Jersey: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:27, 28 May 2026

Jersey (/ˈdʒɜːrzi/ JUR-zee; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. nrf), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey,^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[1]^[2]^[3] is an autonomous and self-governing British Crown Dependency in Northwestern Europe 14 miles (23 km) off the Cotentin Peninsula of north-west France.^{[lower-alpha 2]} At 45 square miles (120 km²), the main island, Jersey, is the largest of the Channel Islands.^[4] Although not a sovereign state, Jersey has its own legal, fiscal and governmental systems; on that basis, it is regarded as a small nation or island country.^[5]^[6]^[4] Jersey's territory also includes some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks. As of 2021, the island had a population of 103,267.

Historically part of the Duchy of Normandy, Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown when the English kings lost mainland Normandy, but it never became part of the Kingdom of England. From then until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Jersey was at the frontline of Anglo-French Wars and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as Mont Orgueil Castle and to a thriving smuggling industry. The island was invaded and occupied by Nazi German forces during the Second World War until 9 May 1945, now celebrated as the island's national day.

Jersey is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination.^[7] The Bailiff is the civil head of the island, the Chief Minister leads the island's government, and the Lieutenant Governor represents the British monarch, who is the head of state. The island is not part of the United Kingdom and has a separate international identity,^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] but the UK government manages its defence, international representation and certain policy areas, such as nationality law.

The island has a large financial services industry, as well as agriculture and tourism. Its currency is the Pound sterling with a local issue of banknotes and coins. British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and its participation in British sporting leagues, but the island also has a strong Norman-French culture, reflected by its historic dialect of the Norman language, Jèrriais.

Name

The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as the following: Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.^[12]Template:Fcn The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey (also in its French version Césarée) since William Camden's Britannia,^[13] and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea.^[14]^[15]

Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity.^[16]^[17]

Scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from Template:Wikt-lang (Old Norse for 'earth') or jarl ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name Geirr (thus Geirrsey, 'Geirr's Island').^[18] The ending Template:Wikt-lang denotes an island,^[19]^[20] as in Guernsey or Surtsey.

History

File:Assize d'Heritage.jpg

An 1893 painting of the Assize d'Heritage by John St Helier Lander

Prehistoric and ancient Jersey

Humans have lived on the island since at latest 12,000 BCE, with evidence of habitation in the Palaeolithic period (La Cotte de St Brelade) and Neolithic dolmens, such as La Hougue Bie. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island.^[21]

Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found, in particular at Les Landes.^[22]

Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.^[13] In the sixth century, the island's patron saint Helier lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now Elizabeth Castle). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.^[23]

Early Medieval period

In the ninth century the island was raided by Vikings and in 933 it was annexed to Normandy by William Longsword.^[24]^: 22 When Duke William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.^[25] Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the Constitutions of King John, however this is disputed.^[24]^: 25 Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The King also appointed a Bailiff and a Warden (now Lieutenant-Governor). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at Mont Orgueil.^[26]

During the Tudor period, the split between the Church of England and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of Elizabeth, French refugees brought strict Calvinism to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.^[13] In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries.^[27]

In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King Charles II of England gave Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now a state in the United States.^[28]^[29]

File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 81.jpg

Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012

Early modern period

In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the Corn Riots. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the States.^[13]

In 1781, during the American Revolutionary War, the island was invaded by a French force which captured St Helier, but was defeated by Major Peirson's army at the Battle of Jersey.^[30]

The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,^[31] the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.^[13] This grew the tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture.

Island politics in this period were split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.^[13] In the 1850s, the French author Victor Hugo lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the Queen, so he moved on to Guernsey.^[13]

20th century–present

During the Second World War, 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.^[32] Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.^[33] During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using slave labour imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.^[34] After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the D-Day landings, and food on the island became scarce. The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the Nazi occupation, a resistance cell was created by communist activist Norman Le Brocq and the Jersey Communist Party, whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.^[35]

The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's Liberation Day, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States were reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and universal franchise was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.^[13]

Politics

File:States Building in St Helier Jersey.jpg

The States Building in St. Helier

Jersey is a Crown Dependency.^[36] It is not part of the United Kingdom, but it is part of the 'British Islands', a legal definition encompassing the UK and the Crown Dependences.^[37] As a Crown Dependency, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.^[38] Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of self-determination".^[39] Jersey and its people have historically been described as a nation.^[40]^[41]^[6]

Because Jersey is a dependency of the British Crown, King Charles III reigns in Jersey.^[42] "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".^[43] The King's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey – Vice-Admiral Jerry Kyd since 8 October 2022. He is a formal point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some ceremonial functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.^[44]

File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 12.jpg

Sir John Chalmers McColl as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey

In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown to the island as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of island legislation by Order-in-Council (royal assent); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.^[45]

Legislature and government

The States Assembly is Jersey's legislature. It is a unicameral body formed of 49 elected members: 12 connétables (often called "constables", heads of parishes) and 37 deputies, all elected for four-year terms.^[46] Since the 2022 elections, the 37 deputies are elected from nine constituencies. Prior to this election, there were also senators, who were elected by voters across the island. At the time of this reform, some efforts were made the remove the connétables from the Assembly, but this was not passed.^[47]

Jersey has a lower voter turnout. Over the last 30 years, turnout at elections in Jersey has averaged 44.1%, which is lower than any OECD country and the lowest of the three Crown Dependencies. Surveys conducted following the 2022 election found that the most common reasons for not voting were apathy, mistrust and disinterest in the political system.^[48]

There are also five non-voting members of the States, all of which are appointed by the Crown: the bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, the Dean of Jersey, the attorney general and solicitor general.^[49] The Bailiff is the presiding officer of the States Assembly,^[50] head of the judiciary and, as civic head of the island, carries out various ceremonial roles.^[51]

The Council of Ministers, consisting of a chief minister and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the government of Jersey.^[52]^[53] Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.^[54] A chief executive is head of the civil service.^[55] Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's parishes.^[56]

Law

Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for cases in multiple jurisdictions (conflict of laws). It is separate from the other jurisdictions in the British Islands, including the other Channel Islands and England and Wales.^[57]

Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law.^[58] Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic'. Sources of law are in both the French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English.^[59]

The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.^[60] The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff.^[51] The convening of the Assize d'Heritage is that of the Royal Court of Jersey, the oldest surviving land court in Europe.^[61]^[62]

External relations

File:Jersey Airport signage in Jèrriais.jpg

Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in Jèrriais.

Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own external relations, especially since in 2007 the UK and Jersey signed an agreement for the development of the international identity of Jersey.^[63] It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters: for example, tax information exchange agreements have been signed directly by the island.^[64]^[65]

The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.^[66]^[67] Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council,^[68] the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association^[69] and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie.^[70] The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in Caen,^[71] London^[72] and Brussels.^[73]

Jersey independence has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister Sir Philip Bailhache has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.^[74] It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the government has stated that the island is prepared if needs to do so.^[75]^[76]^[77]

Jersey's relationship with the European Union is governed by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. It was not part of the EU prior to Brexit. Under this agreement, goods trade between the island and the EU are not subject to tariffs, and Jersey retains sole responsibility for its territorial waters. This latter point has led to tensions between France and Jersey over the permits of French fishermen to fish in Jersey waters.^[78]

Jersey also has close relations with Portugal, including the exchangement of tax information; these relations are specifically strong with the Autonomous Region of Madeira, where St. Helier has one of its sister cities, Funchal.^[79]

Administrative divisions

Template:Parishes Map of Jersey

Parishes of Jersey

Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions), the largest being St Ouen and the smallest St Clement. They are all named after their parish church. The connétable is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ex oficio in the States Assembly.^[56]

The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the Honorary Police). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at parish assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The Procureurs du Bien Public are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.^[56]

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St Ouen, cueillettes).^[80]

Geography

File:Jersey by Sentinel-2.jpg

Satellite view of Jersey

File:Jersey2021OSM.png

Large map of Jersey

Jersey is an island measuring 46.2 square miles (119.6 km²) (or 66,436 vergées),^[81] including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the English Channel, about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.^{[lower-alpha 2]} It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of 143 metres (469 ft) above sea level.^[82]

About 24% of the island is built-up. Land area dedicated to cultivation is 52% of the island, and around 18% is natural environment.^[83]

It lies within longitude -2° W and latitude 49° N. It has a coastline that is 43 miles (70 km) long and a total area of 46.2 square miles (119.6 km²). It measures roughly 9 miles (14 km) from west to east and 5 miles (8 km) north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".^[84]

The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m (446 ft).^[85]

There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.^[86]

Settlements

The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.^[87]

Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town, and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish, still has 270 persons per square kilometre^[88]). The south and east coasts from St Aubin to Gorey are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade, which is home to a small precinct of shops,^[89] a school, a park, and a leisure centre.^[90]

Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.^[91]

Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).^[92]

Climate

Jersey has an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb), with cool to mild winters and lukewarm to warm summers, both greatly moderated and extremes reduced by the relatively stable sea surface temperatures surrounding the island.^[93] The highest temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F), on 18 July 2022,^[94] and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C or 13.5 °F, on 5 January 1894. 2022 was the warmest (and sunniest) year on record; the mean daily air temperature was 13.56 °C (56.41 °F).^[95] Typical wind speeds vary between 12 miles per hour (20 km/h) and 25 mph (40 km/h). During the cooler months, extratropical cyclones can produce gales somewhat regularly. Snow is very rare in Jersey. The last significant snowfall event occurred in March 2013, when 14 centimetres (5.5 in) fell,^[96] and most recent measurable snowfall occurred on 8–9 January 2024, when 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) fell.^[97]

Extreme weather is rare due to the island's mild climate, but Atlantic windstorms are fairly common in autumn and winter. In November 2023, Jersey was hit by Storm Ciarán, causing heavy rainfall, extremely high winds with gusts of up to 104 mph (167 km/h)^[98] and a supercell thunderstorm, producing unusually large hail and the strongest tornado in the British Isles since 2005.^[99]

The following table contains the official data for 1981–2010 at Jersey Airport, located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from St. Helier.

Template:Weather box

Economy

File:Jersey finance centre 2021.jpg

The central business district of St Helier

File:Aerial view of fields in St Clement, Jersey.jpg

Aerial view of fields in Saint Clement

Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a GDP per capita of £45,320 in 2019.^[100] It is a mixed market economy, with free market principles and an advanced social security infrastructure.^[101] 53,460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010^[update]: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.^[81]

Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)^[102]
Sector	Gross value added
Sector	% of total	£millions
Financial services	39.5%	1,966
Rental income	15.5%	771
Other business activities	11.7%	580
Public administration	8.6%	426
Construction	7.0%	350
Wholesale and retail	6.4%	319
Hotels, bars and restaurants	4.2%	210
Transport, storage and communication	3.5%	176
Electricity, gas and water	1.3%	65
Agriculture	1.2%	59
Manufacturing	1.0%	50
Total		4,972

Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at purchasing power parity Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. Gross national income in 2009Template:Needs update was £3.7 billion (a mean of about £40,000 per head of population).^[81] However, there is wide variation, and the typical (median) individual resident's purchasing power and standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.^[103]

Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit – an intermediate financial services market which funnels funds onwards^{[lower-alpha 3]} – for financial services between European countries and the island.^[105] This sector has attracted controversy: Some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."^[106]

Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island arrive by air from the UK.^[107] On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status.^[108]

In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).^[83] Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.^[81] Jersey cattle are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.^[109]^[110] The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.^[81] Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in 2009.^[81]

Along with Guernsey, Jersey has its own lottery called the Channel Islands Lottery, which was launched in 1975.^[111]

Taxation

Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes (known as 'rates') are levied on properties, and there are taxes on personal income, corporate income and goods and services.^[112] Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as Amazon and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as low-value consignment relief, to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.^[113] This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.^[113]

There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.^[112] Jersey is considered to be a tax haven. Until March 2019 the island was on the EU tax haven blacklist, but it no longer features on it.^[114] In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, Paul Tang, criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.^[115] In 2020, Tax Justice ranked Jersey as the 16th on the Financial Secrecy Index, below larger countries such as the UK, but still placing it at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making it a small player in the total market.^[116] In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021, with a haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.^[117]

Transport

File:Start of Green Lane sign in Jersey.jpg

A typical country road in Jersey, with Green Lane signage unique to the island

The primary mode of transport on the island is the motor vehicle. Jersey has a road network consisting of 346 miles (557 km) of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.^[118] Jersey has a large network of narrow country lanes, some of which are classified as 'Green Lanes', which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.^[119]

The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator franchise model, currently contracted to LibertyBus, a company owned by Kelsian Group. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.^[120]

Jersey has an airport and a number of ports, which are all operated by Ports of Jersey.^[121]

Currency

File:Commemorative stamps for Mesny's 150th anniversary 1992.jpg

Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General William Mesny

Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the Bank of England. The official currency of Jersey is the pound sterling. Jersey issues its own postage stamps, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not legal tender outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.^[122]

In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated Bitcoin fund, at a time when the digital currency was being accepted by some local businesses.^[123]

Demography

File:Mont Orgueil and Gorey harbour, Jersey.jpg

Mont Orgueil was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy.

Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.^[124] Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.^[125]Template:Historical populations

Nationality and citizenship

Jersey people are the native nation on the island;^[40]^[41]^[6] however, they do not form a majority of the population.^[125] Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to the Union of Britain. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. The growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.^[126]

Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. British nationality law confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.^[127]^[11] The Lieutenant Governor's office issues British passports (specifically the Jersey variant) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.^[128]^[129]

Immigration

Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration^[130] by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.^[131]

Jersey is part of the Common Travel Area (CTA),^[132] a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa). The Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID, since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.^[133] Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.^[134]

For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration^[135] and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.^[136]

To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. To move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:

Residential and employment statuses^[137]
Status	Requirements	Housing	Work
Entitled	Most Jersey-born residents (permanently)Long-term residents (at least 10 years)	Can buy, sell or lease any property	Can work anywhere
Licensed	Certain essential workers	Can buy, sell or lease most property	Permission required
Entitled to work	Long-term residents (at least 5 years)Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher.	Can lease 'registered' property	Can work anywhere
Registered	All others	Can lease 'registered' property	Permission required

History of immigration

Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands)^[126]^: 33 and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).^[126]^: 34 However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the Edict of Nantes.^[138]

From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. The new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.^[138]

Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a "formidable invasion, although peaceful", and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.^[138]

After World War II, when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to Madeira for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.^[138]

Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier. This has led to ongoing debates about the incompatibility of development and sustainability throughout the island.^[139]

Religion

File:Saint Thomas Roman Catholic church, Victoria Street, Jersey.jpg

St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier

Jersey's patron saint is Saint Helier, after whom the capital town is named.^[140] From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568.^[141] Jersey became "formally attached" to the Diocese of Salisbury in November 2022.^[142] The established church is the Church of England, presided over in the island by the Dean, who is ex officio a States Member, but has no vote.^[141] The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.^[143]

According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion. Christianity is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest belief demographic is "no religion" with 39% of the population.^[144]

Religion in Jersey^[144]
Religion	Percentage (2015)
No religion	39%
All religious	54%
Anglican	23%
Catholic	22.5%
Other Christian	6.8%
Other religion	3%

Culture

File:La Nethe Rue road sign Jersey.jpg

Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in Saint Ouen

British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and the pound sterling as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,^[145] and the popularity of British sports, including football and cricket.^[4] The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the Norman language, Jèrriais, being one of only two places in Normandy with government status for the language (the other being Guernsey), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to mainland Normandy as a part of the Normandy region, and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and they share a good-natured rivalry.^[40]^[41]

Cultural events

The Battle of Flowers is a carnival that has been held annually in August since 1902.^[146] Other festivals include La Fête dé Noué^[147] (Christmas festival), La Faîs'sie d'Cidre (cidermaking festival),^[148] the Battle of Britain air display,^[149] Weekender Music Festival,^[150] food festivals, and parish events.

The Jersey Eisteddfod is an annual festival celebrating local culture. It is split into performing arts (e.g. dance, music, modern languages) and creative arts (e.g. needlework, photography, craft).^[151]

Art

Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the Upper Palaeolithic; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.^[152]^[153]

The island has produced a number of notable artists. John St Helier Lander (1868–1944) was a portrait painter born in St Helier in 1868; he was a portraitist for the Royal Family.^[154] Edmund Blampied also lived around the same period; he was known for his etchings and drypoint.^[155] Other famous historic artists include John Le Capelain, John Everett Millais and Philip Ouless. There are also several contemporary Jersey artists, such as Ian Rolls, known for painting quirky landscape paintings.^[156]

Jersey also has historic connections to French art. French artist René Lalique created the stained glass windows at St Matthew's Church. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.^[157] Artist partners Claude Cahun and Marcel Moore were born in France but moved to and died in the island.^[158]

Television and media

The popular 1980s BBC detective drama Bergerac, starring John Nettles, was set in Jersey. The series was recently revived with a new cast by UKTV.^[159]

File:Haûlîngu'thie d'la couleu d'Jèrri l'7 d'Avri 2011 11.jpg

A Channel Television crew interview the Bailiff of Jersey

BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service, and BBC Channel Islands News provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. ITV Channel Television is a regional ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by Channel 103, among other companies.

Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the Jersey Evening Post, which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.^[160]

Music

File:Jersey Town Criterium 2011 07.jpg

The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events.^[161]

Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded folk songs from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.^[162] The folk song Chanson de Peirson is unique to the island.^[163]

In contemporary music, Guru Josh, who was born in Jersey, produced house and techno music. He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit Infinity and its re-releases, reaching number one in numerous European countries.^[164] Rock and pop artist Nerina Pallot was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success, and has written songs for famous artists like Kylie Minogue.^[165]

The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid-June to late September including Good Vibrations, Out-There, the Weekender (the largest festival in the Channel Islands) and Electric Park.^[166]

Theatre

File:Lillie langtry.JPG

Actress Lillie Langtry, nicknamed the Jersey Lily

There are two theatres on the island: the Jersey Opera House and the Jersey Arts Centre.^[167] Lillie Langtry is probably the most famous actress from the island. She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the West End in the late 19th century. She was the first socialite to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.^[168]^[169] She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures, including the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII.^[170] She is buried in St Saviour's Church graveyard.^[171]

Cinema

In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first talking picture, The Perfect Alibi, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935; during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.^[172]

The Odeon Cinema was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10-screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002, and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a listed building.^[173]^[174]

First held in 2008, the Branchage Jersey International Film Festival^[175] attracts filmmakers from all over the world. The 2001 movie The Others was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation.

Food and drink

File:Jersey wonders.jpg

Jersey wonders, or mèrvelles, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.

Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: mussels (called moules in the island), oysters, lobster and crabs – especially spider crabs – ormers and conger.^[176]

Jersey milk being very rich, cream and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.^[177] Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of new potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using vraic as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.^[178]

Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, apple brandy is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,^[179] and in 2013 the first commercial vodkas made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.^[180]

Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), fliottes, bean crock (les pais au fou), nettle (ortchie) soup, and vraic buns.^[176]^[181]

Sport

File:Harry Vardon statue Grouville 3.jpg

A statue of Jersey golfer, Harry Vardon, stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club.

In its own right, Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the biennial Island Games, which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.^[182]

The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.^[183] Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti competition against the other Channel Islands.^[184] Rugby union in Jersey comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the Rugby Football Union of England. Amateur side, Jersey RFC, won the English Regional Two South Central Division in the 2023/24 season and will play in fifth tier Regional One South Central next campaign.^[185]

Jersey Cricket Board is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Jersey. Jersey Cricket Board is Jersey's representative at the International Cricket Council (ICC). It has been an ICC member since 2005 and an associate member since 2007.^[186] The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter-insular match, as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.

For horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle.^[187]

Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier^[188] and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.^[189] Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.^[190] The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.^[191]

Two professional golfers from Jersey have won the Open Championship seven times between them; Harry Vardon won six times and Ted Ray won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the U.S. Open once each. Harry Vardon's brother, Tom Vardon, had wins on various European tours.

Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017.^[192]

Languages

Until the 19th century, indigenous Jèrriais – a variety of Norman – was the language of the island though French was used for official business. During the 20th century, British cultural influence saw an intense language shift take place and Jersey today is predominantly English-speaking.^[4] Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (3%) are thought to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12%) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly among the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools.^[193]

The dialects of Jèrriais differ in phonology and, to a lesser extent, lexis between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. Anglicisation of the place names increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.^[194]

Literature

File:Victor Hugo-Exile.jpg

Victor Hugo in exile, 1850s

Wace was a 12th-century poet born in Jersey. He is the earliest known Jersey writer, authoring Roman de Brut and Roman de Rou, among others. Some believe him to be the earliest Jèrriais writer and he is known as the founder of Jersey literature, but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jèrriais.^[5]

As Jèrriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jèrriais alongside Standard English and French.^[4]

Matthew Le Geyt was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.^[195] Philippe Le Sueur Mourant wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.^[4] Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.^[196]

After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author Victor Hugo, as Jersey's culture had a relation to their native French.^[8] Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up Jersey Zoo, was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He wrote in order to fund and further his conservation work.^[10]

Education

Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the English system. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.^[197] The Government provides limited free pre-school education to parents.^[198] Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.^[199]

As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form, Hautlieu School.^[200] Highlands College provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.^[201]

Environment

Environmental protection

Template:Designation list Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated Ramsar sites: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).^[202]

Land use planning

Jersey operates a planning system based on the discretionary system in use in the UK, where the States of Jersey passes a development plan, known as the Island Plan, which sets out zoning, development policies and sites allocated for development.^[203] Planning is regulated by the Island Planning Law 1964.^[204]

Geopark bid

The Aspiring Jersey Island Geopark (AJIG) project is a local campaign supported by the Government of Jersey and Jersey Heritage to achieve geopark status for the island of Jersey. The campaign intends to submit an application to UNESCO to designate the island as a Global Geopark.^[205] As part of this, Jersey Heritage launched a call for islanders to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for individual nomination for geopark status.^[206]

Biodiversity

Four species of small mammal are considered native:^[207] the wood mouse, bank vole (an endemic subspecies Clethrionomys glareolus caesarius), lesser white-toothed shrew and crowned shrew. Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the Middle Ages), red squirrel and hedgehog (both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000,^[208] and may have been outcompeted by feral ferrets which probably became established on the island in the 1960s.^[209]

The red-billed chough became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and National Trust for Jersey, is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island.^[210]

Four species of reptiles occur on Jersey: the western green lizard, wall lizard, slow worm, and barred grass snake. There are three species of amphibians: the spiny toad (known locally as the Crapaud^[211]), agile frog, and palmate newt. All are protected species, with Jersey being the only native habitat in the British Isles for the green lizard, wall lizard, spiny toad and agile frog.^[208]^[212]

The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island.^[213] The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.^[214]

Notable marine species^[215] include the ormer, conger, bass, undulate ray, grey mullet, ballan wrasse and garfish. Marine mammals include the bottlenosed dolphin^[216] and grey seal.^[217]

Trees generally considered native are the alder, silver birch, sweet chestnut, hazel, hawthorn, beech, ash, aspen, wild cherry, blackthorn, holm oak, pedunculate oak, sallow, elder, elm and medlar. Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.^[218]

Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the Jersey cabbage, also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.^[219]

Japanese knotweed is an invasive species that threatens Jersey's biodiversity.^[220] It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.^[221] Other non-native species on the island include the Colorado beetle, burnet rose and oak processionary moth.^[220]

Zoological park

Jersey is the home of the Jersey Zoo (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park^[222]) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author Gerald Durrell.

Public services

Healthcare

Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the National Health Service. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use; however, treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, but GP services are paid for.^[223]

Emergency services

Emergency services^[224] are provided by the States of Jersey Police with the support of the Honorary Police as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,^[225] Jersey Fire and Rescue Service^[226] and the Jersey Coastguard.^[227] The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.^[228]

The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.^[229] Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service. Jersey has adopted the 112 emergency number alongside its existing 999 emergency number.^[230]

Supply services

Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water. Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works, around 7.2 billion litres in 2018. Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall-dependent surface water. The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10.8 million litres per day (around half of the Island's average daily usage). In 2017, 101 water pollution incidents were reported, an increase of 5% on 2016. Another estimated 515,700 m³ of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources (around 9% of the population).^[231]

Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier, Jersey Electricity, of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder.^[232] Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France.^[233] 35% of the imported power derives from hydro-electric sources and 65% from nuclear sources. Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO₂ e / kWh compared to 352g CO₂ e / kWh in the UK.^[234]

Notable people

Notes

↑ Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Jèrriais: Bailiage d'Jèrri
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Traditionally known as part of the British Isles, geographically Jersey does not form part of that archipelago. As the Government of Jersey's website states, the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 137 km south of England".^[4] In British law it constitutes one of the British Islands.^[235]
↑ "Conduit-OFCs [offshore financial centres] ... are 'countries that are widely perceived as attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of investments'.^[104] Conduit-OFCs typically have low or zero taxes imposed on the transfer of capital to other countries, either via interest payments, royalties, dividends or profit repatriation. In addition, such jurisdictions have highly developed legal systems that are able to cater to the needs of multinational corporations. Conduits play a key role in the global corporate ownership network by allowing the transfer of capital without taxation. In this way, profit from one country can be re-invested in another part of the world paying no or little taxes."^[105]

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Cite error: <ref> tag with name "fact relation" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Works cited

Syvret, Marguerite; Stevens, Joan; Balleine, G. R. (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-86077-650-2.
- Previously published as: Balleine's History of Jersey. La Société Jersiaise. 1998. ISBN 1-86077-065-7. Revised and enlarged edition of A history of the Island of Jersey from cave men to the German occupation and after. Kettering, UK: Staples, 1950.

External links

gov.je Archived 3 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Official Government of Jersey website
Visit Jersey Archived 13 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Government owned tourism website
Jerripedia Archived 26 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Online history and family history encyclopedia
Vote.je Archived 29 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Elections in Jersey
Jersey Archived 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Locate Jersey Archived 1 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Jersey , from the BBC News
Jersey Evening Post Archived 22 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Prehistoric Jersey Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
JerseyShops.co.uk Archived 3 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine – local retailers

Template:Jersey topics Template:Channel Islands Template:British Isles Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations Template:English official language clickable map Template:Sovereign states of Europe

Coordinates: 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19000°N 2.11000°W / 49.19000; -2.11000

[1] Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Jèrriais: Bailiage d'Jèrri

[not_BI-5] 2.0 ^2.1 Traditionally known as part of the British Isles, geographically Jersey does not form part of that archipelago. As the Government of Jersey's website states, the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 137 km south of England".^[4] In British law it constitutes one of the British Islands.^[235]

[108] "Conduit-OFCs [offshore financial centres] ... are 'countries that are widely perceived as attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of investments'.^[104] Conduit-OFCs typically have low or zero taxes imposed on the transfer of capital to other countries, either via interest payments, royalties, dividends or profit repatriation. In addition, such jurisdictions have highly developed legal systems that are able to cater to the needs of multinational corporations. Conduits play a key role in the global corporate ownership network by allowing the transfer of capital without taxation. In this way, profit from one country can be re-invested in another part of the world paying no or little taxes."^[105]

[eb-2] "Jersey | island, Channel Islands, English Channel". Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.

[Balleine-3] Balleine, G. R. (1951). Bailiwick of Jersey. King's Channel Islands series. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

[attach_diocese-4] Template:Cite act

[facts_gov-6] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 "Facts about Jersey". Government of Jersey. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

[Worlddata-2019-7] 5.0 ^5.1 "Definition: What is a country?". Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

[IDBoard-8] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Island Identity Policy Development Board. "Constitution and citizenship". Island Identity: Defining Jersey. Government of Jersey. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. The Board concluded that Jersey is accurately described as a 'Country', or even as a 'Small Island Nation', and as such has a distinct international character. This has been agreed with the UK and by constitutional experts, and in 2007 the Lord Chancellor and Chief Minister signed an agreement entitled 'Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey', which also acknowledges that Jersey's 'international identity' is different from that of the UK.
Jersey's National and International Identity – Interim Findings (PDF) (Report). Government of Jersey. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2025. p. 6: ... unique mixture of cultural and constitutional characteristics qualifies [Jersey] as an Island nation in its own right." p. 20: " ... it is therefore appropriate to describe Jersey as a Small Nation.

[10] Jersey's National and International Identity – Interim Findings (PDF) (Report). Government of Jersey. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2025. p. 6: ... unique mixture of cultural and constitutional characteristics qualifies [Jersey] as an Island nation in its own right." p. 20: " ... it is therefore appropriate to describe Jersey as a Small Nation.

[Expol-9] Council of Ministers (October 2012). Common Policy for External Relations (PDF) (Report). States of Jersey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
 {{Infobox dependency
-| name = Jersey
+| name = Bailiwick of Jersey
 | official_name = Bailiwick of Jersey
 | native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|nrf-JE|Jèrri}}}}
-| settlement_type = British [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]]
+| settlement_type = [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom]]
 | linking_name = Jersey
 | image_flag = Flag of Jersey.svg
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | seal_type = Coat of arms
 | anthem = "[[Beautiful Jersey]]"<ref name="anthem">{{Cite web |title=The Jersey anthem: Beautiful Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/leisure/jersey/pages/jerseyanthem.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
-| song = {{ubl|"[[God Save the King]]" |<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</div>}}<ref name="anthem" />
+| song = "[[God Save the King]]"{{Efn|"God Save the King" is the [[national anthem]] by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Anthem |url=https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130352/https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |url-status=live }}</ref> The words ''King, he, him, his'', used at present, are replaced by ''Queen, she, her'' when the monarch is female.}}<ref name="anthem" /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen <!-- Do not change file name due to computer error without ensuring that the file is playable. -->]]</div>
 | song_type = '''British national anthem'''
 | image_map = Europe-Jersey.svg
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 | established_date2 = 1204
 | official_languages = {{ubli|[[English language|English]] | [[Jèrriais]] | [[Jersey Legal French]] | {{efn|Jersey does not have a ''de jure'' official language, but these are the permitted languages in the island's parliament, the [[States Assembly]].<ref>{{Citation|mode=cs1 |date=15 January 2018 |title= Jèrriais: Optional use in the States Chamber |at=P.4/2018 |url= https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey Greffe |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107205139/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The working and most widely spoken language is English, though French retains a historical and ceremonial working role.}} }}
-| capital = [[St Helier]]{{efn|St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however [[Government House, Jersey|Government House]], the official royal residence of the island, is located in [[Saint Saviour, Jersey|Saint Saviour]]}}
+| capital = [[St Helier]]{{efn|St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however [[Government House, Jersey|Government House]], the official royal residence of the island, is located in [[Saint Saviour, Jersey|Saint Saviour]].}}
 | coordinates = {{Coord|49|11.4|N|2|6.6|W|type:city}}
 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 | leader_name2 = [[Jerry Kyd|Sir Jerry Kyd]]
 | leader_title3 = [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]]
-| leader_name3 = [[Tim Le Cocq|Sir Tim Le Cocq]]
+| leader_name3 = [[Robert MacRae]]
 | leader_title4 = [[Chief Minister of Jersey|Chief minister]]
 | leader_name4 = [[Lyndon Farnham]]
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 | national_representation = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
 | national_representation_type1 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice|Minister]]
-| national_representation1 = [[Frederick Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede|Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]]
+| national_representation1 = [[Alison Levitt, Baroness Levitt|Baroness Levitt]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Ministerial appointments: September 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
 | area_km2 = 119.6<ref name=figures />
 | area_rank = {{small|unranked}}
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 | percent_water = 0
 | elevation_max_m = 143
-| population_census = 103,267<ref name="facts" />
+| population_census = 103,267<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |website=Government of Jersey |department=2022 News |title=First Census Results Published |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091118/https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | population_census_year = 2021
 | population_estimate_rank = 182nd
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 | Gini_year = 2014
 | Gini_change = steady
-| Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | HDI = 0.985
 | HDI_year = 2011
 | HDI_change = steady
-| HDI_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2009|title=Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index |url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100501/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2011 |website=United Nations ESCAP}}</ref>
+| HDI_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2009|title=Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index |url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100501/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2011 |website=United Nations ESCAP}}</ref>
 | currency = {{ubl|[[Pound sterling]] | [[Jersey pound]] (£)}}
 | currency_code = GBP
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 }}
-'''Jersey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɜr|z|i}} {{respell|JUR|zee}}; {{langx|nrf|Jèrri|label=[[Jèrriais]]}} {{IPA|nrf|ʒɛri|}}), officially the '''Bailiwick of Jersey''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Bailiage de Jersey|links=no}}; Jèrriais: {{lang|nrf|Bailiage d'Jèrri}}}}{{r|eb|Balleine|attach diocese}} is an autonomous and self-governing island territory of the  [[British Islands]].{{efn|name="not BI"}} Although as a British [[Crown Dependency]] it is not a [[sovereign state]], it has its own distinguishing civil and government institutions, so qualifies as a [[microstate|small nation]] or [[island country]].{{r|Worlddata-2019|IDBoard|facts gov}} Located in [[Northwestern Europe]], off the coast of north-west [[France]], it is the largest of the [[Channel Islands]] and is {{convert|14|mi}} from Normandy's [[Cotentin Peninsula]].{{r|facts gov}} The [[Bailiwick]] consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including [[Les Dirouilles]], [[Les Écréhous]], [[Les Minquiers]], and [[Les Pierres de Lecq]].<ref name="Ramsar-2018">{{multiref2
+'''Jersey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɜr|z|i}} {{respell|JUR|zee}}; {{langx|nrf|Jèrri|label=[[Jèrriais]]}} {{IPA|nrf|ʒɛri|}}), officially the '''Bailiwick of Jersey''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Bailiage de Jersey|links=no}}; Jèrriais: {{lang|nrf|Bailiage d'Jèrri}}}}{{r|eb|Balleine|attach diocese}} is an autonomous and self-governing [[British Crown Dependency]] in [[Northwestern Europe]] {{convert|14|mi}} off the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] of north-west [[France]].{{efn|name="not BI"}} At {{Convert|45|sqmi|km2}}, the main island, Jersey, is the largest of the [[Channel Islands]].{{r|facts gov}} Although not a [[sovereign state]], Jersey has its own legal, fiscal and governmental systems; on that basis, it is regarded as a [[microstate|small nation]] or [[island country]].{{r|Worlddata-2019|IDBoard|facts gov}} Jersey's territory also includes some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks. As of 2021, the island had a population of 103,267.
-| 1 = {{Cite web |title=Les Écrehous & Les Dirouilles, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155637/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |url-status=live }}
-| 2 = {{Cite web |title=Les Minquiers, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025129/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |url-status=live }}
-| 3 = {{Cite web |title=Les Pierres de Lecq |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130033/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |url-status=live }}
-}}</ref>
-Jersey was part of the [[Duchy of Normandy]], whose [[Duke of Normandy|dukes]] became kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown, though it never became part of the [[Kingdom of England]]. At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Jersey was at the frontline of [[Anglo-French Wars]] and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as [[Mont Orgueil Castle]] and a thriving smuggling industry. During the [[Second World War]], the island was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|invaded and occupied for five years]] by the armed forces of [[Nazi Germany]]. The island was liberated on 9 May 1945, which is now celebrated as the [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|island's national day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plans to celebrate Liberation 75 |url=http://www.gov.je/News/2020/Pages/Liberation75Plans.aspx |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=gov.je |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235725/https://www.gov.je/News/2020/Pages/Liberation75Plans.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Historically part of the [[Duchy of Normandy]], Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown when the English kings lost mainland [[Normandy]], but it never became part of the [[Kingdom of England]]. From then until the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Jersey was at the frontline of [[Anglo-French Wars]] and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as [[Mont Orgueil Castle]] and to a thriving smuggling industry. The island was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|invaded and occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces during the [[Second World War]] until 9 May 1945, now celebrated as the [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|island's national day]].
-Jersey is a self-governing [[parliamentary democracy]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]], with its own [[Economy of Jersey|financial]], [[Law of Jersey|legal]] and [[Courts of Jersey|judicial]] systems,<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |website=Government of Jersey |department=2022 News |title=First Census Results Published |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091118/https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and the power of [[self-determination]].<ref name="Expol">{{Cite report |title=Common Policy for External Relations |date=October 2012 |author= ((Council of Ministers)) |url-status=live |url= https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204635/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf }}</ref> Jersey's constitutional relationship is with the [[The Crown|Crown]]; it is not part of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="UK Gov-2018">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Crown Dependencies |url=https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |access-date=15 October 2020 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004012/https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |title=Brexit: the British Crown Dependencies |author=((European Union Committee of the House of Lords))|date=23 March 2017 |publisher=[[House of Lords]] |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043240/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=dead |chapter=Summary |at=para 4, first sentence}}</ref><ref name="Mut Bosque-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Mut Bosque |first=Maria |date=May 2020 |title=The sovereignty of the British Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=151–168 |doi=10.24043/isj.114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Bailiff is the civil head, president of the states and head of the judiciary; the lieutenant governor represents the head of state, the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]]; and the chief minister is the [[head of government]]. Jersey's defence and international representation – as well as certain policy areas, such as [[British nationality law|nationality law]] – are the responsibility of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]], but Jersey still has a separate international identity.<ref name="Torrance-2022" />
+Jersey is a [[parliamentary democracy]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]], with its own [[Economy of Jersey|financial]], [[Law of Jersey|legal]] and [[Courts of Jersey|judicial]] systems, and the power of [[self-determination]].<ref name="Expol">{{Cite report |title=Common Policy for External Relations |date=October 2012 |author= ((Council of Ministers)) |url-status=live |url= https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204635/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf }}</ref> The [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] is the civil head of the island, the [[Chief Minister of Jersey|Chief Minister]] leads the island's government, and the Lieutenant Governor represents the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]], who is the head of state. The island is not part of the [[United Kingdom]] and has a separate international identity,<ref name="UK Gov-2018">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Crown Dependencies |url=https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |access-date=15 October 2020 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004012/https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |title=Brexit: the British Crown Dependencies |author=((European Union Committee of the House of Lords))|date=23 March 2017 |publisher=[[House of Lords]] |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043240/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |chapter=Summary |at=para 4, first sentence}}</ref><ref name="Mut Bosque-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Mut Bosque |first=Maria |date=May 2020 |title=The sovereignty of the British Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=151–168 |doi=10.24043/isj.114 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022" /> but the UK government manages its defence, international representation and certain policy areas, such as [[British nationality law|nationality law]].
-The island has a large financial services industry, which generates 40% of its [[Gross value added|GVA]].<ref name="figures">{{Cite web |title=Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062938/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and the [[pound sterling]] as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,<ref name="Curriculum">{{Cite news |date=30 November 2015 |title=Understanding the curriculum |work=[[Government of Jersey]] |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905144124/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and the popularity of [[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sports]], including [[Jersey Football Association|football]] and [[cricket]].{{r|facts gov}} The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the [[Norman language|Norman]] language, [[Jèrriais]], being one of only two places in [[Normandy]] with government status for the language (the other being [[Guernsey]]), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to [[Normandy (administrative region)|mainland Normandy]] as a part of the [[Normandy|Normandy region]], and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], and they share a good-natured rivalry.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48}}
+The island has a large financial services industry, as well as agriculture and tourism. Its currency is the [[Pound sterling]] with a [[Jersey pound|local issue of banknotes and coins]]. [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and its participation in British sporting leagues, but the island also has a strong Norman-French culture, reflected by its historic dialect of the [[Norman language|Norman]] language, [[Jèrriais]].
 == Name ==
@@ Line 133: / Line 129: @@
 ''Andium'', ''Agna'' and ''Augia'' were used in antiquity.<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'', fourth century</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of stamps |url=http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508134224/http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170 |archive-date=8 May 2006 |access-date=6 October 2006 |website=[[Jersey Post]]}}</ref>
-Scholars variously surmise that ''Jersey'' and ''Jèrri'' derive from {{wikt-lang|non|jǫrð}} ([[Old Norse]] for 'earth') or {{lang|non|[[earl|jarl]]}} ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name {{lang|non|Geirr}} (thus {{lang|non|Geirrsey}}, 'Geirr's Island').<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |first=John |last=Everett-Heath |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=www.oxfordreference.com |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511204207/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ending {{wikt-lang|non|-ey}} denotes an island,<ref name="Lepelley">{{Cite book |last=Lepelley |first=René |title=Noms de lieux de Normandie et des îles Anglo-Normandes |publisher=Bonneton |year=1999 |isbn=2862532479 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect |url=http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204130/http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=Viking Network}}</ref> as in [[Guernsey]] or [[Surtsey]].
+Scholars variously surmise that ''Jersey'' and ''Jèrri'' derive from {{wikt-lang|non|jǫrð}} ([[Old Norse]] for 'earth') or {{lang|non|[[earl|jarl]]}} ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name {{lang|non|Geirr}} (thus {{lang|non|Geirrsey}}, 'Geirr's Island').<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |first=John |last=Everett-Heath |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=www.oxfordreference.com |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511204207/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ending {{wikt-lang|non|-ey}} denotes an island,<ref name="Lepelley">{{Cite book |last=Lepelley |first=René |title=Noms de lieux de Normandie et des îles Anglo-Normandes |publisher=Bonneton |year=1999 |isbn=2-86253-247-9 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect |url=http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204130/http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=Viking Network}}</ref> as in [[Guernsey]] or [[Surtsey]].
 == History ==
 {{main|History of Jersey}}
 {{see also|Archaeology of the Channel Islands|Maritime history of the Channel Islands|German occupation of the Channel Islands}}<!-- This history is a summary of Jersey history. Please make sure to only add relevant information. All information should also be added to [[History of Jersey]] (and if relevant to the other relevant History articles). -->
@@ Line 142: / Line 139: @@
 === Prehistoric and ancient Jersey ===
-Humans have lived on the island since at latest [[Timeline of prehistory#Holocene|12,000 BCE]], with evidence of habitation in the [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] period ([[La Cotte de St Brelade]]) and [[Neolithic]] dolmens, such as [[La Hougue Bie]]. Evidence of [[Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age]] settlements can be found in many locations around the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857 |title=The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=0198143850 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}</ref>
+Humans have lived on the island since at latest [[Timeline of prehistory#Holocene|12,000 BCE]], with evidence of habitation in the [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] period ([[La Cotte de St Brelade]]) and [[Neolithic]] dolmens, such as [[La Hougue Bie]]. Evidence of [[Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age]] settlements can be found in many locations around the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857 |title=The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-19-814385-0 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}</ref>
+[[Archaeological]] evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] influence has been found, in particular at [[Les Landes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland |url=https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2006 |publisher=[[States of Jersey]]}}</ref>
-[[Archaeological]] evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] influence has been found, in particular at [[Les Landes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland |url=https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2006 |publisher=[[States of Jersey]]}}</ref> Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the sixth century, the island's patron saint [[Helier]] lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now [[Elizabeth Castle]]). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.<ref>{{Cite web |first=A. M. |last=Bellows |title=St Helier: The Man and the Myth |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165438/https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the sixth century, the island's patron saint [[Helier]] lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now [[Elizabeth Castle]]). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.<ref>{{Cite web |first=A. M. |last=Bellows |title=St Helier: The Man and the Myth |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165438/https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Christianization and early Medieval period ===
+=== Early Medieval period ===
 In the ninth century the island was raided by [[Vikings]] and in 933 it was annexed to [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] by [[William Longsword]].<ref name="Lempiere-1976">{{Cite book |last=Lempière |first=Raoul |title=Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands |publisher=Robert Hale |year=1976 |isbn=0-7091-5731-2 |location=Great Britain}}</ref>{{Rp|22}} When Duke [[William the Conqueror]] became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=25}} Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the ''Constitutions of King John'', however this is disputed.<ref name="Lempiere-1976"/>{{Rp|25}} Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The [[Charles III|King]] also appointed a [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] and a Warden (now [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Lieutenant-Governor]]). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at [[Mont Orgueil]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|pp=25–28}}
-During the [[Tudor period]], the split between the [[Church of England]] and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], French refugees brought strict [[Calvinism]] to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] [[fisheries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ommer |first=Rosemary E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |title=From Outpost to Outport |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-7735-0730-2 |pages=13–14 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref> In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King [[Charles II of England]] gave Vice Admiral Sir [[George Carteret]], bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in between the [[Hudson River|Hudson]] and [[Delaware River|Delaware]] rivers, which he promptly named [[New Jersey]]. It is now a state in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weeks |first=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |title=Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake |date=1 May 2001 |publisher=[[Lehigh University Press]] |isbn=0-934223-66-1 |page=45 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Willard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |title=The Development of American Agriculture |date=30 September 1993 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-2283-3 |page=18 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073102/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+During the [[Tudor period]], the split between the [[Church of England]] and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], French refugees brought strict [[Calvinism]] to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] [[fisheries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ommer |first=Rosemary E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |title=From Outpost to Outport |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-7735-0730-2 |pages=13–14 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King [[Charles II of England]] gave Vice Admiral Sir [[George Carteret]], bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in between the [[Hudson River|Hudson]] and [[Delaware River|Delaware]] rivers, which he promptly named [[New Jersey]]. It is now a state in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weeks |first=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |title=Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake |date=1 May 2001 |publisher=[[Lehigh University Press]] |isbn=0-934223-66-1 |page=45 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Willard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |title=The Development of American Agriculture |date=30 September 1993 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-2283-3 |page=18 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073102/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 [[File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 81.jpg|thumb|Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012]]
 === Early modern period ===
-In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the [[Corn Riots]]. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the [[States Assembly|States]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In 1781, during the [[American Revolutionary War]], the island was invaded by a French force which captured [[St Helier]], but was defeated by [[Francis Peirson|Major Peirson]]'s army at the [[Battle of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=1781 The Battle Of Jersey |url=https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Heritage |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212148/https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the [[Corn Riots]]. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the [[States Assembly|States]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}
+In 1781, during the [[American Revolutionary War]], the island was invaded by a French force which captured [[St Helier]], but was defeated by [[Francis Peirson|Major Peirson]]'s army at the [[Battle of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=1781 The Battle Of Jersey |url=https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Heritage |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212148/https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,<ref name="Kelleher-1991">{{Cite thesis |title=The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey |url=https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |publisher=University of Warwick |date=1991 |first=John D. |last=Kelleher |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} This grew the tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture.
-The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,<ref name="Kelleher-1991">{{Cite thesis |title=The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey |url=https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |publisher=University of Warwick |date=1991 |first=John D. |last=Kelleher |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the 1850s, the French author [[Victor Hugo]] lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the [[Queen Victoria|Queen]], so he moved on to [[Guernsey]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}
+Island politics in this period were split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the 1850s, the French author [[Victor Hugo]] lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the [[Queen Victoria|Queen]], so he moved on to [[Guernsey]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}
 === 20th century–present ===
-During the [[Second World War]], 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.<ref name="Bunting">{{cite book |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=The Model Occupation |date=1995 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0002552426 |page=21}}</ref> Jersey was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|occupied by Germany]] from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellows |first=Tony |title=What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands? |url=http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using [[slave labour]] imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.{{sfn|Bunting|1995|pages=151–154}} After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings]], and food on the island became scarce. The [[SS Vega (1913)|''SS Vega'']] was sent to the island carrying [[Red Cross]] supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|Nazi occupation]], a resistance cell was created by communist activist [[Norman Le Brocq]] and the [[Jersey Communist Party]], whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meddick |first1=Simon |title=Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism |last2=Payne |first2=Liz |last3=Catz |first3=Phil |publisher=Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-907464-45-4 |location=UK |pages=122–123}}</ref> The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|Liberation Day]], where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and [[Universal suffrage|universal franchise]] was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}
+During the [[Second World War]], 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.<ref name="Bunting">{{cite book |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=The Model Occupation |date=1995 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-255242-6 |page=21}}</ref> Jersey was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|occupied by Germany]] from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellows |first=Tony |title=What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands? |url=http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using [[slave labour]] imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.{{sfn|Bunting|1995|pages=151–154}} After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings]], and food on the island became scarce. The [[SS Vega (1913)|''SS Vega'']] was sent to the island carrying [[Red Cross]] supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|Nazi occupation]], a resistance cell was created by communist activist [[Norman Le Brocq]] and the [[Jersey Communist Party]], whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meddick |first1=Simon |title=Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism |last2=Payne |first2=Liz |last3=Catz |first3=Phil |publisher=Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-907464-45-4 |location=UK |pages=122–123}}</ref>
-Jersey Heritage is inviting locals to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for potential [[UNESCO]] Global Geopark status, highlighting geological features like Anne Port and Portelet Bay alongside historical landmarks such as Le Dolmen des Geonnais and St Clement's Church, to showcase Jersey's unique heritage and join the network of 213 Global Geoparks worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Jersey islanders asked to identify sites for Unesco bids |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y22rep0do |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
+The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|Liberation Day]], where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States were reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and [[Universal suffrage|universal franchise]] was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}
 == Politics ==
 {{main|Politics of Jersey}}
-[[File:States Building in St Helier Jersey.jpg|thumb|The States building in St. Helier]]
-Jersey is a [[Crown Dependency]], and is not part of the United Kingdom, being officially part of the [[British Islands]]. As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=House of Commons |first=Justice Committee |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf |title=Crown dependencies |date=23 March 2010 |publisher=HMSO |isbn=978-0-215-55334-8 |volume=8th Report of Session 2009–10 |location=London |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725011834/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of [[self-determination]]".<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |title=Brexit Information Report |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=States Greffe |issue=R. 27 |location=Jersey |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180052/https://statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey and [[Jersey people|its people]] have historically been described as a nation.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}}
-Because Jersey is a dependency of the [[British Crown]], [[King Charles III]] reigns in Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey Law Review |title=Lé Rouai, Nouot' Duc |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016232214/https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> "[[The Crown]]" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".<ref>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=20 July 2010 |url-status=dead |url= http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf |title=Public Hearing – Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf}}</ref> The King's representative and adviser in the island is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]] – Vice-Admiral [[Jerry Kyd]] since 8 October 2022. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control, [[deportation]], [[naturalisation]] and the issue of passports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Lieutenant Governor |title=Lieutenant-Governor |url=http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812015723/http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>
+[[File:States Building in St Helier Jersey.jpg|thumb|The [[States Building]] in St. Helier]]
+Jersey is a [[Crown Dependency]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8611/ |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=12 September 2025 |publisher=Commons Library Research Briefing |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> It is not part of the United Kingdom, but it is part of the '[[British Islands]]', a legal definition encompassing the UK and the Crown Dependences.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1978|chapter=30|act=Interpretation Act 1978 |mode=cs1}}</ref> As a Crown Dependency, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=House of Commons |first=Justice Committee |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf |title=Crown dependencies |date=23 March 2010 |publisher=HMSO |isbn=978-0-215-55334-8 |volume=8th Report of Session 2009–10 |location=London |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725011834/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf }}</ref> Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of [[self-determination]]".<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |title=Brexit Information Report |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=States Greffe |issue=R. 27 |location=Jersey |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180052/https://statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey and [[Jersey people|its people]] have historically been described as a nation.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}}
+Because Jersey is a dependency of the [[British Crown]], [[King Charles III]] reigns in Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey Law Review |title=Lé Rouai, Nouot' Duc |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016232214/https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> "[[The Crown]]" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".<ref>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=20 July 2010 |url= http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf |title=Public Hearing – Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf}}</ref> The King's representative and adviser in the island is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]] – Vice-Admiral [[Jerry Kyd]] since 8 October 2022. He is a formal point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some ceremonial functions in relation to immigration control, [[deportation]], [[naturalisation]] and the issue of passports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Lieutenant Governor |title=Lieutenant-Governor |url=http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812015723/http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>
 [[File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 12.jpg|left|thumb|[[John McColl (British Army officer)|Sir John Chalmers McColl]] as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]]
-In 1973, the [[Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)|Royal Commission on the Constitution]] set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of [[Law of Jersey#Sources of law|island legislation]] by Order-in-Council ([[royal assent]]); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Royal Commission on the Constitution, 1969–1973 |date=1973 |volume= 1: Report |chapter= Part XI"; "Part XII |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=978-0-10-154600-3 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/royalcommissiono0000grea_j9m7/page/406/mode/2up}}</ref>
+In 1973, the [[Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)|Royal Commission on the Constitution]] set out the duties of the Crown to the island as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of [[Law of Jersey#Sources of law|island legislation]] by Order-in-Council ([[royal assent]]); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Royal Commission on the Constitution, 1969–1973 |date=1973 |volume= 1: Report |chapter= Part XI"; "Part XII |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=978-0-10-154600-3 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/royalcommissiono0000grea_j9m7/page/406/mode/2up}}</ref>
 === Legislature and government ===
-Jersey's [[unicameral]] legislature is the [[States Assembly]]. It includes 49 [[Elections in Jersey|elected]] members: 12 ''[[Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)|connétable]]s'' (often called "constables", heads of [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]]) and 37 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the [[2011 Jersey general election|October 2011 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2011 |title=States of Jersey (Miscellaneous Provisions) Law 2011 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce\htm\LawFiles\2011%2fL-13-2011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022085836/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5Chtm%5CLawFiles%5C2011%2FL-13-2011.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in the [[2005 Jersey general election]], putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.<ref name="Shaxson">Shaxson, N. (2011). ''Treasure islands: Tax havens and the men who stole the world''. London: The Bodley Head.</ref>
+The [[States Assembly]] is Jersey's legislature. It is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] body formed of 49 [[Elections in Jersey|elected]] members: 12 ''[[Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)|connétable]]s'' (often called "constables", heads of [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]]) and 37 deputies, all elected for four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2011 |title=States of Jersey (Miscellaneous Provisions) Law 2011 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce\htm\LawFiles\2011%2fL-13-2011.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022085836/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5Chtm%5CLawFiles%5C2011%2FL-13-2011.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Since the [[2022 Jersey general election|2022 elections]], the 37 deputies are elected from nine constituencies. Prior to this election, there were also ''senators'', who were elected by voters across the island. At the time of this reform, some efforts were made the remove the ''connétables'' from the Assembly, but this was not passed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Politicians bat away last-ditch attempt to save Senators |url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422225402/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/ |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=Bailiwick Express |language=en}}</ref>
-From the [[2022 Jersey general election|2022 elections]], the role of senators was abolished and the eight senators were replaced with an increased number of deputies. The 37 deputies are now elected from nine super constituencies, rather than in individual parishes. Although efforts were made the remove the ''connétables'', they will continue their historic role as states members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politicians bat away last-ditch attempt to save Senators|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Bailiwick Express|date=21 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422225402/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Jersey has a lower voter turnout. Over the last 30 years, turnout at elections in Jersey has averaged 44.1%, which is lower than any OECD country and the lowest of the three Crown Dependencies. Surveys conducted following the 2022 election found that the most common reasons for not voting were [[apathy]], mistrust and disinterest in the political system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election turnout in Jersey |url=https://www.policy.je/papers/election-turnout-in-jersey |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.policy.je}}</ref>
-There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|bailiff]], the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]], the [[Dean of Jersey]], the attorney general and solicitor general.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 1 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473877 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 3 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473878 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm| archive-date=3 October 2011| access-date=12 September 2013 |website= Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> head of the [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.<ref name="Gindill-2022">Gindill, J. (n.d.) [https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf ''The Role of the Office of Bailiff: The Need for Reform''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210025/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. University of Durham.</ref>
+There are also five non-voting members of the States, all of which are appointed by the Crown: the [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|bailiff]], the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]], the [[Dean of Jersey]], the attorney general and solicitor general.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 1 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> The Bailiff is the [[Chair (officer)|presiding officer]] of the States Assembly,<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 3 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473878 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm| archive-date=3 October 2011| access-date=12 September 2013 |website= Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> head of the [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] and, as civic head of the island, carries out various ceremonial roles.<ref name="Gindill-2022">Gindill, J. (n.d.) [https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf ''The Role of the Office of Bailiff: The Need for Reform''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210025/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. University of Durham.</ref>
-The [[Cabinet of Jersey|Council of Ministers]], consisting of a [[Chief Minister of Jersey|chief minister]] and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the [[government of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044544/https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 18 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473897 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website =Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 24 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473903 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> A chief executive is head of the civil service.<ref>States of Jersey Official Report, 3 May 2011, 5.1. Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers.</ref> Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]].<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001">Legislation Committee (2001) [https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2001/20964-36802.pdf R.2001/120 – ''THE WORKING PARTY ON PARISH ASSEMBLIES: REPORT'']. Presented to the States, 4 December 2001. States Greffe. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</ref>
+The [[Cabinet of Jersey|Council of Ministers]], consisting of a [[Chief Minister of Jersey|chief minister]] and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the [[government of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044544/https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 18 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473897 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website =Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 24 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473903 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> A chief executive is head of the civil service.<ref>States of Jersey Official Report, 3 May 2011, 5.1. Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers.</ref> Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]].<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001">Legislation Committee (2001) [https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2001/20964-36802.pdf R.2001/120 – ''THE WORKING PARTY ON PARISH ASSEMBLIES: REPORT''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120174959/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2001/20964-36802.pdf |date=20 January 2022 }}. Presented to the States, 4 December 2001. States Greffe. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</ref>
 === Law ===
 {{main|Law of Jersey}}
-Jersey is a distinct [[jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]] for the purposes of [[conflict of laws]], separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Collins of Mapesbury |first1=Lord |title=[[Dicey Morris & Collins|''Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws'']] |last2=More |last3=McLean |last4=Briggs |last5=Harris |last6=McLachlan |publisher=[[Sweet & Maxwell]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84703-461-8 |edition=14th |location=London}}</ref>
+Jersey is a distinct [[jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]] for cases in multiple jurisdictions ([[conflict of laws]]). It is separate from the other jurisdictions in the British Islands, including the other Channel Islands and [[England and Wales]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Collins of Mapesbury |first1=Lord |title=[[Dicey Morris & Collins|''Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws'']] |last2=More |last3=McLean |last4=Briggs |last5=Harris |last6=McLachlan |publisher=[[Sweet & Maxwell]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84703-461-8 |edition=14th |location=London}}</ref>
-Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular [[Norman law|Norman customary law]], [[English common law#Common law|English common law]] and modern [[French civil law]].<ref name="ref1">See generally {{cite book|author=S. Nicolle|title=The Origin and Development of Jersey law: An Outline Guide|edition=5th|location=St Helier|publisher=Jersey and Guernsey Law Review|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9557611-3-3}} and {{Cite web |title=Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law |url=http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228104105/http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Institute of Law |location=Jersey}}</ref> Jersey's [[List of country legal systems|legal system]] is therefore described as 'mixed' or '[[Legal pluralism|pluralistic]]', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main [[working language]] of the legal system is English.<ref>Hanson, Timothy (2005). [https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf "The Language of the Law: The Importance of French"]. ''The Jersey Law Review''. {{Webarchive| date=6 January 2022 | url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf }}</ref>
+Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular [[Norman law|Norman customary law]], [[English common law#Common law|English common law]] and modern [[French civil law]].<ref name="ref1">See generally {{cite book|author=S. Nicolle|title=The Origin and Development of Jersey law: An Outline Guide|edition=5th|location=St Helier|publisher=Jersey and Guernsey Law Review|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9557611-3-3}} and {{Cite web |title=Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law |url=http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228104105/http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Institute of Law |location=Jersey}}</ref> Jersey's [[List of country legal systems|legal system]] is therefore described as 'mixed' or '[[Legal pluralism|pluralistic]]'. Sources of law are in both the French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main [[working language]] of the legal system is English.<ref>Hanson, Timothy (2005). [https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf "The Language of the Law: The Importance of French"]. ''The Jersey Law Review''. {{Webarchive| date=6 January 2022 | url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf }}</ref>
-The principal court is the [[Royal Court of Jersey|Royal Court]], with appeals to the [[Jersey Court of Appeal]] and, ultimately, to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].<ref name="RC2">{{cite web |title=The Royal Court |url=http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031454/http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date= |publisher=Jersey Courts }}</ref> The [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|Bailiff]] is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are [[Law of Jersey#Judiciary|appointed]] by the Crown. Other members of the island's [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] are [[Law of Jersey#Judiciary|appointed]] by the Bailiff.<ref name="Gindill-2022" />
+The principal court is the [[Royal Court of Jersey|Royal Court]], with appeals to the [[Jersey Court of Appeal]] and, ultimately, to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].<ref name="RC2">{{cite web |title=The Royal Court |url=http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031454/http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Jersey Courts }}</ref> The [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|Bailiff]] is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] are appointed by the Bailiff.<ref name="Gindill-2022" /> The convening of the Assize d'Heritage is that of the Royal Court of Jersey, the oldest surviving land court in Europe.<ref name="w046">{{cite web | title=Assise d'Héritage 23 Sep 19 | url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/Assise%20d%27H%C3%A9ritage%2023%20Sep%2019.pdf |publisher=Jersey Government |access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref name="h834">{{cite web | title=Opening of the Legal Year in Jersey | website=Bedell Cristin | date=2013-09-17 | url=https://www.bedellcristin.com/knowledge/articles/2023/opening-of-the-legal-year-in-jersey/ | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref>
 === External relations ===
 {{main|External relations of Jersey}}
 [[File:Jersey Airport signage in Jèrriais.jpg|thumb|[[Jersey Airport]] greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in [[Jèrriais]].]]
-The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet our new foreign minister|url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117055756/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |archive-date=17 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website= This Is Jersey }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2011 |title=A new role of great importance |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122210938/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website= This Is Jersey}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Chief Minister of Jersey|chief minister]] and the UK [[Lord Chancellor]] signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey.{{r|framework}}
+Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own external relations, especially since in 2007 the UK and Jersey signed an agreement for the development of the international identity of Jersey.{{r|framework}} It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters: for example, [[Tax information exchange agreement|tax information exchange agreements]] have been signed directly by the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs) |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323051756/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204171617/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters: for example, [[tax information exchange agreements]] (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs) |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323051756/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204171617/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |url-status=live }}</ref> The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in [[Caen]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Office {{!}} Bureau des Îles Anglo-Normandes|url=https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en|access-date=21 January 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203053707/https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> London<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Government of Jersey London Office {{!}} Representing Jersey in the UK |url=http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey London Office |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112555/http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Brussels]].<ref>{{Cite web |website=Channel Islands Brussels Office (CIBO) |url=https://channelislands.eu/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |title=The Channel Islands - Séyiz les beinv'nu(e)(s)! Bian v'nue a tous! |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123135138/https://www.channelislands.eu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Jersey is a member of the [[British-Irish Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=Jersey |url=https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=British-Irish Council |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061006/https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=States of Jersey |url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.cpahq.org |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082348/https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey |url=http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Assemblée Parlementaire de la Francophonie (APF) |language=fr |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403160247/http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet our new foreign minister |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117055756/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |archive-date=17 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=This Is Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2011 |title=A new role of great importance |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122210938/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=This Is Jersey}}</ref> Jersey is a member of the [[British-Irish Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=Jersey |url=https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061006/https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=British-Irish Council |language=en}}</ref> the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=States of Jersey |url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082348/https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.cpahq.org |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey |url=http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403160247/http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Assemblée Parlementaire de la Francophonie (APF) |language=fr}}</ref> The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in [[Caen]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Office {{!}} Bureau des Îles Anglo-Normandes |url=https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203053707/https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> London<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Government of Jersey London Office {{!}} Representing Jersey in the UK |url=http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112555/http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey London Office}}</ref> and [[Brussels]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Channel Islands - Séyiz les beinv'nu(e)(s)! Bian v'nue a tous! |url=https://channelislands.eu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123135138/https://www.channelislands.eu/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Channel Islands Brussels Office (CIBO) |language=en-US}}</ref>
-[[External relations of Jersey#Separation debate|Jersey independence]] has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister Sir [[Philip Bailhache]] has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Targett |first=Tania |title=Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad' |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |date=23 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204240/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the island is prepared if needs to do so.<ref name="Extnl pol2">{{Cite web |title=COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723004955/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jersey Independence 'Not Government Policy' |url=https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Channel 103 News |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115629/https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Council of Ministers |url=https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |title=Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group |website=States Greffe |date=27 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093301/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+[[External relations of Jersey#Separation debate|Jersey independence]] has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister Sir [[Philip Bailhache]] has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Targett |first=Tania |title=Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad' |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |date=23 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204240/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the government has stated that the island is prepared if needs to do so.<ref name="Extnl pol2">{{Cite web |title=COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723004955/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jersey Independence 'Not Government Policy' |url=https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Channel 103 News |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115629/https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Council of Ministers |url=https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |title=Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group |website=States Greffe |date=27 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093301/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Jersey is a third-party European country to the EU. Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the [[Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU, Euratom and the UK|UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement]] for the purposes of goods and fishing. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to [[tariff]]s, and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its [[territorial waters]]; however, permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick's waters. The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2021 |title=France threatens to cut power to Jersey amid fishing row |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56984886 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125257/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56984886 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.{{efn|[[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]], Article 355(5)(c) TFEU states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".}} It was part of the [[European Union Customs Union|EU customs union]] and there was [[European Single Market|free movement of goods]] between Jersey and the EU, but the single market in financial services and [[free movement of people]] did not apply to Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex – 61996J0171 – EN |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:61996CJ0171 |website=European Court reports 1998 Page I-04607 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516114508/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:61996CJ0171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=States of Jersey Brexit Report |date=31 January 2017 |page=7 |url=https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2017/p.7-2017.pdf |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921120546/https://statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2017/P.7-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Jersey's [[External relations of Jersey#European Union|relationship with the European Union]] is governed by the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]]. It was not part of the EU prior to [[Brexit]]. Under this agreement, goods trade between the island and the EU are not subject to tariffs, and Jersey retains sole responsibility for its territorial waters. This latter point has led to tensions between France and Jersey over the permits of French fishermen to fish in Jersey waters.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Brandtjen |first=Roland |date=May 2022 |title=The impact of Brexit on the identity of small British-European nations |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94162 |journal=<nowiki>{{Small States & Territories Journal]]</nowiki> |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–30}}</ref>
 Jersey also has close relations with Portugal, including the exchangement of tax information; these relations are specifically strong with the [[Autonomous Region of Madeira]], where St. Helier has one of its sister cities, [[Funchal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey |first=States of |title=Government of Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2010/pages/portugaltiea072010.aspx |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=gov.je |language=en}}</ref>
 == Administrative divisions ==
-{{main|Parishes of Jersey}}{{Image frame|caption=Parishes of Jersey|content={{Parishes Map of Jersey}}}}
+{{main|Parishes of Jersey}}
+{{Image frame|caption=Parishes of Jersey|content={{Parishes Map of Jersey}}}}
 Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions), the largest being [[St Ouen, Jersey|St Ouen]] and the smallest [[St Clement, Jersey|St Clement]]. They are all named after their parish church. The ''connétable'' is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ''ex oficio'' in the States Assembly.<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001" />
@@ Line 217: / Line 224: @@
 == Geography ==
 {{main|Geography of Jersey}}
 [[File:Jersey by Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Satellite view of Jersey]]
 [[File:Jersey2021OSM.png|thumb|Large map of Jersey]]
-Jersey is an island measuring {{convert|119.6|km2|order=flip}} (or 66,436 [[vergée]]s),<ref name=figures /> including [[Land reclamation|reclaimed land]] and [[intertidal zone]]. It lies in the [[English Channel]], about {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|lk=on}} from the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] in Normandy, France, and about {{convert|87|nmi|km mi}} south of Great Britain.{{efn|name="not BI"}} It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of {{convert|143|m}} (469 ft) above sea level.<ref name="peakbagger">{{cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |title=Ascent of Jersey High Point on 2009-09-12 |website=Peakbagger.com |quote=Sources vary on the elevation of Les Platons. Its height is often listed at 143 m, as well as 136 m. |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318210217/https://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Jersey is an island measuring {{convert|119.6|km2|order=flip}} (or 66,436 [[vergée]]s),<ref name="figures">{{Cite web |title=Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062938/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref> including [[Land reclamation|reclaimed land]] and [[intertidal zone]]. It lies in the [[English Channel]], about {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|lk=on}} from the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] in Normandy, France, and about {{convert|87|nmi|km mi}} south of Great Britain.{{efn|name="not BI"}} It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of {{convert|143|m}} above sea level.<ref name="peakbagger">{{cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |title=Ascent of Jersey High Point on 2009-09-12 |website=Peakbagger.com |quote=Sources vary on the elevation of Les Platons. Its height is often listed at 143 m, as well as 136 m. |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318210217/https://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 About 24% of the island is built-up. Land area dedicated to cultivation is 52% of the island, and around 18% is natural environment.<ref name="Jersey-2020">{{Cite web |last=Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/SizeLandCover.aspx |title=Size and land cover of Jersey |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102082943/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/SizeLandCover.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 225: / Line 233: @@
 It lies within longitude [[2nd meridian west|-2° W]] and latitude [[49th parallel north|49° N]]. It has a coastline that is {{convert|70|km|order=flip}} long and a total area of {{convert|119.6|km2|order=flip}}. It measures roughly {{convert|9|mi}} from west to east and {{convert|5|mi|0}} north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Nine by Five Media |url=https://medium.com/nine-by-five-media/about |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Medium |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318111540/https://medium.com/nine-by-five-media/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at {{cvt|136|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Platons (Jersey) {{!}} Channel Islands |url=https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=UK mountain Guide |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201034047/https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at {{cvt|136|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Platons (Jersey) {{!}} Channel Islands |url=https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=UK mountain Guide |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201034047/https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm }}</ref>
 There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Minquiers and Écréhous in spatial context: Contemporary issues and cross perspectives on border islands, reefs and rocks |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283710767 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 239: / Line 247: @@
 === Climate ===
-The island has an [[oceanic climate]], with cool to mild winters and lukewarm to warm summers.<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2006 |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Jersey |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was 37.9&nbsp;°C (100.2&nbsp;°F), on [[2022 United Kingdom heatwaves#July heatwave|18 July 2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Jersey records hottest ever day as temperatures top 36°C |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Jersey Evening Post |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718175610/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|&minus;10.3|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, on 5 January 1894. 2022 was the warmest (and sunniest) year on record; the mean daily air temperature was {{convert|13.56|°C|°F|2|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jersey's hottest year on record |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2023/pages/hottestyearonrecord.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |date=1 January 2023}}</ref> For tourism advertising, Jersey often claims to be "the sunniest place in the British Isles", as Jersey has over 1,900 hours of sunlight. Jersey is indeed one of the sunniest places in the British Isles, especially during the warmer months, as it is subject to more influence from the [[Azores High]], which acts as a blocking mechanism for [[Low-pressure area|depressions]] that originate in the North Atlantic and that produce stratiform clouds and rain; these are deflected northwards towards the UK mainland. The [[Azores High]] further reduces the type of convective cloud formations (particularly [[Cumulus cloud|Cumulus]] and [[Stratocumulus cloud|Stratocumulus]]) that are common over more northern and inland areas of the UK during summer through [[Subsidence (atmosphere)|subsidence]].
+{{Main|Geography of Jersey#Climate}}
-In 2011, Jersey generated controversy for calling itself "the warmest place in the British Isles" during an advertising campaign, as Jersey is neither the place with the highest maximum temperature in the British Isles ({{convert|40.3|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} was recorded in [[Coningsby]], [[Lincolnshire]] in July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record high temperatures verified |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/news-and-media/media-centre/weather-and-climate-news/2022/record-high-temperatures-verified |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Met Office |language=en}}</ref>) or the highest winter temperatures in the British Isles (which would be the [[Isles of Scilly]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2011 |title=Isles of Scilly turn heat on Jersey over 'warmest place in Britain' claim |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/10/isles-of-scilly-jersey-warmest-britain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320143448/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/10/isles-of-scilly-jersey-warmest-britain |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>
-Typical wind speeds vary between {{convert|20|kph}} and {{convert|40|kph}}. During the cooler months, [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical cyclones]] can produce [[Gale|gales]] somewhat regularly.
-Snow is very rare in Jersey. The last significant snowfall event occurred in March 2013, when {{convert|14|cm|sigfig=2}} fell.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-12 |title=In pictures: Jersey gets more than 5.5 inches (14cm) of snowfall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-21728801 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The most recent measurable snowfall occurred on 8–9 January 2024, when {{convert|3|to|5|cm|in|sigfig=2}} fell.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{Cite web |title=Jersey Met issues Orange snow warning |website=Government of Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2024/pages/jerseymetorangesnowwarning.aspx |access-date=2024-07-25 |date=9 January 2024 |language=en|quote=In terms of snowfall accumulations, there is the potential for 3–5cm on higher ground, grass, fields and smaller lanes, with 1–2cm expected at sea level.}} |2={{cite news |title=Flights and schools disrupted after worst snowfall in nearly a decade |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2024-01-09/channel-islands-wake-up-to-snow |work=ITV News |date=10 January 2024}} |3={{cite news |last1=Heath |first1=Richard |title=A topsy-turvy month of rain, wind, frosts and some snow |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2024/02/02/a-topsy-turvy-month-of-rain-wind-frosts-and-some-snow/ |work=Jersey Evening Post |date=2 February 2024 |ref=none}} }}</ref> Initially, a fall of only {{cvt|0.5|cm}} had been forecast, so the event was more significant than expected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weather advice for Jersey – cold temperatures and potential snow |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2024/pages/weatheradviceforjerseycoldtemperaturespotentialsnow.aspx |quote={{nbsp}}... any accumulations of sleet or snow are expected to be minimal, and not more than 0.5cm in Jersey|work=Government of Jersey |date=8 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
-Extreme weather is rare due to the island's mild climate. Spring and summer thunderstorms originating from the European mainland occasionally occur, but are usually not severe. Thunderstorms [[Advection#Meteorology|advecting]] north from the [[Bay of Biscay]] tend to occur during the summer if the influence of the [[Azores High]] temporarily weakens and a [[cut-off low]] develops in the region. Cool season thunderstorms are more common compared with other parts of Europe, as the relatively warm sea-surface temperatures drive moderate surface-based convection into the cold, dry air aloft. This tends to result in [[Hail|small hail]] and weak [[waterspout]]s driven by convection and frequent shear brought on by [[cold front]]s.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
-In November 2023, Jersey was hit by extratropical [[Storm Ciarán]], causing heavy rainfall, extremely high winds with gusts of up to {{convert|104|mph|0}}.<ref>{{Cite tweet |title=As wind speed increases we're seeing an increase in calls. ... |user=JsyFire |number=1719955319512563725}} – Jersey Fire & Rescue </ref> A [[supercell]] thunderstorm associated with the [[cold front]] of this system hit Jersey at around midnight on 2 November 2023. With severe [[wind shear]] and a significant [[Atmospheric instability|temperature contrast of the upper atmosphere and sea surface]], the storm produced extremely large hail [[2023 Jersey tornado|and a tornado]], which devastated the eastern half of the Island and was subsequently [[TORRO scale|rated T6/EF3 by TORRO]], making it one of the most severe tornadoes ever recorded in the British Isles.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Jersey Tornado 1 November 2023. TORRO site investigation report |id=(SI20231101_Jersey) Storm Ciarán |last=Horton |first=Sarah |date=8 January 2024 |url=https://www.torro.org.uk/pdf/SI/SI20231101_Jersey.pdf |publisher=Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)}}</ref>
+Jersey has an [[oceanic climate|oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb)]], with cool to mild winters and lukewarm to warm summers, both greatly moderated and extremes reduced by the relatively stable [[Sea surface temperature|sea surface temperatures]] surrounding the island.<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2006 |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Jersey |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey |url-status=dead }}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{Convert|37.9|C|F}}, on [[2022 United Kingdom heatwaves#July heatwave|18 July 2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Jersey records hottest ever day as temperatures top 36°C |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Jersey Evening Post |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718175610/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|&minus;10.3|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, on 5 January 1894. 2022 was the warmest (and sunniest) year on record; the mean daily air temperature was {{convert|13.56|C|F||disp=}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jersey's hottest year on record |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2023/pages/hottestyearonrecord.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Typical wind speeds vary between {{convert|20|km/h|mph|order=flip}} and {{convert|40|kph|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}. During the cooler months, [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical cyclones]] can produce [[Gale|gales]] somewhat regularly. Snow is very rare in Jersey. The last significant snowfall event occurred in March 2013, when {{convert|14|cm|sigfig=2}} fell,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-12 |title=In pictures: Jersey gets more than 5.5 inches (14cm) of snowfall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-21728801 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and most recent measurable snowfall occurred on 8–9 January 2024, when {{convert|3|to|5|cm|abbr=on|in|sigfig=2}} fell.<ref>{{multiref2
+| 1 = {{Cite web |title=Jersey Met issues Orange snow warning |website=Government of Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2024/pages/jerseymetorangesnowwarning.aspx |access-date=2024-07-25 |date=9 January 2024 |language=en|quote=In terms of snowfall accumulations, there is the potential for 3–5cm on higher ground, grass, fields and smaller lanes, with 1–2cm expected at sea level.}}
+| 2 = {{cite news |title=Flights and schools disrupted after worst snowfall in nearly a decade |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2024-01-09/channel-islands-wake-up-to-snow |work=ITV News |date=10 January 2024}}
+| 3 = {{cite news |last1=Heath |first1=Richard |title=A topsy-turvy month of rain, wind, frosts and some snow |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2024/02/02/a-topsy-turvy-month-of-rain-wind-frosts-and-some-snow/ |work=Jersey Evening Post |date=2 February 2024 |ref=none}}
+}}</ref>
-The Government of Jersey's official meteorological department provides a five-day forecast for Jersey and Guernsey, including detailed shipping forecasts and aviation forecasts.
+Extreme weather is rare due to the island's mild climate, but Atlantic [[Extratropical cyclone|windstorms]] are fairly common in autumn and winter. In November 2023, Jersey was hit by [[Storm Ciarán]], causing heavy rainfall, extremely high winds with gusts of up to {{convert|104|mph|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1719955319512563725 |user=JsyFire |title=As wind speed increases we're seeing an increase in calls. ...}} – Jersey Fire & Rescue </ref> and a [[supercell]] thunderstorm, producing unusually large hail and the strongest [[2023 Jersey tornado|tornado]] in the British Isles since 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Jersey Tornado - 1 November 2023 - Site investigation report by the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) |url=https://www.torro.org.uk/pdf/SI/SI20231101_Jersey.pdf |website=TORRO}}</ref>
 The following table contains the official data for 1981–2010 at Jersey Airport, located {{convert|7.2|km|order=flip}} from St. Helier.
@@ Line 264: / Line 268: @@
 | Mar record high C = 20.3
 | Apr record high C = 25.0
-| May record high C = 28.0
+| May record high C = 34.2
 | Jun record high C = 33.0
 | Jul record high C = 37.9
@@ Line 352: / Line 356: @@
 | Dec sun = 63.2
 | year sun = 1904.8
-| source = Met Office<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Normals 1981–2010 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |access-date=8 May 2015 |publisher=[[Met Office]] |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421214942/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Voodoo Skies<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Extremes |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060027/http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref>
+| source = Met Office<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Normals 1981–2010 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |access-date=8 May 2015 |publisher=[[Met Office]] |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421214942/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Voodoo Skies<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Extremes |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060027/http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref>
 }}
 == Economy ==
-{{main|Economy of Jersey}}{{See also|Financial services in Jersey|Tourism in Jersey}}<!-- This section is an overview of the Economy. More detailed information should be included in the main article, or in sector-relevant articles. -->
+{{main|Economy of Jersey}}
-[[File:Jersey finance centre 2021.jpg|left|thumb|The Central Business District of St Helier]]
-Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a [[GDP per capita]] of £45,320<ref name="National accounts: GVA and GDP">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=National accounts: GVA and GDP |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Statistics Jersey |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072206/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2019. It is a [[Mixed economy|mixed market economy]], with [[free market]] principles and an advanced [[Welfare spending|social security]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benefits and financial support |url=https://www.gov.je/benefits/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003743/https://www.gov.je/Benefits/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> 53,460 people were employed in Jersey {{as of|2010|December|lc=y}}: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.<ref name="figures" />
+{{See also|Financial services in Jersey|Tourism in Jersey}}<!-- This section is an overview of the Economy. More detailed information should be included in the main article, or in sector-relevant articles. -->
+[[File:Jersey finance centre 2021.jpg|thumb|The central business district of St Helier]][[File:Aerial view of fields in St Clement, Jersey.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of fields in [[Saint Clement, Jersey|Saint Clement]]]]Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a [[GDP per capita]] of £45,320 in 2019.<ref name="National accounts: GVA and GDP">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=National accounts: GVA and GDP |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Statistics Jersey |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072206/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a [[Mixed economy|mixed market economy]], with [[free market]] principles and an advanced [[Welfare spending|social security]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benefits and financial support |url=https://www.gov.je/benefits/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003743/https://www.gov.je/Benefits/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> 53,460 people were employed in Jersey {{as of|2010|December|lc=y}}: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.<ref name="figures" />
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
 |+Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)<ref name="Gov Jersey-2019">{{Cite web |title=Government of Jersey: GVA 2019 |url=http://www.gov.je/News/2020/pages/MeasuringJerseysEconomy2019.aspx |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318001936/https://www.gov.je/News/2020/pages/MeasuringJerseysEconomy2019.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
-!rowspan=2|Sector
+! rowspan="2" |Sector
-!colspan=2|Gross value added
+! colspan="2" |Gross value added
 |-
 !% of total
@@ Line 412: / Line 416: @@
 |50
 |-
-!colspan=2|Total
+! colspan="2" |Total
 !4,972
 |}
 Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at [[purchasing power parity]] Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. [[Gross national income]] in 2009{{needs update|date=May 2024}} was £3.7&nbsp;billion (a mean of about £40,000 per head of population).<ref name="figures" /> However, there is wide variation, and the typical (median) individual resident's purchasing power and standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cost of Living in Jersey |url=https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Jersey |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Numbeo |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164731/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Jersey |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit{{snd}}an intermediate financial services market which funnels funds onwards{{efn|"Conduit-OFCs [offshore financial centres]{{nbsp}}... are 'countries that are widely perceived as attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of investments'.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spillovers in International Corporate Taxation |date=May 2014 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |location=Washington DC |page=18 |type=IMF Policy Papers |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Spillovers-in-International-Corporate-Taxation-PP4873 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094643/https://www.imf.org/-/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/np/pp/eng/2014/_050914.ashx |archive-date=13 August 2022 |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Conduit-OFCs typically have low or zero taxes imposed on the transfer of capital to other countries, either via interest payments, royalties, dividends or profit repatriation. In addition, such jurisdictions have highly developed legal systems that are able to cater to the needs of multinational corporations. Conduits play a key role in the global corporate ownership network by allowing the transfer of capital without taxation. In this way, profit from one country can be re-invested in another part of the world paying no or little taxes."{{r|Uncover}} }}{{snd}}for financial services between European countries and the island.<ref name="Uncover">{{Cite journal|last1=Garcia-Bernardo|first1=Javier|last2=Fichtner|first2=Jan|last3=Takes|first3=Frank W.|last4=Heemskerk|first4=Eelke M.|date=24 July 2017|title=Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network|url= |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=6246|arxiv=1703.03016|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.6246G|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5524793|pmid=28740120}}</ref> This sector has attracted controversy: Some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."{{r|Shaxson}}
+Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit{{snd}}an intermediate financial services market which funnels funds onwards{{efn|"Conduit-OFCs [offshore financial centres]{{nbsp}}... are 'countries that are widely perceived as attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of investments'.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spillovers in International Corporate Taxation |date=May 2014 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |location=Washington DC |page=18 |type=IMF Policy Papers |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Spillovers-in-International-Corporate-Taxation-PP4873 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094643/https://www.imf.org/-/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/np/pp/eng/2014/_050914.ashx |archive-date=13 August 2022 |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Conduit-OFCs typically have low or zero taxes imposed on the transfer of capital to other countries, either via interest payments, royalties, dividends or profit repatriation. In addition, such jurisdictions have highly developed legal systems that are able to cater to the needs of multinational corporations. Conduits play a key role in the global corporate ownership network by allowing the transfer of capital without taxation. In this way, profit from one country can be re-invested in another part of the world paying no or little taxes."{{r|Uncover}} }}{{snd}}for financial services between European countries and the island.<ref name="Uncover">{{Cite journal|last1=Garcia-Bernardo|first1=Javier|last2=Fichtner|first2=Jan|last3=Takes|first3=Frank W.|last4=Heemskerk|first4=Eelke M.|date=24 July 2017|title=Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network|url= |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=6246|arxiv=1703.03016|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.6246G|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5524793|pmid=28740120}}</ref> This sector has attracted controversy: Some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."{{r|Shaxson}}
+Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island [[Jersey Airport|arrive by air]] from the UK.<ref name="Jersey Business-2017">{{cite web |url=https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |title=The Economic Contribution of Tourism to Jersey |website=Tourism Economics |date=2017 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234009/https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted [[Fairtrade Town|Fairtrade Island]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2005 |title=Island achieves Fairtrade status |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |access-date=6 October 2006 |archive-date=6 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406102505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island [[Jersey Airport|arrive by air]] from the UK.<ref name="Jersey Business-2017">{{cite web |url=https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |title=The Economic Contribution of Tourism to Jersey |website=Tourism Economics |date=2017 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234009/https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted [[Fairtrade Town|Fairtrade Island]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2005 |title=Island achieves Fairtrade status |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |access-date=6 October 2006 |archive-date=6 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406102505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).<ref name="Jersey-2020" /> Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.<ref name=figures /> [[Jersey cattle]] are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davenport |first=Philippa |date=20 May 2006 |title=Jersey's cash cow |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 October 2006 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Witmer |first=Jason |date=11 June 2004 |title=CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies |url=http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=The Rodale Institute |archive-date=1 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201035957/http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.<ref name=figures /> Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6&nbsp;million in 2009.<ref name="figures" />
-[[File:Aerial view of fields in St Clement, Jersey.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of fields in [[Saint Clement, Jersey|Saint Clement]]]]
-In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).<ref name="Jersey-2020" /> Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.<ref name=figures /> [[Jersey cattle]] are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davenport |first=Philippa |date=20 May 2006 |title=Jersey's cash cow |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 October 2006 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Witmer |first=Jason |date=11 June 2004 |title=CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies |url=http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=The Rodale Institute |archive-date=1 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201035957/http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.<ref name=figures /> Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6&nbsp;million in 2009.<ref name="figures" />
 Along with [[Guernsey]], Jersey has its own lottery called the [[Channel Islands Lottery]], which was launched in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |title=States of Guernsey: Channel Islands Lottery |url=http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/culture---leisure/channel-islands-lottery/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813181609/http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/culture---leisure/channel-islands-lottery/ |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>
@@ Line 427: / Line 431: @@
 === Taxation ===
 {{See also|Economy of Jersey#Taxation|Financial services in Jersey#'Tax haven' status}}
-Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes are levied on properties (known as 'rates') and there are taxes on [[Income tax|personal income]], [[Corporate tax|corporate income]] and [[Sales tax|goods and services]].<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021">{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Money and tax |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114225016/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as [[low-value consignment relief]], to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com">{{Cite web |title=EU to close LVCR loophole completely |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114080140/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com" />
+Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes (known as 'rates') are levied on properties, and there are taxes on [[Income tax|personal income]], [[Corporate tax|corporate income]] and [[Sales tax|goods and services]].<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021">{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Money and tax |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114225016/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as [[low-value consignment relief]], to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com">{{Cite web |title=EU to close LVCR loophole completely |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114080140/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ }}</ref> This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com" />
-There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021" /> Jersey is considered to be a [[tax haven]]. Until March 2019 the island was on the [[European Union tax haven blacklist|EU tax haven blacklist]], but it no longer features on it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxation: EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506140816/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, [[Paul Tang (politician)|Paul Tang]], criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bailiwick Express |title=WATCH: Jersey in EU's sights in plan to tighten tax haven 'blacklist' |url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=Bailiwick Express |date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003818/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, [[Tax Justice Network|Tax Justice]] ranked Jersey as the 16th on the [[Financial Secrecy Index]], below larger countries such as the UK, but still placing it at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making it a small player in the total market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View 2020 results |url=https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=fsi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502144219/https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021, with a haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Tax Haven Index 2021 |url=https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=cthi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003819/https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021" /> Jersey is considered to be a [[tax haven]]. Until March 2019 the island was on the [[European Union tax haven blacklist|EU tax haven blacklist]], but it no longer features on it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxation: EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506140816/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, [[Paul Tang (politician)|Paul Tang]], criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bailiwick Express |title=WATCH: Jersey in EU's sights in plan to tighten tax haven 'blacklist' |url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=Bailiwick Express |date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003818/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, [[Tax Justice Network|Tax Justice]] ranked Jersey as the 16th on the [[Financial Secrecy Index]], below larger countries such as the UK, but still placing it at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making it a small player in the total market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View 2020 results |url=https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=fsi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502144219/https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021, with a haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Tax Haven Index 2021 |url=https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=cthi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003819/https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Transport ===
 {{Main|Transport in Jersey}}
-[[File:Grouville Common Path.jpg|thumb|A cycle path in [[Gorey, Jersey|Gorey]]]]
-The primary mode of transport on the island is the [[motor vehicle]]. Jersey has a road network consisting of {{convert|557|km|order=flip}} of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registered vehicles (FOI) |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131123358/https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey has a large network of lanes, some of which are classified as green lanes, which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.<ref>Lamy, M. (2019). [https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf Weekender: Jersey's Green Lanes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210142/https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. ''cycle'' February/March 2019.</ref>
-The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator [[Franchising|franchise]] model, currently contracted to LibertyBus, a company owned by [[Kelsian Group]]. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.<ref>Villeneuve-Smith, Frank (2018). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220528201105/https://hctgroup.org/uploaded/Practical%20bus%20franchising%20-%20the%20Jersey%20model.pdf Practical bus franchising: the Jersey model]}}. HCT Group (hctgroup.com). Retrieved 23 May 2022.</ref> There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme (EVie).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://evieondemand.com/|title=EVie &#124; Electric mobility on demand in Jersey|website=EVie|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122044/https://evieondemand.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jersey has an [[Jersey Airport|airport]] and a number of ports, which are operated by Ports of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of Ports of Jersey |url=https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=www.ports.je |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202120827/https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |url-status=live }}</ref>
+[[File:Start of Green Lane sign in Jersey.jpg|thumb|A typical country road in Jersey, with Green Lane signage unique to the island]]
+The primary mode of transport on the island is the [[motor vehicle]]. Jersey has a road network consisting of {{convert|557|km|order=flip}} of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registered vehicles (FOI) |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131123358/https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey has a large network of narrow [[Back road|country lanes]], some of which are classified as 'Green Lanes', which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.<ref>Lamy, M. (2019). [https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf Weekender: Jersey's Green Lanes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210142/https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. ''cycle'' February/March 2019.</ref>
+The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator [[Franchising|franchise]] model, currently contracted to [[LibertyBus]], a company owned by [[Kelsian Group]]. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.<ref>Villeneuve-Smith, Frank (2018). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220528201105/https://hctgroup.org/uploaded/Practical%20bus%20franchising%20-%20the%20Jersey%20model.pdf Practical bus franchising: the Jersey model]}}. HCT Group (hctgroup.com). Retrieved 23 May 2022.</ref>
+Jersey has an [[Jersey Airport|airport]] and a number of ports, which are all operated by Ports of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of Ports of Jersey |url=https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=www.ports.je |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202120827/https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Currency ===
 {{main|Jersey pound}}
 [[File:Commemorative stamps for Mesny's 150th anniversary 1992.jpg|thumb|right|Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General [[William Mesny]]]]
 Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the [[Bank of England]]. The official currency of Jersey is the [[pound sterling]]. Jersey issues its own postage stamps, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not [[legal tender]] outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |date=6 December 2001 |title=Lords Hansard text for 6 Dec 2001 (211206-28) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091450/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 449: / Line 457: @@
 {{main|Demographics of Jersey}}
 Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Historical populations
 |align=right
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 === Nationality and citizenship ===
-[[Jersey people]] are the native nation on the island;{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}} however, they do not form a majority of the population.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022" /> Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to [[Acts of Union 1707|the Union of Britain]]. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. The growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994">{{Cite book |last=Le Feuvre |first=David |title=JERSEY: Not quite British |publisher=Seaflower Books |year=1994 |location=Jersey}}</ref>
+[[Jersey people]] are the native nation on the island;{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}} however, they do not form a majority of the population.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022" /> Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to [[Acts of Union 1707|the Union of Britain]]. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. The growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994">{{Cite book |last=Le Feuvre |first=David |title=Jersey: Not quite British |publisher=Seaflower Books |year=1993 |location=Jersey|isbn=0948578572|others=Illustrations by Pat Miller}}</ref>
-Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. [[British nationality law]] confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.<ref name="Nationality Act">{{Cite web |title=British Nationality Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142348/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8 |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Legislation, UK, Acts |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]] |quote=the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=20 June 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Research Library |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014011359/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lieutenant Governor's office issues [[British passport]]s (specifically the [[Jersey-variant British passport|Jersey variant]]) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1272536695678873600 |user=GovJersey |title=Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week |author=[[Government of Jersey]] |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. ) |url=https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.cab.org.je |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204516/https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. [[British nationality law]] confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.<ref name="Nationality Act">{{Cite web |title=British Nationality Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142348/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8 |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Legislation, UK, Acts |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]] |quote=the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=20 June 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Research Library |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014011359/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lieutenant Governor's office issues [[British passport]]s (specifically the [[Jersey-variant British passport|Jersey variant]]) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1272536695678873600 |user=GovJersey |title=Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week |author=[[Government of Jersey]] |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. ) |url=https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.cab.org.je |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204516/https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Immigration ===
-Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Summary Policy |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204016/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.<ref name="gov.je - Migration Monitoring and Regulation">{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021315/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
+Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Summary Policy |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204016/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.<ref name="gov.je - Migration Monitoring and Regulation">{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021315/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
-Jersey is part of the [[Common Travel Area]] (CTA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue |url=https://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113620/http://www2.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration |publisher=States of Jersey |quote=Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.}}</ref> a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa), though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers, and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005017/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizensinformation.ie |title=Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.citizensinformation.ie |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195559/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Jersey is part of the [[Common Travel Area]] (CTA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue |url=https://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113620/http://www2.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration |publisher=States of Jersey |quote=Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.}}</ref> a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa). The Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID, since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005017/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizensinformation.ie |title=Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.citizensinformation.ie |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195559/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Immigration |url=http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021150/http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |title=Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091445/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Immigration |url=http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021150/http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |title=Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091445/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. To move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:
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 ==== History of immigration ====
-Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands){{fact|date=May 2024}} and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994" /> However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref name="Boleat-2014" />
+Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands)<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994" />{{rp|p=33}} and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994" />{{rp|p=34}} However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref name="Boleat-2014" />
 From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. The new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.<ref name="Boleat-2014">{{Cite book |last=Boleat |first=Mark |url=https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |title=Jersey's population – a history |year=2014 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200509/https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 517: / Line 527: @@
 [[File:Saint Thomas Roman Catholic church, Victoria Street, Jersey.jpg|thumb|St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier]]
 {{main|Religion in Jersey}}
 Jersey's patron saint is [[Helier|Saint Helier]], after whom the capital town is named.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index to pages and links on St Helier's Church and the Saint (and his background) |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier0.htm |website=Société Jersiaise |access-date=13 April 2025}}
 * {{cite web|url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier.html |title=Saint Helier – Saint Hélyi – Saint Hélier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311231037/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/|archive-date=11 March 2006 |website=Société Jersiaise}}</ref> From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the [[Diocese of Winchester]] in 1568.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202145/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey became "formally attached" to the [[Diocese of Salisbury]] in November 2022.<ref>Salisbury diocese website</ref> The established church is the [[Church of England]], presided over in the island by the [[Dean of Jersey|Dean]], who is ''ex officio'' a States Member, but has no vote.<ref name="About"/> The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churches |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212157/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 547: / Line 558: @@
 == Culture ==
 {{main|Culture of Jersey}}
-[[File:La Nethe Rue road sign Jersey.jpg|thumb|Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in [[Saint Ouen, Jersey|Saint Ouen]]]]
+[[File:La Nethe Rue road sign Jersey.jpg|thumb|Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in [[Saint Ouen, Jersey|Saint Ouen]]]][[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and the [[pound sterling]] as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,<ref name="Curriculum">{{Cite news |date=30 November 2015 |title=Understanding the curriculum |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905144124/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=30 November 2016 |work=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref> and the popularity of [[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sports]], including [[Jersey Football Association|football]] and [[cricket]].{{r|facts gov}} The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the [[Norman language|Norman]] language, [[Jèrriais]], being one of only two places in [[Normandy]] with government status for the language (the other being [[Guernsey]]), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to [[Normandy (administrative region)|mainland Normandy]] as a part of the [[Normandy|Normandy region]], and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], and they share a good-natured rivalry.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48}}
 === Cultural events ===
-The [[Jersey Battle of Flowers|Battle of Flowers]] is a carnival that has been held annually in August since 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=The Jersey Battle of Flowers |url=http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825021120/http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |archive-date=25 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Battle of Flowers Association}}</ref> Other festivals include {{lang|nrf|La Fête dé Noué}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Fête dé Noué |url=http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222111703/http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> (Christmas festival), {{lang|nrf|La Faîs'sie d'Cidre}} (cidermaking festival),<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Faîs'sie d'Cidre |url=http://jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012001338/http://www.jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |archive-date=12 October 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> the [[Battle of Britain]] air display,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Jersey International Air Display |url=http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404234309/http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekender Music Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekender Festival {{!}} Jersey Events {{!}} JerseyTravel.com |url=https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.jerseytravel.com |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202136/https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |url-status=live }}</ref> food festivals, and parish events.
+The [[Jersey Battle of Flowers|Battle of Flowers]] is a carnival that has been held annually in August since 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=The Jersey Battle of Flowers |url=http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825021120/http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |archive-date=25 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Battle of Flowers Association}}</ref> Other festivals include {{lang|nrf|La Fête dé Noué}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Fête dé Noué |url=http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222111703/http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> (Christmas festival), {{lang|nrf|La Faîs'sie d'Cidre}} (cidermaking festival),<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Faîs'sie d'Cidre |url=http://jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012001338/http://www.jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |archive-date=12 October 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> the [[Battle of Britain]] air display,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Jersey International Air Display |url=http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404234309/http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekender Music Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekender Festival {{!}} Jersey Events {{!}} JerseyTravel.com |url=https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.jerseytravel.com |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202136/https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |url-status=live }}</ref> food festivals, and parish events.
 The [[Jersey Eisteddfod]] is an annual festival celebrating local culture. It is split into performing arts (e.g. dance, music, modern languages) and creative arts (e.g. needlework, photography, craft).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Eisteddfod |url=https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Culture Jersey |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171642/https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Art ===
-Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper Palaeolithic]]; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2020 |title=Earliest art in the British Isles discovered on Jersey |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606165701/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bello |first1=Silvia M. |last2=Blinkhorn |first2=Edward |last3=Needham |first3=Andrew |last4=Bates |first4=Martin |last5=Duffy |first5=Sarah |last6=Little |first6=Aimée |last7=Pope |first7=Matt |last8=Scott |first8=Beccy |last9=Shaw |first9=Andrew |last10=Welch |first10=Mark D. |last11=Kinnaird |first11=Tim |last12=Millar |first12=Lisa |last13=Robinson |first13=Ruth |last14=Conneller |first14=Chantal |date=19 August 2020 |title=Artists on the edge of the world: An integrated approach to the study of Magdalenian engraved stone plaquettes from Jersey (Channel Islands) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=e0236875 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0236875 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7446900 |pmid=32813748 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1536875B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper Palaeolithic]]; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2020 |title=Earliest art in the British Isles discovered on Jersey |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606165701/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bello |first1=Silvia M. |last2=Blinkhorn |first2=Edward |last3=Needham |first3=Andrew |last4=Bates |first4=Martin |last5=Duffy |first5=Sarah |last6=Little |first6=Aimée |last7=Pope |first7=Matt |last8=Scott |first8=Beccy |last9=Shaw |first9=Andrew |last10=Welch |first10=Mark D. |last11=Kinnaird |first11=Tim |last12=Millar |first12=Lisa |last13=Robinson |first13=Ruth |last14=Conneller |first14=Chantal |date=19 August 2020 |title=Artists on the edge of the world: An integrated approach to the study of Magdalenian engraved stone plaquettes from Jersey (Channel Islands) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |article-number=e0236875 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0236875 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7446900 |pmid=32813748 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1536875B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 The island has produced a number of notable artists. [[John St Helier Lander]] (1868–1944) was a [[Portrait painting|portrait painter]] born in St Helier in 1868; he was a portraitist for the Royal Family.<ref name="Times">Anonymous (1944). Mr. J. St H. Lander. ''The Times'' 15 February 1944 p 6</ref> [[Edmund Blampied]] also lived around the same period; he was known for his [[etching]]s and [[drypoint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – Article 6 – Edmund Blampied |url=https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Société Jersiaise |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171032/https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other famous historic artists include [[John Le Capelain]], [[John Everett Millais]] and Philip Ouless. There are also several contemporary Jersey artists, such as Ian Rolls, known for painting quirky landscape paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Rolls – The Harbour Gallery Jersey |url=https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=theharbourgalleryjersey.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171028/https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 561: / Line 573: @@
 Jersey also has historic connections to French art. French artist [[René Lalique]] created the [[stained glass]] windows at [[St Matthew's Church, Jersey|St Matthew's Church]]. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Matthew's Glass Church |url=https://stmatthews.je/glass-church |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=St Matthew's Glass Church |language=en-US |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171029/https://stmatthews.je/glass-church |url-status=live }}</ref> Artist partners [[Claude Cahun]] and [[Marcel Moore]] were born in France but moved to and died in the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Claude Cahun – Chronology |url=http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html |access-date=18 October 2007 |archive-date=25 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925180515/http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== ''Bergerac'' ===
+=== Television and media ===
+{{main|Media of Jersey}}
-The popular 1980s BBC detective drama ''[[Bergerac (TV series)|Bergerac]]'', starring [[John Nettles]], was set in Jersey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Classic crime show ''Bergerac'' set to return |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-47161490 |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
-=== Media ===
+{{See also|Telecommunications in Jersey}}
-{{main|Media of Jersey}}
+The popular 1980s BBC detective drama ''[[Bergerac (TV series)|Bergerac]]'', starring [[John Nettles]], was set in Jersey. The series was recently revived with a new cast by [[UKTV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Classic crime show ''Bergerac'' set to return |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-47161490 |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>[[File:Haûlîngu'thie d'la couleu d'Jèrri l'7 d'Avri 2011 11.jpg|thumb|A Channel Television crew interview the [[Bailiff of Jersey]]]][[BBC Radio Jersey]] provides a radio service, and BBC [[Spotlight (BBC News)|Channel Islands News]] provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. [[ITV Channel Television]] is a regional [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by [[Channel 103]], among other companies.
-[[File:Haûlîngu'thie d'la couleu d'Jèrri l'7 d'Avri 2011 11.jpg|thumb|A Channel Television crew interview the [[Bailiff of Jersey]]]]{{See also|Telecommunications in Jersey}}
-[[BBC Radio Jersey]] provides a radio service, and BBC [[Spotlight (BBC News)|Channel Islands News]] provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. [[ITV Channel Television]] is a regional [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by [[Channel 103]], among other companies.
 Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the ''[[Jersey Evening Post]]'', which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Evening Post |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141512/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Music ===
-[[File:Jersey Town Criterium 2011 07.jpg|thumb|The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Band of the Island of Jersey |url=http://www.islandband.org.je |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907163918/http://www.islandband.org.je/ |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Jersey Town Criterium 2011 07.jpg|thumb|The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Band of the Island of Jersey |url=http://www.islandband.org.je |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907163918/http://www.islandband.org.je/ |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref>]]
 Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded [[Folk music|folk songs]] from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.<ref>Kennedy, Peter (1975) Folksongs of Britain and Ireland. London: Cassell</ref> The folk song {{lang|nrf|Chanson de Peirson}} is unique to the island.<ref>Jersey Times Almanac & Directory, 26 January 1907</ref>
@@ Line 588: / Line 597: @@
 In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first [[talking picture]], ''The Perfect Alibi'', was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935; during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisson |first=Mike |date=7 December 2021 |title=Cinema |url=https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Cinema |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jerripedia |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082436/https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Cinema |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Odeon Cinema]] was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10-screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002, and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Document Reference: HE0024 |url=https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000655/https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Mygov.je}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Odeon Cinema Building sold to Freedom Church Jersey |url=http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202041445/http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>
+The [[Odeon Cinema]] was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10-screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002, and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Document Reference: HE0024 |url=https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000655/https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Mygov.je}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Odeon Cinema Building sold to Freedom Church Jersey |url=http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202041445/http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>
-First held in 2008, the [[Branchage|Branchage Jersey International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branchage Film Festival |url=http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915034127/http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> attracts filmmakers from all over the world.
+First held in 2008, the [[Branchage|Branchage Jersey International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branchage Film Festival |url=http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915034127/http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> attracts filmmakers from all over the world.
 The 2001 movie ''[[The Others (2001 film)|The Others]]'' was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation.
@@ Line 598: / Line 607: @@
 Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: [[mussel]]s (called {{lang|nrf|moules}} in the island), [[oyster]]s, [[European lobster|lobster]] and crabs – especially [[Maja squinado|spider crabs]] – [[Abalone|ormers]] and [[conger]].<ref name="Recipes-2022">{{Cite web |title=Jersey Food and Recipes |url=https://www.i-love-jersey.co.uk/recipes-and-food-in-Jersey.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.i-love-jersey.co.uk |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202132/https://www.i-love-jersey.co.uk/recipes-and-food-in-Jersey.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Jersey milk being very rich, [[cream]] and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.<ref name="CI report">{{cite web |date=18 January 2010 |title=Market Prospects for Channel Island milk |url=http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314221425/http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Milk Development Council |access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> [[Jersey Royal potatoes]] are the local variety of [[new potato]], and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using [[Seaweed fertiliser|vraic]] as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Royals – Genuine New Potatoes |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404134542/https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Jersey milk being very rich, [[cream]] and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.<ref name="CI report">{{cite web |date=18 January 2010 |title=Market Prospects for Channel Island milk |url=http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314221425/http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Milk Development Council |access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> [[Jersey Royal potatoes]] are the local variety of [[new potato]], and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using [[Seaweed fertiliser|vraic]] as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Royals – Genuine New Potatoes |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404134542/https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Apples historically were an important crop. {{lang|nrf|Bourdélots}} are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter ({{lang|nrf|[[Nièr beurre|lé nièr beurre]]}}), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, [[cider]] and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, [[apple brandy]] is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Mare Wine Estate |url=http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811042535/http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2013 the first commercial [[vodka]]s made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2013 |title=Double vodka on the Rock |work=Jersey Evening Post |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910080046/http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
+Apples historically were an important crop. {{lang|nrf|Bourdélots}} are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter ({{lang|nrf|[[Nièr beurre|lé nièr beurre]]}}), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, [[cider]] and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, [[apple brandy]] is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Mare Wine Estate |url=http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811042535/http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage }}</ref> and in 2013 the first commercial [[vodka]]s made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2013 |title=Double vodka on the Rock |work=Jersey Evening Post |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910080046/http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
 Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders ({{lang|nrf|les mèrvelles}}), fliottes, bean crock ({{lang|nrf|les pais au fou}}), [[Urtica dioica|nettle]] ({{lang|nrf|ortchie}}) soup, and vraic buns.<ref name="Recipes-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Popular Traditional Food in the Channel Islands |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-food-in-channel-islands |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.tasteatlas.com |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210132/https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-food-in-channel-islands |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 606: / Line 615: @@
 === Sport ===
 {{main|Sport in Jersey}}
 [[File:Harry Vardon statue Grouville 3.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of Jersey golfer, [[Harry Vardon]], stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club.]]
-In its own right, Jersey participates in the [[Commonwealth Games]] and in the biennial [[Island Games]], which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island Games Jersey 2015 Bid &#124; Home |url=http://www.jersey2015.com/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325001855/https://www.jersey2015.com/home |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=26 April 2012 |publisher=Jersey2015.com}}</ref>
+In its own right, Jersey participates in the [[Commonwealth Games]] and in the biennial [[Island Games]], which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island Games Jersey 2015 Bid &#124; Home |url=http://www.jersey2015.com/home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325001855/https://www.jersey2015.com/home |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=26 April 2012 |publisher=Jersey2015.com}}</ref>
 The [[Jersey Football Association]] supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JFA Combination League |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/index.html?league=8379530 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=fulltime.thefa.com |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403055409/https://fulltime.thefa.com/index.html?league=8379530 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jersey official football team|Jersey national football team]] plays in the annual [[Muratti]] competition against the other Channel Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muratti Vase |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/muratti.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804231218/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/muratti.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rugby union in Jersey]] comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the [[Rugby Football Union]] of England. Amateur side, [[Jersey RFC]], won the English Regional Two South Central Division in the 2023/24 season and will play in fifth tier Regional One South Central next campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/68452525|title=Jersey RFC win Regional Two South Central title after 54–7 Newbury win|date=16 March 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-06-05|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513091303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/68452525|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 614: / Line 624: @@
 [[Jersey Cricket Board]] is the official [[Sport governing body|governing body]] of the sport of [[cricket]] in Jersey. Jersey Cricket Board is Jersey's representative at the [[International Cricket Council|International Cricket Council (ICC)]]. It has been an ICC member since 2005 and an associate member since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cricket Council |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/europe/associate/111 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404060951/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/europe/associate/111 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jersey cricket team]] plays in the [[Inter-insular match]], as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.
-For Horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of [[Grosnez Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Jersey Race Club |date=11 July 2013 |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132609/https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+For horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of [[Grosnez Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Jersey Race Club |date=11 July 2013 |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132609/https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome {{!}} AquaSplash |url=https://www.aquasplash.je/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.aquasplash.je |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326082120/https://www.aquasplash.je/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Quennevais {{!}} Active.je |url=https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.active.je |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326175332/https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais |url-status=live }}</ref> Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swims to take part in |url=http://www.jerseyseaswims.org/swims-to-take-part-in.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Jersey Long Distance Swimming Club |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210133/http://www.jerseyseaswims.org/swims-to-take-part-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.<ref>[https://www.rciyc.je/about About]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Royal Channel Islands Yacht Club''. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref>
@@ Line 620: / Line 630: @@
 Two professional golfers from Jersey have won [[the Open Championship]] seven times between them; [[Harry Vardon]] won six times and [[Ted Ray (golfer)|Ted Ray]] won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]] once each. Harry Vardon's brother, [[Tom Vardon]], had wins on various European tours.
-Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New body to promote sport |url=https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135427/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New body to promote sport |url=https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135427/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ }}</ref>
 === Languages ===
@@ Line 633: / Line 643: @@
 As Jèrriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jèrriais alongside Standard English and French.<ref name="facts gov">{{Cite web |title=Facts about Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |access-date=2 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191221081233/https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx}}</ref>
-[[Matthew Le Geyt]] was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.<ref name="Jersey Tourism-2006">{{Cite web |title=Where is Jersey |url=http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archive-date=20 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Tourism}}</ref> [[Philippe Le Sueur Mourant]] wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.{{r|facts gov}} Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.<ref name="Ramsar-2018" />
+[[Matthew Le Geyt]] was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.<ref name="Jersey Tourism-2006">{{Cite web |title=Where is Jersey |url=http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archive-date=20 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Tourism}}</ref> [[Philippe Le Sueur Mourant]] wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.{{r|facts gov}} Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.<ref name="Ramsar-2018">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |title=Les Écrehous & Les Dirouilles, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155637/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Les Minquiers, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025129/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Les Pierres de Lecq |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130033/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |url-status=live }}
+}}</ref>
 After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author [[Victor Hugo]], as Jersey's culture had a relation to their native French.<ref name="UK Gov-2018" /> Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up [[Jersey Zoo]], was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He wrote in order to fund and further his conservation work.<ref name="Mut Bosque-2020" />
@@ Line 642: / Line 653: @@
 Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the [[Education in England|English system]]. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.<ref name="JerseyLaw-1999">{{Cite web |title=Education (Jersey) Law 1999 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_27_1999 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board |archive-date =5 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202133/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/revised/pages/10.800.aspx#_Toc2699048 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government provides limited free pre-school education to parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free early learning for your child |url=https://www.gov.je/Education/Preschool/Pages/NurseryEducation.aspx |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317210144/https://www.gov.je/Education/Preschool/Pages/NurseryEducation.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/pages/understandingcurriculum.aspx |title=Understanding the curriculum |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201331/https://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
-As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form, [[Hautlieu School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of primary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611051517/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx |url-status=dead }}
+As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form, [[Hautlieu School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of primary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611051517/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx }}
-{{cite web |title=List of secondary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620010513/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Highlands College provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Islanders to pay same university fees as UK counterparts |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=[[ITV News]] |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317205845/https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |url-status=live }}</ref>
+{{cite web |title=List of secondary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620010513/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx }}</ref> [[Highlands College, Jersey|Highlands College]] provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Islanders to pay same university fees as UK counterparts |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=[[ITV News]] |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317205845/https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Environment ==
+=== Environmental protection ===
 {{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
@@ Line 653: / Line 665: @@
 | designation1_number = 1043<ref>{{Cite web |title=South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1043 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142010/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1043 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 }}
-Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar sites]]: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Protected Coastlines (Ramsar) |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610000045/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar sites]]: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Protected Coastlines (Ramsar) |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610000045/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref>
+==== Land use planning ====
+Jersey operates a [[Urban planning|planning]] system based on the discretionary system in use in the UK, where the States of Jersey passes a development plan, known as the Island Plan, which sets out [[zoning]], development policies and sites allocated for development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=Jersey U3A Local |date=2016-10-22 |title=The History of Planning in Jersey |url=https://medium.com/@JU3ALS/jersey-u3a-local-studies-dd1d97d5a7c3 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Planning is regulated by the Island Planning Law 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island Planning (Jersey) Law 1964 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/superseded/Pages/2006/22.225.aspx |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.jerseylaw.je}}</ref>
-Jersey is the home of the [[Jersey Zoo]] (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to be a zoo again |url=https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |website=Durrell |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035710/https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author [[Gerald Durrell]].
+==== Geopark bid ====
+The Aspiring Jersey Island Geopark (AJIG) project is a local campaign supported by the Government of Jersey and Jersey Heritage to achieve [[geopark]] status for the island of Jersey. The campaign intends to submit an application to [[UNESCO]] to designate the island as a [[UNESCO Global Geoparks|Global Geopark]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-05 |title=Jersey releases plan for Unesco Geopark status |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-59173643 |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> As part of this, Jersey Heritage launched a call for islanders to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for individual nomination for geopark status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Jersey islanders asked to identify sites for Unesco bids |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y22rep0do |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 === Biodiversity ===
-Four species of small mammal are considered native:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Based Research Projects – The Jersey Mammal Survey |url=http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research+and+Monitoring/Species+Based+Research+Projects/The+Jersey+Mammal+Survey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015634/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research%2Band%2BMonitoring/Species%2BBased%2BResearch%2BProjects/The%2BJersey%2BMammal%2BSurvey.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> [[wood mouse]], [[bank vole]] (an [[Endemism|endemic]] subspecies ''Clethrionomys glareolus caesarius''), [[lesser white-toothed shrew]] and [[crowned shrew]]. Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: [[European rabbit|rabbit]] (introduced in the [[Middle Ages]]), [[red squirrel]] and [[hedgehog]] (both introduced in the 19th century). The [[stoat]] became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000,<ref name="ActionPlan">{{Cite web |title=Bio Diversity Action Plans for Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Environment%20and%20greener%20living/ID%20Biodiversity%20Action%20Plans%20II%20DM%2020012016.pdf |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> and may have been outcompeted by [[Ferret|feral ferrets]] which probably became established on the island in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black List Mammals |url=http://www.birdsontheedge.org/wild-jersey/black-list/animals/ |access-date=23 May 2025|website=Birds on the Edge Project }}</ref>
+Four species of small mammal are considered native:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Based Research Projects – The Jersey Mammal Survey |url=http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research+and+Monitoring/Species+Based+Research+Projects/The+Jersey+Mammal+Survey.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015634/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research%2Band%2BMonitoring/Species%2BBased%2BResearch%2BProjects/The%2BJersey%2BMammal%2BSurvey.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> the [[wood mouse]], [[bank vole]] (an [[Endemism|endemic]] subspecies ''Clethrionomys glareolus caesarius''), [[lesser white-toothed shrew]] and [[crowned shrew]]. Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the [[European rabbit|rabbit]] (introduced in the [[Middle Ages]]), [[red squirrel]] and [[hedgehog]] (both introduced in the 19th century). The [[stoat]] became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000,<ref name="ActionPlan">{{Cite web |title=Bio Diversity Action Plans for Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Environment%20and%20greener%20living/ID%20Biodiversity%20Action%20Plans%20II%20DM%2020012016.pdf |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> and may have been outcompeted by [[Ferret|feral ferrets]] which probably became established on the island in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black List Mammals |url=http://www.birdsontheedge.org/wild-jersey/black-list/animals/ |access-date=23 May 2025|website=Birds on the Edge Project }}</ref>
 The [[red-billed chough]] became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey, [[Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust]] and [[National Trust for Jersey]], is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birds on the Edge Project |url=http://www.birdsontheedge.org/ |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814023022/http://www.birdsontheedge.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Four species of reptiles occur on Jersey: [[western green lizard]], [[Podarcis muralis|wall lizard]], [[Common slow worm|slow worm]], and [[barred grass snake]]. There are three species of amphibians: [[spiny toad]] (known locally as the Crapaud<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.arguk.org/images/users/70/downloads/Crapaud.pdf |title=Jersey Toad, Crapaud or Western Common Toad ''Bufo spinosus'' |author= |date= |work= |publisher=JARG (Jersey Amphibian & Reptile Group) |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>), [[agile frog]], and [[palmate newt]]. All are protected species, with Jersey being the only native habitat in the British Isles for the green lizard, wall lizard, spiny toad and agile frog.<ref name="ActionPlan"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reptiles and amphibians conservation |url=https://www.gov.je/environment/landmarinewildlife/coldblooded/Pages/index.aspx |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Government of Jersey}}</ref>
+Four species of reptiles occur on Jersey: the [[western green lizard]], [[Podarcis muralis|wall lizard]], [[Common slow worm|slow worm]], and [[barred grass snake]]. There are three species of amphibians: the [[spiny toad]] (known locally as the Crapaud<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.arguk.org/images/users/70/downloads/Crapaud.pdf |title=Jersey Toad, Crapaud or Western Common Toad ''Bufo spinosus'' |author= |date= |publisher=JARG (Jersey Amphibian & Reptile Group) |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>), [[agile frog]], and [[palmate newt]]. All are protected species, with Jersey being the only native habitat in the British Isles for the green lizard, wall lizard, spiny toad and agile frog.<ref name="ActionPlan"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reptiles and amphibians conservation |url=https://www.gov.je/environment/landmarinewildlife/coldblooded/Pages/index.aspx |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Government of Jersey}}</ref>
-The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Agile frog protection plans |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731024322/http://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agile frog |url=https://www.durrell.org/animals/amphibians/agile-frog/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106202756/http://www.durrell.org/Animals/Amphibians/Agile-Frog/ |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust}}</ref>
+The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Agile frog protection plans |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731024322/http://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agile frog |url=https://www.durrell.org/animals/amphibians/agile-frog/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106202756/http://www.durrell.org/Animals/Amphibians/Agile-Frog/ |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust}}</ref>
-Notable marine species<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2008 |title=A-Z of Fish |url=http://www.jersey.com/English/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/AtoZFish/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124003331/http://jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/atozfish/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Jersey.com}}</ref> include the [[ormer]], [[Conger conger|conger]], bass, [[Raja undulata|undulate ray]], [[Mugil cephalus|grey mullet]], [[ballan wrasse]] and [[garfish]]. Marine mammals include the [[bottlenosed dolphin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021443/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |title=Keithspaper |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> and [[grey seal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319023500/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |title=Marine Biodiversity |website=gov.je |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>
+Notable marine species<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2008 |title=A-Z of Fish |url=http://www.jersey.com/English/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/AtoZFish/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124003331/http://jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/atozfish/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Jersey.com}}</ref> include the [[ormer]], [[Conger conger|conger]], bass, [[Raja undulata|undulate ray]], [[Mugil cephalus|grey mullet]], [[ballan wrasse]] and [[garfish]]. Marine mammals include the [[bottlenosed dolphin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021443/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |title=Keithspaper |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> and [[grey seal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319023500/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |title=Marine Biodiversity |website=gov.je |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>
 Trees generally considered native are the [[Alnus glutinosa|alder]], [[silver birch]], [[sweet chestnut]], [[Corylus avellana|hazel]], [[Crataegus monogyna|hawthorn]], [[Fagus sylvatica|beech]], [[Fraxinus excelsior|ash]], [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[Prunus avium|wild cherry]], [[Prunus spinosa|blackthorn]], [[Quercus ilex|holm oak]], [[Quercus robur|pedunculate oak]], [[Salix cinerea|sallow]], [[Sambucus nigra|elder]], [[Ulmus|elm]] and [[Mespilus germanica|medlar]]. Among notable introduced species, the [[Cordyline australis|cabbage palm]] has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.<ref>''Trees in Jersey'', The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees, Jersey 1997, {{ISBN|0-9530979-0-0}}</ref>
-Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the [[Jersey cabbage]], also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giant cabbage « Jersey Evening Post |url=http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222118/http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Jerseyeveningpost.com}}</ref>
+Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the [[Jersey cabbage]], also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giant cabbage « Jersey Evening Post |url=http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222118/http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Jerseyeveningpost.com}}</ref>
 [[Reynoutria japonica|Japanese knotweed]] is an [[invasive species]] that threatens Jersey's [[biodiversity]].<ref name="Barnsley">{{Cite book |last1=Barnsley |first1=S |url=http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf |title=Measures of performance by 2016 of UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in implementing the 2001 Environment Charters or their equivalents and moving towards the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Targets |last2=Cary |first2=E |last3=Pienkowski |first3=M |last4=Wensink |first4=C |date=2016 |publisher=UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum |isbn=978-1-911097-03-7 |edition=First |pages=97, 480 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813100907/http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese knotweed |url=https://www.gov.je/environment/protectingenvironment/problemspecies/pages/japaneseknotweed.aspx#anchor-3 |access-date=5 July 2016 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731044654/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/ProblemSpecies/Pages/JapaneseKnotweed.aspx#anchor-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other non-native species on the island include the [[Colorado beetle]], [[burnet rose]] and [[oak processionary]] moth.<ref name=Barnsley/>
+==== Zoological park ====
+Jersey is the home of the [[Jersey Zoo]] (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to be a zoo again |url=https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035710/https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=6 September 2018 |website=Durrell}}</ref>) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author [[Gerald Durrell]].
 == Public services ==
 === Healthcare ===
 {{Main|Healthcare in Jersey}}
 Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the [[National Health Service]]. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use; however, treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, but GP services are paid for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Healthcare |url=http://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132519/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Emergency services ===
-Emergency services<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |title=Emergency services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319020149/http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> are provided by the [[States of Jersey Police]] with the support of the [[Honorary Police]] as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123930/http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jersey Fire and Rescue Service]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Fire and Rescue Service |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/Departments/HomeAffairs/Departments/FireService/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Gov.je |archive-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084753/http://www.gov.je/GOVERNMENT/DEPARTMENTS/HOMEAFFAIRS/DEPARTMENTS/FIRESERVICE/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Jersey Coastguard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Coastguard |url=http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602175754/http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Portofjersey.je}}</ref> The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivor Bisson |date=3 February 2011 |title=CI Air Search Home page |url=http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |access-date=31 May 2011 |website=CI Air Search|archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200601/http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Emergency services<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |title=Emergency services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319020149/http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> are provided by the [[States of Jersey Police]] with the support of the [[Honorary Police]] as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123930/http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jersey Fire and Rescue Service]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Fire and Rescue Service |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/Departments/HomeAffairs/Departments/FireService/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Gov.je |archive-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084753/http://www.gov.je/GOVERNMENT/DEPARTMENTS/HOMEAFFAIRS/DEPARTMENTS/FIRESERVICE/Pages/default.aspx }}</ref> and the [[Jersey Coastguard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Coastguard |url=http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602175754/http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Portofjersey.je}}</ref> The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivor Bisson |date=3 February 2011 |title=CI Air Search Home page |url=http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |access-date=31 May 2011 |website=CI Air Search|archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200601/http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 1982 |title=St Helier History |url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=[[RNLI]] |archive-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083435/http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the [[States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service]]. Jersey has adopted the [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112 emergency number]] alongside its existing [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999 emergency number]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Department |url=http://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141513/https://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 1982 |title=St Helier History |url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=[[RNLI]] |archive-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083435/http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx }}</ref> Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the [[States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service]]. Jersey has adopted the [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112 emergency number]] alongside its existing [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999 emergency number]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Department |url=http://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141513/https://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Supply services ===
@@ Line 705: / Line 725: @@
 == Notes ==
 {{Notelist|refs=
-{{efn|name="not BI"|Traditionally known as part of the [[British Isles]], geographically Jersey does not form part of that archipelago. As the Government of Jersey's website states, the island is situated "only 22&nbsp;km off the northwest coast of France and 137&nbsp;km south of England".{{r|facts gov}} In British law it constitutes one of the [[British Islands]].<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152 |title=Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) |quote=British Islands means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. (1889) |website=The UK Statute Law Database |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507182642/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152  |publisher=OPSI Office of Public Sector Information}}</ref>}} }}
+{{efn|name="not BI"|Traditionally known as part of the [[British Isles]], geographically Jersey does not form part of that archipelago. As the Government of Jersey's website states, the island is situated "only 22&nbsp;km off the northwest coast of France and 137&nbsp;km south of England".{{r|facts gov}} In British law it constitutes one of the [[British Islands]].<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152 |title=Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) |quote=British Islands means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. (1889) |website=The UK Statute Law Database |archive-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507182642/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152  |publisher=OPSI Office of Public Sector Information}}</ref>}} }}
 == References ==
-{{reflist|refs=
+<references>
 <ref name="Balleine">{{Cite book |last=Balleine |first=G. R. |author-link=George Reginald Balleine |title=Bailiwick of Jersey |series=King's Channel Islands series |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1951 |location=London}}</ref>
@@ Line 721: / Line 741: @@
 * {{cite report|author=((Island Identity Policy Development Board)) |author-mask=0 |title=Jersey's National and International Identity – Interim Findings |publisher=Government of Jersey |date=11 May 2021 |url=https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404041110/https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2025|quote-page=6 |quote={{nbsp}}... unique mixture of cultural and constitutional characteristics qualifies [Jersey] as an Island nation in its own right." p. 20: "{{nbsp}}... it is therefore appropriate to describe Jersey as a Small Nation.|ref=none}}</ref>
-<ref name="Quayle 1815 48">{{Cite book |last=Quayle |first=T. |title=A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy |publisher=Board of Agriculture |year=1815 |location=London |pages=48}}</ref>
+<ref name="Quayle 1815 48">{{Cite book |last=Quayle |first=T. |title=A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy |publisher=Board of Agriculture |year=1815 |location=London |page=48}}</ref>
-<ref name="attach diocese">{{Cite act |url-status=live |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=13 April 2025 |via=Jersey Legal Information Board |quote=HER MAJESTY, in the exercise of Her prerogatives as Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey{{nbsp}}... is pleased by and with the advice of Her Privy Council to order as follows.–{{nbsp}}...{{pb}}"2 Attachment of Jersey to Diocese of Salisbury{{pb}} "The Bailiwick of Jersey is, by virtue of this Order, as a matter of and for the purposes of the law of Jersey attached to the Diocese of Salisbury instead of to the Diocese of Winchester.| index =L.34/2022 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516180222/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/09.020.aspx |mode=cs1 |title=Attachment of Jersey to the Diocese of Salisbury Order 2022| type = Unofficial extended UK law |authority1=States of Jersey|authority2=Privy Council |url= https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_34_2022}}</ref>
+<ref name="attach diocese">{{Cite act |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=13 April 2025 |via=Jersey Legal Information Board |quote=HER MAJESTY, in the exercise of Her prerogatives as Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey{{nbsp}}... is pleased by and with the advice of Her Privy Council to order as follows.–{{nbsp}}...{{pb}}"2 Attachment of Jersey to Diocese of Salisbury{{pb}} "The Bailiwick of Jersey is, by virtue of this Order, as a matter of and for the purposes of the law of Jersey attached to the Diocese of Salisbury instead of to the Diocese of Winchester.| index =L.34/2022 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516180222/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/09.020.aspx |mode=cs1 |title=Attachment of Jersey to the Diocese of Salisbury Order 2022| type = Unofficial extended UK law |authority1=States of Jersey|authority2=Privy Council |url= https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_34_2022}}</ref>
 <ref name="Worlddata-2019">{{Cite web |title=Definition: What is a country? |url=https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428171551/https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
-}}
+</references>
 === Works cited ===
-* {{cite book |last1=Syvret |first1=Marguerite |last2=Stevens |first2=Joan |last3=Balleine |first3= G. R. |author3-link=George Reginald Balleine |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1860776502}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Syvret |first1=Marguerite |last2=Stevens |first2=Joan |last3=Balleine |first3= G. R. |author3-link=George Reginald Balleine |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-86077-650-2}}
 ** Previously published as: {{cite book |last1=Syvret |first1=Marguerite |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |last2=Stevens |first2=Joan |last3=Balleine |first3= G. R. |publisher=La Société Jersiaise |date=1998 |isbn=1-86077-065-7 |id=Revised and enlarged edition of ''A history of the Island of Jersey from cave men to the German occupation and after''. Kettering, UK: Staples, 1950 |author-mask1= 0 | author-mask2=0 |author3-mask=0 |ref=none}}
@@ Line 774: / Line 794: @@
 * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey |date=13 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
 * [https://www.locatejersey.com/ Locate Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201075017/https://www.locatejersey.com/ |date=1 December 2020 }}
-* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey/ Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192407/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey |date=22 June 2018 }}, from the [[BBC News]]
+* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey Jersey] , from the [[BBC News]]
 * [https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/ Jersey Evening Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422100905/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/ |date=22 April 2019 }}
 * [http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/ Prehistoric Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204236/http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/ |date=13 April 2021 }}

Jersey: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:27, 28 May 2026

Name

History

Prehistoric and ancient Jersey

Early Medieval period

Early modern period

20th century–present

Politics

Legislature and government

Law

External relations

Administrative divisions

Geography

Settlements

Climate

Economy

Taxation

Transport

Currency

Demography

Nationality and citizenship

Immigration

History of immigration

Religion

Culture

Cultural events

Art

Television and media

Music

Theatre

Cinema

Food and drink

Sport

Languages

Literature

Education

Environment

Environmental protection

Land use planning

Geopark bid

Biodiversity

Zoological park

Public services

Healthcare

Emergency services

Supply services

Notable people

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

Archaeology

Cattle

Religion

External links

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