Carl Rogers: Difference between revisions
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imported>BobKilcoyne m Person-centered therapy: missing word |
imported>Cath reen it's based on what Rogers taught about listening, but it's primarily based on what the clients were doing which had little to do with the therapist |
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| name = Carl Rogers | | name = Carl Rogers | ||
| image = Carl Ransom Rogers.jpg | | image = Carl Ransom Rogers.jpg | ||
| birth_name = Carl Ransom Rogers | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|1|8|mf=y}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|1902|1|8|mf=y}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Oak Park, Illinois]], U.S. | | birth_place = [[Oak Park, Illinois]], U.S. | ||
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| field = [[Psychology]] | | field = [[Psychology]] | ||
| work_institutions = [[Ohio State University]]<br />[[University of Chicago]]<br /> [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]<br />[[Western Behavioral Sciences Institute]]<br />Center for Studies of the Person | | work_institutions = [[Ohio State University]]<br />[[University of Chicago]]<br /> [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]<br />[[Western Behavioral Sciences Institute]]<br />Center for Studies of the Person | ||
| | | education = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]]<br>[[Teachers College, Columbia University|Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]]) | ||
| known_for = The person-centered approach (e.g., [[ | | doctoral_advisor = Goodwin Barbour Watson | ||
| academic_advisors = [[William Heard Kilpatrick]] | |||
| known_for = The person-centered approach (e.g., [[client-centered therapy]], [[student-centered learning]], [[Rogerian argument]]) | |||
| children = [[Natalie Rogers]] | | children = [[Natalie Rogers]] | ||
| prizes = Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (1956, [[American Psychological Association|APA]]); Award for Distinguished Contributions to Applied Psychology as a Professional Practice (1972, [[American Psychological Association|APA]]); 1964 Humanist of the Year ([[American Humanist Association]]) | | prizes = Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (1956, [[American Psychological Association|APA]]); Award for Distinguished Contributions to Applied Psychology as a Professional Practice (1972, [[American Psychological Association|APA]]); 1964 Humanist of the Year ([[American Humanist Association]]) | ||
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Rogers was born on January 8, 1902, in [[Oak Park, Illinois]], a suburb of [[Chicago]]. His father, Walter A. Rogers, was a [[civil engineer]] and a [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] by religious denomination. His mother, Julia M. Cushing,<ref name="Cushing">{{cite book|last=Cushing|first=James Stevenson|title=The genealogy of the Cushing family, an account of the ancestors and descendants of Matthew Cushing, who came to America in 1638|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogyofcushi1905cush|publisher=The Perrault printing co.|location=Montreal|year=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/genealogyofcushi1905cush/page/380 380]|lccn=06032460}}</ref><ref name="CalDeath">{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=CAdeath1940|title=California Death Index, 1940–1997|publisher=Ancestry.com|access-date=19 April 2010 }} Rogers' mother's maiden name is Cushing.</ref> was a homemaker and devout [[Baptists|Baptist]]. Carl was the fourth of their six children.<ref name="1910Census">{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1910USCenIndex&indiv=try&h=107466638|title=1910 United States Federal Census|publisher=Ancestry.com|access-date=19 April 2010}} Oak Park, Cook, Illinois; Roll T624_239; Page: 2B; Enumeration District: 70; Image: 703. Carl is fourth of six children of Walter A. and Julia M. Rogers.</ref> | Rogers was born on January 8, 1902, in [[Oak Park, Illinois]], a suburb of [[Chicago]]. His father, Walter A. Rogers, was a [[civil engineer]] and a [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] by religious denomination. His mother, Julia M. Cushing,<ref name="Cushing">{{cite book|last=Cushing|first=James Stevenson|title=The genealogy of the Cushing family, an account of the ancestors and descendants of Matthew Cushing, who came to America in 1638|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogyofcushi1905cush|publisher=The Perrault printing co.|location=Montreal|year=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/genealogyofcushi1905cush/page/380 380]|lccn=06032460}}</ref><ref name="CalDeath">{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=CAdeath1940|title=California Death Index, 1940–1997|publisher=Ancestry.com|access-date=19 April 2010 }} Rogers' mother's maiden name is Cushing.</ref> was a homemaker and devout [[Baptists|Baptist]]. Carl was the fourth of their six children.<ref name="1910Census">{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1910USCenIndex&indiv=try&h=107466638|title=1910 United States Federal Census|publisher=Ancestry.com|access-date=19 April 2010}} Oak Park, Cook, Illinois; Roll T624_239; Page: 2B; Enumeration District: 70; Image: 703. Carl is fourth of six children of Walter A. and Julia M. Rogers.</ref> | ||
Rogers | Rogers could read well before kindergarten. After being raised in a strict religious environment as an [[altar boy]] at the [[Clergy house|vicarage]] of Jimpley, he became isolated, independent, and disciplined, gaining knowledge and an appreciation for the [[scientific method]] in a practical world. At the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], he joined the fraternity [[Alpha Kappa Lambda]] and initially planned to study [[agriculture]] before switching to history and finally settling on [[Religious studies|religion]]. | ||
At age 20, following his 1922 trip to [[Beijing]], [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]], for an international [[Christianity|Christian]] conference, Rogers started to doubt his religious convictions. To help him clarify his career choice, he attended a seminar entitled "Why Am I Entering the Ministry?" after which he decided to change careers. In 1924, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, married fellow Wisconsin student and Oak Park resident Helen Elliott, and enrolled at [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] in New York City. Sometime later, he reportedly became an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>Michael Martin (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. {{ISBN|9780521842709}}. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Carl R. Rogers..."</ref> Although referred to as an atheist early in his career, Rogers was eventually described as an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]. He reportedly spoke about [[spirituality]] quite often in his later years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated with Rogers throughout the latter's final decade of life, writes: "In his later years his openness to experience compelled him to acknowledge the existence of a dimension to which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental".<ref>Thorne, Brian (2003). ''Carl Rogers''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pg IX.</ref> Rogers concluded that there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to prize as "the indescribable, the spiritual."<ref name=Kramer1995>{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=Robert |title=The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond' |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |date=October 1995 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=54–110 |doi=10.1177/00221678950354005 |s2cid=145059656 }}</ref> | At age 20, following his 1922 trip to [[Beijing]], [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]], for an international [[Christianity|Christian]] conference, Rogers started to doubt his religious convictions. To help him clarify his career choice, he attended a seminar entitled "Why Am I Entering the Ministry?" after which he decided to change careers. In 1924, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, married fellow Wisconsin student and Oak Park resident Helen Elliott, and enrolled at [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] in New York City. Sometime later, he reportedly became an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>Michael Martin (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. {{ISBN|9780521842709}}. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Carl R. Rogers..."</ref> Although referred to as an atheist early in his career, Rogers was eventually described as an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]. He reportedly spoke about [[spirituality]] quite often in his later years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated with Rogers throughout the latter's final decade of life, writes: "In his later years his openness to experience compelled him to acknowledge the existence of a dimension to which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental".<ref>Thorne, Brian (2003). ''Carl Rogers''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pg IX.</ref> Rogers concluded that there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to prize as "the indescribable, the spiritual."<ref name=Kramer1995>{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=Robert |title=The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond' |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |date=October 1995 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=54–110 |doi=10.1177/00221678950354005 |s2cid=145059656 }}</ref> | ||
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After two years at Union, Rogers left to attend [[Teachers College, Columbia University]], obtaining an M.A. in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierro |first1=Catriel |title='A backdrop for psychotherapy': Carl R. Rogers, psychological testing, and the psycho-educational clinic at Columbia University's Teachers College (1924–1935). |journal=History of Psychology |date=November 2021 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=323–349 |doi=10.1037/hop0000201 |pmid=34516193 |s2cid=237507108 }}</ref> While completing his doctoral work, he engaged in scientific studies of children. As an intern in 1927–1928 at the now-defunct Institute for Child Guidance in New York, Rogers studied with psychologist [[Alfred Adler]].<ref name=Ansbacher>{{cite journal |last=Ansbacher |first=Heinz L. |title=Alfred Adler's influence on the three leading cofounders of humanistic psychology |journal=[[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]] |date=Fall 1990 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1177/002216789003000404}}</ref> Later in life, Rogers recalled: {{blockquote|Accustomed as I was to the rather rigid Freudian approach of the Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and exhaustive batteries of tests before even thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr. Adler's very direct and deceptively simple manner of immediately relating to the child and the parent. It took me some time to realize how much I had learned from him.<ref name=Ansbacher/>}} In 1930, Rogers served as director of the [[New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] in Rochester, New York. From 1935 to 1940, he lectured at the [[University of Rochester]] and wrote ''The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child'' (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. He was strongly influenced in constructing his client-centered approach by the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of [[Otto Rank]],<ref name=Kramer1995/> especially as embodied in the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and [[social work]] educator [[Jessie Taft]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirschenbaum|first1=Howard|title=On Becoming Carl Rogers|publisher=Delacorte Press|isbn=978-0-440-06707-8|pages=92–93|year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=deCarvalho|first1=Roy J.|title=Otto Rank, the Rankian Circle in Philadelphia, and the Origins of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Psychotherapy|journal=History of Psychology|date=1999|volume=2|issue=2|pages=132–148|doi=10.1037/1093-4510.2.2.132|pmid=11623737}}</ref> In 1940, Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at [[Ohio State University]], where he wrote his second book, ''Counseling and Psychotherapy'' (1942). In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a relationship with an understanding, accepting therapist, a client can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. | After two years at Union, Rogers left to attend [[Teachers College, Columbia University]], obtaining an M.A. in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierro |first1=Catriel |title='A backdrop for psychotherapy': Carl R. Rogers, psychological testing, and the psycho-educational clinic at Columbia University's Teachers College (1924–1935). |journal=History of Psychology |date=November 2021 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=323–349 |doi=10.1037/hop0000201 |pmid=34516193 |s2cid=237507108 }}</ref> While completing his doctoral work, he engaged in scientific studies of children. As an intern in 1927–1928 at the now-defunct Institute for Child Guidance in New York, Rogers studied with psychologist [[Alfred Adler]].<ref name=Ansbacher>{{cite journal |last=Ansbacher |first=Heinz L. |title=Alfred Adler's influence on the three leading cofounders of humanistic psychology |journal=[[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]] |date=Fall 1990 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1177/002216789003000404}}</ref> Later in life, Rogers recalled: {{blockquote|Accustomed as I was to the rather rigid Freudian approach of the Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and exhaustive batteries of tests before even thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr. Adler's very direct and deceptively simple manner of immediately relating to the child and the parent. It took me some time to realize how much I had learned from him.<ref name=Ansbacher/>}} In 1930, Rogers served as director of the [[New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] in Rochester, New York. From 1935 to 1940, he lectured at the [[University of Rochester]] and wrote ''The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child'' (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. He was strongly influenced in constructing his client-centered approach by the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of [[Otto Rank]],<ref name=Kramer1995/> especially as embodied in the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and [[social work]] educator [[Jessie Taft]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirschenbaum|first1=Howard|title=On Becoming Carl Rogers|publisher=Delacorte Press|isbn=978-0-440-06707-8|pages=92–93|year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=deCarvalho|first1=Roy J.|title=Otto Rank, the Rankian Circle in Philadelphia, and the Origins of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Psychotherapy|journal=History of Psychology|date=1999|volume=2|issue=2|pages=132–148|doi=10.1037/1093-4510.2.2.132|pmid=11623737}}</ref> In 1940, Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at [[Ohio State University]], where he wrote his second book, ''Counseling and Psychotherapy'' (1942). In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a relationship with an understanding, accepting therapist, a client can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. | ||
In 1945, Rogers was invited to set up a counseling center at the [[University of Chicago]]. While a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago (1945–1957), Rogers helped establish a counseling center connected with the university and conducted studies to determine his methods' effectiveness. His findings and theories appeared in ''Client-Centered Therapy'' (1951) and ''Psychotherapy and Personality Change'' (1954). One of his graduate students at the University of Chicago, [[Thomas Gordon (psychologist)|Thomas Gordon]], established the [[Parent Effectiveness Training]] movement. Another student, [[Eugene T. Gendlin]], who was getting his Ph.D. in philosophy, developed the psychotherapeutic method of [[Focusing (psychotherapy)|focusing]] based on | In 1945, Rogers was invited to set up a counseling center at the [[University of Chicago]]. While a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago (1945–1957), Rogers helped establish a counseling center connected with the university and conducted studies to determine his methods' effectiveness. His findings and theories appeared in ''Client-Centered Therapy'' (1951) and ''Psychotherapy and Personality Change'' (1954). One of his graduate students at the University of Chicago, [[Thomas Gordon (psychologist)|Thomas Gordon]], established the [[Parent Effectiveness Training]] movement. Another student, [[Eugene T. Gendlin]], who was getting his Ph.D. in philosophy, developed the psychotherapeutic method of [[Focusing (psychotherapy)|focusing]], based on what he, along with other students of Rogers, discovered about what clients were doing when they had successful therapeutic outcomes. | ||
In 1947, he was elected president of the [[American Psychological Association]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/past-presidents.aspx| title = Former APA Presidents}}</ref> In 1956, Rogers became the first president of the American Academy of Psychotherapists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aapweb.com/history.html |title=American Academy of Psychotherapists History of the Academy<!--Bot-generated title--> |access-date=2008-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710234948/http://www.aapweb.com/history.html |archive-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He taught psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1957–1963). During this time, he wrote one of his best-known books, ''On Becoming a Person'' (1961). A student of his there, [[Marshall Rosenberg]], went on to develop [[Nonviolent Communication]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nonviolentcommunication.com/meet_marshall_rosenberg/vision.htm| title = About Dr. Marshall Rosenberg}}</ref> Rogers and [[Abraham Maslow]] pioneered a movement called [[humanistic psychology]], which reached its peak in the 1960s. In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090045/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf |archive-date=2006-06-18 |url-status=live|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=7 April 2011}}</ref> Rogers was also one of the people who questioned the rise of [[McCarthyism]] in the 1950s. In articles, he criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demanchick |first1=S. |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=Carl Rogers and the CIA |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=6–31 |doi=10.1177/0022167807303005|s2cid=145499631 }}</ref> | In 1947, he was elected president of the [[American Psychological Association]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/past-presidents.aspx| title = Former APA Presidents}}</ref> In 1956, Rogers became the first president of the American Academy of Psychotherapists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aapweb.com/history.html |title=American Academy of Psychotherapists History of the Academy<!--Bot-generated title--> |access-date=2008-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710234948/http://www.aapweb.com/history.html |archive-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He taught psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1957–1963). During this time, he wrote one of his best-known books, ''On Becoming a Person'' (1961). A student of his there, [[Marshall Rosenberg]], went on to develop [[Nonviolent Communication]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nonviolentcommunication.com/meet_marshall_rosenberg/vision.htm| title = About Dr. Marshall Rosenberg}}</ref> Rogers and [[Abraham Maslow]] pioneered a movement called [[humanistic psychology]], which reached its peak in the 1960s. In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090045/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf |archive-date=2006-06-18 |url-status=live|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=7 April 2011}}</ref> Rogers was also one of the people who questioned the rise of [[McCarthyism]] in the 1950s. In articles, he criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demanchick |first1=S. |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=Carl Rogers and the CIA |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=6–31 |doi=10.1177/0022167807303005|s2cid=145499631 }}</ref> | ||
From the late 1950s into the '60s, Rogers served on the board of the [[Human Ecology Fund]], a [[CIA]]-funded organization that provided grants to researchers looking into personality. In addition, he and other people in the field of personality and psychotherapy were given a lot of information about [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]. "We were asked to figure out what we thought of him and what would be the best way of dealing with him. And that seemed to be an entirely principled and legitimate aspect. I don't think we contributed very much, but, anyway, we tried."<ref>{{cite book| last1= Tagatz| first1= Glenn E. |title= ENIGMA: A Veteran's Quest for Truth |year= 2013 |page= 141| publisher= Xlibris Corporation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sC0SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 | isbn= 978-1-4836-7942-6 }}</ref> | |||
Rogers continued teaching at the University of Wisconsin until 1963 when he became a resident at the new [[Western Behavioral Sciences Institute]] (WBSI) in [[La Jolla]], California. Rogers left the WBSI to help found the Center for Studies of the Person in 1968. His later books include ''Carl Rogers on Personal Power'' (1977) and ''Freedom to Learn for the '80s'' (1983). He remained a La Jolla resident for the rest of his life, doing therapy, giving speeches, and writing. | Rogers continued teaching at the University of Wisconsin until 1963 when he became a resident at the new [[Western Behavioral Sciences Institute]] (WBSI) in [[La Jolla]], California. Rogers left the WBSI to help found the Center for Studies of the Person in 1968. His later books include ''Carl Rogers on Personal Power'' (1977) and ''Freedom to Learn for the '80s'' (1983). He remained a La Jolla resident for the rest of his life, doing therapy, giving speeches, and writing. | ||
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=== Person-centered therapy === | === Person-centered therapy === | ||
{{Main|Person-centered therapy}} | {{Main|Person-centered therapy}} | ||
Rogers originally developed his theory as the foundation for a system of therapy. He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced the term "non-directive" with "client-centered", and still later "person-centered". Even before the publication of ''Client-Centered Therapy'' in 1951, Rogers believed the principles he was describing could be applied in a variety of contexts, not just in therapy. As a result, he started to use the term ''person-centered approach'' to describe his overall theory. [[Person-centered therapy]] is the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of personality, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, [[cross-cultural]] relations and other "helping" professions and situations. In 1946 Rogers co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral model known as ''[[The Interpersonal Gap]]''),<ref>Rogers, C. & Wallen, J.L. (1946) Counseling with Returned Servicemen. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref> documenting the application of a person-centered approach to counseling military personnel returning from World War II. | Rogers originally developed his theory as the foundation for a system of therapy. He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced the term "non-directive" with "client-centered", and still later "person-centered". Even before the publication of ''Client-Centered Therapy'' in 1951, Rogers believed the principles he was describing could be applied in a variety of contexts, not just in therapy. As a result, he started to use the term ''person-centered approach'' to describe his overall theory. [[Person-centered therapy]] is the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of personality, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, [[cross-cultural]] relations and other "helping" professions and situations. In 1946 Rogers co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral model known as ''[[The Interpersonal Gap]]''),<ref>Rogers, C. & Wallen, J.L. (1946) Counseling with Returned Servicemen. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref> documenting the application of a person-centered approach to counseling military personnel returning from World War II. | ||
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=== Rogerian rhetorical approach === | === Rogerian rhetorical approach === | ||
{{Main|Rogerian rhetoric}} | {{Main|Rogerian rhetoric}} | ||
In 1970, Richard Young, [[Alton L. Becker]], and [[Kenneth Pike]] published ''Rhetoric: Discovery and Change'', a widely influential college writing textbook that used a [[Rogerian argument|Rogerian approach]] to communication to revise the traditional Aristotelian framework for rhetoric.<ref name=YBP>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Richard Emerson |last2=Becker |first2=Alton L. |author-link2=Alton L. Becker |last3=Pike |first3=Kenneth L. |author-link3=Kenneth Lee Pike |date=1970 |title=Rhetoric: Discovery and Change |location=New York |publisher=[[Harcourt, Brace & World]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn/page/n26 1–10], [https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn/page/273 273–290] |isbn=978-0-15-576895-6 |oclc=76890 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn}}</ref> The Rogerian method of argument involves each side restating the other's position to the satisfaction of the other, among other principles.<ref name=YBP /> In a paper, it can be expressed by carefully acknowledging and understanding the opposition, rather than dismissing them.<ref name=YBP /><ref>A paper by Rogers that greatly influenced [[Rogerian rhetoric]] was: {{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Carl R. |author-link=Carl Rogers |date=Winter 1952 |orig-year=1951 |title=Communication: its blocking and its facilitation |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |jstor=42581028}} This paper was written for [[Northwestern University]]'s Centennial Conference on Communications held on 11 October 1951. It was later reprinted as a book chapter with a different title: {{cite book |last=Rogers |first=Carl R. |author-link=Carl Rogers |date=1961 |chapter=Dealing with breakdowns in communication—interpersonal and intergroup |title=On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge/page/329 329–337] |oclc=172718 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge/page/329 |chapter-url-access=registration}} It was also reprinted in Young, Becker, and Pike's textbook that popularized Rogerian rhetoric.</ref> | In 1970, Richard Young, [[Alton L. Becker]], and [[Kenneth Pike]] published ''Rhetoric: Discovery and Change'', a widely influential college writing textbook that used a [[Rogerian argument|Rogerian approach]] to communication to revise the traditional Aristotelian framework for rhetoric.<ref name=YBP>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Richard Emerson |last2=Becker |first2=Alton L. |author-link2=Alton L. Becker |last3=Pike |first3=Kenneth L. |author-link3=Kenneth Lee Pike |date=1970 |title=Rhetoric: Discovery and Change |location=New York |publisher=[[Harcourt, Brace & World]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn/page/n26 1–10], [https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn/page/273 273–290] |isbn=978-0-15-576895-6 |oclc=76890 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rhetoricdiscover0000youn}}</ref> The Rogerian method of argument involves each side restating the other's position to the satisfaction of the other, among other principles.<ref name=YBP /> In a paper, it can be expressed by carefully acknowledging and understanding the opposition, rather than dismissing them.<ref name=YBP /><ref>A paper by Rogers that greatly influenced [[Rogerian rhetoric]] was: {{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Carl R. |author-link=Carl Rogers |date=Winter 1952 |orig-year=1951 |title=Communication: its blocking and its facilitation |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |jstor=42581028}} This paper was written for [[Northwestern University]]'s Centennial Conference on Communications held on 11 October 1951. It was later reprinted as a book chapter with a different title: {{cite book |last=Rogers |first=Carl R. |author-link=Carl Rogers |date=1961 |chapter=Dealing with breakdowns in communication—interpersonal and intergroup |title=On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge/page/329 329–337] |oclc=172718 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge/page/329 |chapter-url-access=registration}} It was also reprinted in Young, Becker, and Pike's textbook that popularized Rogerian rhetoric.</ref> | ||
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During his last decade, Rogers facilitated or participated in a wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and other social leaders, often outside the U.S.<ref name=Kirschenbaum /> He also lent his support to several non-traditional U.S. political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of the [[Association for Humanistic Psychology]]<ref>Multiple authors (May 1980). "[http://www.ahpweb.org/images/stories/archive_pdfs/1980/May1980.pdf A Report on AHP's 12-Hour Political Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029021813/https://www.ahpweb.org/images/stories/archive_pdfs/1980/May1980.pdf |date=2019-10-29 }}". ''AHP Newsletter'', cover and pp. 4 ("Presenters"), 28–31, 41–43. A publication of the Association for Humanistic Psychology. Retrieved August 1, 2016.</ref> and the founding of a "transformational" political organization, the [[New World Alliance]].<ref>Stein, Arthur (1985). ''Seeds of the Seventies: Values, Work, and Commitment in Post-Vietnam America''. University Press of New England, p. 136 (on Rogers as "founding sponsor" of the Alliance's newsletter) and pp. 134–139 (on the Alliance generally). {{ISBN|978-0-87451-343-1}}.</ref> By the 21st century, interest in dialogic approaches to political engagement and change had become widespread, especially among academics and activists.<ref>Isenhart, Myra Warren, and Spangle, Michael L. (2000). ''Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict''. SAGE Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-7619-1930-8}}.</ref> Theorists of a specifically Rogerian, person-centered approach to politics as dialogue have made substantial contributions to that project.<ref name=Proctor /><ref>Proctor, Gillian, and Napier, Mary Beth, eds. (2004). ''Encountering Feminism: Intersections Between Feminism and the Person-Centered Approach''. PCCS Books. {{ISBN|978-1-898059-65-3}}.</ref> | During his last decade, Rogers facilitated or participated in a wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and other social leaders, often outside the U.S.<ref name=Kirschenbaum /> He also lent his support to several non-traditional U.S. political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of the [[Association for Humanistic Psychology]]<ref>Multiple authors (May 1980). "[http://www.ahpweb.org/images/stories/archive_pdfs/1980/May1980.pdf A Report on AHP's 12-Hour Political Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029021813/https://www.ahpweb.org/images/stories/archive_pdfs/1980/May1980.pdf |date=2019-10-29 }}". ''AHP Newsletter'', cover and pp. 4 ("Presenters"), 28–31, 41–43. A publication of the Association for Humanistic Psychology. Retrieved August 1, 2016.</ref> and the founding of a "transformational" political organization, the [[New World Alliance]].<ref>Stein, Arthur (1985). ''Seeds of the Seventies: Values, Work, and Commitment in Post-Vietnam America''. University Press of New England, p. 136 (on Rogers as "founding sponsor" of the Alliance's newsletter) and pp. 134–139 (on the Alliance generally). {{ISBN|978-0-87451-343-1}}.</ref> By the 21st century, interest in dialogic approaches to political engagement and change had become widespread, especially among academics and activists.<ref>Isenhart, Myra Warren, and Spangle, Michael L. (2000). ''Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict''. SAGE Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-7619-1930-8}}.</ref> Theorists of a specifically Rogerian, person-centered approach to politics as dialogue have made substantial contributions to that project.<ref name=Proctor /><ref>Proctor, Gillian, and Napier, Mary Beth, eds. (2004). ''Encountering Feminism: Intersections Between Feminism and the Person-Centered Approach''. PCCS Books. {{ISBN|978-1-898059-65-3}}.</ref> | ||
== | ==Research on his work == | ||
[[Howard Kirschenbaum]] has conducted extensive research on the work of Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centered approach. Kirschenbaum published the first thorough book in English on Rogers’ life and work, titled, ''On Becoming Carl Rogers'' in 1979, followed by the biography, ''The Life and Work of Carl Rogers'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life and Work of Carl Rogers|isbn=978-1556202919|last1=Kirschenbaum|first1=Howard|year=2009|publisher=American Counseling Association }}</ref> | |||
== Selected works == | == Selected works == | ||
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* Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) ''On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon''. London: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-81698-4}} | * Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) ''On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon''. London: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-81698-4}} | ||
* Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). A coordinated research in psychotherapy. ''Journal of Consulting Psychology'', 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, The first 50 years and the next 10. ''Person-Centered Review'', 5(4), November 1990, 364–372. | * Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). A coordinated research in psychotherapy. ''Journal of Consulting Psychology'', 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, The first 50 years and the next 10. ''Person-Centered Review'', 5(4), November 1990, 364–372. | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||