Caelum: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>21.Andromedae remove highly outdated statistic per discussion. |
imported>DiscoursesonLivvy Edit made due to COI edit request by User:Marcodatadev on Talk:Caelum |
||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
| abbreviation = Cae | | abbreviation = Cae | ||
| genitive = Caeli<ref name=tirionconst/> | | genitive = Caeli<ref name=tirionconst/> | ||
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|əm}}, genitive {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|aɪ}} | | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|əm}} {{respell|SEE|ləm}}, genitive {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|aɪ}} {{respell|SEE|lye}} | ||
| symbolism = the [[chisel]] | | symbolism = the [[chisel]] | ||
| RA = {{RA|04|19.5}} | | RA = {{RA|04|19.5}}–{{RA|05|05.1}}<ref name="boundary"/> | ||
| dec= {{dec|−27.02}} | | dec= {{dec|−27.02}}–{{dec|−48.74}}<ref name="boundary"/> | ||
| areatotal = 125 | | areatotal = 125 | ||
| arearank = 81st | | arearank = 81st | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| brighteststarname = [[Alpha Caeli|α Cae]] | | brighteststarname = [[Alpha Caeli|α Cae]] | ||
| starmagnitude = 4.45 | | starmagnitude = 4.45 | ||
| neareststarname = | | neareststarname = [[GJ 3286]] (L 374-6)<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024/>{{rp|84}} | ||
| stardistancely = | | stardistancely = 46.55 | ||
| stardistancepc = | | stardistancepc = 14.27 | ||
| numbermessierobjects = 0 | | numbermessierobjects = 0 | ||
| meteorshowers = 1 | | meteorshowers = 1 | ||
| bordering = [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]]<br />[[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]<br />[[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]<br />[[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]<br />[[Dorado]]<br />[[Pictor]] | | bordering = [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]]<br />[[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]<br />[[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]<br />[[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]<br />[[Dorado]]<br />[[Pictor]] | ||
| latmax = [[ | | latmax = [[41st parallel north|41]] | ||
| latmin = [[South Pole|90]] | | latmin = [[South Pole|90]] | ||
| month = January | | month = January | ||
| notes=}} | | notes=}} | ||
'''Caelum''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|əm}} is a faint [[constellation]] in the [[southern sky]], introduced in the 1750s by [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]] and counted among the [[88 modern constellations]]. Its name means "[[chisel]]" in [[Latin]], and it was formerly known as '''Caelum Sculptorium''' ("Engraver's Chisel"); it is a rare word, unrelated to the far more common Latin ''caelum'', meaning "[[sky]]", "[[heaven]]", or "[[atmosphere]]".<ref>Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'' Oxford University Press, 1879. Entries for ''caelum'' and ''caelum''.</ref> It is the eighth-smallest constellation, and subtends a [[solid angle]] of around 0.038 [[steradian]]s, just less than that of [[Corona Australis]]. | '''Caelum''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|əm}} {{respell|SEE|ləm}} is a faint [[constellation]] in the [[southern sky]], introduced in the 1750s by [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]] and counted among the [[88 modern constellations]]. Its name means "[[chisel]]" in [[Latin]], and it was formerly known as '''Caelum Sculptorium''' ("Engraver's Chisel"); it is a rare word, unrelated to the far more common Latin ''caelum'', meaning "[[sky]]", "[[heaven]]", or "[[atmosphere]]".<ref>Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'' Oxford University Press, 1879. Entries for ''caelum'' and ''caelum''.</ref> It is the eighth-smallest constellation, and subtends a [[solid angle]] of around 0.038 [[steradian]]s, just less than that of [[Corona Australis]]. | ||
Due to its small size and location away from the plane of the [[Milky Way]], Caelum is a rather barren constellation, with few objects of interest. The constellation's brightest star, [[Alpha Caeli]], is only of [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]] 4.45, and only one other star, [[Gamma1 Caeli|(Gamma) γ<sup>1</sup> Caeli]], is brighter than magnitude 5<sub> </sub>. Other notable objects in Caelum are [[RR Caeli|RR Caeli]], a [[binary star]] with one known planet approximately {{convert|20.13|pc|ly}} away; [[X Caeli|X Caeli]], a [[Delta Scuti variable]] that forms an [[Double star|optical double]] with γ<sup>1</sup> Caeli; and [[HE0450-2958]], a [[Seyfert galaxy]] that at first appeared as just a [[astrophysical jet|jet]], with no host galaxy visible. | Due to its small size and location away from the plane of the [[Milky Way]], Caelum is a rather barren constellation, with few objects of interest. The constellation's brightest star, [[Alpha Caeli]], is only of [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]] 4.45, and only one other star, [[Gamma1 Caeli|(Gamma) γ<sup>1</sup> Caeli]], is brighter than magnitude 5<sub> </sub>. Other notable objects in Caelum are [[RR Caeli|RR Caeli]], a [[binary star]] with one known planet approximately {{convert|20.13|pc|ly}} away; [[X Caeli|X Caeli]], a [[Delta Scuti variable]] that forms an [[Double star|optical double]] with γ<sup>1</sup> Caeli; and [[HE0450-2958]], a [[Seyfert galaxy]] that at first appeared as just a [[astrophysical jet|jet]], with no host galaxy visible. | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
== Characteristics == | == Characteristics == | ||
[[Image:Constellation Caelum.jpg|thumb|300px|The constellation Caelum as it can be seen by the [[naked eye]].|alt=Image of the constellation Caelum, showing the pattern of its stars as seen in the night sky]] | |||
Caelum is bordered by [[Dorado]] and [[Pictor]] to the south, [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]] and [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]] to the east, [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]] to the north, and [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]] to the west. Covering only 125 [[square degree]]s, it ranks 81st of the [[88 modern constellations]] in size. | Caelum is bordered by [[Dorado]] and [[Pictor]] to the south, [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]] and [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]] to the east, [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]] to the north, and [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]] to the west. Covering only 125 [[square degree]]s, it ranks 81st of the [[88 modern constellations]] in size. | ||
Its main [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] consists of four stars, and twenty stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5<sub> </sub>.<ref name=tirionconst/> | Its main [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] consists of four stars, and twenty stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5<sub> </sub>.<ref name=tirionconst/> | ||
The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930, are a 12-sided polygon. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|04|19.5}} and {{RA|05|05.1}} and [[declination]]s of {{dec|−27.02}} to {{dec|−48.74}}.<ref name="boundary">{{cite journal | title=Caelum, Constellation Boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=International Astronomical Union | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#cae|access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> The [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation “Cae” for the constellation in 1922.<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=H. N.| title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 |pages=469–71 |bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922}}</ref> | The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930, are a 12-sided polygon. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|04|19.5}} and {{RA|05|05.1}} and [[declination]]s of {{dec|−27.02}} to {{dec|−48.74}}.<ref name="boundary">{{cite journal | title=Caelum, Constellation Boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=International Astronomical Union | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#cae | access-date=14 January 2014 | archive-date=28 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128105231/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#cae | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation “Cae” for the constellation in 1922.<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=H. N.| title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 |pages=469–71 |bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922}}</ref> | ||
Its main stars are visible in favourable conditions and with a clear southern horizon, for part of the year as far as about the [[41st parallel north]]<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |last=Ridpath |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath |publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 April 2014}}</ref>{{efn|1=While parts technically reach the horizon to observers between 41°N and [[62nd parallel north|62°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} | Its main stars are visible in favourable conditions and with a clear southern horizon, for part of the year as far as about the [[41st parallel north]]<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |last=Ridpath |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath |publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 April 2014}}</ref>{{efn|1=While parts technically reach the horizon to observers between 41°N and [[62nd parallel north|62°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} | ||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
These stars avoid being engulfed by daylight for some of every day (when above the horizon) to viewers in mid- and well-inhabited higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Caelum shares with (to the north) Taurus, Eridanus and Orion midnight culmination in December (high summer), resulting in this fact. In winter (such as June) the constellation can be observed sufficiently inset from the horizons during its rising before dawn and/or setting after dusk as it culminates then at around mid-day, well above the sun. In South Africa, Argentina, their sub-tropical neighbouring areas and some of Australia in high June the key stars may be traced before dawn in the east; near the equator the stars lose night potential in May to June; they ill-compete with the Sun in northern tropics and sub-tropics from late February to mid-September with March being unfavorable as to post-sunset due to the light of the [[Milky Way]]. | These stars avoid being engulfed by daylight for some of every day (when above the horizon) to viewers in mid- and well-inhabited higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Caelum shares with (to the north) Taurus, Eridanus and Orion midnight culmination in December (high summer), resulting in this fact. In winter (such as June) the constellation can be observed sufficiently inset from the horizons during its rising before dawn and/or setting after dusk as it culminates then at around mid-day, well above the sun. In South Africa, Argentina, their sub-tropical neighbouring areas and some of Australia in high June the key stars may be traced before dawn in the east; near the equator the stars lose night potential in May to June; they ill-compete with the Sun in northern tropics and sub-tropics from late February to mid-September with March being unfavorable as to post-sunset due to the light of the [[Milky Way]]. | ||
== | == Features == | ||
=== Stars === | === Stars === | ||
| Line 58: | Line 59: | ||
Lacaille gave six stars [[Bayer designations]], labeling them Alpha (α<sub> </sub>) to Zeta (ζ<sub> </sub>) in 1756, but omitted Epsilon (ε<sub> </sub>) and designated two adjacent stars as Gamma (γ<sub> </sub>). [[Johann Elert Bode|Bode]] extended the designations to Rho (ρ<sub> </sub>) for other stars, but most of these have fallen out of use.<ref name="wagman">{{cite book | last = Wagman | first = Morton | year = 2003 | title = Lost Stars: Lost, Missing, and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others | publisher = The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company | location = [[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg, VA]] | isbn = 978-0-939923-78-6 |pages=58–59}}</ref> Caelum is too far south for any of its stars to bear [[Flamsteed designation]]s.{{efn|1=Southern constellations such as Caelum have no Flamsteed designations because Flamsteed only catalogued stars that were visible from England,.<ref name="Starnames">{{cite web |last1=Kaler |first1=J. B. |title=Star Names |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |access-date=11 May 2014 |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/starname.html}}</ref>|date=14 February 2014}} | Lacaille gave six stars [[Bayer designations]], labeling them Alpha (α<sub> </sub>) to Zeta (ζ<sub> </sub>) in 1756, but omitted Epsilon (ε<sub> </sub>) and designated two adjacent stars as Gamma (γ<sub> </sub>). [[Johann Elert Bode|Bode]] extended the designations to Rho (ρ<sub> </sub>) for other stars, but most of these have fallen out of use.<ref name="wagman">{{cite book | last = Wagman | first = Morton | year = 2003 | title = Lost Stars: Lost, Missing, and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others | publisher = The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company | location = [[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg, VA]] | isbn = 978-0-939923-78-6 |pages=58–59}}</ref> Caelum is too far south for any of its stars to bear [[Flamsteed designation]]s.{{efn|1=Southern constellations such as Caelum have no Flamsteed designations because Flamsteed only catalogued stars that were visible from England,.<ref name="Starnames">{{cite web |last1=Kaler |first1=J. B. |title=Star Names |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |access-date=11 May 2014 |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/starname.html}}</ref>|date=14 February 2014}} | ||
[[ | [[File:Caelum (Annotated) (caelum-ann).tiff|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The constellation Caelum showing the IAU boundaries, the constellation stick figure, and labels for its brightest stars. Astrophotograph by Eckhard Slawik, from NOIRLab's [https://noirlab.edu/public/education/constellations/ 88 Constellations] project.]] | ||
The brightest star, [[Alpha Caeli|(Alpha) α Caeli]], is a [[double star]], containing an [[F-type main-sequence star]] of magnitude 4.45 and a [[red dwarf]] of magnitude 12.5<sub> </sub>, {{convert|20.17|pc|ly}} from Earth.<ref name="AlphaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=alf+Cae |title = * Alpha Caeli – Star in double system|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Alpha2Simbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CCDM%20J04406-4152%20B |title = GJ 174.1 B – Flare star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> [[Beta Caeli|(Beta) β Caeli]], another [[F-type main-sequence star|F-type star]] of magnitude 5.05<sub> </sub>, is further away, being located {{convert|28.67|pc|ly}} from Earth. Unlike α, β Caeli is a [[subgiant]] star, slightly evolved from the main sequence.<ref name="BetaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=bet+Cae |title = LTT 2063 – High proper-motion Star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> [[Delta Caeli|(Delta) δ Caeli]], also of magnitude 5.05<sub> </sub>, is a [[B-type star|B-type]] subgiant and is much farther from Earth, at {{convert|216|pc|ly}}.<ref name="DeltaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=del+Cae |title = * Delta Caeli – Star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> | The brightest star, [[Alpha Caeli|(Alpha) α Caeli]], is a [[double star]], containing an [[F-type main-sequence star]] of magnitude 4.45 and a [[red dwarf]] of magnitude 12.5<sub> </sub>, {{convert|20.17|pc|ly}} from Earth.<ref name="AlphaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=alf+Cae |title = * Alpha Caeli – Star in double system|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Alpha2Simbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CCDM%20J04406-4152%20B |title = GJ 174.1 B – Flare star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> [[Beta Caeli|(Beta) β Caeli]], another [[F-type main-sequence star|F-type star]] of magnitude 5.05<sub> </sub>, is further away, being located {{convert|28.67|pc|ly}} from Earth. Unlike α, β Caeli is a [[subgiant]] star, slightly evolved from the main sequence.<ref name="BetaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=bet+Cae |title = LTT 2063 – High proper-motion Star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> [[Delta Caeli|(Delta) δ Caeli]], also of magnitude 5.05<sub> </sub>, is a [[B-type star|B-type]] subgiant and is much farther from Earth, at {{convert|216|pc|ly}}.<ref name="DeltaSimbad">{{cite web |url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=del+Cae |title = * Delta Caeli – Star|publisher = [[SIMBAD]] | access-date = 13 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
| Line 84: | Line 85: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024>{{cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=J. Davy |last2=Marocco |first2=Federico |display-authors=etal |date=April 2024 |title=The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of ~3600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=271 |issue=2 |pages=55 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2312.03639 |bibcode=2024ApJS..271...55K}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| Line 98: | Line 103: | ||
{{Featured article}} | {{Featured article}} | ||
[[Category:Caelum| ]] | [[Category:Caelum| ]] | ||
[[Category:Southern constellations]] | [[Category:Southern constellations]] | ||
[[Category:Constellations listed by Lacaille]] | [[Category:Constellations listed by Lacaille]] | ||