Bohrium: Difference between revisions

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'''Bohrium''' is a [[synthetic element|synthetic chemical element]]; it has [[Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Bh''' and [[atomic number]] 107. It is named after Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]]. As a synthetic element, it can be created in [[particle accelerator]]s but is not found in nature. All known [[isotopes of bohrium]] are highly [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]]; the most stable known [[isotope]] is 270Bh with a [[half-life]] of approximately 2.4 minutes, though the unconfirmed 278Bh may have a longer half-life of about 11.5 minutes.

In the [[periodic table]], it is a [[Block (periodic table)#d-block|d-block~~]] [[Superheavy element|transactinide element~~]]. It is a member of the [[Period 7 element|7th period]] and belongs to the [[group 7 element]]s as the fifth member of the 6d series of [[transition metal]]s. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier [[Homologous series|homologue]] to [[rhenium]] in group 7. The [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements.

In the [[periodic table]], it is a [[Superheavy element|transactinide element]] in the [[Block (periodic table)#d-block|d-block]]. It is a member of the [[Period 7 element|7th period]] and belongs to the [[group 7 element]]s as the fifth member of the 6d series of [[transition metal]]s. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier [[Homologous series|homologue]] to [[rhenium]] in group 7. The [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements.

==~~Introduction~~==

==Superheavy elements==

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|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry

|volume=65

|~~pages~~=1757

|page=1757

|last2=Greenwood

|first2=N. N.

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{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=260|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|41|41 ms}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α |year=2007|re=209Bi(52Cr,n)<ref name="260Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=S.|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Dragojević|first3=I.|last4=Garcia|first4=M.|last5=Gates|first5=J.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|title=Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209(Cr52,n)Bh260 Reaction|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=100|date=2008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.022501|issue=2|bibcode=2008PhRvL.100b2501N|pmid=18232860|~~page~~=022501|s2cid=1242390 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|dm=α |year=2007|re=209Bi(52Cr,n)<ref name="260Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=S.|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Dragojević|first3=I.|last4=Garcia|first4=M.|last5=Gates|first5=J.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|title=Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209(Cr52,n)Bh260 Reaction|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=100|date=2008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.022501|issue=2|bibcode=2008PhRvL.100b2501N|pmid=18232860|article-number=022501|s2cid=1242390 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=261|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|12|12.8 ms}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α |year=1986|re=209Bi(54Cr,2n)<ref name="261Bh">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01565147|title=Element 107|date=1989|author=Münzenberg, G.|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=333|~~pages~~=163

|dm=α |year=1986|re=209Bi(54Cr,2n)<ref name="261Bh">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01565147|title=Element 107|date=1989|author=Münzenberg, G.|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=333|page=163

|issue=2|bibcode = 1989ZPhyA.333..163M |s2cid=186231905}}</ref>

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|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A

|volume=350

|~~pages~~=281

|page=281

|last2=Ninov

|first2=V.

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|mn=265|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|1190|1.19 s}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α |year=2004|re=243Am(26Mg,4n)<ref name="265Bh">{{cite journal|title=New isotope 265Bh|doi=10.1140/epja/i2004-10020-2|date=2004|author=Gan, Z.G.|journal=The European Physical Journal A|volume=20|last2=Guo|first2=J. S.|last3=Wu|first3=X. L.|last4=Qin|first4=Z.|last5=Fan|first5=H. M.|last6=Lei|first6=X. G.|last7=Liu|first7=H. Y. |last8=Guo|first8=B.|last9=Xu|first9=H. G.|display-authors=8

|~~pages~~=385|issue=3|bibcode = 2004EPJA...20..385G |s2cid=120622108}}</ref>

|page=385|issue=3|bibcode = 2004EPJA...20..385G |s2cid=120622108}}</ref>

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

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{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=270|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|144000|2.4 min}}|ref=<ref name=~~Mc2022~~>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope 286Mc produced in the 243Am+48Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |~~page~~=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

|mn=270|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|144000|2.4 min}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope 286Mc produced in the 243Am+48Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |article-number=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

|dm=α |year=2006|re=282Nh(—,3α)<ref name="270Bh">{{cite conference |doi=10.1063/1.2746600 |isbn=978-0-7354-0420-5 |book-title=AIP Conference Proceedings: International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |date=2007 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |editor-last=Penionzhkevich |editor-first=Yu. E. |editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A. |volume=912 |~~pages~~=235 |title=Heaviest Nuclei Produced in 48Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)}}</ref>

|dm=α |year=2006|re=282Nh(—,3α)<ref name="270Bh">{{cite conference |doi=10.1063/1.2746600 |isbn=978-0-7354-0420-5 |book-title=AIP Conference Proceedings: International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |date=2007 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |editor-last=Penionzhkevich |editor-first=Yu. E. |editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A. |volume=912 |page=235 |title=Heaviest Nuclei Produced in 48Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)}}</ref>

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=271|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|2900|2.9 s}}|ref=<ref name=~~Mc2022~~/>

|mn=271|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|2900|2.9 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b/>

|dm=α |year=2003|re=287Mc(—,4α)<ref name="270Bh" />

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=272|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|8800|8.8 s}}|ref=<ref name=~~Mc2022~~/>

|mn=272|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|8800|8.8 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b/>

|dm=α |year=2005|re=288Mc(—,4α)<ref name="270Bh" />

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=274|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|57000|57 s}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α |year=2009|re=294Ts(—,5α)<ref name="274Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Abdullin |first2=F. Sh.|last3=Bailey |first3=P. D.|display-authors=etal|title=Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number ''Z''=117 |date=2010-04-09 |journal=Physical Review Letters |publisher=American Physical Society |volume=104 |number=142502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 |pmid=20481935 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104n2502O |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44610795 }}</ref>

|dm=α |year=2009|re=294Ts(—,5α)<ref name="274Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Abdullin |first2=F. Sh.|last3=Bailey |first3=P. D.|display-authors=etal|title=Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number ''Z''=117 |date=2010-04-09 |journal=Physical Review Letters |publisher=American Physical Society |volume=104 |number=142502 |article-number=142502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 |pmid=20481935 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104n2502O |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44610795 }}</ref>

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

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Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260–262, 264–267, 270–272, 274, and 278, one of which, bohrium-262, has a known [[metastable state]]. All of these but the unconfirmed 278Bh decay only through alpha decay, although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission.<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195353/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ ~~|url-status=dead~~ }}</ref>

Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260–262, 264–267, 270–272, 274, and 278, one of which, bohrium-262, has a known [[metastable state]]. All of these but the unconfirmed 278Bh decay only through alpha decay, although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission.<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195353/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ }}</ref>

The lighter isotopes usually have shorter half-lives; half-lives of under 100 ms for 260Bh, 261Bh, 262Bh, and 262mBh were observed. 264Bh, 265Bh, 266Bh, and 271Bh are more stable at around 1 s, and 267Bh and 272Bh have half-lives of about 10 s. The heaviest isotopes are the most stable, with 270Bh and 274Bh having measured half-lives of about 2.4 min and 40 s respectively, and the even heavier unconfirmed isotope 278Bh appearing to have an even longer half-life of about 11.5 minutes.

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Bohrium is the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of [[group 7 element|group 7]] in the periodic table, below [[manganese]], [[technetium]] and [[rhenium]]. All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +7 and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus bohrium is expected to form a stable +7 state. Technetium also shows a stable +4 state whilst rhenium exhibits stable +4 and +3 states. Bohrium may therefore show these lower states as well.{{Fricke1975}} The higher +7 oxidation state is more likely to exist in oxyanions, such as perbohrate, {{chem|BhO|4|-}}, analogous to the lighter [[permanganate]], [[pertechnetate]], and [[perrhenate]]. Nevertheless, bohrium(VII) is likely to be unstable in aqueous solution, and would probably be easily reduced to the more stable bohrium(IV).<ref name="Haire" />

The lighter group 7 elements are known to form volatile heptoxides ~~M2O7~~ (M = Mn, Tc, Re), so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide ~~Bh2O7~~. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, ~~HBhO~~<~~sub~~>4</~~sub~~>.

The lighter group 7 elements are known to form volatile heptoxides {{Chem2|M2O7}} (M = Mn, Tc, Re), so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide {{Chem2|Bh2O7}}. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, {{Chem2|HBhO4}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtksEQAAQBAJ |title=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |date=2024-10-28 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-662-68921-9 |pages=667 |language=en}}</ref>

Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO3Cl, so BhO3Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in ~~MO3F~~ and ~~MO2F3~~ for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF5 and ReF7. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka-rhenium properties.<ref>Hans Georg Nadler "Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a23_199}}</ref> Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical, and they should have increasingly large [[dipole]] ~~moments~~ going down the group, they should become less volatile in the order TcO3Cl > ReO3Cl > BhO3Cl: this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the [[enthalpy|enthalpies]] of [[adsorption]] of these three compounds. The values are for TcO3Cl and ReO3Cl are −51 kJ/mol and −61 kJ/mol respectively; the experimental value for BhO3Cl is −77.8 kJ/mol, very close to the theoretically expected value of −78.5 kJ/mol.<ref name="Haire" />

Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO3Cl, so BhO3Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in {{Chem2|MO3F}} and {{Chem2|MO2F3}} for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF5 and ReF7. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka-rhenium properties.<ref>Hans Georg Nadler "Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a23_199}}</ref> Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical, and they should have increasingly large [[electric dipole moment]]s going down the group, they should become less volatile in the order TcO3Cl > ReO3Cl > BhO3Cl: this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the [[enthalpy|enthalpies]] of [[adsorption]] of these three compounds. The values are for TcO3Cl and ReO3Cl are −51 kJ/mol and −61 kJ/mol respectively; the experimental value for BhO3Cl is −77.8 kJ/mol, very close to the theoretically expected value of −78.5 kJ/mol.<ref name="Haire" />

===Physical and atomic===

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==Experimental chemistry==

In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium (using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent [[actinide]]s, the [[group 5 element]]s, and [[polonium]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Separation Procedure Proposed for Studies of Bohrium|last1=Malmbeck|first1=R.|last2=Skarnemark|first2=G.|last3=Alstad|first3=J.|last4=Fure|first4=K.|last5=Johansson|first5=M.|last6=Omtvedt|first6=J. P.|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=246|~~pages~~=349|date=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1006791027906|issue=2|bibcode=2000JRNC..246..349M |s2cid=93640208}}</ref>

In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium (using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent [[actinide]]s, the [[group 5 element]]s, and [[polonium]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Separation Procedure Proposed for Studies of Bohrium|last1=Malmbeck|first1=R.|last2=Skarnemark|first2=G.|last3=Alstad|first3=J.|last4=Fure|first4=K.|last5=Johansson|first5=M.|last6=Omtvedt|first6=J. P.|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=246|page=349|date=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1006791027906|issue=2|bibcode=2000JRNC..246..349M |s2cid=93640208}}</ref>

In 2000, it was confirmed that although relativistic effects are important, bohrium behaves like a typical group 7 element.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gäggeler|first1=H. W.|last2=Eichler|first2=R.|last3=Brüchle|first3=W.|last4=Dressler|first4=R.|last5=Düllmann|first5=Ch. E.|last6=Eichler|first6=B.|last7=Gregorich|first7=K. E.|last8=Hoffman|first8=D. C.|last9=Hübener|first9=S.|display-authors=8 |title=Chemical characterization of bohrium (element 107)|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=63–5|date=2000|pmid=10993071|doi=10.1038/35024044|bibcode=2000Natur.407...63E|s2cid=4398253}}</ref> A team at the [[Paul Scherrer Institute]] (PSI) conducted a chemistry reaction using six atoms of 267Bh produced in the reaction between 249Bk and 22Ne ions. The resulting atoms were thermalised and reacted with a HCl/O2 mixture to form a volatile oxychloride. The reaction also produced isotopes of its lighter homologues, technetium (as 108Tc) and rhenium (as 169Re). The isothermal adsorption curves were measured and gave strong evidence for the formation of a volatile oxychloride with properties similar to that of rhenium oxychloride. This placed bohrium as a typical member of group 7.<ref name="00Ei01">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf|title=Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)|last=Eichler |first=R. |display-authors=etal |work=GSI Annual Report 2000|access-date=2008-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002121/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> The adsorption enthalpies of the oxychlorides of technetium, rhenium, and bohrium were measured in this experiment, agreeing very well with the theoretical predictions and implying a sequence of decreasing oxychloride volatility down group 7 of TcO3Cl > ReO3Cl > BhO3Cl.<ref name="Haire" />

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:2 Bh + 3 {{chem|O|2}} + 2 HCl → 2 {{chem|BhO|3|Cl}} + {{chem|H|2}}

The longer-lived heavy isotopes of bohrium, produced as the daughters of heavier elements, offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope 274Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive [[berkelium]] target for its production, the isotopes 272Bh, 271Bh, and 270Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced [[moscovium]] and [[nihonium]] isotopes.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=~~9783642374661~~|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref>

The longer-lived heavy isotopes of bohrium, produced as the daughters of heavier elements, offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope 274Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive [[berkelium]] target for its production, the isotopes 272Bh, 271Bh, and 270Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced [[moscovium]] and [[nihonium]] isotopes.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=978-3-642-37466-1|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref>

==Notes==

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{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=IUPAC97>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199769122471|title=Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)|date=1997|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=69|pages=2471–2474|issue=12|author=Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|access-date=2023-07-11|archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011132719/http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=S. |author-link=Samanth Subramanian |date=2019 |title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-url=~~https~~://archive.~~today~~/~~20201114183428~~/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-date=~~November 14, 2020~~ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-01-18 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=S. |author-link=Samanth Subramanian |date=2019 |title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240924215450/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-date= 2024-09-24|url-status=live |access-date=2020-01-18 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}</ref>

}}

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* {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|~~pages~~=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|article-number=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}}

==External links==

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 '''Bohrium''' is a [[synthetic element|synthetic chemical element]]; it has [[Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Bh''' and [[atomic number]] 107. It is named after Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]]. As a synthetic element, it can be created in [[particle accelerator]]s but is not found in nature. All known [[isotopes of bohrium]] are highly [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]]; the most stable known [[isotope]] is <sup>270</sup>Bh with a [[half-life]] of approximately 2.4 minutes, though the unconfirmed <sup>278</sup>Bh may have a longer half-life of about 11.5 minutes.
-In the [[periodic table]], it is a [[Block (periodic table)#d-block|d-block]] [[Superheavy element|transactinide element]]. It is a member of the [[Period 7 element|7th period]] and belongs to the [[group 7 element]]s as the fifth member of the 6d series of [[transition metal]]s. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier [[Homologous series|homologue]] to [[rhenium]] in group 7. The [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements.
+In the [[periodic table]], it is a [[Superheavy element|transactinide element]] in the [[Block (periodic table)#d-block|d-block]]. It is a member of the [[Period 7 element|7th period]] and belongs to the [[group 7 element]]s as the fifth member of the 6d series of [[transition metal]]s. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier [[Homologous series|homologue]] to [[rhenium]] in group 7. The [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements.
-==Introduction==
+==Superheavy elements==
 {{Excerpt|Superheavy element|Introduction|subsections=yes}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry
 |volume=65
-|pages=1757
+|page=1757
 |last2=Greenwood
 |first2=N. N.
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
 |mn=260|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|41|41 ms}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
-|dm=α |year=2007|re=<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>52</sup>Cr,n)<ref name="260Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=S.|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Dragojević|first3=I.|last4=Garcia|first4=M.|last5=Gates|first5=J.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|title=Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209(Cr52,n)Bh260 Reaction|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=100|date=2008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.022501|issue=2|bibcode=2008PhRvL.100b2501N|pmid=18232860|page=022501|s2cid=1242390 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|dm=α |year=2007|re=<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>52</sup>Cr,n)<ref name="260Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=S.|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Dragojević|first3=I.|last4=Garcia|first4=M.|last5=Gates|first5=J.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|title=Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209(Cr52,n)Bh260 Reaction|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=100|date=2008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.022501|issue=2|bibcode=2008PhRvL.100b2501N|pmid=18232860|article-number=022501|s2cid=1242390 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895291/m2/1/high_res_d/923353.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
 |mn=261|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|12|12.8 ms}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
-|dm=α |year=1986|re=<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>54</sup>Cr,2n)<ref name="261Bh">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01565147|title=Element 107|date=1989|author=Münzenberg, G.|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=333|pages=163
+|dm=α |year=1986|re=<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>54</sup>Cr,2n)<ref name="261Bh">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01565147|title=Element 107|date=1989|author=Münzenberg, G.|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=333|page=163
 |last2=Armbruster|first2=P.|last3=Hofmann|first3=S.|last4=Heßberger|first4=F. P.|last5=Folger|first5=H.|last6=Keller|first6=J. G.|last7=Ninov|first7=V.|last8=Poppensieker|first8=K.|last9=Quint|first9=A. B.|display-authors=8
 |issue=2|bibcode = 1989ZPhyA.333..163M |s2cid=186231905}}</ref>
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A
 |volume=350
-|pages=281
+|page=281
 |last2=Ninov
 |first2=V.
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 |mn=265|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|1190|1.19 s}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
 |dm=α |year=2004|re=<sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>26</sup>Mg,4n)<ref name="265Bh">{{cite journal|title=New isotope <sup>265</sup>Bh|doi=10.1140/epja/i2004-10020-2|date=2004|author=Gan, Z.G.|journal=The European Physical Journal A|volume=20|last2=Guo|first2=J. S.|last3=Wu|first3=X. L.|last4=Qin|first4=Z.|last5=Fan|first5=H. M.|last6=Lei|first6=X. G.|last7=Liu|first7=H. Y. |last8=Guo|first8=B.|last9=Xu|first9=H. G.|display-authors=8
-|pages=385|issue=3|bibcode = 2004EPJA...20..385G |s2cid=120622108}}</ref>
+|page=385|issue=3|bibcode = 2004EPJA...20..385G |s2cid=120622108}}</ref>
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
-|mn=270|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|144000|2.4 min}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope <sup>286</sup>Mc produced in the <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |page=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+|mn=270|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|144000|2.4 min}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope <sup>286</sup>Mc produced in the <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |article-number=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-|dm=α |year=2006|re=<sup>282</sup>Nh(—,3α)<ref name="270Bh">{{cite conference |doi=10.1063/1.2746600 |isbn=978-0-7354-0420-5 |book-title=AIP Conference Proceedings: International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |date=2007 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |editor-last=Penionzhkevich |editor-first=Yu. E. |editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A. |volume=912 |pages=235 |title=Heaviest Nuclei Produced in 48Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)}}</ref>
+|dm=α |year=2006|re=<sup>282</sup>Nh(—,3α)<ref name="270Bh">{{cite conference |doi=10.1063/1.2746600 |isbn=978-0-7354-0420-5 |book-title=AIP Conference Proceedings: International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |date=2007 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |editor-last=Penionzhkevich |editor-first=Yu. E. |editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A. |volume=912 |page=235 |title=Heaviest Nuclei Produced in 48Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)}}</ref>
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
-|mn=271|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|2900|2.9 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022/>
+|mn=271|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|2900|2.9 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b/>
 |dm=α |year=2003|re=<sup>287</sup>Mc(—,4α)<ref name="270Bh" />
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
-|mn=272|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|8800|8.8 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022/>
+|mn=272|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|8800|8.8 s}}|ref=<ref name=Mc2022b/>
 |dm=α |year=2005|re=<sup>288</sup>Mc(—,4α)<ref name="270Bh" />
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
 |mn=274|sym=Bh|hl={{sort|57000|57 s}}|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
-|dm=α |year=2009|re=<sup>294</sup>Ts(—,5α)<ref name="274Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Abdullin |first2=F. Sh.|last3=Bailey |first3=P. D.|display-authors=etal|title=Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number ''Z''=117 |date=2010-04-09 |journal=Physical Review Letters |publisher=American Physical Society |volume=104 <!--|issue=14 -->|number=142502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 |pmid=20481935 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104n2502O |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44610795  }}</ref>
+|dm=α |year=2009|re=<sup>294</sup>Ts(—,5α)<ref name="274Bh">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Abdullin |first2=F. Sh.|last3=Bailey |first3=P. D.|display-authors=etal|title=Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number ''Z''=117 |date=2010-04-09 |journal=Physical Review Letters |publisher=American Physical Society |volume=104 <!--|issue=14 -->|number=142502 |article-number=142502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 |pmid=20481935 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104n2502O |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44610795  }}</ref>
 }}
 {{isotopes summary/isotope
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 }}
-Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260–262, 264–267, 270–272, 274, and 278, one of which, bohrium-262, has a known [[metastable state]]. All of these but the unconfirmed <sup>278</sup>Bh decay only through alpha decay, although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission.<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195353/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260–262, 264–267, 270–272, 274, and 278, one of which, bohrium-262, has a known [[metastable state]]. All of these but the unconfirmed <sup>278</sup>Bh decay only through alpha decay, although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission.<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=107&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195353/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ }}</ref>
 The lighter isotopes usually have shorter half-lives; half-lives of under 100&nbsp;ms for <sup>260</sup>Bh, <sup>261</sup>Bh, <sup>262</sup>Bh, and <sup>262m</sup>Bh were observed. <sup>264</sup>Bh, <sup>265</sup>Bh, <sup>266</sup>Bh, and <sup>271</sup>Bh are more stable at around 1&nbsp;s, and <sup>267</sup>Bh and <sup>272</sup>Bh have half-lives of about 10&nbsp;s. The heaviest isotopes are the most stable, with <sup>270</sup>Bh and <sup>274</sup>Bh having measured half-lives of about 2.4&nbsp;min and 40&nbsp;s respectively, and the even heavier unconfirmed isotope <sup>278</sup>Bh appearing to have an even longer half-life of about 11.5 minutes.
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 Bohrium is the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of [[group 7 element|group 7]] in the periodic table, below [[manganese]], [[technetium]] and [[rhenium]]. All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +7 and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus bohrium is expected to form a stable +7 state. Technetium also shows a stable +4 state whilst rhenium exhibits stable +4 and +3 states. Bohrium may therefore show these lower states as well.{{Fricke1975}} The higher +7 oxidation state is more likely to exist in oxyanions, such as perbohrate, {{chem|BhO|4|-}}, analogous to the lighter [[permanganate]], [[pertechnetate]], and [[perrhenate]]. Nevertheless, bohrium(VII) is likely to be unstable in aqueous solution, and would probably be easily reduced to the more stable bohrium(IV).<ref name="Haire" />
-The lighter group 7 elements are known to form volatile heptoxides M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (M = Mn, Tc, Re), so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide Bh<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, HBhO<sub>4</sub>.
+The lighter group 7 elements are known to form volatile heptoxides {{Chem2|M2O7}} (M = Mn, Tc, Re), so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide {{Chem2|Bh2O7}}. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, {{Chem2|HBhO4}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtksEQAAQBAJ |title=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |date=2024-10-28 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-662-68921-9 |pages=667 |language=en}}</ref>
-Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO<sub>3</sub>Cl, so BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in MO<sub>3</sub>F and MO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub> for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF<sub>5</sub> and ReF<sub>7</sub>. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka-rhenium properties.<ref>Hans Georg Nadler "Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a23_199}}</ref> Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical, and they should have increasingly large [[dipole]] moments going down the group, they should become less volatile in the order TcO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; ReO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl: this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the [[enthalpy|enthalpies]] of [[adsorption]] of these three compounds. The values are for TcO<sub>3</sub>Cl and ReO<sub>3</sub>Cl are −51&nbsp;kJ/mol and −61&nbsp;kJ/mol respectively; the experimental value for BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl is −77.8&nbsp;kJ/mol, very close to the theoretically expected value of −78.5&nbsp;kJ/mol.<ref name="Haire" />
+Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO<sub>3</sub>Cl, so BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in {{Chem2|MO3F}} and {{Chem2|MO2F3}} for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF<sub>5</sub> and ReF<sub>7</sub>. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka-rhenium properties.<ref>Hans Georg Nadler "Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a23_199}}</ref> Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical, and they should have increasingly large [[electric dipole moment]]s going down the group, they should become less volatile in the order TcO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; ReO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl: this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the [[enthalpy|enthalpies]] of [[adsorption]] of these three compounds. The values are for TcO<sub>3</sub>Cl and ReO<sub>3</sub>Cl are −51&nbsp;kJ/mol and −61&nbsp;kJ/mol respectively; the experimental value for BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl is −77.8&nbsp;kJ/mol, very close to the theoretically expected value of −78.5&nbsp;kJ/mol.<ref name="Haire" />
 ===Physical and atomic===
@@ Line 223: / Line 223: @@
 ==Experimental chemistry==
-In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium (using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent [[actinide]]s, the [[group 5 element]]s, and [[polonium]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Separation Procedure Proposed for Studies of Bohrium|last1=Malmbeck|first1=R.|last2=Skarnemark|first2=G.|last3=Alstad|first3=J.|last4=Fure|first4=K.|last5=Johansson|first5=M.|last6=Omtvedt|first6=J. P.|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=246|pages=349|date=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1006791027906|issue=2|bibcode=2000JRNC..246..349M |s2cid=93640208}}</ref>
+In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium (using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent [[actinide]]s, the [[group 5 element]]s, and [[polonium]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Separation Procedure Proposed for Studies of Bohrium|last1=Malmbeck|first1=R.|last2=Skarnemark|first2=G.|last3=Alstad|first3=J.|last4=Fure|first4=K.|last5=Johansson|first5=M.|last6=Omtvedt|first6=J. P.|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=246|page=349|date=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1006791027906|issue=2|bibcode=2000JRNC..246..349M |s2cid=93640208}}</ref>
 In 2000, it was confirmed that although relativistic effects are important, bohrium behaves like a typical group 7 element.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gäggeler|first1=H. W.|last2=Eichler|first2=R.|last3=Brüchle|first3=W.|last4=Dressler|first4=R.|last5=Düllmann|first5=Ch. E.|last6=Eichler|first6=B.|last7=Gregorich|first7=K. E.|last8=Hoffman|first8=D. C.|last9=Hübener|first9=S.|display-authors=8 |title=Chemical characterization of bohrium (element 107)|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=63–5|date=2000|pmid=10993071|doi=10.1038/35024044|bibcode=2000Natur.407...63E|s2cid=4398253}}</ref> A team at the [[Paul Scherrer Institute]] (PSI) conducted a chemistry reaction using six atoms of <sup>267</sup>Bh produced in the reaction between <sup>249</sup>Bk and <sup>22</sup>Ne ions. The resulting atoms were thermalised and reacted with a HCl/O<sub>2</sub> mixture to form a volatile oxychloride. The reaction also produced isotopes of its lighter homologues, technetium (as <sup>108</sup>Tc) and rhenium (as <sup>169</sup>Re). The isothermal adsorption curves were measured and gave strong evidence for the formation of a volatile oxychloride with properties similar to that of rhenium oxychloride. This placed bohrium as a typical member of group 7.<ref name="00Ei01">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf|title=Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)|last=Eichler |first=R. |display-authors=etal |work=GSI Annual Report 2000|access-date=2008-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002121/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> The adsorption enthalpies of the oxychlorides of technetium, rhenium, and bohrium were measured in this experiment, agreeing very well with the theoretical predictions and implying a sequence of decreasing oxychloride volatility down group 7 of TcO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; ReO<sub>3</sub>Cl &gt; BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl.<ref name="Haire" />
@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 :2 Bh + 3 {{chem|O|2}} + 2 HCl → 2 {{chem|BhO|3|Cl}} + {{chem|H|2}}
-The longer-lived heavy isotopes of bohrium, produced as the daughters of heavier elements, offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope <sup>274</sup>Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive [[berkelium]] target for its production, the isotopes <sup>272</sup>Bh, <sup>271</sup>Bh, and <sup>270</sup>Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced [[moscovium]] and [[nihonium]] isotopes.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref>
+The longer-lived heavy isotopes of bohrium, produced as the daughters of heavier elements, offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope <sup>274</sup>Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive [[berkelium]] target for its production, the isotopes <sup>272</sup>Bh, <sup>271</sup>Bh, and <sup>270</sup>Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced [[moscovium]] and [[nihonium]] isotopes.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=978-3-642-37466-1|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref>
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 {{Reflist|30em|refs=
 <ref name=IUPAC97>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199769122471|title=Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)|date=1997|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=69|pages=2471–2474|issue=12|author=Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|access-date=2023-07-11|archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011132719/http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=S. |author-link=Samanth Subramanian |date=2019 |title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114183428/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-01-18 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=S. |author-link=Samanth Subramanian |date=2019 |title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240924215450/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |archive-date= 2024-09-24|url-status=live |access-date=2020-01-18 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}</ref>
 }}
 == Bibliography ==
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+* {{cite journal |ref={{sfnref|Audi et al.|2017}} |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |display-authors=3 |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |issue=3 <!--Citation bot deny-->|article-number=030001 |year=2017
 |bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A }}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}-->
 * {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |author-link=Darleane C. Hoffman |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |year=2000 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Kragh |first=H. |author-link=Helge Kragh |date=2018 |title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-75813-8 }}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|pages=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|article-number=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}}
 ==External links==

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