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| range                = [[File:Balalaika Range2.svg|center]]
| range                = [[File:Balalaika Range2.svg|center]]
| pitch                =
| pitch                =
| related              = [[Baglama]]
| related              = {{Flatlist}}
 
* [[Bağlama]]
[[Dombra]]
* [[Dombra]]
 
* [[Domra]]
[[Domra]]
* [[Panduri]]
 
* [[Tovshuur]]
[[Panduri]]
{{Endflatlist}}
 
[[Topshur]]
| musicians            =
| musicians            =
| builders              =
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The '''balalaika''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|балала́йка}}, {{IPA|ru|bəɫɐˈɫajkə|pron}}) {{audio|Ru-балалайка.ogg|Balalaika}} is a Russian [[string instrument|stringed]] [[musical instrument]] with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck, and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string is a [[perfect fourth]] higher. The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short [[sustain]], necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for [[Russian traditional music|Russian folk music]] and [[Russian folk dances|dancing]].
The '''balalaika''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|балала́йка}}, {{IPA|ru|bəɫɐˈɫajkə|pron}}) {{audio|Ru-балалайка.ogg|Balalaika}} is a Russian [[string instrument|stringed]] [[musical instrument]] with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck, and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string is a [[perfect fourth]] higher. The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short [[sustain]], necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for [[Russian traditional music|Russian folk music]] and [[Russian folk dances|dancing]].


The balalaika ''family of instruments'' includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest: the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika, and contrabass balalaika. There are balalaika orchestras which consist solely of different balalaikas; these ensembles typically play Classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been ''descant'' and ''tenor'' balalaikas, but these are considered obsolete. All have three-sided bodies; spruce, evergreen, or fir tops; and backs made of three to nine wooden sections (usually maple).
The balalaika family of instruments includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest: the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika, and contrabass balalaika. There are balalaika orchestras which consist solely of different balalaikas; these ensembles typically play classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been ''descant'' and ''tenor'' balalaikas, but these are considered obsolete. All have three-sided bodies; [[spruce]], evergreen, or [[fir]] tops; and backs made of three to nine wooden sections (usually [[maple]]).


The prima, secunda, and alto balalaikas are played either with the fingers or a [[plectrum]] (pick), depending on the music being played, and the bass and contrabass (equipped with extension legs that rest on the floor) are played with leather plectra. The rare piccolo instrument is usually played with a pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balalaika.org/_instruments.htm |title=The Washington Balalaika Society |publisher=www.balalaika.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301144711/http://www.balalaika.org/_instruments.htm |archive-date=1 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>
The prima, secunda, and alto balalaikas are played either with the fingers or a [[plectrum]] (pick), depending on the music being played, and the bass and contrabass (equipped with extension legs that rest on the floor) are played with leather plectra. The rare piccolo instrument is usually played with a pick.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balalaika.org/_instruments.htm |title=The Instruments We Play |publisher=[[Washington Balalaika Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301144711/http://www.balalaika.org/_instruments.htm |archive-date=1 March 2009 }}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==


The earliest mention of the term ''balalaika'' dates back to a 1688 arrest document.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Averin |first=V. A. |title=Балалаечное исполнительство в Сибири: Опыт монографического исследования. |publisher=Yenisei Annals |publication-date=2013 |pages=31–33 |language=ru |trans-title=Balalaika performance in Siberia: Experience of monographic research}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chlebak |first=Nicolas |date=2015-01-01 |title=The 'Adaptability' of the Balalaika: An Ethnomusicological Investigation of the Russian Traditional Folk Instrument |url=https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/castheses/14/ |journal=UVM College of Arts and Sciences College Honors Theses |pages= |quote= |ref=Chlebak |via=ScholarWorks}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=16–17|quote=A record from the year 1688 documents the arrest of two peasants, Savka  Fyodorov, son of Selevnev, and Ivashko Dmitriev, who rode up to Yausky gate and antagonized  the guard stationed there whilst singing and playing the balalaika [Fig. 2]. Not only does this event capture the first concrete glimpse of the balalaika, but exemplifies its initial role as an  instrument of rebellion, defying the oppression of the heirarchy.}} Another appearance of the word is found in a claim dated October 1700 in what is now the [[Verkhotursky District|Verkhotursky district]] of Russia.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivanov |first=Alexander V. |date=2015-02-17 |title=Балалайка. История балалайки. Русская балалайка и русские музыкальные традиции. |trans-title=History of the balalaika: The Russian balalaika and Russian musical traditions |url=http://www.2-capital.ru/balalajka.html |website=Политический клуб две столицы |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=18|quote=On a similar note to the arrest record,  another incident from a few decades later in October of 1700 calls attention to the balalaika’s  aggressive beginnings. Pronka and Alexey Bayanovy, two coachmen from Verkhotursky county,  claim that they were chased by L. Pashkov, the domestic servant of the magistrate K.P.Kozlov,  and beaten with a balalaika.}} [[Peter the Great]] requested balalaika performers to play at the wedding celebrations of [[Nikita Zotov|N.M. Zotov]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=21|quote=However, contrary to the concerns that the balalaika would die out, balalaika performers were present at the celebration that Peter the Great organized for the prince-pope’s mock wedding in 1715.}}
The earliest mention of the term ''balalaika'' dates back to a 1688 arrest document.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Averin |first=V. A. |title=Балалаечное исполнительство в Сибири: Опыт монографического исследования. |publisher=Yenisei Annals |publication-date=2013 |pages=31–33 |language=ru |trans-title=Balalaika performance in Siberia: Experience of monographic research}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chlebak |first=Nicolas |date=2015-01-01 |title=The 'Adaptability' of the Balalaika: An Ethnomusicological Investigation of the Russian Traditional Folk Instrument |url=https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/castheses/14/ |journal=UVM College of Arts and Sciences College Honors Theses |pages= |quote= |ref=Chlebak |via=ScholarWorks}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=16–17|quote=A record from the year 1688 documents the arrest of two peasants, Savka  Fyodorov, son of Selevnev, and Ivashko Dmitriev, who rode up to Yausky gate and antagonized  the guard stationed there whilst singing and playing the balalaika [Fig. 2]. Not only does this event capture the first concrete glimpse of the balalaika, but exemplifies its initial role as an  instrument of rebellion, defying the oppression of the heirarchy.}} Another appearance of the word is found in a claim dated October 1700 in what is now the [[Verkhotursky District|Verkhotursky district]] of Russia.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivanov |first=Alexander V. |date=2015-02-17 |title=Балалайка. История балалайки. Русская балалайка и русские музыкальные традиции. |trans-title=History of the balalaika: The Russian balalaika and Russian musical traditions |url=http://www.2-capital.ru/balalajka.html |website=Политический клуб две столицы |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=18|quote=On a similar note to the arrest record,  another incident from a few decades later in October of 1700 calls attention to the balalaika’s  aggressive beginnings. Pronka and Alexey Bayanovy, two coachmen from Verkhotursky county,  claim that they were chased by L. Pashkov, the domestic servant of the magistrate K.P.Kozlov,  and beaten with a balalaika.}} [[Peter the Great]] requested balalaika performers to play at the wedding celebrations of [[Nikita Zotov]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=21|quote=However, contrary to the concerns that the balalaika would die out, balalaika performers were present at the celebration that Peter the Great organized for the prince-pope’s mock wedding in 1715.}}


In the [[Ukrainian language]], the word was first documented in the 18th century as "balabaika"; this form is also present in [[Southern Russian dialects|South Russian]] dialects and the [[Belarus]]ian language, as well as in [[Siberia|Siberian Russia]].<ref>[http://izbornyk.org.ua/djvu/tymchenko_slovnyk.htm Історичний словник українського язика] (''tr. "Historical dictionary of the Ukrainian language "'') Під ред. Є. Тимченка; укл.: Є. Тимченко, Є. Волошин, К. Лазаревська, Г. Петренко. — К.-Х., 1930–32. — Т. 1. — XXIV + 948 с. Зошит 1: А — Глу. — С. 52.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/revelationssibe01felgoog|title=Revelations of Siberia.|last1=Felinska|first1=Ewa|last2=Lach-Szyrma|first2=Krystyn|date=1852|publisher=London, Colburn and co.|others=University of Michigan}}</ref>
In the [[Ukrainian language]], the word was first documented in the 18th century as "balabaika"; this form is also present in [[Southern Russian dialects|South Russian]] dialects and the [[Belarus]]ian language, as well as in [[Siberia|Siberian Russia]].<ref>[http://izbornyk.org.ua/djvu/tymchenko_slovnyk.htm Історичний словник українського язика] (''tr. "Historical dictionary of the Ukrainian language "'') Під ред. Є. Тимченка; укл.: Є. Тимченко, Є. Волошин, К. Лазаревська, Г. Петренко. — К.-Х., 1930–32. — Т. 1. — XXIV + 948 с. Зошит 1: А — Глу. — С. 52.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/revelationssibe01felgoog|title=Revelations of Siberia.|last1=Felinska|first1=Ewa|last2=Lach-Szyrma|first2=Krystyn|date=1852|publisher=London, Colburn and co.|others=University of Michigan}}</ref>
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{{efn|name=d|Secundas are often the same instrument as primas, just tuned to a lower pitch range}}
{{efn|name=d|Secundas are often the same instrument as primas, just tuned to a lower pitch range}}
}}
}}
Factory-made six-string prima balalaikas with three sets of double [[Course (music)|course]]s are also common. These have three double courses similar to the stringing of the [[mandolin]] and often use a "guitar" tuning.<ref>[http://www.mandolinluthier.com/balalaika_page.htm  What is a balalaika?] ''www.mandolinluthier.com'' accessed 30 January 2021</ref>
Factory-made six-string prima balalaikas with three sets of double [[Course (music)|course]]s are also common. These have three double courses similar to the stringing of the [[mandolin]] and often use a "guitar" tuning.<ref>[https://www.mandolinluthier.com/balalaika_page.htm  What is a balalaika?] ''www.mandolinluthier.com'' accessed 30 January 2021</ref>


Four-string alto balalaikas are also encountered and are used in the orchestra of the [[Piatnistky Folk Choir]].
Four-string alto balalaikas are also encountered and are used in the orchestra of the [[Piatnistky Folk Choir]].
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== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Stamp-russia2014-musical-instruments-block.png|thumb|300px|right|Balalaika postal stamps]]
[[File:Balalaye 1769.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Jean-Baptiste Le Prince]], Balalaika Player, 1769]]


Some theories say that the instrument is descended from the [[domra]], an instrument from the [[East Slavs]]. In the [[Caucasus]], similar instruments such as the Mongolian [[topshur]], used in [[Kalmykia]], and the [[Panduri]] used in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] are played. It is also similar to the Kazakh [[dombra]], which has two strings.<ref>
Some theories say that the instrument is descended from the [[domra]], an instrument from the [[East Slavs]]. In the [[Caucasus]], similar instruments such as the Mongolian [[topshur]], used in [[Kalmykia]], and the [[Panduri]] used in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] are played. It is also similar to the Kazakh [[dombra]], which has two strings.<ref>
Findeizen, Nikolai. ''History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800.'' Ed. Miloš Velimirović
Findeizen, Nikolai. ''History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800.'' Ed. Miloš Velimirović
  and Claudia Jensen. Vol. 1. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2008. P. 172.</ref>
  and Claudia Jensen. Vol. 1. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2008. P. 172.</ref>
 
[[File:Stamp-russia2014-musical-instruments-block.png|thumb|300px|right|Balalaika postal stamps]]
=== The pre-Andreyev period ===
=== The pre-Andreyev period ===
Early representations of the balalaika show it with anywhere from two to six strings. Similarly, [[fret]]s on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player at will (as is the case with the modern [[baglama|saz]], which allows for the playing distinctive to Turkish and Central Asian music).
Early representations of the balalaika show it with anywhere from two to six strings. Similarly, [[fret]]s on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player at will (as is the case with the modern [[baglama|saz]], which allows for the playing distinctive to Turkish and Central Asian music).
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With the establishment of the Soviet system and the entrenchment of a proletarian cultural direction, the culture of the working classes (which included that of village labourers) was actively supported by the Soviet establishment. The concept of the balalaika orchestra was adopted wholeheartedly by the Soviet government as something distinctively proletarian (that is, from the working classes) and was also deemed progressive. Significant amounts of energy and time were devoted to support and foster the formal study of the balalaika, from which highly skilled ensemble groups such as the [[Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra]] emerged. Balalaika virtuosi such as [[Boris Feoktistov]] and [[Pavel Necheporenko]] became stars both inside and outside the Soviet Union. The movement was so powerful that even the renowned [[Alexandrov Ensemble|Red Army Choir]], which initially used a normal symphonic orchestra, changed its instrumentation, replacing violins, [[viola]]s, and [[violoncello]]s with orchestral balalaikas and [[domra]]s.<ref>Schwarz, Boris. ''Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia.'' Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983. p. 495.</ref>
With the establishment of the Soviet system and the entrenchment of a proletarian cultural direction, the culture of the working classes (which included that of village labourers) was actively supported by the Soviet establishment. The concept of the balalaika orchestra was adopted wholeheartedly by the Soviet government as something distinctively proletarian (that is, from the working classes) and was also deemed progressive. Significant amounts of energy and time were devoted to support and foster the formal study of the balalaika, from which highly skilled ensemble groups such as the [[Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra]] emerged. Balalaika virtuosi such as [[Boris Feoktistov]] and [[Pavel Necheporenko]] became stars both inside and outside the Soviet Union. The movement was so powerful that even the renowned [[Alexandrov Ensemble|Red Army Choir]], which initially used a normal symphonic orchestra, changed its instrumentation, replacing violins, [[viola]]s, and [[violoncello]]s with orchestral balalaikas and [[domra]]s.<ref>Schwarz, Boris. ''Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia.'' Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983. p. 495.</ref>
[[File:Петров Смотрины-невесты 1861.jpg|left|thumb|Painting from [[Nikolai Petrovich Petrov]] in 1861. The scene portrays the old Russian tradition of the [[bride-show]] while a balalaika is played.]]
== Solo instrument ==
== Solo instrument ==
Often musicians perform solo on the balalaika. In particular, [[Alexey Arkhipovsky]] is well known for his solo performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arkhipovskiy.com/|title=Алексей Архиповский |trans-title=Alexey Arkhipovsky |website=Алексей Архиповский|language=ru-RU|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> In particular, he was invited to play at the opening ceremony of the second semi final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]] in Moscow because the organizers wanted to give a "more Russian appearance" to the contest.<ref name="newsmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmusic.ru/news_4_18413.htm |script-title=ru:Алексей Архиповский: Выступлением на "Евровидении" я недоволен! |trans-title=Alexey Arkhipovsky: I'm not happy with my performance at Eurovision!  |publisher=NEWSmusic.Ru |language=ru |access-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102110204/http://newsmusic.ru/news_4_18413.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 }}</ref>
Often musicians perform solo on the balalaika. In particular, [[Alexey Arkhipovsky]] is well known for his solo performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkhipovskiy.com/|title=Алексей Архиповский |trans-title=Alexey Arkhipovsky |website=Алексей Архиповский|language=ru-RU|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> In particular, he was invited to play at the opening ceremony of the second semi final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]] in Moscow because the organizers wanted to give a "more Russian appearance" to the contest.<ref name="newsmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmusic.ru/news_4_18413.htm |script-title=ru:Алексей Архиповский: Выступлением на "Евровидении" я недоволен! |trans-title=Alexey Arkhipovsky: I'm not happy with my performance at Eurovision!  |publisher=NEWSmusic.Ru |language=ru |access-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102110204/http://newsmusic.ru/news_4_18413.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 }}</ref>


==Notable players==
==Notable players==
{{Expand section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Петров Смотрины-невесты 1861.jpg|thumb|Painting from [[Nikolai Petrovich Petrov]] in 1861. The scene portrays the old Russian tradition of the [[bride-show]] while a balalaika is played.]]See [[w:Category:Russian balalaika players|Category: Russian balalaika players]] (English Wikipedia) and a [[w:ru:Категория:Балалаечники России|larger one in Russian]]
See [[w:Category:Russian balalaika players|Category: Russian balalaika players]] (English Wikipedia) and a [[w:ru:Категория:Балалаечники России|larger one in Russian]]


*{{ill|Shaukat Sabirovich Amirov|lt=Shaukat Amirov|ru|Амиров, Шаукат Сабирович}}
*{{ill|Shaukat Sabirovich Amirov|lt=Shaukat Amirov|ru|Амиров, Шаукат Сабирович}}
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*{{ill|Grigoriy Evgenyevich Avksentyev|lt=Grigoriy Avksentyev|ru|Авксентьев, Григорий Евгениевич}}
*{{ill|Grigoriy Evgenyevich Avksentyev|lt=Grigoriy Avksentyev|ru|Авксентьев, Григорий Евгениевич}}
*[[Alexey Arkhipovsky]]
*[[Alexey Arkhipovsky]]
*[[Elina Karokhina]]
*[[Pavel Necheporenko]]
*[[Pavel Necheporenko]]
*{{ill|Boris Sergeyevich Troyanovskiy|lt=Boris Troyanovskiy|ru|Трояновский, Борис Сергеевич}}
*{{ill|Boris Sergeyevich Troyanovskiy|lt=Boris Troyanovskiy|ru|Трояновский, Борис Сергеевич}}
* Andrey Gorbachev (modern balalaika soloist and educator) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-15 |title=Leading balalaika player Andrey Gorbachov to give concert in Yerevan |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/718843 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Armenpress |language=en}}</ref>
* Lev Zabeginsky (New York-based balalaika virtuoso) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History of Russian balalaika |url=https://www.barynya.com/balalaika_duo/balalaika.stm}}</ref>
* Sergei Vashchenko (soloist, performer from Texas) <ref name=":2" />
* Mikhail Smirnov (Russian balalaika player, ensemble leader) <ref name=":2" />
* Sasha Ressetar (American balalaika virtuoso) <ref name=":2" />
* Leonid Bruk (expert on contrabass balalaika) <ref name=":2" />
* Simon Lemberskiy (balalaika soloist, Brooklyn) <ref name=":2" />


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
[[File: Imperial Russian Balilika Court Orchestra.jpg|thumb|right|1911 advertisement for the Imperial Russian Balalaika Orchestra and [[Victor Records]]]]
[[File: Imperial Russian Balilika Court Orchestra.jpg|thumb|right|1911 advertisement for the Imperial Russian Balalaika Orchestra and [[Victor Records]]]]


Through the 20th century, interest in Russian folk instruments grew outside of Russia, likely as a result of western tours by Andreyev and other balalaika virtuosi early in the century. Significant balalaika associations are found in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://absorchestra.org/|title=The American Balalaika Symphony: Experience It!|work=absorchestra.org|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianstrings.com/|title=Los Angeles Balalaika Orchestra|work=russianstrings.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> New York,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barynya.com/orchestra.htm|title=New York Russian Balalaika Orchestra|work=barynya.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Atlanta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlantabalalaika.com/|title=Atlanta Balalaika Society|work=atlantabalalaika.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> and Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balalaika.org/|title=Washington Balalaika Society – Home|work=balalaika.org|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
Through the 20th century, interest in Russian folk instruments grew outside of Russia, likely as a result of western tours by Andreyev and other balalaika virtuosi early in the century. Significant balalaika associations are found in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://absorchestra.org/|title=The American Balalaika Symphony: Experience It!|work=absorchestra.org|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.russianstrings.com/|title=Los Angeles Balalaika Orchestra|work=russianstrings.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> New York,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barynya.com/orchestra.htm|title=New York Russian Balalaika Orchestra|work=barynya.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Atlanta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlantabalalaika.com/|title=Atlanta Balalaika Society|work=atlantabalalaika.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> and Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balalaika.org/|title=Washington Balalaika Society – Home|work=balalaika.org|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] plays balalaika on two songs from the 1969 [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] album ''[[Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)|Stand Up]]'': "Jeffrey Goes to Leicester Square" and "Fat Man".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jethrotull.com/?portfolio=stand-up|title=Stand Up – Jethro Tull|work=jethrotull.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] plays balalaika on two songs from the 1969 [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] album ''[[Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)|Stand Up]]'': "Jeffrey Goes to Leicester Square" and "Fat Man".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jethrotull.com/?portfolio=stand-up|title=Stand Up – Jethro Tull|work=jethrotull.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Wes Anderson]]'s 2014 film ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]'' (winner of the 87th [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]])<ref name="oscars2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015 | title=THE 87TH ACADEMY AWARDS 2015 | date=10 March 2015 }}</ref> employs many balalaikas in both [[Alexandre Desplat]]'s original score and several sound-track recordings by the [[Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* [[Wes Anderson]]'s 2014 film ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]'' (winner of the 87th [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]])<ref name="oscars2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015 | title=THE 87TH ACADEMY AWARDS 2015 | date=10 March 2015 }}</ref> employs many balalaikas in both [[Alexandre Desplat]]'s original score and several sound-track recordings by the [[Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* Oleg Bernov of the Russian-American rock band the [[Red Elvises]] played a red electrified contrabass balalaika during the band's North American tours.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Dejah Sandoval currently tours with the Red Elvises and plays the bass balalaika.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jagernauth|first1=Kevin|date=2014-06-19|title=Exclusive: Pics Of Recording Sessions For 'Grand Budapest Hotel,' Randall Poster Talks Score, Wes Anderson & More|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/06/exclusive-pics-of-recording-sessions-for-grand-budapest-hotel-randall-poster-talks-score-wes-anderson-more-84671/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=IndieWire|language=en|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004445/https://www.indiewire.com/2014/06/exclusive-pics-of-recording-sessions-for-grand-budapest-hotel-randall-poster-talks-score-wes-anderson-more-84671/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Oleg Bernov of the Russian-American rock band the [[Red Elvises]] played a red electrified contrabass balalaika during the band's North American tours.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Dejah Sandoval currently tours with the Red Elvises and plays the bass balalaika.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jagernauth|first1=Kevin|date=2014-06-19|title=Exclusive: Pics Of Recording Sessions For 'Grand Budapest Hotel,' Randall Poster Talks Score, Wes Anderson & More|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/06/exclusive-pics-of-recording-sessions-for-grand-budapest-hotel-randall-poster-talks-score-wes-anderson-more-84671/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=IndieWire|language=en|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004445/https://www.indiewire.com/2014/06/exclusive-pics-of-recording-sessions-for-grand-budapest-hotel-randall-poster-talks-score-wes-anderson-more-84671/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kate Bush]] featured the balalaika (played by her brother [[Paddy Bush]]) in two of her Top-40 singles, "[[Babooshka (song)|Babooshka]]" and "[[Running Up That Hill]]".<ref>[http://www.katebushencyclopedia.com/running-up-that-hill  ''Running Up That Hill'']</ref>
* [[Kate Bush]] featured the balalaika (played by her brother [[Paddy Bush]]) in two of her Top-40 singles, "[[Babooshka (song)|Babooshka]]" and "[[Running Up That Hill]]".<ref>[https://www.katebushencyclopedia.com/running-up-that-hill  ''Running Up That Hill'']</ref>
* [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]], the Norwegian all-girl pop band, uses two contrabass balalaikas, both of which have cat faces painted on the front. They are named Børge and Akerø.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/AkeroKatzenjammersCatFacedContraBassBalalaika|title=Security Check Required|work=facebook.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Dq5F2gm2Xw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211123/7Dq5F2gm2Xw| archive-date=2021-11-23 | url-status=live|title=Akero – Its All About the Bass – Katzenjammer|date=29 September 2015|access-date=23 February 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]], the Norwegian all-girl pop band, uses two contrabass balalaikas, both of which have cat faces painted on the front. They are named Børge and Akerø.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/AkeroKatzenjammersCatFacedContraBassBalalaika|title=Security Check Required|work=facebook.com|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Dq5F2gm2Xw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211123/7Dq5F2gm2Xw| archive-date=2021-11-23 | url-status=live|title=Akero – Its All About the Bass – Katzenjammer|date=29 September 2015|access-date=23 February 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[David Lean]]'s 1965 film ''[[Doctor Zhivago (1965 film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' features balalaika prominently in the score and the plot.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/filmmusic00russ|url-access=registration|quote=Zhivago balalaika music.|title=Film Music|last1=Russell|first1=Mark|last2=Young|first2=James Edward|date=2000|publisher=Focal Press|isbn=9780240804415|pages=[https://archive.org/details/filmmusic00russ/page/48 48]–51|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brassard|first=Jeffrey|date=2017|title=Slavophilism, nostalgia and the curse of Western ideas: Reflections on Russia's past in Alexander Proshkin's 2006 adaptation of Doctor Zhivago|url=http://historicalfictionsjournal.org/pdf/JHF%202017-111.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://historicalfictionsjournal.org/pdf/JHF%202017-111.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=Journal of Historical Fictions|volume=1|pages=111–129|via=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8eQAgAAQBAJ&q=zhivago&pg=PA77|title=Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso|last1=Goldman|first1=Susan R.|last2=Graesser|first2=Arthur C.|last3=Broek|first3=Paul van den|date=August 1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135666071|pages=89|language=en}}</ref>
* [[David Lean]]'s 1965 film ''[[Doctor Zhivago (1965 film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' features balalaika prominently in the score and the plot.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/filmmusic00russ|url-access=registration|quote=Zhivago balalaika music.|title=Film Music|last1=Russell|first1=Mark|last2=Young|first2=James Edward|date=2000|publisher=Focal Press|isbn=9780240804415|pages=[https://archive.org/details/filmmusic00russ/page/48 48]–51|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brassard|first=Jeffrey|date=2017|title=Slavophilism, nostalgia and the curse of Western ideas: Reflections on Russia's past in Alexander Proshkin's 2006 adaptation of Doctor Zhivago|url=http://historicalfictionsjournal.org/pdf/JHF%202017-111.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://historicalfictionsjournal.org/pdf/JHF%202017-111.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=Journal of Historical Fictions|volume=1|pages=111–129|via=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8eQAgAAQBAJ&q=zhivago&pg=PA77|title=Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso|last1=Goldman|first1=Susan R.|last2=Graesser|first2=Arthur C.|last3=Broek|first3=Paul van den|date=August 1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135666071|pages=89|language=en}}</ref>
* VulgarGrad, an Australian band fronted by actor [[Jacek Koman]], plays songs of the Russian criminal underground, and uses a contrabass balalaika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vulgargrad.com/biography/|title=Band|work=Vulgargrad|date=7 June 2010 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
* VulgarGrad, an Australian band fronted by actor [[Jacek Koman]], plays songs of the Russian criminal underground, and uses a contrabass balalaika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vulgargrad.com/biography/|title=Band|work=Vulgargrad|date=7 June 2010 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
*[[RebbeSoul]] plays the balalaika on numerous songs on the RebbeSoul albums ''Fringe Of Blue'', ''RebbeSoul-O'', ''Change The World With A Sound'', and ''From Another World''.  He also plays the balalaika on the Common Tongue album ''Step Into My Word'' and on the [[Shlomit & RebbeSoul]] album ''The Seal Of Solomon''.
*[[RebbeSoul]] plays the balalaika on numerous songs on the RebbeSoul albums ''Fringe Of Blue'', ''RebbeSoul-O'', ''Change The World With A Sound'', and ''From Another World''.  He also plays the balalaika on the Common Tongue album ''Step Into My Word'' and on the [[Shlomit & RebbeSoul]] album ''The Seal Of Solomon''.
*The instrument is featured in the episode "The Secret War" of the 2019 [[Netflix]] series ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]''.
*The instrument is featured in the episode "The Secret War" of the 2019 [[Netflix]] series ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]''.
Line 194: Line 196:
* [https://ibalalaika.com/balalaika-setup-lesson-1/ Balalaika Part Names And Setup – Balalaika Lesson 1] on ibalalaika.com
* [https://ibalalaika.com/balalaika-setup-lesson-1/ Balalaika Part Names And Setup – Balalaika Lesson 1] on ibalalaika.com
* (en) [http://www.skaz1.com/balalaika.engl.html "Balalaika"]—article by Dmitry Belinskiy from the newspaper ''Krymskaya Pravda''. Balalaika music, video
* (en) [http://www.skaz1.com/balalaika.engl.html "Balalaika"]—article by Dmitry Belinskiy from the newspaper ''Krymskaya Pravda''. Balalaika music, video
* [http://goshabagpiper.narod.ru/history.htm Russian site about balalaika. History of balalaika], by Georgy Nefyodov
* [https://goshabagpiper.narod.ru/history.htm Russian site about balalaika. History of balalaika], by Georgy Nefyodov
* [http://www.andreaslehmann.com/files/andreaslehmann/downloads/chord-reference-for-balalaika.pdf Chord reference for Prima-Balalaika]
* [https://www.andreaslehmann.com/files/andreaslehmann/downloads/chord-reference-for-balalaika.pdf Chord reference for Prima-Balalaika]
* (rus) [https://balalaika.org.ru/ balalaika.org.ru]: music sheets, video, forum, etc.
* (rus) [https://balalaika.org.ru/ balalaika.org.ru]: music sheets, video, forum, etc.
* {{YouTube|F6pPP2kfHzU|An example of balalaika playing}}
* {{YouTube|F6pPP2kfHzU|An example of balalaika playing}}
* (de) [http://www.russische-balalaika.de/ russische-balalaika.de – informative Website]
* (de) [https://www.russische-balalaika.de/ russische-balalaika.de – informative Website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MTZd6lsd4k An example of a reconstructed pre-Andreyev balalaika with two strings] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MTZd6lsd4k An example of a reconstructed pre-Andreyev balalaika with two strings] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y_-HNU5qag An example of a Bessarabian tune on balalaika, Dieter and Ally Hauptmann] on YouTube.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y_-HNU5qag An example of a Bessarabian tune on balalaika, Dieter and Ally Hauptmann] on YouTube.

Latest revision as of 11:25, 26 March 2026

This article is about the musical instrument. For other uses, see Balalaika (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox instrument

The balalaika (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., ru) Audio file "Ru-балалайка.ogg" not found is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck, and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string is a perfect fourth higher. The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short sustain, necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for Russian folk music and dancing.

The balalaika family of instruments includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest: the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika, and contrabass balalaika. There are balalaika orchestras which consist solely of different balalaikas; these ensembles typically play classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been descant and tenor balalaikas, but these are considered obsolete. All have three-sided bodies; spruce, evergreen, or fir tops; and backs made of three to nine wooden sections (usually maple).

The prima, secunda, and alto balalaikas are played either with the fingers or a plectrum (pick), depending on the music being played, and the bass and contrabass (equipped with extension legs that rest on the floor) are played with leather plectra. The rare piccolo instrument is usually played with a pick.[1]

Etymology

The earliest mention of the term balalaika dates back to a 1688 arrest document.[2][3]: 16–17  Another appearance of the word is found in a claim dated October 1700 in what is now the Verkhotursky district of Russia.[2][4][3]: 18  Peter the Great requested balalaika performers to play at the wedding celebrations of Nikita Zotov in Saint Petersburg.[3]: 21 

In the Ukrainian language, the word was first documented in the 18th century as "balabaika"; this form is also present in South Russian dialects and the Belarusian language, as well as in Siberian Russia.[5][6]

Types

File:Isfl secunda balalaika.png
Secunda size
File:Contrabassbalalaika.jpg
Contrabass size
File:A prima balalaika and a bass balalaika.jpg
A prima balalaika and a bass balalaika

The most common solo instrument is the prima, which is tuned E4–E4–A4 (thus the two lower strings are tuned to the same pitch). Sometimes the balalaika is tuned "guitar style" by folk musicians to G3–B3–D4 (mimicking the three highest strings of the Russian guitar), whereby it is easier to play for Russian guitar players, although classically trained balalaika purists avoid this tuning. It can also be tuned to E4–A4–D5, like its cousin, the domra, to make it easier for those trained on the domra to play the instrument, and still have a balalaika sound.[7] The folk (pre-Andreev) tunings D4–F♯4–A4 and C4–E4–G4 were very popular, as this makes it easier to play certain riffs.[8]

Balalaikas have been made in the following sizes:[9]

Name Length Common tuning
descant[lower-alpha 1] c. 46 cm (18 in) E5 E5 A5
piccolo[lower-alpha 2] c. 61 cm (24 in) B4 E5 A5
prima[lower-alpha 3] 66–69 cm (26–27 in) E4 E4 A4
secunda[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] 68–74 cm (27–29 in) A3 A3 D4
alto[lower-alpha 3] 81 cm (32 in) E3 E3 A3
tenor[lower-alpha 1] 91–97 cm (36–38 in) A2 A2 D3
bass[lower-alpha 3] 104 cm (41 in) E2 A2 D3
contrabass[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] 130–165 cm (51–65 in) E1 A1 D2
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Obsolete
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rare
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Members of the modern balalaika orchestra
  4. ↑ Secundas are often the same instrument as primas, just tuned to a lower pitch range

Factory-made six-string prima balalaikas with three sets of double courses are also common. These have three double courses similar to the stringing of the mandolin and often use a "guitar" tuning.[10]

Four-string alto balalaikas are also encountered and are used in the orchestra of the Piatnistky Folk Choir.

The piccolo, prima, and secunda balalaikas were originally strung with gut with the thinnest melody string made of stainless steel. Today, nylon strings are commonly used in place of gut.[11]

Amateur and/or souvenir-style prima balalaikas usually have a total of 16 frets, while in professional orchestra-like ones that number raises to 24.[11]

Technique

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An important part of balalaika technique is the use of the left thumb to fret notes on the lower string, particularly on the prima, where it is used to form chords. Traditionally, the side of the index finger of the right hand is used to sound notes on the prima, while a plectrum is used on the larger sizes.

Because of the large size of the contrabass's strings, it is not uncommon to see players using a plectrum made from a leather shoe or boot heel. Bass and contrabass balalaikas rest on the ground, on a wooden or metal pin that is drilled into one of its corners.

History

File:Balalaye 1769.jpg
Jean-Baptiste Le Prince, Balalaika Player, 1769

Some theories say that the instrument is descended from the domra, an instrument from the East Slavs. In the Caucasus, similar instruments such as the Mongolian topshur, used in Kalmykia, and the Panduri used in Georgia are played. It is also similar to the Kazakh dombra, which has two strings.[12]

File:Stamp-russia2014-musical-instruments-block.png
Balalaika postal stamps

The pre-Andreyev period

Early representations of the balalaika show it with anywhere from two to six strings. Similarly, frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player at will (as is the case with the modern saz, which allows for the playing distinctive to Turkish and Central Asian music).

The first known document mentioning the instrument dates back to 1688. A guard's logbook from the Moscow Kremlin records that two commoners were stopped from playing the Balalaika whilst drunk.[13] Further documents from 1700 and 1714 also mention the instrument. In the early 18th century the term appeared in Ukrainian documents, where it sounded like "Balabaika". Balalaika appeared in "Elysei", a 1771 poem by V. Maikov.[14] In the 19th century, the balalaika evolved into a triangular instrument with a neck that was substantially shorter than that of its Asian counterparts. It was popular as a village instrument for centuries, particularly with the skomorokhs, sort of free-lance musical jesters whose tunes ridiculed the Tsar, the Russian Orthodox Church, and Russian society in general.[15]

File:Balalaïka "Москва 80".jpg
Balalaika model of 1980 made for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow

The Andreyev period

In the 1880s, Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev, who was then a professional violinist in the music salons of St Petersburg, developed what became the standardized balalaika, with the assistance of violin maker V. Ivanov. The instrument began to be used in his concert performances. A few years later, St. Petersburg craftsman Paserbsky further refined the instruments by adding a fully chromatic set of frets and also a number of balalaikas in orchestral sizes with the tunings now found in modern instruments. One of the reasons why the instruments were not standardised, was because people in the outlying areas built their own instruments because there was so little communication for them. There were no roads and weather conditions were generally bad. Andreyev patented the design and arranged numerous traditional Russian folk melodies for the orchestra. He also composed a body of concert pieces for the instrument.[16]

Balalaika orchestra

File:Balalaika.jpg
Souvenir style

The result of Andreyev's labours was the establishment of an orchestral folk tradition in Tsarist Russia, which later grew into a movement within the Soviet Union.[17] The balalaika orchestra in its full form consists of balalaikas, domras, gusli, bayan, Vladimir Shepherd's Horns, garmoshkas, and several types of percussion instruments.

With the establishment of the Soviet system and the entrenchment of a proletarian cultural direction, the culture of the working classes (which included that of village labourers) was actively supported by the Soviet establishment. The concept of the balalaika orchestra was adopted wholeheartedly by the Soviet government as something distinctively proletarian (that is, from the working classes) and was also deemed progressive. Significant amounts of energy and time were devoted to support and foster the formal study of the balalaika, from which highly skilled ensemble groups such as the Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra emerged. Balalaika virtuosi such as Boris Feoktistov and Pavel Necheporenko became stars both inside and outside the Soviet Union. The movement was so powerful that even the renowned Red Army Choir, which initially used a normal symphonic orchestra, changed its instrumentation, replacing violins, violas, and violoncellos with orchestral balalaikas and domras.[18]

Solo instrument

Often musicians perform solo on the balalaika. In particular, Alexey Arkhipovsky is well known for his solo performances.[19] In particular, he was invited to play at the opening ceremony of the second semi final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow because the organizers wanted to give a "more Russian appearance" to the contest.[20]

Notable players

File:Петров Смотрины-невесты 1861.jpg
Painting from Nikolai Petrovich Petrov in 1861. The scene portrays the old Russian tradition of the bride-show while a balalaika is played.

See Category: Russian balalaika players (English Wikipedia) and a larger one in Russian

  • Andrey Gorbachev (modern balalaika soloist and educator) [21]
  • Lev Zabeginsky (New York-based balalaika virtuoso) [22]
  • Sergei Vashchenko (soloist, performer from Texas) [22]
  • Mikhail Smirnov (Russian balalaika player, ensemble leader) [22]
  • Sasha Ressetar (American balalaika virtuoso) [22]
  • Leonid Bruk (expert on contrabass balalaika) [22]
  • Simon Lemberskiy (balalaika soloist, Brooklyn) [22]
File:Imperial Russian Balilika Court Orchestra.jpg
1911 advertisement for the Imperial Russian Balalaika Orchestra and Victor Records

Through the 20th century, interest in Russian folk instruments grew outside of Russia, likely as a result of western tours by Andreyev and other balalaika virtuosi early in the century. Significant balalaika associations are found in Washington, D.C.,[23] Los Angeles,[24] New York,[25] Atlanta[26] and Seattle.[27]

See also

See also: Lute § History and evolution of the lute

References

  1. ↑ "The Instruments We Play". Washington Balalaika Society. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Averin, V. A. (2013). Балалаечное исполнительство в Сибири: Опыт монографического исследования [Balalaika performance in Siberia: Experience of monographic research] (in Russian). Yenisei Annals. pp. 31–33.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chlebak, Nicolas (1 January 2015). "The 'Adaptability' of the Balalaika: An Ethnomusicological Investigation of the Russian Traditional Folk Instrument". UVM College of Arts and Sciences College Honors Theses – via ScholarWorks.
  4. ↑ Ivanov, Alexander V. (17 February 2015). "Балалайка. История балалайки. Русская балалайка и русские музыкальные традиции" [History of the balalaika: The Russian balalaika and Russian musical traditions]. Политический клуб две столицы (in Russian).
  5. ↑ Історичний словник українського язика (tr. "Historical dictionary of the Ukrainian language ") Під ред. Є. Тимченка; укл.: Є. Тимченко, Є. Волошин, К. Лазаревська, Г. Петренко. — К.-Х., 1930–32. — Т. 1. — XXIV + 948 с. Зошит 1: А — Глу. — С. 52.
  6. ↑ Felinska, Ewa; Lach-Szyrma, Krystyn (1852). Revelations of Siberia. University of Michigan. London, Colburn and co.
  7. ↑ How to tune a Balalaika www.get-tuned.com accessed 30 January 2021
  8. ↑ Micha Tcherkassky. "Balalaika.fr – Origins of balalaika". balalaikafr.free.fr.
  9. ↑ Ekkel, Bibs; The Complete Balalaika Book; Mel Bay Publications; Pacific, Missouri: 1997. pg. 90–92. ISBN 0-7866-2475-2
  10. ↑ What is a balalaika? www.mandolinluthier.com accessed 30 January 2021
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Basic Information www.balalajka.com accessed 30 January 2021
  12. ↑ Findeizen, Nikolai. History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800. Ed. Miloš Velimirović and Claudia Jensen. Vol. 1. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2008. P. 172.
  13. ↑ "Balalaika orchestra offers glimpse of instruments, music". The Daily Progress. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Аверин, В. А. Балалаечное исполнительство в Сибири: Опыт монографического исследования. (tr. "Balalaika Performance in Siberia: Experience monographic research.") Енисейский летописец (2013). pp. 31-33.
  15. ↑ Шанский Н. М., Иванов В. В., Шанская Т. В. Скоморох // Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. Пособие для учителя (tr." Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. A guide for teachers") / Под ред. чл.-кор. АН СССР С. Г. Бархударова. — М.: Просвещение, 1971. p. 412
  16. ↑ Прохоров, А. М., ed. Большая Советская Энциклопедия. (tr. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia ") 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Москва: Советская Энциклопедия, 1970. pp. 16-17.
  17. ↑ Smith, Susannah L. "Folk Music." Encyclopedia of Russian History. Ed. James R. Millar. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. p. 510.
  18. ↑ Schwarz, Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983. p. 495.
  19. ↑ "Алексей Архиповский" [Alexey Arkhipovsky]. Алексей Архиповский (in Russian). Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  20. ↑ Алексей Архиповский: Выступлением на "Евровидении" я недоволен! [Alexey Arkhipovsky: I'm not happy with my performance at Eurovision!] (in Russian). NEWSmusic.Ru. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "Leading balalaika player Andrey Gorbachov to give concert in Yerevan". Armenpress. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 "History of Russian balalaika".
  23. ↑ "The American Balalaika Symphony: Experience It!". absorchestra.org. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "Los Angeles Balalaika Orchestra". russianstrings.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  25. ↑ "New York Russian Balalaika Orchestra". barynya.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "Atlanta Balalaika Society". atlantabalalaika.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "Washington Balalaika Society – Home". balalaika.org. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  28. ↑ "Stand Up – Jethro Tull". jethrotull.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  29. ↑ "THE 87TH ACADEMY AWARDS 2015". 10 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Jagernauth, Kevin (19 June 2014). "Exclusive: Pics Of Recording Sessions For 'Grand Budapest Hotel,' Randall Poster Talks Score, Wes Anderson & More". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  31. ↑ Running Up That Hill
  32. ↑ "Security Check Required". facebook.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  33. ↑ Akero – Its All About the Bass – Katzenjammer. 29 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2016 – via YouTube.
  34. ↑ Russell, Mark; Young, James Edward (2000). Film Music. Focal Press. pp. 48–51. ISBN 9780240804415. Zhivago balalaika music.
  35. ↑ Brassard, Jeffrey (2017). "Slavophilism, nostalgia and the curse of Western ideas: Reflections on Russia's past in Alexander Proshkin's 2006 adaptation of Doctor Zhivago" (PDF). Journal of Historical Fictions. 1: 111–129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 – via Google Scholar.
  36. ↑ Goldman, Susan R.; Graesser, Arthur C.; Broek, Paul van den (August 1999). Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781135666071.
  37. ↑ "Band". Vulgargrad. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
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