Bastille Day: Difference between revisions
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On 11 July, [[Jacques Necker]], the finance minister of [[Louis XVI]], who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King's service and seeking to arm themselves. Early on 14 July, a crowd besieged the [[Hôtel des Invalides]] for firearms, muskets, and cannons stored in its cellars.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/4402553/bastille-day-history-july-14/ |title=What Actually Happened on the Original Bastille Day|first=Emma|last=Ockerman|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=13 July 2016 }}</ref> That same day, another crowd stormed the [[Bastille]], a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis of ''[[Lettre de cachet|lettres de cachet]]'' (literally "signet letters"), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and which was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance.<ref>Chevallaz, G. A., ''Histoire générale de 1789 à nos jours'', p. 22, Lausanne: Payot, 1974.</ref> | On 11 July, [[Jacques Necker]], the finance minister of [[Louis XVI]], who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King's service and seeking to arm themselves. Early on 14 July, a crowd besieged the [[Hôtel des Invalides]] for firearms, muskets, and cannons stored in its cellars.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/4402553/bastille-day-history-july-14/ |title=What Actually Happened on the Original Bastille Day|first=Emma|last=Ockerman|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=13 July 2016 }}</ref> That same day, another crowd stormed the [[Bastille]], a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis of ''[[Lettre de cachet|lettres de cachet]]'' (literally "signet letters"), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and which was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance.<ref>Chevallaz, G. A., ''Histoire générale de 1789 à nos jours'', p. 22, Lausanne: Payot, 1974.</ref> | ||
The crowd was eventually reinforced by the mutinous [[Régiment des Gardes Françaises]] ("Regiment of French Guards"), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort's defenders, and [[Bernard-René de Launay|Governor de Launay]], the commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was [[Jacques de Flesselles]], the ''prévôt des marchands'' ("provost of the merchants"), the elected head of the city's guilds, who under the French monarchy had the responsibilities of a present-day mayor.<ref>Isaac, J., ''L'époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851'', p. 60, Paris: Hachette, 1950.</ref> | The crowd was eventually reinforced by the mutinous [[Régiment des Gardes Françaises]] ("Regiment of French Guards"), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort's defenders, and [[Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay|Governor de Launay]], the commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was [[Jacques de Flesselles]], the ''prévôt des marchands'' ("provost of the merchants"), the elected head of the city's guilds, who under the French monarchy had the responsibilities of a present-day mayor.<ref>Isaac, J., ''L'époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851'', p. 60, Paris: Hachette, 1950.</ref> | ||
Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of the ''Assemblée constituante'', [[feudalism]] was abolished. On 26 August, the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (''Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen'') was proclaimed.<ref>Isaac, ''L'époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851'', p. 64, Paris: Hachette, 1950.</ref> | Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of the ''Assemblée constituante'', [[feudalism]] was abolished. On 26 August, the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (''Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen'') was proclaimed.<ref>Isaac, ''L'époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851'', p. 64, Paris: Hachette, 1950.</ref> | ||
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The ''Fête de la Fédération'' on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the [[Storming of the Bastille]], was to symbolize peace. The event took place on the [[Champ de Mars]], which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes ("The Day of the Wheelbarrow"), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Fourteenth of July|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2008|isbn=9781861979391|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/105 105–106]|url=https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/105}}</ref> | The ''Fête de la Fédération'' on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the [[Storming of the Bastille]], was to symbolize peace. The event took place on the [[Champ de Mars]], which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes ("The Day of the Wheelbarrow"), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Fourteenth of July|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2008|isbn=9781861979391|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/105 105–106]|url=https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/105}}</ref> | ||
The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Fourteenth of July|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|publisher=Profile Books Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9781861979391|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/106 106–107]|url=https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/106}}</ref> A [[mass (liturgy)|mass]] was celebrated by [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]], [[bishop of Autun]]. The popular [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|General Lafayette]], as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to the constitution, followed by King [[ | The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Fourteenth of July|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|publisher=Profile Books Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9781861979391|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/106 106–107]|url=https://archive.org/details/fourteenthofjuly0000pren/page/106}}</ref> A [[mass (liturgy)|mass]] was celebrated by [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]], [[bishop of Autun]]. The popular [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|General Lafayette]], as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to the constitution, followed by King [[Louis XVI]]. After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge four-day popular feast, and people celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and running nude through the streets in order to display their freedom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gottschalk |first=Louis Reichenthal |author-link= Louis R. Gottschalk |title=Lafayette in the French Revolution |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-30547-3}}</ref> | ||
===Origin of the current celebration=== | ===Origin of the current celebration=== | ||
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===Czech Republic=== | ===Czech Republic=== | ||
Since 2008, [[Prague]] has hosted a French market "{{lang|fr|Le marché du 14 juillet}}" ("Fourteenth of July Market") offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place on [[Kampa Island]], it is usually between 11 and 14 July.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prague.eu/en/event/6896/french-market-at-kampa-le-marche-du-14-juillet |title=French Market at Kampa – Le marché du 14 Juillet |website=Prague.eu |language=en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713200950/https://www.prague.eu/en/event/6896/french-market-at-kampa-le-marche-du-14-juillet |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfirst.com/uk/blog/economic-updates/daily-update/7-places-outside-france-bastille-day-celebrated/|title=7 places outside France where Bastille Day is celebrated|last=Trumper|first=David|date=11 July 2014|website=WorldFirst}}</ref> | Since 2008, [[Prague]] has hosted a French market "{{lang|fr|Le marché du 14 juillet}}" ("Fourteenth of July Market") offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place on [[Kampa Island]], it is usually between 11 and 14 July.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prague.eu/en/event/6896/french-market-at-kampa-le-marche-du-14-juillet |title=French Market at Kampa – Le marché du 14 Juillet |website=Prague.eu |language=en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713200950/https://www.prague.eu/en/event/6896/french-market-at-kampa-le-marche-du-14-juillet |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfirst.com/uk/blog/economic-updates/daily-update/7-places-outside-france-bastille-day-celebrated/|title=7 places outside France where Bastille Day is celebrated|last=Trumper|first=David|date=11 July 2014|website=WorldFirst|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227052300/https://www.worldfirst.com/uk/blog/economic-updates/daily-update/7-places-outside-france-bastille-day-celebrated/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
=== Denmark === | === Denmark === | ||