Apiaceae: Difference between revisions

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*[[Azorelloideae]] Plunkett & Lowry

*[[Saniculoideae]] Burnett

*Apioideae [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]

*[[Apioideae]] [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]

| synonyms = Umbelliferae

}}

'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|eɪ|p|iː|'|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-~~|s|iː~~|ˌ|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Apiaceae.wav}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''', or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=7 September 2017 |title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>

'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|p|i|'|eɪ|s|i|.|iː|,_|-|ˌ|aɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Apiaceae.wav}}), also called '''Umbelliferae''', is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''', or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=7 September 2017 |title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of ~~highly [[poisonous]]~~ species, such as [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of deadly toxic species, such as [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].

== Description ==

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Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called [[furanocoumarins]]) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319001.php |title=Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and light affect the skin |last1=Leonard |first1=Jayne |date=19 August 2017 |website=Medical News Today |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/sun-related-skin-condition-triggered-by-chemicals-in-certain-plants-fruits/ |title=Sun-related Skin Condition Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits |last1=Davis |first1=Dawn |date=12 August 2011 |website=Dermatology, Mayo Clinic |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> a serious skin inflammation. Phototoxic species include ''[[Ammi majus]]'', ''[[Notobubon galbanum]],'' the [[parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa'') and numerous species of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', especially the giant hogweed (''[[Heracleum mantegazzianum]]''). Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae.<ref name="Pathak et al. 1962">{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=M. A. |last2=Daniels |first2=Farrington Jr. |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=T. B. |title=The Presently Known Distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in Plants |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |date=September 1962 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=225–239 |doi=10.1038/jid.1962.106|pmid=13941836 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of ~~poisonous~~ species, including [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].

The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of neurotoxic species, including [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=Isiah |title=Apiaceae: Ecology, Uses and Toxicity |date=2021 |publisher=nova publisher |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-53619-060-1 |chapter=Chapter 3 A Comprehensive Study of Poisonous Plants of Family Apiaceae.}}</ref>

Some members of the family Apiaceae, including [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[fennel]], [[parsley]] and [[parsnip]], contain [[polyyne]]s, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities |author=C. Zidorn |author2=K. Jöhrer |author3=M. Ganzera |author4=B. Schubert |author5=E.M. Sigmund |author6=J. Mader |author7=R. Greil |author8=E.P. Ellmerer |author9=H. Stuppner |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=2005 |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=2518–2523 |doi=10.1021/jf048041s |pmid=15796588|bibcode=2005JAFC...53.2518Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Minto | first1 = Robert E. | last2 = Blacklock | first2 = Brenda J | year = 2008 | title = Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products | journal = From Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 233–306 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002 | pmid = 18387369 | pmc = 2515280 }}</ref>

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 *[[Azorelloideae]] <small>Plunkett & Lowry</small>
 *[[Saniculoideae]] <small>Burnett</small>
-*Apioideae <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small>
+*[[Apioideae]] <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small>
 | synonyms = Umbelliferae
 }}
-'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|eɪ|p|iː|'|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|iː|ˌ|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Apiaceae.wav}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''', or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=7 September 2017 |title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>
+'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|p|i|'|eɪ|s|i|.|iː|,_|-|ˌ|aɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Apiaceae.wav}}), also called '''Umbelliferae''', is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''', or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=7 September 2017 |title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>
-The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].
+The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of deadly toxic species, such as [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].
 == Description ==
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called [[furanocoumarins]]) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319001.php |title=Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and light affect the skin |last1=Leonard |first1=Jayne |date=19 August 2017 |website=Medical News Today |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/sun-related-skin-condition-triggered-by-chemicals-in-certain-plants-fruits/ |title=Sun-related Skin Condition Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits |last1=Davis |first1=Dawn |date=12 August 2011 |website=Dermatology, Mayo Clinic |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> a serious skin inflammation. Phototoxic species include ''[[Ammi majus]]'', ''[[Notobubon galbanum]],'' the [[parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa'') and numerous species of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', especially the giant hogweed (''[[Heracleum mantegazzianum]]''). Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae.<ref name="Pathak et al. 1962">{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=M. A. |last2=Daniels |first2=Farrington Jr. |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=T. B. |title=The Presently Known Distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in Plants |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |date=September 1962 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=225–239 |doi=10.1038/jid.1962.106|pmid=13941836 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].
+The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of neurotoxic species, including [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=Isiah |title=Apiaceae: Ecology, Uses and Toxicity |date=2021 |publisher=nova publisher |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-53619-060-1 |chapter=Chapter 3 A Comprehensive Study of Poisonous Plants of Family Apiaceae.}}</ref>
 Some members of the family Apiaceae, including [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[fennel]], [[parsley]] and [[parsnip]], contain [[polyyne]]s, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities |author=C. Zidorn |author2=K. Jöhrer |author3=M. Ganzera |author4=B. Schubert |author5=E.M. Sigmund |author6=J. Mader |author7=R. Greil |author8=E.P. Ellmerer |author9=H. Stuppner |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=2005 |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=2518–2523 |doi=10.1021/jf048041s |pmid=15796588|bibcode=2005JAFC...53.2518Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Minto | first1 = Robert E. | last2 = Blacklock | first2 = Brenda J | year = 2008 | title = Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products | journal = From Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 233–306 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002 | pmid = 18387369 | pmc = 2515280 }}</ref>

Apiaceae: Difference between revisions

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