Northern cavefish: Difference between revisions
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imported>Andrew Gray remove "behavior" section which is not discussed in Poulson, the source linked when it was added, and has a strange tone. Add Poulson back in with DOI for a note on lifespan. Remove stub tag. |
imported>John of Reading m →top: Typo fixing, replaced: speciments → specimens |
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| status = NT | | status = NT | ||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2014 |title=''Amblyopsis spelaea'' |volume=2014 | | | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2014 |title=''Amblyopsis spelaea'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T1080A19034608 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T1080A19034608.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
| genus = Amblyopsis | | genus = Amblyopsis | ||
| species = spelaea | | species = spelaea | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
The '''northern cavefish''' or '''northern blindfish''' ('''''Amblyopsis spelaea''''') is found [[Cavefish|in caves]] through [[Kentucky]] and southern [[Indiana]]. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists the species as near threatened.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> | The '''northern cavefish''' or '''northern blindfish''' ('''''Amblyopsis spelaea''''') is found [[Cavefish|in caves]] through [[Kentucky]] and southern [[Indiana]]. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists the species as near threatened.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> | ||
The life cycle of northern cavefish includes a protolarval stage. In this stage, eggs and those that have recently hatched into protolarvae are kept by the mother internally in a gill chamber. Juveniles become free swimming and can leave. The northern cavefish lives to a maximum age of at least ten years and reaches sexual maturity at approximately six years of age.<ref name=fr88>{{cite journal|journal=Federal Register|title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Seven Species Not Warranted for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species|pages=83368–83377|author=((U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Species Assessment Team, Ecological Services Program))|volume=88|issue=228|date=29 November 2023}} {{Federal Register|88|83368}}</ref>{{rp|83374}} Some estimates suggest that | The life cycle of northern cavefish includes a protolarval stage. In this stage, eggs and those that have recently hatched into protolarvae are kept by the mother internally in a gill chamber. Juveniles become free swimming and can leave. The northern cavefish lives to a maximum age of at least ten years and reaches sexual maturity at approximately six years of age.<ref name=fr88>{{cite journal|journal=Federal Register|title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Seven Species Not Warranted for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species|pages=83368–83377|author=((U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Species Assessment Team, Ecological Services Program))|volume=88|issue=228|date=29 November 2023}} {{Federal Register|88|83368}}</ref>{{rp|83374}} Some estimates suggest that specimens may live up to 30-40 years in environments with stable food supplies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poulson |first1=T. L |title=Adaptations of cave fishes with some comparisons to deep-sea fishes |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=62 |issue=2001 |pages=345-364|doi=10.1023/A:1011893916855}}</ref> | ||
During a 2013 study of ''Amblyopsis spelaea'', scientists found that the species was divided into two distinct evolutionary lineages: one north of the [[Ohio River]], in Indiana, and one south of the river, in [[Kentucky]]. The southern population retained the name ''A. spelaea'' and the northern was re-designated ''[[Amblyopsis hoosieri]]'' in a 2014 paper published in the journal ''[[ZooKeys]]''.<ref name="ZooKeys">{{cite journal |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Prosanta |last2=Prejean |first2=Jacques A. |last3=Niemiller |first3=Matthew L. |date=May 29, 2014 |title=The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, ''Amblyopsis'') from the caves of southern Indiana |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=412 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.412.7245|pmc=4042695 |pmid=24899861|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014ZooK..412...41C }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Howard |first=Brian Clark |date=May 30, 2014 |title=Blind Hoosier Cavefish: Freshwater Species of the Week |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/30/blind-hoosier-cavefish-freshwater-species-of-the-week/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207165016/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/30/blind-hoosier-cavefish-freshwater-species-of-the-week/ | During a 2013 study of ''Amblyopsis spelaea'', scientists found that the species was divided into two distinct evolutionary lineages: one north of the [[Ohio River]], in Indiana, and one south of the river, in [[Kentucky]]. The southern population retained the name ''A. spelaea'' and the northern was re-designated ''[[Amblyopsis hoosieri]]'' in a 2014 paper published in the journal ''[[ZooKeys]]''.<ref name="ZooKeys">{{cite journal |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Prosanta |last2=Prejean |first2=Jacques A. |last3=Niemiller |first3=Matthew L. |date=May 29, 2014 |title=The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, ''Amblyopsis'') from the caves of southern Indiana |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=412 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.412.7245|pmc=4042695 |pmid=24899861|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014ZooK..412...41C }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Howard |first=Brian Clark |date=May 30, 2014 |title=Blind Hoosier Cavefish: Freshwater Species of the Week |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/30/blind-hoosier-cavefish-freshwater-species-of-the-week/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207165016/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/30/blind-hoosier-cavefish-freshwater-species-of-the-week/ |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |website=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |access-date=January 23, 2015 }}</ref> Neither species is found north of the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]], flowing east to west south of [[Bedford, Indiana]]. | ||
The northern cavefish was under consideration for listing under the [[Endangered Species Act]], however, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found in 2023 that despite the loss of two [[metapopulation]]s of ''A. spelaea'', listing was not warranted, as the four metapopulations that still exist had sufficient redundancy of subpopulations to mitigate threats.<ref name=fr88/> The metapopulations are divided among two units that are separated by the [[Rough Creek Fault Zone]]. Threats to the species include habitat degradation, especially by groundwater contamination from encroaching agricultural operations, cities and industry, forest loss and surface water impoundment. | The northern cavefish was under consideration for listing under the [[Endangered Species Act]], however, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found in 2023 that despite the loss of two [[metapopulation]]s of ''A. spelaea'', listing was not warranted, as the four metapopulations that still exist had sufficient redundancy of subpopulations to mitigate threats.<ref name=fr88/> The metapopulations are divided among two units that are separated by the [[Rough Creek Fault Zone]]. Threats to the species include habitat degradation, especially by groundwater contamination from encroaching agricultural operations, cities and industry, forest loss and surface water impoundment. | ||