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==Concept==
==Concept==
The word "colony" comes from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[Colonia (Roman)|colōnia]]}}, used for [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]s and eventually for cities. This in turn derives from the word {{lang|la|[[Colonus (person)|colōnus]]}}, which referred to a Roman [[tenant farmer]].
The English-language word "colony" comes from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[Colonia (Roman)|colōnia]]}}, used for [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]s and eventually for cities. The Latin term {{lang | la | colōnia}} in turn derives from the word {{lang|la|[[Colonus (person)|colōnus]]}}, which referred to a Roman [[tenant farmer]].


Settlements that began as Roman {{lang|la|coloniae}} include cities from [[Cologne]] (which retains this history in its name) to [[Belgrade]] to [[York]]. A telltale sign of a settlement within the Roman sphere of influence once being a Roman colony is a city centre with a grid pattern.<ref>{{cite book|author=James S. Jeffers|title=The Greco-Roman world of the New Testament era: exploring the background of early Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGmKaXiUDiYC|year=1999|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-1589-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YGmKaXiUDiYC&pg=PA52 52–53]}}</ref>
Settlements that began as Roman {{lang|la|coloniae}} include cities from [[Cologne]] (which retains this history in its name) to [[Belgrade]] to [[York]]. A telltale sign of a settlement within the Roman sphere of influence once being a Roman colony is a city centre with a grid pattern.<ref>{{cite book |author=James S. Jeffers |title=The Greco-Roman world of the New Testament era: exploring the background of early Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGmKaXiUDiYC |year=1999 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-1589-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YGmKaXiUDiYC&pg=PA52 52–53]}}</ref>


With a long and changing history of use colonies have been distinguished from "settler colonies", which are the more particular type of a settlement or community and not so much territorial.<ref name="Overseas">{{Cite book |last=Stanard |first=Matthew G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlNDwAAQBAJ |title=European Overseas Empire, 1879 - 1999: A Short History |date=2018 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-13013-0 |doi=10.1002/9781119367376 |pages=4–5 |language=en | quote=One kind of colony comprises a group of people that leaves one place to settle in a distant land, and who then remain free of formal control of their country of origin. Ancient Greeks who departed the area around the Aegean Sea to establish settlements around the Mediterranean are an example of this, as is, more recently, the “colony” of Italians who settled in New York City from the late 1800s. A colony can also be such a settlement that remains controlled by the land from which the colonists originated. By 241 bce, the Roman Republic had established its first province in Sicily, for instance. More recent examples are Virginia and Australia, founded as British colonies in 1607 and 1788, respec-tively. A third type of colony is a territory conquered by a foreign power and placed in a subservient relationship within that power’s empire, but that, for whatever reason, is not settled by large numbers of people from the metropole. [...] A "colonist" is someone from a colonizing power who settles in a foreign or colonized land, a "colonizer" someone who engages in conquest and foreign rule, and the "colonized" those people subject to colonization, that is, indigenous people (natives) ruled over by foreigners and oftentimes dispossessed of their lands. To “colonize” (noun: “colonization”) usually refers to setting up a colony, that is, taking and populating lands. “Colonialism,” by contrast, often refers either to colonization or more generally to engaging in the practice of empire. This book emphasizes a major distinction, namely between “colonies” controlled by a metropole yet overwhelmingly populated by indigenous peoples, and “settler colonies,” lands where colonists took land for settlement.}}</ref>
Historians and political scientists may distinguish "[[settler colonies]]" as a subset of the class of colonies. Settler colonies comprise a more particular type of a settlement or community.<ref name="Overseas">{{Cite book |last =Stanard |first =Matthew G. |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlNDwAAQBAJ |title =European Overseas Empire, 1879 - 1999: A Short History |date =2018 |publisher =John Wiley & Sons |isbn =978-1-119-13013-0 |doi =10.1002/9781119367376 |pages =4–5 |language =en | quote =One kind of colony comprises a group of people that leaves one place to settle in a distant land, and who then remain free of formal control of their country of origin. Ancient Greeks who departed the area around the Aegean Sea to establish settlements around the Mediterranean are an example of this, as is, more recently, the “colony” of Italians who settled in New York City from the late 1800s. A colony can also be such a settlement that remains controlled by the land from which the colonists originated. By 241 bce, the Roman Republic had established its first province in Sicily, for instance. More recent examples are Virginia and Australia, founded as British colonies in 1607 and 1788, respec-tively. A third type of colony is a territory conquered by a foreign power and placed in a subservient relationship within that power’s empire, but that, for whatever reason, is not settled by large numbers of people from the metropole. [...] A "colonist" is someone from a colonizing power who settles in a foreign or colonized land, a "colonizer" someone who engages in conquest and foreign rule, and the "colonized" those people subject to colonization, that is, indigenous people (natives) ruled over by foreigners and oftentimes dispossessed of their lands. To "colonize" (noun: "colonization") usually refers to setting up a colony, that is, taking and populating lands. "Colonialism," by contrast, often refers either to colonization or more generally to engaging in the practice of empire. This book emphasizes a major distinction, namely between "colonies" controlled by a metropole yet overwhelmingly populated by indigenous peoples, and "settler colonies," lands where colonists took land for settlement.}}</ref>


==Ancient examples==
==Ancient examples==
{{Further|Colonies in antiquity}}
{{Further|Colonies in antiquity}}
* [[Carthage]] formed as a [[Phoenicia]]n colony
* [[Carthage]] formed as a [[Phoenicia]]n colony
* [[Cadiz]] formed as a [[Phoenicia]]n colony
* [[Cádiz]] formed as a [[Phoenicia]]n colony
* [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] was a colony of the [[Greeks]] of [[Santorini|Thera]]
* [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] was a colony of the [[Greeks]] of [[Santorini|Thera]]
* [[Sicily]] was a part Greek, part [[Phoenicia]]n colony
* [[Sicily]] was a part Greek, part [[Phoenicia]]n colony
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* '''[[L'Anse aux Meadows]]''': a [[Norse colonization of North America|Norse]] colony which existed {{circa}} 1025 AD.
* '''[[L'Anse aux Meadows]]''': a [[Norse colonization of North America|Norse]] colony which existed {{circa}} 1025 AD.
* '''{{flag|Angola}}''': a [[Portuguese Angola|colony]] of [[Portugal]] from the 16th century to its independence in 1975.
* '''{{flag|Angola}}''': a [[Portuguese Angola|colony]] of [[Portugal]] from the 16th century to its independence in 1975.
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''' was formed as a [[British Dominion]] in 1901 from a [[Federation of Australia|federation]] of six distinct British colonies which were founded between 1788 and 1829.
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''' was formed as a [[British Dominion|Dominion]] in 1901 from a [[Federation of Australia|federation]] of six distinct British colonies which were founded between 1788 and 1829.
* '''{{flag|Barbados}}''': was a colony of Great Britain that was important in the Atlantic slave trade. It gained its independence in 1966.
* '''{{flag|Barbados}}''': was a colony of Great Britain that was important in the Atlantic slave trade. It gained its independence in 1966.
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': a [[Colonial Brazil|colony of Portugal]] since the 16th century. Independent since 1822.
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': a [[Colonial Brazil|colony of Portugal]] since the 16th century. Independent since 1822.
* '''{{flag|Canada|1868}}''': was colonized first by [[Kingdom of France|France]] as [[New France]] (1534–1763) and England (in [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]], 1582) then [[Canada under British rule|under British rule]] (1763–1867), before achieving [[Dominion status]] and losing "colony" designation.  
* '''{{flag|Canada|2001}}''': was colonized first by [[Kingdom of France|France]] as [[New France]] (1534–1763) and England (in [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]], 1582) then [[Canada under British rule|under British rule]] (1763–1867), before achieving [[Dominion status]] and losing "colony" designation.  
* '''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}''': a [[Belgian Congo|colony]] of [[Belgium]] from 1908 to 1960; previously under [[Congo Free State|private ownership]] of [[King of Belgium|King]] [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]].
* '''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}''': a [[Belgian Congo|colony]] of [[Belgium]] from 1908 to 1960; previously under [[Congo Free State|private ownership]] of [[King of Belgium|King]] [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]].
* '''{{flag|French Indochina}}''' was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the [[Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893]]. The federation lasted until 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the [[Emperors of Vietnam]], [[Kings of Cambodia]], and Kings of Luang Prabang, but gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
* '''{{flag|French Indochina}}''' was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the [[Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893]]. The federation lasted until 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the [[Emperors of Vietnam]], [[Kings of Cambodia]], and Kings of Luang Prabang, but gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
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* '''{{flag|Mozambique}}''': a [[Portuguese Mozambique|colony]] of [[Portugal]] since the 15th century. Independent since 1975.
* '''{{flag|Mozambique}}''': a [[Portuguese Mozambique|colony]] of [[Portugal]] since the 15th century. Independent since 1975.
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''', previously a [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|colony]] of [[Spain]] from {{circa|1565}}{{refn|In 1521, an expedition led by [[Ferdinand Magellan]] landed in the islands, and [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the islands ''Las Islas Filipinas'' in honor of Spain's ''Prince Philip'' (later to become [[Philip I of Castile]]). During a later expedition in 1564, [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] conquered the Philippines for Spain. However, it can be argued that Spain's legitimate sovereignty over the islands commenced following a popular referendum in 1599.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Damaso|last1=De Lario|first2=Dámaso|last2=de Lario Ramírez|title=Re-shaping the world: Philip II of Spain and his time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC|year=2008|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|isbn=978-971-550-556-7|chapter=Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93}}</ref>}} to 1898 as part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], was a [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|colony]] of the [[United States]] from 1898 to 1946. Achieved self-governing [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|Commonwealth]] status in 1935; independent in 1946.
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''', previously a [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|colony]] of [[Spain]] from {{circa|1565}}{{refn|In 1521, an expedition led by [[Ferdinand Magellan]] landed in the islands, and [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the islands ''Las Islas Filipinas'' in honor of Spain's ''Prince Philip'' (later to become [[Philip I of Castile]]). During a later expedition in 1564, [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] conquered the Philippines for Spain. However, it can be argued that Spain's legitimate sovereignty over the islands commenced following a popular referendum in 1599.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Damaso|last1=De Lario|first2=Dámaso|last2=de Lario Ramírez|title=Re-shaping the world: Philip II of Spain and his time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC|year=2008|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|isbn=978-971-550-556-7|chapter=Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93}}</ref>}} to 1898 as part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], was a [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|colony]] of the [[United States]] from 1898 to 1946. Achieved self-governing [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|Commonwealth]] status in 1935; independent in 1946.
*'''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}''' was a [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|colony]] of [[Spain]] from 1493 to 1898, when it passed to be a colonial possession of the [[United States]],<ref>[http://www.voluntownpeacetrust.org/a-peace-of-history-blog/the-recolonization-of-puerto-rico-part-1 ''The Recolonization of Puerto Rico, Part 1.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/http://www.voluntownpeacetrust.org/a-peace-of-history-blog/the-recolonization-of-puerto-rico-part-1 |date=14 September 2021 }} The Voluntown Peace Trust. 22 July 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=lacs_fac_scholar ''Colonialism in Puerto Rico.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=lacs_fac_scholar |date=14 September 2021 }} Pedro Caban. SUNY-Albany. Latin American, Caribbean, and US Latino Studies Faculty. 2015. p. 516. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>C.D. Burnett, et al., ''Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution.'' Duke University Press. 2001. {{ISBN|9780822326984}}</ref> classified by the United States as "an unincorporated territory".<ref>[https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes ''Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731200047/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes |date=31 July 2019 }} U.S. Department of the Interior. Office of Insular Affairs. 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States, but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as "unconstitutional" and in violation of the U.S. 1900 [[Foraker Act]].<ref>Juan Gonzalez. ''Harvest of Empire'' Penguin Press. 2001. pp.60–63.{{ISBN|978-0-14-311928-9}}</ref> In 1952, after the US Congress approved Puerto Rico's constitution, its formal name became "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", but its new name "did not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1 |title=7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions |access-date=13 September 2021 |date=January 3, 2013 |work=U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs |publisher=U.S. Department of State |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030430/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html |date=14 September 2021 }} Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> That year, the United States advised the United Nations (UN) that the island was a self-governing territory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puerto Rico - The debate over political status|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|During its 8th session, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] recognized Puerto Rico's self-government on November 27, 1953, with Resolution 748 (VIII).<ref>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm Resolution 748 (VIII)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506000907/https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm |date=6 May 2019 }}. [Note: To access the text of the UN document, scroll down the list that appears until Resolution "748 (VIII)", dated "November 27, 1953", is found. Click on the link "748 (VIII)" to view the text of the Resolution. Important: This is a UN document database query server; documents are served on-the-fly. Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future.] Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> (UN Resolution "748 (VIII)", adopted on November 27, 1953, during its 459th Plenary Meeting.) This removed Puerto Rico's classification as a [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|non-self-governing territory]] (under article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations). The resolution passed, garnering a favorable vote from some 40% of the General Assembly, with over 60% abstaining or voting against it (20 to 16, plus 18 abstentions). Today, however, the UN "still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony" or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210536/http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html%23|url-status=dead|title=''Puerto Rico: Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence?'' Constitutional Rights Foundation|archive-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref>}} The United States has been "unwilling to play in public the imperial role... it has no appetite for acknowledging in a public way the contradictions implicit in frankly colonial rule."<ref>Sidney W. Mintz. ''Three Ancient Colonies.'' Harvard University Press. 2010. pp. 135-136.</ref>{{efn|Sidney Mintz's quote goes on to state, "Something in our history makes the idea of our ruling other people very difficult to deal with. Puerto Rico's political status certainly has evolved in its century inside the North American 'family.' But the permanent interim political status of which Tomas Blanco wrote still has not ended."}} The island has been called a colony by many,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Why Puerto Rico has debated U.S. statehood since its colonization|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/puerto-rico-debated-statehood-since-colonization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231359/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/puerto-rico-debated-statehood-since-colonization|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2021-09-11|website=History|language=en}}</ref> including US Federal judges,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/juan-torruella-groundbreaking-us-appeals-judge-dies-at-87.html ''Juan Torruella, Groundbreaking U.S. Appeals Judge, Dies at 87.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911004323/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/juan-torruella-groundbreaking-us-appeals-judge-dies-at-87.html |date=11 September 2021 }} Sam Roberts. The New York Times. 28 October 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> US Congresspeople,<ref>[https://theglobepost.com/2020/07/16/us-puerto-rico/ ''Can't We Just Sell the World's Oldest Colony and Solve Puerto Rico's Political Status?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/https://theglobepost.com/2020/07/16/us-puerto-rico/ |date=14 September 2021 }} Luis Martínez-Fernández. 16 July 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://thehill.com/latino/517921-hopes-for-dc-puerto-rico-statehood-rise ''Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico statehood rise.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819000559/https://thehill.com/latino/517921-hopes-for-dc-puerto-rico-statehood-rise |date=19 August 2021 }} Marty Johnson and Rafael Bernal. The Hill. 24 September 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court,<ref>José Trías Monge. ''Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' Yale University Press. 1997. p.3. {{ISBN|9780300076189}}</ref> and numerous scholars.<ref>Angel Collado-Schwarz. ''Decolonization Models for America's Last Colony: Puerto Rico.'' Syracuse University Press. 2012. {{ISBN|0815651082}}</ref>{{efn|For additional references to Puerto Rico's current (2021) colonial status under U.S. rule, see Nicole Narea,<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/live-results-for-puerto-ricos-statehood-referendum/ar-BB1aF94A ''Live results for Puerto Rico's statehood referendum.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030428/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/live-results-for-puerto-ricos-statehood-referendum/ar-BB1aF94A |date=14 September 2021 }} Nicole Narea. MSN Microsoft News. 5 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén,<ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2020/11/6/puerto_rico_ana_irma_rivera_lassen ''Puerto Ricans Vote to Narrowly Approve Controversial Statehood Referendum & Elect 4 LGBTQ Candidates.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908232158/https://www.democracynow.org/2020/11/6/puerto_rico_ana_irma_rivera_lassen |date=8 September 2021 }} Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. Democracy Now! 6 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> David S. Cohen<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-political-travesty-of-puerto-rico-196852/ ''The Political Travesty of Puerto Rico: Like all U.S. territories, Puerto Rico has no real representation in its own national government.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908232211/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-political-travesty-of-puerto-rico-196852/ |date=8 September 2021 }} David S. Cohen. RollingStone. 26 September 2017. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> and Sidney W. Mintz.<ref>Sidney W. Mintz. ''Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations.'' Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 134.</ref>}}  
*'''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}''' was a [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|colony]] of [[Spain]] from 1493 to 1898, when it passed to be a colonial possession of the [[United States]],<ref>[http://www.voluntownpeacetrust.org/a-peace-of-history-blog/the-recolonization-of-puerto-rico-part-1 ''The Recolonization of Puerto Rico, Part 1.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/http://www.voluntownpeacetrust.org/a-peace-of-history-blog/the-recolonization-of-puerto-rico-part-1 |date=14 September 2021 }} The Voluntown Peace Trust. 22 July 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=lacs_fac_scholar ''Colonialism in Puerto Rico.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=lacs_fac_scholar |date=14 September 2021 }} Pedro Caban. SUNY-Albany. Latin American, Caribbean, and US Latino Studies Faculty. 2015. p. 516. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>C.D. Burnett, et al., ''Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution.'' Duke University Press. 2001. {{ISBN|9780822326984}}</ref> classified by the United States as "an unincorporated territory".<ref>[https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes ''Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731200047/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes |date=31 July 2019 }} U.S. Department of the Interior. Office of Insular Affairs. 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States, but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as "unconstitutional" and in violation of the U.S. 1900 [[Foraker Act]].<ref>Juan Gonzalez. ''Harvest of Empire'' Penguin Press. 2001. pp.60–63.{{ISBN|978-0-14-311928-9}}</ref> In 1952, after the US Congress approved Puerto Rico's constitution, its formal name became "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", but its new name "did not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1 |title=7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions |access-date=13 September 2021 |date=January 3, 2013 |work=U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs |publisher=U.S. Department of State |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030430/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html |date=14 September 2021 }} Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> That year, the United States advised the United Nations (UN) that the island was a self-governing territory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puerto Rico - The debate over political status|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|During its 8th session, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] recognized Puerto Rico's self-government on November 27, 1953, with Resolution 748 (VIII).<ref>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm Resolution 748 (VIII)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506000907/https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm |date=6 May 2019 }}. [Note: To access the text of the UN document, scroll down the list that appears until Resolution "748 (VIII)", dated "November 27, 1953", is found. Click on the link "748 (VIII)" to view the text of the Resolution. Important: This is a UN document database query server; documents are served on-the-fly. Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future.] Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> (UN Resolution "748 (VIII)", adopted on November 27, 1953, during its 459th Plenary Meeting.) This removed Puerto Rico's classification as a [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|non-self-governing territory]] (under article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations). The resolution passed, garnering a favorable vote from some 40% of the General Assembly, with over 60% abstaining or voting against it (20 to 16, plus 18 abstentions). Today, however, the UN "still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony" or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210536/http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html%23|url-status=dead|title=''Puerto Rico: Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence?'' Constitutional Rights Foundation|archive-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref>}} The United States has been "unwilling to play in public the imperial role... it has no appetite for acknowledging in a public way the contradictions implicit in frankly colonial rule."<ref>Sidney W. Mintz. ''Three Ancient Colonies.'' Harvard University Press. 2010. pp. 135-136.</ref>{{efn|Sidney Mintz's quote goes on to state, "Something in our history makes the idea of our ruling other people very difficult to deal with. Puerto Rico's political status certainly has evolved in its century inside the North American 'family.' But the permanent interim political status of which Tomas Blanco wrote still has not ended."}} The island has been called the world's oldest colony by many,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Why Puerto Rico has debated U.S. statehood since its colonization|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/puerto-rico-debated-statehood-since-colonization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231359/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/puerto-rico-debated-statehood-since-colonization|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2021-09-11|website=History|language=en}}</ref> including US Federal judges,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/juan-torruella-groundbreaking-us-appeals-judge-dies-at-87.html ''Juan Torruella, Groundbreaking U.S. Appeals Judge, Dies at 87.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911004323/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/juan-torruella-groundbreaking-us-appeals-judge-dies-at-87.html |date=11 September 2021 }} Sam Roberts. The New York Times. 28 October 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> US Congresspeople,<ref>[https://theglobepost.com/2020/07/16/us-puerto-rico/ ''Can't We Just Sell the World's Oldest Colony and Solve Puerto Rico's Political Status?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030429/https://theglobepost.com/2020/07/16/us-puerto-rico/ |date=14 September 2021 }} Luis Martínez-Fernández. 16 July 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://thehill.com/latino/517921-hopes-for-dc-puerto-rico-statehood-rise ''Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico statehood rise.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819000559/https://thehill.com/latino/517921-hopes-for-dc-puerto-rico-statehood-rise |date=19 August 2021 }} Marty Johnson and Rafael Bernal. The Hill. 24 September 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court,<ref>José Trías Monge. ''Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' Yale University Press. 1997. p.3. {{ISBN|9780300076189}}</ref> and numerous scholars.<ref>Angel Collado-Schwarz. ''Decolonization Models for America's Last Colony: Puerto Rico.'' Syracuse University Press. 2012. {{ISBN|0815651082}}</ref>{{efn|For additional references to Puerto Rico's current (2021) colonial status under U.S. rule, see Nicole Narea,<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/live-results-for-puerto-ricos-statehood-referendum/ar-BB1aF94A ''Live results for Puerto Rico's statehood referendum.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030428/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/live-results-for-puerto-ricos-statehood-referendum/ar-BB1aF94A |date=14 September 2021 }} Nicole Narea. MSN Microsoft News. 5 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén,<ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2020/11/6/puerto_rico_ana_irma_rivera_lassen ''Puerto Ricans Vote to Narrowly Approve Controversial Statehood Referendum & Elect 4 LGBTQ Candidates.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908232158/https://www.democracynow.org/2020/11/6/puerto_rico_ana_irma_rivera_lassen |date=8 September 2021 }} Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. Democracy Now! 6 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.</ref> David S. Cohen<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-political-travesty-of-puerto-rico-196852/ ''The Political Travesty of Puerto Rico: Like all U.S. territories, Puerto Rico has no real representation in its own national government.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908232211/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-political-travesty-of-puerto-rico-196852/ |date=8 September 2021 }} David S. Cohen. RollingStone. 26 September 2017. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> and Sidney W. Mintz.<ref>Sidney W. Mintz. ''Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations.'' Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 134.</ref>}}  
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}''' consisted of territories and colonies by various African and European powers, including the Dutch and the British, and the Nguni. The territory consisting of the modern nation was ruled directly by the British from 1806 to 1910; became a self-governing dominion of [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}''' consisted of territories and colonies by various African and European powers, including the Dutch and the British, and the Nguni. The territory consisting of the modern nation was ruled directly by the British from 1806 to 1910; became a self-governing dominion of [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': a British colony from 1815 to 1948. Known as [[Ceylon]]. Was a [[British Dominion]] until 1972. Also a [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese colony]] in the 16th–17th centuries, and a [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch colony]] in the 17th–18th centuries.
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': a British colony from 1815 to 1948. Known as [[Ceylon]]. Was a [[British Dominion]] until 1972. Also a [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese colony]] in the 16th–17th centuries, and a [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch colony]] in the 17th–18th centuries.
*'''{{flag|Korea}}''' was a colony of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] from 1910 to 1945. [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] were established in 1948.  
*'''{{flag|Korea}}''' was a colony of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] from 1910 to 1945. [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] were established in 1948.  
* '''{{flag|Taiwan}}''' has a complex history of colonial rule under various powers, including the [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch]] (1624–1662), [[Spanish Formosa|Spanish]] (1626–1642), [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Chinese]] (1683–1895) and [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese]] (1895–1945).<ref name="gutenberg-e.org">{{cite web| url = http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html| author1=Tonio Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> The [[Prehistory of Taiwan|precolonial]] (pre-1624) inhabitants of Taiwan are the ethno-linguistically [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]], rather than the vast majority of present-day [[Taiwanese people]], who are mostly ethno-linguistically [[Han Chinese]]. Twice throughout history, Taiwan has served as a ''quasi'' [[rump state]] for Chinese [[Government in exile|governments]], the first instance being the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming-loyalist]] [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–1683) and the second instance being the present-day [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), which officially claims [[Pan-Blue Coalition|continuity]] or [[Pan-Green Coalition|succession]] from the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], having [[Republic of China retreat to Taiwan|retreated from mainland China to Taiwan]] in 1949 during the final years of the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1949). The ROC, whose ''de facto'' territory consists almost entirely of the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] and [[List of islands of Taiwan|its minor satellite islands]], continues to rule Taiwan as if it were a separate country from the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (consisting of [[mainland China]], Hong Kong, and [[Macau]]).
* '''{{flag|Taiwan}}''' has a complex history of colonial rule under various powers, including the [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch]] (1624–1662), [[Spanish Formosa|Spanish]] (1626–1642), [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Chinese]] (1683–1895) and [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese]] (1895–1945).<ref name="gutenberg-e.org">{{cite web| url = http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html| author1=Tonio Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> The [[Prehistory of Taiwan|precolonial]] (pre-1624) inhabitants of Taiwan are the ethno-linguistically [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]], rather than the vast majority of present-day [[Taiwanese people]], who are mostly ethno-linguistically [[Han Chinese]]. Twice throughout history, Taiwan has served as a ''quasi'' [[rump state]] for Chinese [[Government in exile|governments]], the first instance being the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming-loyalist]] [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–1683) and the second instance being the present-day [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), which officially claims [[Pan-Blue Coalition|continuity]] or [[Pan-Green Coalition|succession]] from the [[Nationalist government]], having [[Republic of China retreat to Taiwan|retreated from mainland China to Taiwan]] in 1949 during the final years of the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1949). The ROC, whose ''de facto'' territory consists almost entirely of the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] and [[List of islands of Taiwan|its minor satellite islands]], continues to rule Taiwan as if it were a separate country from the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (consisting of [[mainland China]], Hong Kong, and [[Macau]]).
* The '''{{flag|United States|1777}}''' was formed from a union of thirteen British [[Thirteen Colonies|colonies]]. The [[Colony of Virginia]] was the first of the thirteen colonies. All thirteen declared independence in July 1776 and expelled the British governors.
* The '''{{flag|United States|1777-Ross}}''' was formed from a [[Articles of Confederation|confederation]] of [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen British colonies]]. The [[Colony of Virginia]] was the first of the thirteen colonies. All thirteen declared independence in July 1776 and expelled the British governors during the [[American Revolution]]


==Current colonies==
==Current colonies==
[[Image:Dependent territories.svg|thumb|upright=2.35|Dependent territories and their sovereign states. All territories are labeled according to [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]]{{efn|Each territory in the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] is labeled '''UM-''' followed by the first letter of its name and another unique letter if needed.}} or with numbers.{{efn|The following territories do not have [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]] codes:<br>'''1''': [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]<br>'''2''': [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br>'''3''': [[Coral Sea Islands]]}} Colored areas without labels are integral parts of their respective countries. [[Antarctica]] is shown as a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]] instead of [[territorial claims in Antarctica|individual claims]].]]
[[Image:Dependent territories.svg|thumb|upright=2.35|Dependent territories and their sovereign states. All territories are labeled according to [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]]{{efn|Each territory in the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] is labeled '''UM-''' followed by the first letter of its name and another unique letter if needed.}} or with numbers.{{efn|The following territories do not have [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]] codes:<br>'''1''': [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]<br>'''2''': [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br>'''3''': [[Coral Sea Islands]]}} Colored areas without labels are integral parts of their respective countries. [[Antarctica]] is shown as a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]] instead of [[territorial claims in Antarctica|individual claims]].]]
The [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] maintains the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]], which identifies areas the United Nations (though not without controversy) believes are colonies. Given that [[dependent territory|dependent territories]] have varying degrees of autonomy and political power in the affairs of the controlling state, there is disagreement over the classification of "colony".
The [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] maintains the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]], which identifies areas the United Nations (though not without controversy) believes are colonies. Given that [[dependent territory|dependent territories]] have varying degrees of autonomy and political power in the affairs of the controlling state, there is disagreement over the classification of "colony".
=== Israel ===
A number of academic studies analyze [[Israel]] through settler-colonial frameworks:
Gershon Shafir (1996) characterizes early [[Zionism]] as a settler-colonial movement in ''Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shafir |first=Gershon |title=Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520204010 |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520204010/land-labor-and-the-origins-of-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict}}</ref>
[[Patrick Wolfe]] (2006) includes Israel among settler colonial societies in the ''Journal of Genocide Research''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Patrick |title=Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=December 2006 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387-409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |s2cid=143873621}}</ref>
South Africa has formally accused Israel of practicing apartheid against Palestinians. In 2023, South Africa filed a case at the [[International Court of Justice]] alleging that Israel violates the [[International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa accuses Israel of apartheid in new ICJ case |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=17 November 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/20/israels-apartheid-must-end-south-africa-says-at-icj-hearing}}</ref> During oral arguments before the court in 2024, South Africa further described Israel as a settler colonial state, asserting that its occupation of Palestinian territory is “indistinguishable from settler colonialism.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's apartheid must end, South Africa says at ICJ hearing |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=20 February 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/20/israels-apartheid-must-end-south-africa-says-at-icj-hearing}}</ref> This follows earlier reports from 2021 and 2022 by [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]], which both concluded that Israel maintains a system of apartheid over Palestinians.<ref>{{cite report |title=Apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territory |date=2022 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/5141/2022/en/}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution |date=2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 20:36, 16 April 2026

This article is about the political concept. For the concentrated dwelling, see Human settlement. For the concentrated dwelling of animals, see Colony (biology). For other uses, see Colony (disambiguation).

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Template:Politics

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule,[1] which rules the territory and its indigenous peoples separated from the foreign rulers, the colonizer, and their metropole (or "mother country").[2] This separated rule was often organized into colonial empires, with their metropoles at their centers, making colonies neither annexed or even integrated territories, nor client states. Particularly new imperialism and its colonialism advanced this separated rule and its lasting coloniality. Colonies were most often set up and colonized for exploitation and possibly settlement by colonists.[3]

The term colony originates from the ancient Roman colonia, a type of Roman settlement. Derived from colonus (farmer, cultivator, planter, or settler), it carries with it the sense of 'farm' and 'landed estate'.[4] Furthermore, the term was used to refer to the older Greek apoikia (Template:Langx), which were overseas settlements by ancient Greek city-states. The city that founded such a settlement became known as its metropolis ("mother-city"). Since early-modern times, historians, administrators, and political scientists have generally used the term "colony" to refer mainly to the many different overseas territories of particularly European states between the 15th and 20th centuries CE, with colonialism and decolonization as corresponding phenomena.

While colonies often developed from trading outposts or territorial claims, such areas do not need to be a product of colonization, nor become colonially organized territories. Territories furthermore do not need to have been militarily conquered and occupied to come under colonial rule and to be considered de facto colonies, instead neocolonial exploitation of dependency or imperialist use of power to intervene to force policy, might make a territory be considered a colony, which broadens the concept, including indirect rule or puppet states (contrasted by more independent types of client states such as vassal states). Subsequently, some historians have used the term informal colony to refer to a country under a de facto control of another state. Though the broadening of the concept is often contentious.

Contemporarily colonies are identified and organized as not sufficiently self-governed dependent territories. Other past colonies have become either sufficiently incorporated and self-governed, or independent, with some to a varying degree dominated by remaining colonial settler societies or neocolonialism.

Concept

The English-language word "colony" comes from the Latin word colōnia, used for ancient Roman outposts and eventually for cities. The Latin term colōnia in turn derives from the word colōnus, which referred to a Roman tenant farmer.

Settlements that began as Roman coloniae include cities from Cologne (which retains this history in its name) to Belgrade to York. A telltale sign of a settlement within the Roman sphere of influence once being a Roman colony is a city centre with a grid pattern.[5]

Historians and political scientists may distinguish "settler colonies" as a subset of the class of colonies. Settler colonies comprise a more particular type of a settlement or community.[3]

Ancient examples

Further information: Colonies in antiquity

More modern historical examples

Main article: List of colonies
See also: Timeline of national independence

Current colonies

File:Dependent territories.svg
Dependent territories and their sovereign states. All territories are labeled according to ISO 3166-1[lower-alpha 4] or with numbers.[lower-alpha 5] Colored areas without labels are integral parts of their respective countries. Antarctica is shown as a condominium instead of individual claims.

The Special Committee on Decolonization maintains the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, which identifies areas the United Nations (though not without controversy) believes are colonies. Given that dependent territories have varying degrees of autonomy and political power in the affairs of the controlling state, there is disagreement over the classification of "colony".

See also

Settlements and outposts (civilian and military)
Roads and road stops
Trade and manufacturing areas
Frontiers and extraterritorial areas

Notes

  1. ↑ During its 8th session, the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico's self-government on November 27, 1953, with Resolution 748 (VIII).[19] (UN Resolution "748 (VIII)", adopted on November 27, 1953, during its 459th Plenary Meeting.) This removed Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory (under article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations). The resolution passed, garnering a favorable vote from some 40% of the General Assembly, with over 60% abstaining or voting against it (20 to 16, plus 18 abstentions). Today, however, the UN "still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony" or not.[20]
  2. ↑ Sidney Mintz's quote goes on to state, "Something in our history makes the idea of our ruling other people very difficult to deal with. Puerto Rico's political status certainly has evolved in its century inside the North American 'family.' But the permanent interim political status of which Tomas Blanco wrote still has not ended."
  3. ↑ For additional references to Puerto Rico's current (2021) colonial status under U.S. rule, see Nicole Narea,[28] Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén,[29] David S. Cohen[30] and Sidney W. Mintz.[31]
  4. ↑ Each territory in the United States Minor Outlying Islands is labeled UM- followed by the first letter of its name and another unique letter if needed.
  5. ↑ The following territories do not have ISO 3166-1 codes:
    1: Akrotiri and Dhekelia
    2: Ashmore and Cartier Islands
    3: Coral Sea Islands

References

  1. ↑ "colony". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021. 1. [...] a country or an area that is governed by people from another, more powerful, country
  2. ↑ "Collins Englisch Wörterbuch". COLONY Definition und Bedeutung (in German). 20 December 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2025. any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 - 1999: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–5. doi:10.1002/9781119367376. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0. One kind of colony comprises a group of people that leaves one place to settle in a distant land, and who then remain free of formal control of their country of origin. Ancient Greeks who departed the area around the Aegean Sea to establish settlements around the Mediterranean are an example of this, as is, more recently, the “colony” of Italians who settled in New York City from the late 1800s. A colony can also be such a settlement that remains controlled by the land from which the colonists originated. By 241 bce, the Roman Republic had established its first province in Sicily, for instance. More recent examples are Virginia and Australia, founded as British colonies in 1607 and 1788, respec-tively. A third type of colony is a territory conquered by a foreign power and placed in a subservient relationship within that power’s empire, but that, for whatever reason, is not settled by large numbers of people from the metropole. [...] A "colonist" is someone from a colonizing power who settles in a foreign or colonized land, a "colonizer" someone who engages in conquest and foreign rule, and the "colonized" those people subject to colonization, that is, indigenous people (natives) ruled over by foreigners and oftentimes dispossessed of their lands. To "colonize" (noun: "colonization") usually refers to setting up a colony, that is, taking and populating lands. "Colonialism," by contrast, often refers either to colonization or more generally to engaging in the practice of empire. This book emphasizes a major distinction, namely between "colonies" controlled by a metropole yet overwhelmingly populated by indigenous peoples, and "settler colonies," lands where colonists took land for settlement.
  4. ↑ Nayar, Pramod (2008). Postcolonial Literature – An Introduction. India: Pearson India. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9788131713730.
  5. ↑ James S. Jeffers (1999). The Greco-Roman world of the New Testament era: exploring the background of early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-8308-1589-0.
  6. ↑ "Non-Self-Governing Territories | the United Nations and Decolonization".
  7. ↑ "Timeline: Malaysia's history". www.aljazeera.com.
  8. ↑ "Dutch In Malaysia". Malaysia Traveller.
  9. ↑ De Lario, Damaso; de Lario Ramírez, Dámaso (2008). "Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599". Re-shaping the world: Philip II of Spain and his time. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-556-7.
  10. ↑ In 1521, an expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan landed in the islands, and Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Spain's Prince Philip (later to become Philip I of Castile). During a later expedition in 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi conquered the Philippines for Spain. However, it can be argued that Spain's legitimate sovereignty over the islands commenced following a popular referendum in 1599.[9]
  11. ↑ The Recolonization of Puerto Rico, Part 1. Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Voluntown Peace Trust. 22 July 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  12. ↑ Colonialism in Puerto Rico. Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Pedro Caban. SUNY-Albany. Latin American, Caribbean, and US Latino Studies Faculty. 2015. p. 516. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  13. ↑ C.D. Burnett, et al., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution. Duke University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780822326984
  14. ↑ Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations. Archived 31 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of the Interior. Office of Insular Affairs. 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  15. ↑ Juan Gonzalez. Harvest of Empire Penguin Press. 2001. pp.60–63.ISBN 978-0-14-311928-9
  16. ↑ "7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions". U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  17. ↑ "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence." Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Rosalinda de Jesus. The Allentown Morning Call. Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  18. ↑ "Puerto Rico - The debate over political status". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  19. ↑ Resolution 748 (VIII) Archived 6 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. [Note: To access the text of the UN document, scroll down the list that appears until Resolution "748 (VIII)", dated "November 27, 1953", is found. Click on the link "748 (VIII)" to view the text of the Resolution. Important: This is a UN document database query server; documents are served on-the-fly. Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future.] Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  20. ↑ "Puerto Rico: Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence? Constitutional Rights Foundation". Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.
  21. ↑ Sidney W. Mintz. Three Ancient Colonies. Harvard University Press. 2010. pp. 135-136.
  22. ↑ "Why Puerto Rico has debated U.S. statehood since its colonization". History. 24 July 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  23. ↑ Juan Torruella, Groundbreaking U.S. Appeals Judge, Dies at 87. Archived 11 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Sam Roberts. The New York Times. 28 October 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  24. ↑ Can't We Just Sell the World's Oldest Colony and Solve Puerto Rico's Political Status? Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Luis Martínez-Fernández. 16 July 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  25. ↑ Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico statehood rise. Archived 19 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Marty Johnson and Rafael Bernal. The Hill. 24 September 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  26. ↑ José Trías Monge. Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world. Yale University Press. 1997. p.3. ISBN 9780300076189
  27. ↑ Angel Collado-Schwarz. Decolonization Models for America's Last Colony: Puerto Rico. Syracuse University Press. 2012. ISBN 0815651082
  28. ↑ Live results for Puerto Rico's statehood referendum. Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Nicole Narea. MSN Microsoft News. 5 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  29. ↑ Puerto Ricans Vote to Narrowly Approve Controversial Statehood Referendum & Elect 4 LGBTQ Candidates. Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. Democracy Now! 6 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  30. ↑ The Political Travesty of Puerto Rico: Like all U.S. territories, Puerto Rico has no real representation in its own national government. Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine David S. Cohen. RollingStone. 26 September 2017. Accessed 15 December 2020.
  31. ↑ Sidney W. Mintz. Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 134.
  32. ↑ Tonio Andrade. "How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century". Columbia University Press.

Further reading

  • Aldrich, Robert. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996)
  • Ansprenger, Franz ed. The Dissolution of the Colonial Empires (1989)
  • Benjamin, Thomas, ed. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 (2006).
  • Ermatinger, James. ed. The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 vol 2018)
  • Higham, C. S. S. History Of The British Empire (1921) online free
  • James, Lawrence. The Illustrated Rise and Fall of the British Empire (2000)
  • Kia, Mehrdad, ed. The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (2017)
  • Page, Melvin E. ed. Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia (3 vol. 2003)
  • Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism 1938) 463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s
  • Tarver, H. Micheal and Emily Slape. The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 vol. 2016)
  • Wesseling, H.L. The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919 (2015).

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