Alvar Aalto: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Finnish architect and designer (1898–1976)}} | {{Short description|Finnish architect and designer (1898–1976)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} | ||
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{{Infobox architect | {{Infobox architect | ||
| name = Alvar Aalto | | name = Alvar Aalto | ||
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| significant_buildings = [[Paimio Sanatorium]]<br />[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]<br />[[Vyborg Library|Viipuri Library]]<br />[[Villa Mairea]]<br />[[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Baker House|Baker House]]<br />[[Finlandia Hall]] | | significant_buildings = [[Paimio Sanatorium]]<br />[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]<br />[[Vyborg Library|Viipuri Library]]<br />[[Villa Mairea]]<br />[[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Baker House|Baker House]]<br />[[Finlandia Hall]] | ||
| significant_projects = Helsinki City Centre | | significant_projects = Helsinki City Centre | ||
| significant_design = [[Aalto Vase|Savoy Vase]]<br />[[ | | significant_design = [[Aalto Vase|Savoy Vase]]<br />[[Paimio Chair]] | ||
| awards = [[Prince Eugen Medal]] {{small|(1954)}}<br />[[Royal Gold Medal|RIBA Gold Medal]] {{small|(1957)}}<br />[[American Institute of Architects|AIA Gold Medal]] {{small|(1963)}} | | awards = [[Prince Eugen Medal]] {{small|(1954)}}<br />[[Royal Gold Medal|RIBA Gold Medal]] {{small|(1957)}}<br />[[American Institute of Architects|AIA Gold Medal]] {{small|(1963)}} | ||
| alma_mater = [[Helsinki University of Technology]] | | alma_mater = [[Helsinki University of Technology]] | ||
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[[File:Heilig Geist Kirche Wolfsburg Alvar Aalto 1958 62 photo by Christian Gänshirt.JPG|thumb|[[Church of the Holy Spirit, Wolfsburg]] (1958–62)<ref name="heilig">[http://www.kirche-wolfsburg.de/gemeinde/gemeindedetails.php?ID=21 Heilig-Geist-Kirchengemeinde bei kirche-wolfsburg.de], retrieved 27 February 2018.</ref>]] | [[File:Heilig Geist Kirche Wolfsburg Alvar Aalto 1958 62 photo by Christian Gänshirt.JPG|thumb|[[Church of the Holy Spirit, Wolfsburg]] (1958–62)<ref name="heilig">[http://www.kirche-wolfsburg.de/gemeinde/gemeindedetails.php?ID=21 Heilig-Geist-Kirchengemeinde bei kirche-wolfsburg.de], retrieved 27 February 2018.</ref>]] | ||
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was born in [[Kuortane]], Finland.<ref>{{harvnb|Thorne|1984|p=1}}</ref> His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selma Matilda "Selly" (née Hackstedt) was a Swedish-speaking postmistress. When Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to [[Alajärvi]],<ref name="seura">{{cite web|url=https://seura.fi/asiat/ajankohtaista/tiedatko-milta-nayttaa-alvar-aallon-ensimmainen-rakennus/|title=Tiedätkö miltä näyttää Alvar Aallon ensimmäinen rakennus? Alajärven pikkukaupunki on täynnä Aallon arkkitehtuuria|first=Jukka|last=Vuorio|work=[[Seura]]|date=23 August 2024|access-date=30 August 2024|language=fi}}</ref> and from there to [[Jyväskylä]] in [[Central Finland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Alvar Aalto|url=http://www.architecture-history.org/architects/architects/aalto/bio.html|access-date=14 February 2021|website=www.architecture-history.org}}</ref> | Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was born in [[Kuortane]], Finland.<ref>{{harvnb|Thorne|1984|p=1}}</ref> His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selma Matilda "Selly" (née Hackstedt) was a Swedish-speaking postmistress. When Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to [[Alajärvi]],<ref name="seura">{{cite web|url=https://seura.fi/asiat/ajankohtaista/tiedatko-milta-nayttaa-alvar-aallon-ensimmainen-rakennus/|title=Tiedätkö miltä näyttää Alvar Aallon ensimmäinen rakennus? Alajärven pikkukaupunki on täynnä Aallon arkkitehtuuria|first=Jukka|last=Vuorio|work=[[Seura]]|date=23 August 2024|access-date=30 August 2024|language=fi}}</ref> and from there to [[Jyväskylä]] in [[Central Finland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Alvar Aalto|url=http://www.architecture-history.org/architects/architects/aalto/bio.html|access-date=14 February 2021|website=www.architecture-history.org|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117202431/http://architecture-history.org/architects/architects/aalto/bio.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
He studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his basic education in 1916, and took drawing lessons from local artist [[Jonas Heiska]]. In 1916, he then enrolled to study architecture at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]. His studies were interrupted by the [[Finnish Civil War]], in which he fought. He fought on the side of the ''[[White Guard (Finland)|White Army]]'' and fought at the [[Battle of Länkipohja]] and the [[Battle of Tampere]].<ref name=Pelkonen>{{harvnb|Pelkonen|2009|p=201}}</ref> | He studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his basic education in 1916, and took drawing lessons from local artist [[Jonas Heiska]]. In 1916, he then enrolled to study architecture at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]. His studies were interrupted by the [[Finnish Civil War]], in which he fought. He fought on the side of the ''[[White Guard (Finland)|White Army]]'' and fought at the [[Battle of Länkipohja]] and the [[Battle of Tampere]].<ref name=Pelkonen>{{harvnb|Pelkonen|2009|p=201}}</ref> | ||
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===Early career: classicism=== | ===Early career: classicism=== | ||
Although he is sometimes regarded as among the first and most influential architects of Nordic [[modernism]], closer examination reveals that Aalto (while a pioneer in Finland) closely followed and had personal contacts with other pioneers in Sweden, in particular [[Gunnar Asplund]]<ref>{{harvnb|Paavilainen|1982|p=23}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aalto|1998|p=29}}</ref> and [[Sven Markelius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Aalto|1998|p=76}}</ref> What they and many others of that generation in the Nordic countries shared was a classical education and an approach to classical architecture that historians now call [[Nordic Classicism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Paavilainen|1982|pp=11–15}}</ref> It was a style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of [[National romantic style|National Romanticism]] before moving, in the late 1920s, towards Modernism.<ref>{{Citation|last=Wilson|first= | Although he is sometimes regarded as among the first and most influential architects of Nordic [[modernism]], closer examination reveals that Aalto (while a pioneer in Finland) closely followed and had personal contacts with other pioneers in Sweden, in particular [[Gunnar Asplund]]<ref>{{harvnb|Paavilainen|1982|p=23}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aalto|1998|p=29}}</ref> and [[Sven Markelius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Aalto|1998|p=76}}</ref> What they and many others of that generation in the Nordic countries shared was a classical education and an approach to classical architecture that historians now call [[Nordic Classicism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Paavilainen|1982|pp=11–15}}</ref> It was a style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of [[National romantic style|National Romanticism]] before moving, in the late 1920s, towards Modernism.<ref>{{Citation|last=Wilson|first=Sir Colin St J.|title=Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik|date=2009-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605683.001.0001/acref-9780198605683-e-0001|work=The Oxford Companion to Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198605683.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-860568-3|access-date=2021-07-06|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
Upon returning to Jyväskylä in 1923 to establish his own architect's office, Aalto designed several single-family homes designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. For example, the manor-like house for his mother's cousin Terho Manner in Töysa (1923), a summer villa for the Jyväskylä chief constable (also from 1923) and the Alatalo farmhouse in Tarvaala (1924). During this period he completed his first public buildings, the Jyväskylä Workers' Club in 1925, the [[Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building]] in 1926 and the [[Seinäjoki Civil Guard House]] building in 1924–29.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} He entered several architectural competitions for prestigious state public buildings, in Finland and abroad. This included two competitions for the Finnish Parliament building in 1923 and 1924, the extension to the [[University of Helsinki]] in 1931, and the building to house the [[League of Nations]] in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1926–27. {{citation needed|date=February 2018}} | Upon returning to Jyväskylä in 1923 to establish his own architect's office, Aalto designed several single-family homes designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. For example, the manor-like house for his mother's cousin Terho Manner in Töysa (1923), a summer villa for the Jyväskylä chief constable (also from 1923) and the Alatalo farmhouse in Tarvaala (1924). During this period he completed his first public buildings, the Jyväskylä Workers' Club in 1925, the [[Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building]] in 1926 and the [[Seinäjoki Civil Guard House]] building in 1924–29.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} He entered several architectural competitions for prestigious state public buildings, in Finland and abroad. This included two competitions for the Finnish Parliament building in 1923 and 1924, the extension to the [[University of Helsinki]] in 1931, and the building to house the [[League of Nations]] in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1926–27. {{citation needed|date=February 2018}} | ||
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==Furniture career== | ==Furniture career== | ||
[[File:Wolfsonian-FIU Museum - IMG 8234.JPG|thumb|Paimio chair]] | [[File:Wolfsonian-FIU Museum - IMG 8234.JPG|thumb|Paimio chair]] | ||
[[File: | [[File:Aalto kruk.jpg|thumb|Model 60 stacking stools]] | ||
Although Aalto was famous for his architecture, his furniture designs were admired and are still popular today. He studied with the architect-designer [[Josef Hoffmann]] at the [[Wiener Werkstätte]](engl.: "Vienna Workshop") and worked, for a time, under [[Eliel Saarinen]].<ref name=Boy/> He also drew inspiration from [[Gebrüder Thonet]].<ref name=Boy/> During the late 1920s and 1930s, he worked closely with Aino Aalto on his furniture designs, a focus due in part to his decision to design many of the individual furniture pieces and lamps for the Paimio Sanatorium. Of particular significance was the Aaltos' experimentation in bent plywood chairs, most notably the so-called Paimio chair, designed for tuberculosis patients, and the [[Model 60 stacking stool]]. The Aaltos, together with visual arts promoter Maire Gullichsen and art historian Nils-Gustav Hahl, founded the [[Artek (company)|Artek]] company in 1935, ostensibly to sell Aalto products but which also imported pieces by other designers.<ref>{{harvnb|Pallasmaa|1998|p=19}}</ref> Aalto became the first furniture designer to use the cantilever principle in chair designs using wood.<ref name=Boy/> | Although Aalto was famous for his architecture, his furniture designs were admired and are still popular today. He studied with the architect-designer [[Josef Hoffmann]] at the [[Wiener Werkstätte]](engl.: "Vienna Workshop") and worked, for a time, under [[Eliel Saarinen]].<ref name=Boy/> He also drew inspiration from [[Gebrüder Thonet]].<ref name=Boy/> During the late 1920s and 1930s, he worked closely with Aino Aalto on his furniture designs, a focus due in part to his decision to design many of the individual furniture pieces and lamps for the Paimio Sanatorium. Of particular significance was the Aaltos' experimentation in bent plywood chairs, most notably the so-called Paimio chair, designed for tuberculosis patients, and the [[Model 60 stacking stool]]. The Aaltos, together with visual arts promoter Maire Gullichsen and art historian Nils-Gustav Hahl, founded the [[Artek (company)|Artek]] company in 1935, ostensibly to sell Aalto products but which also imported pieces by other designers.<ref>{{harvnb|Pallasmaa|1998|p=19}}</ref> Aalto became the first furniture designer to use the cantilever principle in chair designs using wood.<ref name=Boy/> | ||
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{{main list |List of Alvar Aalto's works}} | {{main list |List of Alvar Aalto's works}} | ||
* 1921–1923: Bell tower of Kauhajärvi Church, [[Lapua]], Finland<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Alvar Aalto Architect {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Projects and Facts|url=https://www.famous-architects.org/alvar-aalto/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Famous Architects|language=en-US}}</ref> | * 1921–1923: Bell tower of Kauhajärvi Church, [[Lapua]], Finland<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Alvar Aalto Architect {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Projects and Facts|url=https://www.famous-architects.org/alvar-aalto/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Famous Architects|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
* 1924–1926: [[Seinäjoki Civil Guard House]], Seinäjoki, Finland | * 1924–1926: [[Seinäjoki Civil Guard House]], Seinäjoki, Finland | ||
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* An Alvar Aallon katu (Alvar Aalto Street) can be found in five different Finnish cities: Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Kotka and Seinäjoki. | * An Alvar Aallon katu (Alvar Aalto Street) can be found in five different Finnish cities: Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Kotka and Seinäjoki. | ||
* In 2017, the Alvar Aalto Museum launched Alvar Aalto Cities, that is, a network of cities containing buildings by Alvar Aalto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/information/aalto-cities/|title=Alvar Aalto Cities|website=Alvar Aalto Foundation | Alvar Aalto -säätiö}}</ref> The objective of the network is to increase awareness of Aalto's work both in Finland and abroad. It is hoped that by combining forces on communications and marketing, the visibility and accessibility of exhibitions, tourist attractions and events will be improved. To date, the network city members are: Aalborg, Alajärvi, Espoo, Eura, Hamina, Helsinki, Imatra, Jyväskylä, Järvenpää, Kotka, Kouvola, Lahti, Oulu, Paimio, Pori, Raseborg, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki, Turku, Vantaa and Varkaus. It is estimated that in total there would be 40 cities worldwide that would qualify as an Alvar Aalto City. | * In 2017, the Alvar Aalto Museum launched Alvar Aalto Cities, that is, a network of cities containing buildings by Alvar Aalto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/information/aalto-cities/|title=Alvar Aalto Cities|website=Alvar Aalto Foundation | Alvar Aalto -säätiö}}</ref> The objective of the network is to increase awareness of Aalto's work both in Finland and abroad. It is hoped that by combining forces on communications and marketing, the visibility and accessibility of exhibitions, tourist attractions and events will be improved. To date, the network city members are: Aalborg, Alajärvi, Espoo, Eura, Hamina, Helsinki, Imatra, Jyväskylä, Järvenpää, Kotka, Kouvola, Lahti, Oulu, Paimio, Pori, Raseborg, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki, Turku, Vantaa and Varkaus. It is estimated that in total there would be 40 cities worldwide that would qualify as an Alvar Aalto City. | ||
* From 22 April– 2 October 2016, the [[Bard Graduate Center]] exhibited ''Artek and the Aaltos: Creating a Modern World''. The exhibit “was the first exhibition in the United States to examine Artek, a pioneering Finnish design company founded in 1935, and the first to have a specific focus on the two architect co-founders, Alvar Aalto (1898–1976) and Aino Marsio-Aalto (1894–1949).”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artek and the Aaltos |url=https://www.bgc.bard.edu/exhibitions/exhibitions/5/artek-and-the-aaltos |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.bgc.bard.edu}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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===Sources=== | ===Sources=== | ||
{{Refbegin|2}} | {{Refbegin|2}} | ||
* {{cite book | last = Aalto | first = Alvar | editor1-last = Schildt | editor1-first = Goran | title = Alvar Aalto in His Own Words | year = 1998 | publisher = Rizzoli | location = Helsinki, Finland | isbn = 978-0-8478-2080-1 }} | * {{cite book | last = Aalto | first = Alvar | editor1-last = Schildt | editor1-first = Goran | title = Alvar Aalto in His Own Words | year = 1998 | publisher = Rizzoli | location = Helsinki, Finland | isbn = 978-0-8478-2080-1 }} | ||
* {{cite web | author = Alvar Aalto Museum | website = www.alvaraalto.fi | url = http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ | year = 2011 |title = Alvar Aalto Museo |trans-title=Alvar Aalto Museum }} | * {{cite web | author = Alvar Aalto Museum | website = www.alvaraalto.fi | url = http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ | year = 2011 |title = Alvar Aalto Museo |trans-title=Alvar Aalto Museum }} | ||
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'''Other books''' | '''Other books''' | ||
* {{ cite book | first1 = Céline | last1 = Dietziker | first2 = Lukas | last2 = Gruntz | title = Aalto in Detail. A Catalogue of Components | url = https://birkhauser.com/de/books/9783035623345 | publisher = Birkhäuser Verlag | year = 2022 | isbn = 978-3-03562-332-1 }} | * {{cite book |first=Alvar |last=Aalto |title=Alvar Aalto Architect |publisher=Alvar Aalto Foundation |year=2008 |volume=13: University of Technology, Otaniemi 1949–74 |isbn=978-952-5498-08-0}} | ||
* {{ cite book | first = | * {{cite book |first=Alvar |last=Aalto |title=Alvar Aalto Architect |publisher=Alvar Aalto Foundation |year=2008 |volume=20: Maison Louis Carre 1956–63 |isbn=978-952-5498-06-6}} | ||
* {{ cite book | last1 = Holma | first1 = Maija | last2 = Pallasmaa | first2 = Juhani | last3 = Suominen-Kokkonen | first3 = Renja | title = Alvar Aalto Architect | publisher = Alvar Aalto Foundation | year = 2003 | volume = 6: The Aalto House 1935–36 | isbn = 978-952-5498-01-1 }} | * {{cite book |last=Connah |first=Roger |title=Aaltomania |publisher=Rakennustieto Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-951-682-613-7}} | ||
* {{ cite book | editor- | * {{cite book |first1=Céline |last1=Dietziker |first2=Lukas |last2=Gruntz |title=Aalto in Detail. A Catalogue of Components |url=https://birkhauser.com/de/books/9783035623345 |publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-03562-332-1}} | ||
* {{ cite book | first = | * {{cite book |title=Design of the 20th Century |first1=Charlotte |last1=Fiell |first2=Peter |last2=Fiell |publisher=Taschen |location=Köln |edition=25th anniversary |year=2005 |pages=12–17 |isbn=9783822840788 |oclc=809539744}} | ||
* {{ cite book | first = | *{{cite book |last=Fleig |first=Karl |title=Alvar Aalto |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-275-49660-9}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Heporauta |first=Arne |title=Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti: 1898–1976 |publisher=Rakennustieto Oy |location=Helsinki, Finland |year=1998 |isbn=978-951-682-546-8 |language=fi}} | |||
* {{ cite book | last = | * {{cite book |first=Mia |last=Hipeli |title=Alvar Aalto Architect |year=2009 |volume=16: Jyväskylä University 1951–71 |asin=B002QH2LMK}} | ||
* {{ cite book | last = | * {{cite book |last1=Holma |first1=Maija |last2=Pallasmaa |first2=Juhani |last3=Suominen-Kokkonen |first3=Renja |title=Alvar Aalto Architect |publisher=Alvar Aalto Foundation |year=2003 |volume=6: The Aalto House 1935–36 |isbn=978-952-5498-01-1}} | ||
* Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas ''The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto''. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999. | |||
* {{cite book | first1 = Pekka | last1 = Korvenmaa | first2 = Marc | last2 = Treib | editor-last = Reed | editor-first = Peter | title = Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism | publisher = The Museum of Modern Art | location = New York, NY | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-87070-107-8}} | |||
* {{cite book | editor-first = Pekka | editor-last = Korvenmaa | title = Alvar Aalto Architect | publisher = Alvar Aalto Foundation | year = 2007 | volume = 7: Sunila 1936–1954 | isbn = 978-952-5498-03-5 }} | |||
* {{cite book | first = Esa | last = Laaksonen | title = Alvar Aalto Architect | publisher = Rakennustieto Publishing | year = 2013 | volume = 5: Paimio Sanatorium 1928–32 | isbn = 978-951-682-954-1 }} | |||
* {{cite book | first1 = Kirmo | last1 = Mikkola | editor-last = Pallasmaa | editor-first = Juhani | title = Alvar Aalto in the Finnish Context | publisher = Routlegde | location = London | year = 2025 | isbn = 978-1-032-93956-8}} | |||
* {{cite book | last = Pallasmaa | first = Juhani | title = Aalto: Alvar Aalto Furniture | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-262-13206-0 }} | |||
* {{ cite book | last = Pearson | first = Paul David | title = Alvar Aalto and the International Style | publisher = Whitney Library of Design | location = New York | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-8230-7023-9 }} | * {{ cite book | last = Pearson | first = Paul David | title = Alvar Aalto and the International Style | publisher = Whitney Library of Design | location = New York | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-8230-7023-9 }} | ||
* {{cite book | last = Porphyrios | first = Demetri | title = Sources of Modern Eclecticism | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 978-0-312-74673-5 }} | * {{cite book | last = Porphyrios | first = Demetri | title = Sources of Modern Eclecticism | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 978-0-312-74673-5 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Quantrill |first=Malcolm |title=Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study |publisher=Secker & Warburg |year=1983 |isbn=0-941533-35-2}} | |||
* {{cite book | last = Quantrill | first = Malcolm | title = Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study | publisher = Secker & Warburg | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-941533-35-2 }} | |||
* {{cite book | editor-last = Ruusuvuori | editor-first = Aarno | title = Alvar Aalto 1898–1976 | publisher = The Museum of Finnish Architecture | location = Helsinki, Finland | year = 1978 | asin = B0000ED4GS }} | * {{cite book | editor-last = Ruusuvuori | editor-first = Aarno | title = Alvar Aalto 1898–1976 | publisher = The Museum of Finnish Architecture | location = Helsinki, Finland | year = 1978 | asin = B0000ED4GS }} | ||
* | * Stritzler-Levine, Nina and Timo Riekko (2022). ''Artek and the Aaltos: Creating a Modern World''. New York: Bard Graduate Center. {{ISBN|978-0-300-25896-7}}. | ||
'''Aalto research''' | '''Aalto research''' | ||
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'''Archives''' | '''Archives''' | ||
* [http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ Alvar Aalto Foundation] Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings. | * [http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ Alvar Aalto Foundation] Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings. | ||
* [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_6322394/ Institute of International Education, Kaufmann Conference Rooms architectural drawings and papers, 1961–1966].[http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives], [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/ Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]. | * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_6322394/ Institute of International Education, Kaufmann Conference Rooms architectural drawings and papers, 1961–1966].[http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623062924/http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ |date=23 June 2019 }}, [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/ Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]. | ||
'''Resources''' | '''Resources''' | ||
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* {{HDS|8115}} | * {{HDS|8115}} | ||
* [https://www.emptycanon.org/architect/59 Alvar Aalto on Empty Canon] | * [https://www.emptycanon.org/architect/59 Alvar Aalto on Empty Canon] | ||
* [https://archive.today/20130904020411/http://en.wikiartmap.com/view/32050/-/-/alvar_aalto.html Map of the Alvar Aalto works – Wikiartmap, the art map of the public space] | * [https://archive.today/20130904020411/http://en.wikiartmap.com/view/32050/-/-/alvar_aalto.html Map of the Alvar Aalto works – Wikiartmap, the art map of the public space] | ||
* {{cite web | * {{cite web | ||
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'''Buildings and reviews''' | '''Buildings and reviews''' | ||
* [http://www.checkonsite.com/browse/architect/featured-architects/alvar-aalto/ Checkonsite.com] – Alvar Aalto architecture guide. | * [http://www.checkonsite.com/browse/architect/featured-architects/alvar-aalto/ Checkonsite.com] – Alvar Aalto architecture guide. | ||
* [ | * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/17/architecture.modernism "Ahead of the curve"] ''[[The Guardian]]'' – Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant | ||
* [http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/aalto/aalto.html Baker House] | * [http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/aalto/aalto.html Baker House] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080628205605/http://www.nordjyllandskunstmuseum.dk/Default.aspx?ID=656 North Jutland Museum] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080628205605/http://www.nordjyllandskunstmuseum.dk/Default.aspx?ID=656 North Jutland Museum] | ||
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[[Category:Finnish industrial designers]] | [[Category:Finnish industrial designers]] | ||
[[Category:Modernist architects]] | [[Category:Modernist architects]] | ||
[[Category:International | [[Category:International Style architects]] | ||
[[Category:Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members]] | [[Category:Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members]] | ||
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Finland]] | [[Category:Modernist architecture in Finland]] | ||