennia ago,<ref>* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000). ''Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti''.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....</ref> to the [[List of Neolithic cultures of China|Chinese Neolithic Period]]. These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as [[graphite]]; these were ground with water and applied with [[ink brush]]es. Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern [[inkstick]]s, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the [[Warring States period]]; being produced from soot and [[animal glue]].<ref>{{citation |last=蔡 |first=玫芬 |title=二、墨的發展史 |url=http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126130717/http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education |archive-date=2004-11-26}}</ref> The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠 ''nikawa'') is from cow or stag.<ref>Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris</ref>

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<blockquote>About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from [[gall]]nuts (they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Scribes in [[medieval]] Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.<ref>[~~http~~://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0921/p18s02-hfks.html "Think Ink!"] by Sharon J. Huntington, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>Scribes in [[medieval]] Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0921/p18s02-hfks.html "Think Ink!"] by Sharon J. Huntington, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref></blockquote>

The reservoir pen, which may have been the first [[fountain pen]], dates back to 953, when [[Al Muizz|Ma'ād al-Mu'izz]], the [[caliph]] of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.<ref>CE Bosworth, ''A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?'' Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981</ref>

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== Types ==

[[File:Tintenstrich-detail 2.jpg|thumb|Magnified line drawn by a [[fountain pen]].]]

[[File:Tintenstrich-detail 2.jpg|thumb|Magnified line drawn by a [[fountain pen]]]]

Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components:

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Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a [[Gamut|color range]] than dyes.<ref name="kipphan130-144" />

Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Pigment molecules typically link together in [[crystal]]line structures that are 0.1–2 [[Micrometre|μm]] in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Qualities such as [[hue]], [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]], and [[Lightness (color)|lightness]] vary depending on the source and type of pigment.Solvent-based inks are widely used for high-speed printing and applications that require quick drying times. And the inclusion of ~~TiO2~~ powder provides superior coverage and vibrant colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wotaichem.com/china-titanium-dioxide-tio2/ |title=Major Applications of Titanium Dioxide for Ink |publisher=Wotaichem |date= |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>

Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Pigment molecules typically link together in [[crystal]]line structures that are 0.1–2 [[Micrometre|μm]] in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Qualities such as [[hue]], [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]], and [[Lightness (color)|lightness]] vary depending on the source and type of pigment. Solvent-based inks are widely used for high-speed printing and applications that require quick drying times. And the inclusion of TiO<sub>2</sub> powder provides superior coverage and vibrant colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wotaichem.com/china-titanium-dioxide-tio2/ |title=Major Applications of Titanium Dioxide for Ink |publisher=Wotaichem |date= |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>

==== Dyes ====

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Dye-based inks can be used for anti-counterfeit purposes and can be found in some gel inks, fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency.<ref name=":0" /> These inks react with cellulose to bring about a permanent color change.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dyes, Pigments and Inks|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistry-careers/dyes-pigments-ink.html|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Dye based inks are used to color hair.

==== Functional colorants ====

Functional colorants represent a distinct class of color-producing materials used in inks that provide effects beyond simple absorption, including fluorescence, phosphorescence, thermochromism, and photochromism. These colorants are commonly used in security printing, smart packaging, and specialty applications, where their ability to change appearance in response to light, temperature, or other stimuli is advantageous. Modern formulations employ microencapsulated dyes, rare-earth phosphors, or polymer-based nanoparticles that allow these materials to be incorporated into liquid and inkjet-compatible systems.<ref>Alamán, J., Alicante, R., Peña, J. I., & Sánchez-Somolinos, C. (2016). Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials for Optical and Photonic Applications. Materials, 9(11), 910. doi:10.3390/ma9110910. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/11/910</ref>

== Health and environmental aspects ==

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Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original scores of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).

Treatment for preservation is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some{{who|date=March 2011}} think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are ~~many~~ possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).

Treatment for preservation is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some{{who|date=March 2011}} think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are a number of possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).

Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating [[relative humidity]] increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing [[Brittle Books Program|brittleness]].<ref>Henk J. Porck and René Teygeler, Preservation Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).</ref>

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''Indelible'' means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of [[electoral stain]] to prevent [[electoral fraud]]. Election ink based on [[silver nitrate]] was first applied in the [[1962 Indian general election]], after being developed at the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]].

The election commission in India has used indelible ink for ~~many~~ elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2013 |title=Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections |agency=Indonesian [[Antara (news agency)]] |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/88463/indonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia }}</ref> In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. The technique is not infallible and can itself be used in other types of fraud, as rather than bolstering one's own votes it can be used to eliminate opponent voters by marking them before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6061343/Afghanistan-election-indelible-ink-washes-off-voters-fingers.html Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers]</ref>

The election commission in India has used indelible ink for a number of elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2013 |title=Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections |agency=Indonesian [[Antara (news agency)]] |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/88463/indonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia }}</ref> In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. The technique is not infallible and can itself be used in other types of fraud, as rather than bolstering one's own votes it can be used to eliminate opponent voters by marking them before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6061343/Afghanistan-election-indelible-ink-washes-off-voters-fingers.html Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers]</ref>

== Inkblots ==

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File:Kerner Kleksographien 07.jpg|From [[Justinus Kerner]]'s ''Klecksographien'' (1890)

</gallery>

File:Rorschach blot 01.jpg|A Rorschach's blot

</gallery>

== Gallery ==

[[File:Advertising table vesta (matches) stand advertising Blackwood & Co Inks and Gum.jpg|thumb|Ceramic [[Vesta case|table vesta]] advertising Blackwood & Co.'s inks & gum suppliers to the [[London County Council|L.C.C.]]]]

== See also ==

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:Füller-tinte hg.jpg|thumb|Bottles of ink from [[Germany]]]]
 [[File:קלף, נוצה ודיו.jpg|thumb|Writing ink and a quill]]
-'''Ink''' is a [[gel]], [[Sol (colloid)|sol]], or [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]] that contains at least one [[colorant]], such as a [[dye]] or [[pigment]], and is used to color a surface to produce an [[image]], [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for [[drawing]] or [[writing]] with a [[pen]], [[brush]], [[reed pen]], or [[quill]]. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in [[letterpress]] and [[lithographic]] [[printing]].
+'''Ink''' is a [[gel]], [[Sol (colloid)|sol]], or [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]] that contains at least one [[colorant]], such as a [[dye]] or [[pigment]], and is used to color a surface to produce an [[image]], [[writing|text]], or design. Ink is used for [[drawing]] or [[writing]] with a [[pen]], [[brush]], [[reed pen]], or [[quill]]. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in [[letterpress]] and [[lithographic]] [[printing]].
-Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, [[dye]]s, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, [[solubilizer]]s, [[surfactant]]s, [[Suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[Fluorescence|fluorescents]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
+Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, [[dye]]s, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, [[solubilizer]]s, [[surfactant]]s, [[Suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[Fluorescence|fluorescents]], and other materials.<ref>Richard Rothe: ''Die Tusche und ihre Techniken.'' (Bücherei der Quelle; H. 27) Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Wien 1926.</ref> The components of inks serve multiple purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
 == History ==
-[[File:Ganesha ink.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Ink drawing of [[Ganesha]] under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called [[Masi (india ink)|''masi'']], an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Banerji, page 673">Banerji, page 673</ref> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early [[South India]].<ref name="Sircar, page 62">Sircar, page 62</ref> Several [[Jain]] sutras in India were compiled in ink.<ref name="Sircar, page 67">Sircar, page 67</ref>]] Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with ''[[lampblack]]'', a kind of [[soot]], easily collected as a by-product of fire.<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=5}}</ref>
+[[File:Ganesha ink.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Ink drawing of [[Ganesha]] under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called [[Masi (india ink)|''masi'']], an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Banerji, page 673">Banerji, page 673</ref> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early [[South India]].<ref name="Sircar, page 62">Sircar, page 62</ref> Several [[Jain]] sutras in India were compiled in ink.<ref name="Sircar, page 67">Sircar, page 67</ref>]] Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts themselves. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with ''[[lampblack]]'', a kind of [[soot]], easily collected as a by-product of fire.<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=5}}</ref>
-Ink was used in [[Ancient Egypt]] for writing and drawing on [[papyrus]] from at least the 26th century BC.<ref name=BritishMuseum>{{cite journal|title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf|journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan|last=Tallet|first=Pierre|volume=18|year=2012|pages=147–68|issn=2049-5021|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> Egyptian red and black inks included [[iron]] and [[ocher]] as pigments, in addition to [[phosphate]], [[sulfate]], [[chloride]], and [[carboxylate]] ions, with [[lead]] also used as a drier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=Thomas |last2=Cotte |first2=Marine |last3=de Nolf |first3=Wout |last4=Mouro |first4=Elouan |last5=Reyes-Herrera |first5=Juan |last6=de Meyer |first6=Steven |last7=Vanmeert |first7=Frederik |last8=Salvadó |first8=Nati |last9=Gonzalez |first9=Victor |last10=Lindelof |first10=Poul Erik |last11=Mortensen |first11=Kell |last12=Ryholt |first12=Kim |last13=Janssens |first13=Koen |last14=Larsen |first14=Sine |title=Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |journal=PNAS |year=2020 |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27825–27835 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004534117 |pmid=33106396 |pmc=7668004 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727825C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Ink was used in [[Ancient Egypt]] for writing and drawing on [[papyrus]] from at least the 26th century BC.<ref name=BritishMuseum>{{cite journal|title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf|journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan|last=Tallet|first=Pierre|volume=18|year=2012|pages=147–68|issn=2049-5021|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> Egyptian red and black inks included [[iron]] and [[ocher]] as pigments, in addition to [[phosphate]], [[sulfate]], [[chloride]], and [[carboxylate]] ions, with [[lead]] also used as a drier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=Thomas |last2=Cotte |first2=Marine |last3=de Nolf |first3=Wout |last4=Mouro |first4=Elouan |last5=Reyes-Herrera |first5=Juan |last6=de Meyer |first6=Steven |last7=Vanmeert |first7=Frederik |last8=Salvadó |first8=Nati |last9=Gonzalez |first9=Victor |last10=Lindelof |first10=Poul Erik |last11=Mortensen |first11=Kell |last12=Ryholt |first12=Kim |last13=Janssens |first13=Koen |last14=Larsen |first14=Sine |title=Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |journal=PNAS |year=2020 |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27825–27835 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004534117 |pmid=33106396 |pmc=7668004 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727825C |doi-access=free |author-link14=Sine Larsen}}</ref>
+[[File:BlackInkBottle.JPG|thumb|Black ink bottle]]
 The earliest Chinese inks may date to<ref name="NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC|date=11 July 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08690-5|page=234}}</ref> four millennia ago,<ref>* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000). ''Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti''.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....</ref> to the [[List of Neolithic cultures of China|Chinese Neolithic Period]]. These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as [[graphite]]; these were ground with water and applied with [[ink brush]]es. Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern [[inkstick]]s, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the [[Warring States period]]; being produced from soot and [[animal glue]].<ref>{{citation |last=蔡 |first=玫芬 |title=二、墨的發展史 |url=http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126130717/http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education |archive-date=2004-11-26}}</ref> The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠 ''nikawa'') is from cow or stag.<ref>Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris</ref>
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 <blockquote>About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from [[gall]]nuts (they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.</blockquote>
-<blockquote>Scribes in [[medieval]] Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0921/p18s02-hfks.html "Think Ink!"] by Sharon J. Huntington, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>Scribes in [[medieval]] Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0921/p18s02-hfks.html "Think Ink!"] by Sharon J. Huntington, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref></blockquote>
 The reservoir pen, which may have been the first [[fountain pen]], dates back to 953, when [[Al Muizz|Ma'ād al-Mu'izz]], the [[caliph]] of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.<ref>CE Bosworth, ''A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?'' Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981</ref>
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 == Types ==
-[[File:Tintenstrich-detail 2.jpg|thumb|Magnified line drawn by a [[fountain pen]].]]
+[[File:Tintenstrich-detail 2.jpg|thumb|Magnified line drawn by a [[fountain pen]]]]
 Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components:
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 {{Main|Pigment}}
 Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a [[Gamut|color range]] than dyes.<ref name="kipphan130-144" />
-Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Pigment molecules typically link together in [[crystal]]line structures that are 0.1–2 [[Micrometre|μm]] in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Qualities such as [[hue]], [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]], and [[Lightness (color)|lightness]] vary depending on the source and type of pigment.Solvent-based inks are widely used for high-speed printing and applications that require quick drying times. And the inclusion of TiO2 powder provides superior coverage and vibrant colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wotaichem.com/china-titanium-dioxide-tio2/ |title=Major Applications of Titanium Dioxide for Ink |publisher=Wotaichem |date= |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>
+Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Pigment molecules typically link together in [[crystal]]line structures that are 0.1–2 [[Micrometre|μm]] in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.<ref name="kipphan130-144" /> Qualities such as [[hue]], [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]], and [[Lightness (color)|lightness]] vary depending on the source and type of pigment. Solvent-based inks are widely used for high-speed printing and applications that require quick drying times. And the inclusion of TiO<sub>2</sub> powder provides superior coverage and vibrant colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wotaichem.com/china-titanium-dioxide-tio2/ |title=Major Applications of Titanium Dioxide for Ink |publisher=Wotaichem |date= |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>
 ==== Dyes ====
@@ Line 53: / Line 54: @@
 Dye-based inks can be used for anti-counterfeit purposes and can be found in some gel inks, fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency.<ref name=":0" /> These inks react with cellulose to bring about a permanent color change.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dyes, Pigments and Inks|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistry-careers/dyes-pigments-ink.html|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Dye based inks are used to color hair.
+==== Functional colorants ====
+Functional colorants represent a distinct class of color-producing materials used in inks that provide effects beyond simple absorption, including fluorescence, phosphorescence, thermochromism, and photochromism. These colorants are commonly used in security printing, smart packaging, and specialty applications, where their ability to change appearance in response to light, temperature, or other stimuli is advantageous. Modern formulations employ microencapsulated dyes, rare-earth phosphors, or polymer-based nanoparticles that allow these materials to be incorporated into liquid and inkjet-compatible systems.<ref>Alamán, J., Alicante, R., Peña, J. I., & Sánchez-Somolinos, C. (2016). Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials for Optical and Photonic Applications. Materials, 9(11), 910. doi:10.3390/ma9110910. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/11/910</ref>
 == Health and environmental aspects ==
@@ Line 78: / Line 82: @@
 Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original scores of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).
-Treatment for preservation is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some{{who|date=March 2011}} think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).
+Treatment for preservation is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some{{who|date=March 2011}} think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are a number of possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).
 Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating [[relative humidity]] increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing [[Brittle Books Program|brittleness]].<ref>Henk J. Porck and René Teygeler, Preservation Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).</ref>
@@ Line 87: / Line 91: @@
 ''Indelible'' means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of [[electoral stain]] to prevent [[electoral fraud]]. Election ink based on [[silver nitrate]] was first applied in the [[1962 Indian general election]], after being developed at the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]].
-The election commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2013 |title=Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections |agency=Indonesian [[Antara (news agency)]] |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/88463/indonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia }}</ref> In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. The technique is not infallible and can itself be used in other types of fraud, as rather than bolstering one's own votes it can be used to eliminate opponent voters by marking them before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6061343/Afghanistan-election-indelible-ink-washes-off-voters-fingers.html Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers]</ref>
+The election commission in India has used indelible ink for a number of elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2013 |title=Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections |agency=Indonesian [[Antara (news agency)]] |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/88463/indonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia }}</ref> In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. The technique is not infallible and can itself be used in other types of fraud, as rather than bolstering one's own votes it can be used to eliminate opponent voters by marking them before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6061343/Afghanistan-election-indelible-ink-washes-off-voters-fingers.html Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers]</ref>
 == Inkblots ==
@@ Line 96: / Line 100: @@
 <gallery>
 File:Kerner Kleksographien 07.jpg|From [[Justinus Kerner]]'s ''Klecksographien'' (1890)
+</gallery>
+<gallery>
 File:Rorschach blot 01.jpg|A Rorschach's blot
 </gallery>
+== Gallery ==
+[[File:Advertising table vesta (matches) stand advertising Blackwood & Co Inks and Gum.jpg|thumb|Ceramic [[Vesta case|table vesta]] advertising Blackwood & Co.'s inks & gum suppliers to the [[London County Council|L.C.C.]]]]
 == See also ==

Ink: Difference between revisions

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