Control engineering: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Engineering discipline that deals with control systems}} | {{Short description|Engineering discipline that deals with control systems}} | ||
{{ | {{distinguish|Automation engineering}} | ||
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}} | {{More citations needed|date=October 2022}} | ||
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|320px|Control systems play a critical role in [[space flight]].]] | [[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|320px|Control systems play a critical role in [[space flight]].]] | ||
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'''Control engineering''', also known as '''control systems engineering''' and, in some European countries, '''automation engineering''', is an [[engineering]] discipline that deals with [[control system]]s, applying [[control theory]] to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments.<ref name="Case Western Reserve University">{{cite web|title=Systems & Control Engineering FAQ {{!}} Electrical Engineering and Computer Science|url=https://engineering.case.edu/eecs/node/213|website=engineering.case.edu|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|access-date=27 June 2017|language=en|date=20 November 2015}}</ref> The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with [[electrical engineering]], [[chemical engineering]] and [[mechanical engineering]] at many institutions around the world.<ref name="Case Western Reserve University"/> | '''Control engineering''', also known as '''control systems engineering''' and, in some European countries, '''automation engineering''', is an [[engineering]] discipline that deals with [[control system]]s, applying [[control theory]] to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments.<ref name="Case Western Reserve University">{{cite web|title=Systems & Control Engineering FAQ {{!}} Electrical Engineering and Computer Science|url=https://engineering.case.edu/eecs/node/213|website=engineering.case.edu|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|access-date=27 June 2017|language=en|date=20 November 2015}}</ref> The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with [[electrical engineering]], [[chemical engineering]] and [[mechanical engineering]] at many institutions around the world.<ref name="Case Western Reserve University"/> | ||
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This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|captured]] the city in 1258 CE. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to [[Cornelis Drebbel|Drebbel]], circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt{{r|Keviczky_2019|p=22}} in 1788. | This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|captured]] the city in 1258 CE. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to [[Cornelis Drebbel|Drebbel]], circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt{{r|Keviczky_2019|p=22}} in 1788. | ||
In his 1868 paper "On Governors", [[James Clerk Maxwell]] was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and it signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory. Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis. | In his 1868 paper "On Governors", [[James Clerk Maxwell]] was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and it signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory. Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Feedback Control |url=https://lewisgroup.uta.edu/history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055726/https://lewisgroup.uta.edu/history.htm |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=November 22, 2025 |website=[[University of Texas at Arlington]]}}</ref> | ||
Control theory made significant strides over the next century. New mathematical techniques, as well as advances in electronic and computer technologies, made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive, nonlinear control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more efficient chemical processes. | Control theory made significant strides over the next century. New mathematical techniques, as well as advances in electronic and computer technologies, made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive, nonlinear control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more efficient chemical processes. | ||
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There are not very many careers that are classified as "control engineer", most of them are specific careers that have a small semblance to the overarching career of control engineering. A majority of the control engineers that took the survey in 2019 are system or product designers, or even control or instrument engineers. Most of the jobs involve process engineering or production or even maintenance, they are some variation of control engineering.<ref name="Control"/> | There are not very many careers that are classified as "control engineer", most of them are specific careers that have a small semblance to the overarching career of control engineering. A majority of the control engineers that took the survey in 2019 are system or product designers, or even control or instrument engineers. Most of the jobs involve process engineering or production or even maintenance, they are some variation of control engineering.<ref name="Control"/> | ||
Because of this, there are many job opportunities in aerospace companies, manufacturing companies, automobile companies, power companies, chemical companies, petroleum companies, and government agencies. Some places that hire Control Engineers include companies such as Rockwell Automation, NASA, Ford, Phillips 66, [[Eastman Chemical|Eastman]], and Goodrich.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engineering.case.edu/eecs/node/213|title=Systems & Control Engineering FAQ {{!}} Computer and Data Science/Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering|date=2015-11-20|website=engineering.case.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Control Engineers can possibly earn $66k annually from Lockheed Martin Corp. They can also earn up to $96k annually from General Motors Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Control_Systems_Engineer/Salary|title=Control Systems Engineer Salary {{!}} PayScale|website=www.payscale.com|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Process Control Engineers, typically found in [[Oil Refinery|Refineries]] and Specialty Chemical plants, can earn upwards of $ | Because of this, there are many job opportunities in aerospace companies, manufacturing companies, automobile companies, power companies, chemical companies, petroleum companies, and government agencies. Some places that hire Control Engineers include companies such as Rockwell Automation, NASA, Ford, Phillips 66, [[Eastman Chemical|Eastman]], and Goodrich.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engineering.case.edu/eecs/node/213|title=Systems & Control Engineering FAQ {{!}} Computer and Data Science/Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering|date=2015-11-20|website=engineering.case.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Control Engineers can possibly earn $66k annually from Lockheed Martin Corp. They can also earn up to $96k annually from General Motors Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Control_Systems_Engineer/Salary|title=Control Systems Engineer Salary {{!}} PayScale|website=www.payscale.com|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Process Control Engineers, typically found in [[Oil Refinery|Refineries]] and Specialty Chemical plants, can earn upwards of $80k annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does a Process Control Engineer do? Career Overview, Roles, Jobs {{!}} ISPE |url=https://jobs.ispe.org/career/process-control-engineer |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Coursera |date=2025-10-31 |title=Controls Engineer Salary: How Much Can You Make? |url=https://www.coursera.org/articles/controls-engineer-salary |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In India, control System Engineering is provided at different levels with a diploma, graduation and postgraduation. These programs require the candidate to have chosen physics, chemistry and mathematics for their secondary schooling or relevant bachelor's degree for postgraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Control System Engineering: Admission 2025, Fees, Syllabus, Entrance Exam, Top Colleges, Career Scope |url=https://www.shiksha.com/engineering/control-systems-chp |archive-url= | In India, control System Engineering is provided at different levels with a diploma, graduation and postgraduation. These programs require the candidate to have chosen physics, chemistry and mathematics for their secondary schooling or relevant bachelor's degree for postgraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Control System Engineering: Admission 2025, Fees, Syllabus, Entrance Exam, Top Colleges, Career Scope |url=https://www.shiksha.com/engineering/control-systems-chp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126115019/https://www.shiksha.com/engineering/control-systems-chp |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.shiksha.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Recent advancement == | == Recent advancement == | ||
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* Digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or | * Digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or | ||
* Analog components are mapped into discrete domain and design is carried out there. | * Analog components are mapped into discrete domain and design is carried out there. | ||
The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers. | The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers. | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|Engineering}} | |||
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* [[Artificial intelligence]] | * [[Artificial intelligence]] | ||