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[[File:Religieux célestin.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Religious habit of the Celestine Order (18th century image).]] | [[File:Religieux célestin.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Religious habit of the Celestine Order (18th century image).]] | ||
The '''Celestines''' were a [[Roman Catholic]] [[monasticism|monastic]] [[ | The '''Celestines''' were a [[Roman Catholic]] [[monasticism|monastic]] [[Religious order|order]], a branch of the [[Benedictines]], founded in 1244.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9Qwkh0DKxwC|title=Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages|last=Guenée|first=Bernard|translator-last=Goldhammer|translator-first=Arthur|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year= 1991|isbn=0-226-31032-9}}</ref> At the foundation of the new rule, they were called [[Hermit]]s of St Damiano, or Moronites (or Murronites), and did not assume the appellation of Celestines until after the election of their founder, Peter of Morone (Pietro Murrone), to the [[Papacy]] as [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]].<ref name=Loughlin/> They used the post-nominal initials '''O.S.B. Cel.'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/233.htm |title=Benedictine Congregation of the Celestines (O.S.B. Cel.)| website=GCatholic.org |first=Gabriel |last=Chow | access-date=June 20, 2016| location=Toronto|date=12 January 2025}}</ref> The last house closed in 1785.<ref name=":0">[https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095557414;jsessionid=3A81146C7E6D5439B3DBF2D094553352 "Celestine Order", '' The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (2nd ed., (E. A. Livingstone, ed.) OUP, 2006] {{ISBN|9780198614425}}</ref> | ||
==Founding== | ==Founding== | ||
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The fame of the holy life and the austerities practised by Pietro Morone in his solitude on the Mountain of Majella, near [[Sulmona]], attracted many visitors, several of whom were moved to remain and share his mode of life. They built a small [[convent]] on the spot inhabited by the holy hermit, which became too small for the accommodation of those who came to share their life of privations.<ref name=Loughlin>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Loughlin |first=James | title=Pope St. Celestine V |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03479b.htm | date=1908 | volume=3 |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Peter of Morone (later Pope Celestine V), their founder, built a number of other small [[Oratory (worship)|oratories]] in that neighborhood. | The fame of the holy life and the austerities practised by Pietro Morone in his solitude on the Mountain of Majella, near [[Sulmona]], attracted many visitors, several of whom were moved to remain and share his mode of life. They built a small [[convent]] on the spot inhabited by the holy hermit, which became too small for the accommodation of those who came to share their life of privations.<ref name=Loughlin>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Loughlin |first=James | title=Pope St. Celestine V |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03479b.htm | date=1908 | volume=3 |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Peter of Morone (later Pope Celestine V), their founder, built a number of other small [[Oratory (worship)|oratories]] in that neighborhood. | ||
Around the year 1254, Peter of Morone gave the order a rule formulated in accordance with his own practices. In 1264 the new institution was approved as a branch of the [[ | Around the year 1254, Peter of Morone gave the order a rule formulated in accordance with his own practices. In 1264, the new institution was approved as a branch of the [[Benedictines]] by [[Pope Urban IV]];<ref name=Loughlin/> however, the next pope [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]] had commanded that all orders founded since the prior [[Lateran Council]] should not be further multiplied. Hearing a rumor that the order was to be suppressed, the reclusive Peter traveled to [[Lyon]], where the Pope was holding a council. There he persuaded Gregory to approve his new order, making it a branch of the Benedictines and following the [[Rule of St Benedict|rule of Saint Benedict]], but adding to it additional severities and privations. Gregory took it under the Papal protection, assured to it the possession of all property it might acquire, and endowed it with exemption from the authority of the ordinary. Nothing more was needed to ensure the rapid spread of the new association and Peter the hermit of Morone lived to see himself "Superior-General" to thirty-six [[monastery|monasteries]] and more than six hundred [[monk]]s. | ||
[[File:Couvent des Célestins d'Avignon - cloitre.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Celestine cloister. Avignon, France.]] | [[File:Couvent des Célestins d'Avignon - cloitre.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Celestine cloister. Avignon, France.]] | ||
As soon as he had seen his new order thus consolidated he gave up the government of it to a certain Robert,<ref name=Loughlin /> and retired once again to an even more remote site to devote himself to solitary penance and prayer. Shortly afterwards, in a chapter of the order held in 1293, the original monastery of Majella being judged to be too desolate and exposed to too rigorous a climate, it was decided that the [[Abbey of the Holy Spirit at Monte Morrone, Sulmona|Abbey of the Holy Spirit at Monte Morrone]], located in Sulmona, should be the headquarters of the order and the residence of the General-Superior, where it continued for centuries. The next year Peter of Morrone, despite his reluctance, was elected Pope by the name of Celestine V. From there on, the order he had founded took the name of Celestines. During his short reign as Pope, the former hermit confirmed the rule of the order, which he had himself composed, and conferred on the society a variety of special graces and privileges. In the only creation of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s promoted by him, among the twelve raised to the purple, there were two monks of his order. He also visited personally the Benedictine monastery on [[Monte Cassino]], where he persuaded the monks to accept his more rigorous rule. He sent fifty monks of his order to introduce it, who remained there, however, for only a few months. | As soon as he had seen his new order thus consolidated he gave up the government of it to a certain Robert,<ref name=Loughlin /> and retired once again to an even more remote site to devote himself to solitary penance and prayer. Shortly afterwards, in a chapter of the order held in 1293, the original monastery of Majella being judged to be too desolate and exposed to too rigorous a climate, it was decided that the [[Abbey of the Holy Spirit at Monte Morrone, Sulmona|Abbey of the Holy Spirit at Monte Morrone]], located in Sulmona, should be the headquarters of the order and the residence of the General-Superior, where it continued for centuries. The next year Peter of Morrone, despite his reluctance, was elected Pope by the name of Celestine V. From there on, the order he had founded took the name of Celestines. During his short reign as Pope, the former hermit confirmed the rule of the order, which he had himself composed, and conferred on the society a variety of special graces and privileges. In the only creation of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s promoted by him, among the twelve raised to the purple, there were two monks of his order. He also visited personally the Benedictine monastery on [[Monte Cassino]], where he persuaded the monks to accept his more rigorous rule. He sent fifty monks of his order to introduce it, who remained there, however, for only a few months. | ||
After the death of the founder the order was favoured and privileged by [[Pope | After the death of the founder the order was favoured and privileged by [[Pope Benedict XI]], and rapidly spread through [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Flanders]], and [[France]], where they were received by [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]] in 1300.<ref> | ||
{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=Annalena |department=Book Reviews and Notes |title=The Celestine Monks of France, C.1350–1450: Observant Reform in an Age of Schism, Council and War. By Robert L. J. Shaw |journal=Church History | volume=89 |issue=1 |date=5 May 2020 |doi=10.1017/S0009640720000268 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/celestine-monks-of-france-c13501450-observant-reform-in-an-age-of-schism-council-and-war-by-robert-l-j-shaw-amsterdam-amsterdam-university-press-2018-294-pp-10500-cloth/3694BCEF3CEE59D653EB04B8B5BE2F41|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | {{cite journal |last=Müller |first=Annalena |department=Book Reviews and Notes |title=The Celestine Monks of France, C.1350–1450: Observant Reform in an Age of Schism, Council and War. By Robert L. J. Shaw |journal=Church History | volume=89 |issue=1 |date=5 May 2020 |doi=10.1017/S0009640720000268 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/celestine-monks-of-france-c13501450-observant-reform-in-an-age-of-schism-council-and-war-by-robert-l-j-shaw-amsterdam-amsterdam-university-press-2018-294-pp-10500-cloth/3694BCEF3CEE59D653EB04B8B5BE2F41|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
The administration of the order was carried on somewhat after the pattern of Cluny, that is all monasteries were subject to the Abbey of the Holy Ghost at Sulmona, and these dependent houses were divided into provinces. The Celestines had ninety-six houses in Italy, twenty-one in France, and a few in Germany.<ref name=Brookfield>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Brookfield |first=Paul | title=Celestine Order |at=Index |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16019a.htm | date=1914 | volume=16 |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> | The administration of the order was carried on somewhat after the pattern of Cluny, that is all monasteries were subject to the Abbey of the Holy Ghost at Sulmona, and these dependent houses were divided into provinces. The Celestines had ninety-six houses in Italy, twenty-one in France, and a few in Germany.<ref name=Brookfield>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Brookfield |first=Paul | title=Celestine Order |at=Index |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16019a.htm | date=1914 | volume=16 |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> | ||
Subsequently, the French Celestines, with the consent of the Italian superiors of the order, and of [[Pope Martin V]] in 1427, obtained the privilege of making new constitutions for themselves, which they did in the 17th century in a series of regulations accepted by the provincial chapter in 1667. At that time the French congregation of the order was composed of twenty-one monasteries, the head of which was that of [[Paris]], and was governed by a Provincial with the authority of General. [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]] was a notable benefactor of the order. The order became extinct in the eighteenth century.<ref name=Brookfield/> | Subsequently, the French Celestines, with the consent of the Italian superiors of the order, and of [[Pope Martin V]] in 1427, obtained the privilege of making new constitutions for themselves, which they did in the 17th century in a series of regulations accepted by the provincial chapter in 1667. At that time the French congregation of the order was composed of twenty-one monasteries, the head of which was that of [[Paris]], and was governed by a Provincial with the authority of General. [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]] was a notable benefactor of the order. The order became extinct in the eighteenth century.<ref name=Brookfield/> The [[Reformation]], [[European wars of religion|European Wars of Religion]], and changing attitudes towards monasticism led to the decline of the order. In France, accord to Schmitz, Celestine monasteries "suffered greatly from the [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinists]]". The Celestine Order also did not take part of in the Monastic reform movement of the 17th century which led to regeneration of other orders, leading to further, terminal decline.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmitz |first=Ph. |title='CÉLESTINS', in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. |publisher=Letouzey et Ané |year=1953 |edition=vol. 12 |location=Paris |pages=102-104 |language=FR |trans-title=Dictionary of Ecclesiastical History and Geography}}</ref> The last house closed in 1785.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==Description of order== | ==Description of order== | ||