Gustav Klimt: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Austrian symbolist painter (1862–1918)}} | {{Short description|Austrian symbolist painter (1862–1918)}} | ||
{{Redirect|Klimt}} | {{Redirect|Klimt}} | ||
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{{Infobox artist | {{Infobox artist | ||
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===Early life=== | ===Early life=== | ||
Gustav Klimt was born in [[Baumgarten, Vienna|Baumgarten]], near Vienna in the [[Austrian Empire]] on 14 July 1862. He was the second of seven children: three boys and four girls. His mother, Anna Klimt ( | Gustav Klimt was born in [[Baumgarten, Vienna|Baumgarten]], near [[Vienna]], in the [[Austrian Empire]] on 14 July 1862. He was the second of seven children: three boys and four girls. His mother, Anna Klimt ({{Nee|Finster}}), had an unrealised ambition to be a musical performer. His father, Ernst Klimt the Elder, was a gold [[engraver]] from a peasant family in [[Bohemia]].{{Sfn|Fliedl|1994|p=29}}{{Sfn | Sabarsky | 1983 | p = 7}} All three of their sons, including Klimt's younger brothers [[Ernst Klimt|Ernst]] and {{Interlanguage link|Georg Klimt|lt=Georg|de}}, displayed artistic talent early on. Klimt's siblings occasionally acted as models for his early works.{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=23}} | ||
Klimt's father often struggled to find work and Klimt lived in [[poverty]] while growing up. Between 1862 and 1884 the family had no fewer than | Klimt's father often struggled to find work, and Klimt lived in [[poverty]] while growing up. Between 1862 and 1884, the family had no fewer than five different addresses, forced to move in search of cheaper accommodation. The family's struggles worsened in 1874 when five-year-old Anna died after a long illness. Around the same time, Klara, the eldest child, became [[mentally disturbed]] and [[Hyperreligiosity|obsessed with religion]]. She never recovered, and their mother is believed to have suffered frequent, deep [[Depression (mood)|depression]]s.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|pp=24–25}} | ||
Klimt received a basic education at an ordinary ''Bürgerschule'', where his drawing ability was recognised as remarkable.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=25}} At the age of fourteen, he was accepted into the Vienna [[Kunstgewerbeschule]], a school of [[ | Klimt received a basic education at an ordinary ''Bürgerschule'', where his drawing ability was recognised as remarkable.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=25}} At the age of fourteen, he was accepted into the Vienna [[Kunstgewerbeschule]], a school of [[applied arts]] and crafts, now the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna]], where he studied [[architectural painting]] from 1876 until 1883.{{Sfn|Sabarsky|1983|p=7}}{{Sfn|Bailey|ColinsVergoBraun2001|p=55}} He studied under [[Ferdinand Laufberger]] and later [[Julius Victor Berger]] after Laufberger's death in 1881. Klimt revered Vienna's foremost history painter of the time, [[Hans Makart]], and aspired to replicate his success.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|pp=31–37}} Klimt readily accepted the principles of conservative training; his early work may be classified as academic.{{Sfn|Sabarsky|1983|p=7}} His professional career began by painting interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodge |first=A. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nfEDwAAQBAJ |title=Gustav Klimt |date=16 December 2019 |publisher=Arcturus Publishing |isbn=978-1-83940-332-3 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== The "Company of Artists" === | === The "Company of Artists" === | ||
[[File:Gustav Klimt in 1887.jpg|thumb|Gustav Klimt in 1887|329x329px]] | [[File:Gustav Klimt in 1887.jpg|thumb|Gustav Klimt in 1887|329x329px]] | ||
In 1877, Klimt's brother Ernst, who would become an engraver like their father, also enrolled in the Kunstgewerbeschule. Klimt, Ernst, and their friend [[Franz von Matsch]], whom Klimt had met during the entrance examination, soon began working together. By 1880, they had formed a team called the ''Künstlercompagnie'' | In 1877, Klimt's brother, Ernst, who would become an engraver like their father, also enrolled in the Kunstgewerbeschule. Klimt, Ernst, and their friend [[Franz von Matsch]], whom Klimt had met during the entrance examination, soon began working together. By 1880, they had formed a team called the ''Künstlercompagnie'' ("Company of Artists") and secured numerous commissions. They also helped their teacher in painting murals in the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] in Vienna.{{Sfn | Sabarsky | 1983 | p = 7}} Laufberger recommended them to [[Fellner & Helmer]], a Viennese firm specialising in theatre construction, with whom they were involved in many projects including in [[Fiume]], [[Liberec|Reichenberg]], [[Karlsbad (Boehmen)|Karlsbad]], and [[Bucharest]].{{Sfn|Fliedl|1994|p=35}}{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=39}} | ||
After leaving the Kunstgewerbeschule in 1883, Ernst, Klimt, and Matsch moved into a joint studio in Vienna to work together on various commissions. This work included ancestral portraits based on engravings for the Romanian royal palace of [[Peleș Castle]].{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=23}} In 1886 the studio partnership worked on painting decoration in the Karlsbad municipal theatre, notably painting the vaulted ceiling and theatre curtain.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 February 2013 |title=Town Theatre |url=https://www.karlovyvary.cz/en/town-theatre |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Karlovy Vary |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=24}} The same year they also started work on the ceiling and [[spandrel]] murals for the two staircases of the [[Burgtheater]] in Vienna. It is for Klimt's contributions to these murals that upon their completion in 1888, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] awarded him the [[Cross of Merit (Austria-Hungary)|Gold Cross of Merit]], the highest artistic honour available in Austria.{{Sfn|Sabarsky|1983|p=7}}{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=24}} He was also made an honorary member of the [[ | After leaving the Kunstgewerbeschule in 1883, Ernst, Klimt, and Matsch moved into a joint studio in Vienna to work together on various commissions. This work included ancestral portraits based on engravings for the Romanian royal palace of [[Peleș Castle]].{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=23}} In 1886, the studio partnership worked on painting decoration in the Karlsbad municipal theatre, notably painting the vaulted ceiling and theatre curtain.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 February 2013 |title=Town Theatre |url=https://www.karlovyvary.cz/en/town-theatre |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Karlovy Vary |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=24}} The same year they also started work on the ceiling and [[spandrel]] murals for the two staircases of the [[Burgtheater]] in Vienna. It is for Klimt's contributions to these murals that, upon their completion in 1888, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] awarded him the [[Cross of Merit (Austria-Hungary)|Gold Cross of Merit]], the highest artistic honour available in Austria.{{Sfn|Sabarsky|1983|p=7}}{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=24}} He was also made an honorary member of the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] and the [[University of Vienna]].{{Sfn|Hodge|2014|pp=9–10}} Before the demolition of the Old Burgtheater, The Viennese City Council commissioned Klimt to paint a view of its interior. His painting ''[[Audience at the Old Burgtheater]]'' helped him obtain recognition among Vienna's high society, and he received public acclaim. In 1890, Klimt became the first recipient of the newly created {{Interlanguage link|Kaiserpreis (art)|lt=Kaiserpreis|de|Kaiserpreis (Kunst)}} award for this work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 1890 |title=ANNO, Die Presse, 1890-04-27, Seite 13 |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=apr&datum=18900427&seite=13&query=%22Gustav+Klimt%22 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=anno.onb.ac.at |language=de}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fliedl|1994|pp=37–39}} | ||
In 1892 the ''Künstlercompagnie'' experienced continued success and moved into a larger studio in the [[Josefstadt | In 1892, the ''Künstlercompagnie'' experienced continued success and moved into a larger studio in the [[Josefstadt]] district. However, later that year, Klimt's father died of a [[stroke]],{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=24}} and his brother, Ernst, died from [[pericarditis]] after a heavy cold.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|pp=45–46}} Their deaths had a significant impact on Klimt, and he now assumed financial responsibility for both of their families. Grief may have impacted Klimt's artistic vision as he produced little work during the following few years.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|pp=45–46}} Following Ernst's death, the working relationship between Klimt and Matsch declined.{{Sfn|Wenzel|2022|p=18}} Matsch moved out of their studio, and Klimt continued to occupy it alone.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=46}} He would soon move towards a new personal style, characteristic of which is the inclusion of [[Veritas|''Nuda Veritas'']] ("naked truth") as a symbolic figure in some of his works, including ''Ancient Greece and Egypt'' (1891), ''[[Pallas Athene]]'' (1898) and ''Nuda Veritas'' (1899).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} | ||
Klimt met Austrian [[fashion designer]] [[Emilie Louise Flöge]] in the early 1890s, a sibling of his sister-in-law, Helene Flöge, who had become widowed after Ernst's death. Emilie | Klimt met Austrian [[fashion designer]] [[Emilie Louise Flöge]] in the early 1890s, a sibling of his sister-in-law, Helene Flöge, who had become widowed after Ernst's death. Emilie became his lifelong companion and although their relationship was intimate, it likely remained platonic.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=169}}{{Sfn|Hodge|2014|pp=12–14}} Many scholars consider [[The Kiss (Klimt)|''The Kiss'']] (1907–08) to be an image of them as lovers. Five years earlier, Klimt painted a 1902 full-length portrait of her, ''[[Portrait of Emilie Flöge]]''. He designed many costumes that she produced and modelled in his works.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagener |first=Mary L. |title="Fashion and Feminism in 'Fin de Siècle' Vienna." |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1358209?searchText=gustav+klimt&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bklimt%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fspellcheck_basic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Af3597b58b968411a23a561b5ffa12cd4&seq=3 |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.2307/1358209 |jstor=1358209 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Klimt had many relationships with women and fathered at least fourteen children. After his death, the legal rights of four of these children were officially recognised.{{Sfn|Hodge|2014|pp=12–14}}{{Sfn|Bailey|ColinsVergoBraun2001|p=99}} | ||
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| footer = ''Philosophy (1900–1907)'', ''Medicine'' (1900–1907), and ''Jurisprudence'' (1903, final version 1907), for which Klimt received backlash. | |||
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Initially offered to Franz Matsch alone, but rejecting his sketches, in 1894, the Artistic Advisory Committee of the [[Ministry of Education (Austria)|Ministry of Education]] commissioned Matsch and Klimt to decorate the Great Hall of the University of Vienna. Klimt was responsible for ten [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] pictures and three of the five large ceiling paintings. These works represented the faculties of ''Philosophy'', ''Medicine'', and ''Jurisprudence'' and are known hence as the ''[[Klimt University of Vienna Ceiling Paintings|Faculty Paintings]]''. Together with Matsch's ''Theology'', they were designed to frame his central painting, ''The Triumph of Light Over Darkness''.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=49}}{{Sfn|Wenzel|2022|p=18}} Not completed until the turn of the century, Klimt's paintings were criticised for their radical themes and material, and were called "[[pornography|pornographic]]".{{Sfn | Sabarsky | 1983 | p = 9}} Klimt had transformed traditional [[allegory]] and symbolism into a new language that was more overtly sexual and hence more disturbing to some.{{Sfn | Sabarsky | 1983 | p = 9}} The public outcry came from all quarters—political, aesthetic and religious. As a result, the paintings were not displayed on the ceiling of the Great Hall.<ref>On 11 November 1905, the artistic commission of the ministry of education examined the projects for the panels of the University' Great Hall. The Klimt's ones were welcomed, unlike Matsch's. However, it was proposed not to exhibit them in the Great Hall, but in the [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Österreichische Galerie]]. Klimt rejected the proposal and on 3 April 1905 he wrote to the aforementioned ministry renouncing the assignment, and asking for the return of the sketches, declaring himself willing to return the sum of money that had been advanced to him. In: {{Cite book |last=Dobai |first=Johannes |title=The Complete Works of Klimt |date=1978 |publisher=Rizzoli |location=Milan |page=86 |language=it}}</ref> This was to be the last public commission accepted by the artist. All three paintings were destroyed when retreating German forces burned [[Schloss Immendorf]] in May 1945,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogoyska |first1=Jane |last2=Bade |first2=Patrick |title=Gustav Klimt |date=2011 |publisher=Parkstone Press International |location=New York |isbn=978-1-78042-729-4 |page=87 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3b0asmVCtAC&q=Philosophy%2C%20Medicine%2C%20and%20Jurisprudence%20klimt%20ss&pg=PA87 |chapter=Compositional Project for Medicine}}</ref><ref name="SchlossImmendorf">{{cite web | last=Jones | first=Jonathan | title=Jonathan Jones: Klimt's dazzling demons | website=the Guardian | date=7 May 2008 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/may/07/art | access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> together with another ten paintings, including ''[[Schubert at the Piano]]'' (1899), ''[[Women Friends]]'' (1916/17), ''Wally'' (1916), and ''The Music'' (1897/1898).<ref name="Johannes1">Johannes Dobai ''The Complete Works of Klimt'', Rizzoli 1978. pp. 94–110.</ref><ref>According to Storkovich, in reality the alleged burned paintings were ten, not thirteen, as ''Prozession der Toten'' (Procession of the dead, 1903), ''[[Malcesine]] am Gardasee'' (1913) and ''[[Bad Gastein|Gastein]]'' (1917), never came to Immendorf. Furthermore, she believes there is no convincing evidence that Klimt's three university ceiling paintings were actually destroyed. {{Cite web |title=Verbrannte Klimtbilder: Das Puzzle von Immendorf Storkovich |trans-title=The Burned Klimt Paintings: The Puzzle about Immendorf |last=Storkovich |first=Tina Marie |url=http://diepresse.com/home/spectrum/zeichenderzeit/4890667/Verbrannte-Klimtbilder_Das-Puzzle-von-Immendorf |website=Die Presse |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=4 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> | |||
===Vienna Secession years=== | ===Vienna Secession years=== | ||
[[File:Gustav Klimt 014.jpg|thumb|A section of the ''[[Beethoven Frieze]]'', at [[Secession hall (Austria)|Secession Building]], Vienna (1902)|273x273px]]In 1897, Klimt became one of the founding members and president of the ''[[Vienna Secession]]'' and of the group's periodical, ''[[Ver Sacrum (magazine)|Ver Sacrum]]'' ("Sacred Spring"). He remained with the ''Secession'' until 1908. The goals of the group were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists, to bring the works of the best foreign artists to Vienna, and to publish its own magazine to showcase the work of members.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=69}} The group declared no [[manifesto]] and did not set out to encourage any particular style—[[Naturalist school of painting|Naturalists]], [[Realism (arts)|Realists]], and [[Symbolist painting|Symbolists]] all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them a lease on public land to erect an [[Secession Building|exhibition hall]]. The group's symbol was [[Pallas Athena]], the [[Greek mythology|Greek goddess]] of just causes, wisdom, and the arts—of whom Klimt painted [[Pallas Athena (Klimt)|his radical version]] in 1898.<ref name="PallasAthene">{{cite web | title=Pallas Athene, 1898 by Gustav Klimt | website=Gustav Klimt | url=https://www.gustav-klimt.com/Pallas-Athene.jsp | access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> | [[File:Gustav Klimt 014.jpg|thumb|A section of the ''[[Beethoven Frieze]]'', at [[Secession hall (Austria)|Secession Building]], Vienna (1902)|273x273px]]In 1897, Klimt became one of the founding members and president of the ''[[Vienna Secession]]'' and of the group's periodical, ''[[Ver Sacrum (magazine)|Ver Sacrum]]'' ("Sacred Spring"). He remained with the ''Secession'' until 1908. The goals of the group were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists, to bring the works of the best foreign artists to Vienna, and to publish its own magazine to showcase the work of members.{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=69}} The group declared no [[manifesto]] and did not set out to encourage any particular style—[[Naturalist school of painting|Naturalists]], [[Realism (arts)|Realists]], and [[Symbolist painting|Symbolists]] all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them a lease on public land to erect an [[Secession Building|exhibition hall]]. The group's symbol was [[Pallas Athena]], the [[Greek mythology|Greek goddess]] of just causes, wisdom, and the arts—of whom Klimt painted [[Pallas Athena (Klimt)|his radical version]] in 1898.<ref name="PallasAthene">{{cite web | title=Pallas Athene, 1898 by Gustav Klimt | website=Gustav Klimt | url=https://www.gustav-klimt.com/Pallas-Athene.jsp | access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> | ||
His ''Nuda Veritas'' (1899) defined his bid to further "shake up" the establishment.<ref name="Klimt Nuda Veritas 1899">{{cite web |url= http://www.klimt.com/en/gallery/early-works/klimt-nuda-veritas-1899.ihtml |series= Gustav Klimt Painting |title= Early Works / Nuda Veritas 1899 |work= Klimt Gallery |publisher= Klimt Museum |access-date= 5 July 2013 |archive-date= 20 July 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130720203417/http://www.klimt.com/en/gallery/early-works/klimt-nuda-veritas-1899.ihtml |url-status= dead }}</ref> The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above her is a quotation by [[Friedrich Schiller]] in stylised lettering: "If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please only a few. To please many is bad."{{Sfn | Whitford | 1990 | p = 52}} In 1902, animated by resentment Klimt wanted to title the painting '' | His ''Nuda Veritas'' (1899) defined his bid to further "shake up" the establishment.<ref name="Klimt Nuda Veritas 1899">{{cite web |url= http://www.klimt.com/en/gallery/early-works/klimt-nuda-veritas-1899.ihtml |series= Gustav Klimt Painting |title= Early Works / Nuda Veritas 1899 |work= Klimt Gallery |publisher= Klimt Museum |access-date= 5 July 2013 |archive-date= 20 July 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130720203417/http://www.klimt.com/en/gallery/early-works/klimt-nuda-veritas-1899.ihtml |url-status= dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2026|reason=can not find this supported in source}} The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above her is a quotation by [[Friedrich Schiller]] in stylised lettering: "If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please only a few. To please many is bad."{{Sfn | Whitford | 1990 | p = 52}} Historians believe that with the inclusion of Nuda Veritas, Klimt was denouncing both the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and Austrian society, which ignored all political and social problems of that time.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jane |last1=Rogoyska |author-link1=Jane Rogoyska |first2=Patrick |last2=Bade |title=Gustav Klimt |publisher=Parkstone Press International |page=30 |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-84484-904-8 |lccn=2011024520 }}</ref> In 1902, animated by resentment Klimt wanted to title the painting ''Goldfish'' (in which a naked woman ostentatiously and maliciously shows her butt), "To my critics", but was dissuaded by friends.<ref name="Johannes1" /> | ||
In 1902, Klimt finished the ''[[Beethoven Frieze]]'' for the Fourteenth Vienna Secessionist Exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured | In 1902, Klimt finished the ''[[Beethoven Frieze]]'' for the Fourteenth Vienna Secessionist Exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured the monumental [[polychrome]] sculpture ''[[Beethoven (sculpture)|Beethoven]]'' by [[Max Klinger]]. Intended solely for the exhibition, the frieze was painted directly on the walls with light materials. After the exhibition, the painting was preserved, although it was not displayed again until restored in 1986. The face on the Beethoven portrait resembled the composer and [[Vienna State Opera]] director [[Gustav Mahler]].<ref>Johnson, Julian, ''Mahler's Voices: Expression and Irony in the Songs and Symphonies''. Oxford University Press (Oxford, UK), {{ISBN|978-0-19-537239-7}}, p. 235 (2009).</ref> | ||
In 1905, dissensions within the | In 1905, dissensions within the Secession intensified, and when the artistic consultant of the [[Galerie Miethke]], [[Carl Moll]], was attacked by colleagues of the ''Secession'' for his work, a strong controversy arose that created a real internal split, led by Klimt. The following year, Klimt formed the group called "[[Kunstschau Wien 1908|Kunstschau]]" (Art Show) or "Klimt group", which also included Moll and [[Otto Wagner]], among other important Austrian artists.<ref>Johannes Dobai ''The Complete Works of Klimt'', Rizzoli 1978. p. 86.</ref> | ||
During this period Klimt did not confine himself to public commissions. Beginning in the late 1890s he took annual summer holidays with the Flöge family on the shores of [[Attersee (lake)|Attersee]] and painted many of his landscapes there, such as ''[[Schloss by the Water]]''. These landscapes constitute the only genre aside from [[figure painting]] that seriously interested Klimt. In recognition of his intensity, the locals called him ''Waldschrat'' ("forest demon").<ref>{{Citation |last=Koja |first=Stephan |others=et al |title=Gustav Klimt Landscapes |page=27 |publisher=Prestel |year=2002}}</ref> Klimt's Attersee paintings are characterised by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is flattened so efficiently to a single plane that it is believed that Klimt painted them by using a telescope.<ref>{{Citation |first=Anselm |last=Wagner |chapter=Klimt's Landscapes and the Telescope |title=Gustav Klimt Landscapes |pages=161–71 |publisher=Prestel |year=2002}}</ref> | During this period, Klimt did not confine himself to public commissions. Beginning in the late 1890s, he took annual summer holidays with the Flöge family on the shores of [[Attersee (lake)|Attersee]] and painted many of his landscapes there, such as ''[[Schloss by the Water]]''. These landscapes constitute the only genre aside from [[figure painting]] that seriously interested Klimt. In recognition of his intensity, the locals called him ''Waldschrat'' ("forest demon").<ref>{{Citation |last=Koja |first=Stephan |others=et al |title=Gustav Klimt Landscapes |page=27 |publisher=Prestel |year=2002}}</ref> Klimt's Attersee paintings are characterised by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is flattened so efficiently to a single plane that it is believed that Klimt painted them by using a telescope.<ref>{{Citation |first=Anselm |last=Wagner |chapter=Klimt's Landscapes and the Telescope |title=Gustav Klimt Landscapes |pages=161–71 |publisher=Prestel |year=2002}}</ref> | ||
===Golden phase and critical success=== | ===Golden phase and critical success=== | ||
[[File:Gustav Klimt, 1907, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Neue Galerie New York.jpg|thumb|''[[Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' , which sold for a record $135 million in 2006, [[Neue Galerie New York|Neue Galerie]], [[New York City|New York]] (1907)|left|250x250px]] | [[File:Gustav Klimt, 1907, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Neue Galerie New York.jpg|thumb|''[[Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' , which sold for a record [[US$]]135 million in 2006, [[Neue Galerie New York|Neue Galerie]], [[New York City|New York]] (1907)|left|250x250px]] | ||
[[File:The Kiss - Gustav Klimt - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Kiss (Klimt painting)|The Kiss]]'', oil on canvas, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere]], Vienna (1907–1908)|251x251px]] | [[File:The Kiss - Gustav Klimt - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Kiss (Klimt painting)|The Kiss]]'', oil on canvas, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere]], Vienna (1907–1908)|251x251px]] | ||
[[File:Preparatory design - Klimt - Stoclet Palace.jpg|thumb|Klimt often used decorative patterns in his paintings. ''Die Umarmung'' ("The Embrace"), the [[Stoclet Palace]] in [[Brussels]] (1905–1909)|321x321px]] | |||
[[File:Friedrich Walker, plaque autochrome-Lumière, Gustav Klimt vers 1910.jpg|thumb|An early colour photo taken of Klimt using [[Autochrome Lumière|Autochrome]] technology, 1910s]] | |||
[[File:Egon Schiele - Gustav Klimt im blauen Malerkittel - 1913.jpeg|thumb|''Klimt in a light Blue Smock'' by [[Egon Schiele]], 1913|303x303px]] | [[File:Egon Schiele - Gustav Klimt im blauen Malerkittel - 1913.jpeg|thumb|''Klimt in a light Blue Smock'' by [[Egon Schiele]], 1913|303x303px]] | ||
From 1900 Gustav Klimt became famous above all as a "painter of women". He created about one large-format portrait of a woman per year, in which he applied the principles of Art | From 1900, Gustav Klimt became famous above all as a "painter of women". He created about one large-format portrait of a woman per year, in which he applied the principles of Art Nouveau—flatness, decoration, and [[gold leaf]] application. At the same time, he devoted himself to allegories and [[Old Testament]] heroines, which he transformed, however, into dangerous "[[Femme fatale|femmes fatales]]". [[Eros]], sexuality and femininity were variously interpreted by him as alluring danger. Life, love, and death can be determined as the important themes of Klimt's work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt: Biografie. Lebenslauf und wichtige Werke des Wiener Jugendstilmalers |trans-title=G. Klimt: Biography. Résumé and important works of the Viennese Art Nouveau painter |url=https://artinwords.de/gustav-klimt-lebenslauf-biografie/ |website=artinwords.de |date=30 December 2017 |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> During the early years of the Secessionist movement, Klimt began incorporating gold leaf into his paintings, a development that would come to define the start of his so-called "Golden Phase". ''[[Pallas Athena (Klimt)|Pallas Athena]]'' (1898) is often considered to be the earliest piece from this period, with ''[[Judith I]]'' (1901) being another notable early example. The most iconic works of this period include ''[[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' (1907), ''[[The Kiss (Klimt painting)|The Kiss]]'' (1907–08), and the ''[[Stoclet Frieze]]'' (1905–1911)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richman-Abdou |first=Kelly |date=16 September 2018 |title=The Splendid History of Gustav Klimt's Glistening "Golden Phase" |url=https://mymodernmet.com/gustav-klimt-golden-phase/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=My Modern Met |language=en}}</ref> Klimt's golden phase was marked by positive critical reaction and financial success.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | ||
Klimt travelled all over Europe, mainly to present his works on the occasion of international exhibitions, but trips to Venice and [[Ravenna]], both famous for their beautiful mosaics, most likely inspired his gold technique and his [[Byzantine art|Byzantine imagery]]. In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on the lavish [[Stoclet Palace]], the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist that was one of the grandest monuments of the [[Art Nouveau]] age. Klimt's contributions to the dining room, including both ''Fulfillment'' and ''Expectation'', were some of his finest decorative works, and as he publicly stated, "probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament."{{Sfn | Whitford | 1990 | p = 103}} | Klimt travelled all over Europe, mainly to present his works on the occasion of international exhibitions, but trips to Venice and [[Ravenna]], both famous for their beautiful mosaics, most likely inspired his gold technique and his [[Byzantine art|Byzantine imagery]]. In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on the lavish [[Stoclet Palace]], the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist that was one of the grandest monuments of the [[Art Nouveau]] age. Klimt's contributions to the dining room, including both ''Fulfillment'' and ''Expectation'', were some of his finest decorative works, and as he publicly stated, "probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament."{{Sfn | Whitford | 1990 | p = 103}} | ||
In 1905, Klimt painted ''[[The Three Ages of Woman (Klimt)|The Three Ages of Woman]]'', depicting the cycle of life. He | In 1905, Klimt painted ''[[The Three Ages of Woman (Klimt)|The Three Ages of Woman]]'', depicting the cycle of life. He painted a portrait of [[Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein|Margarete Wittgenstein]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]'s sister, on the occasion of her marriage.<ref>Edmunds, D. and Eidenow, J. ''Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers,'' 2001, page 83.</ref> Then, between 1907 and 1909, Klimt painted five canvases of society women wrapped in fur. His apparent love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Flöge modelling clothing he had designed. | ||
When he worked and relaxed in his home, Klimt normally wore sandals and a long robe with no undergarments. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to his art, family, and little else except the Secessionist Movement from which he and many colleagues eventually resigned. He avoided [[Viennese coffee house|café society]] and seldom socialised with other artists. Klimt's fame usually brought patrons to his door, and he could afford to be highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times, and he required lengthy sittings by his subjects. Although active sexually, he kept his affairs discreet, and he avoided personal scandal. | |||
The artist cultivated close relationships with some of his clients, who were primarily from the assimilated [[History of the Jews in Vienna|Jewish Viennese]] [[Haute bourgeoisie]]. He cultivated intimate relationships, especially with his models from upper-class circles. He was considered progressive for his time, because he allowed women an active role in [[Human sexuality|sexuality]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Der Meister des gemalten Wahnsinns |trans-title=The master of painted madness |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/biographie-gustav-klimts-zum-hundertsten-todestag-15434006.html |last=Rudolph |first=Katharina |date=6 February 2018 |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> | The artist cultivated close relationships with some of his clients, who were primarily from the assimilated [[History of the Jews in Vienna|Jewish Viennese]] [[Haute bourgeoisie]]. He cultivated intimate relationships, especially with his models from upper-class circles. He was considered progressive for his time, because he allowed women an active role in [[Human sexuality|sexuality]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Der Meister des gemalten Wahnsinns |trans-title=The master of painted madness |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/biographie-gustav-klimts-zum-hundertsten-todestag-15434006.html |last=Rudolph |first=Katharina |date=6 February 2018 |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> | ||
Klimt wrote little about his vision or his methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Flöge and kept no diary. In a rare writing called "Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait", he states "I have never painted a self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women... There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night | Klimt wrote little about his vision or his methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Flöge and kept no diary. In a rare writing called "Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait", he states, "I have never painted a self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women.... There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night.... Whoever wants to know something about me ... ought to look carefully at my pictures."{{Sfn | Whitford | 1990 | p = 18}} | ||
In 1901 [[Hermann Bahr]] wrote, in his ''Speech on Klimt'': "Just as only a lover can reveal to a man what life means to him and develop its innermost significance, I feel the same about these paintings."<ref>{{Citation |first=Dr. Julia |last=Kelly |chapter=Introduction to Payne, L |year=2004 |title=Klimt |publisher=Exclusive Editions |isbn=1-84461-185-X}}</ref> | In 1901, [[Hermann Bahr]] wrote, in his ''Speech on Klimt'': "Just as only a lover can reveal to a man what life means to him and develop its innermost significance, I feel the same about these paintings."<ref>{{Citation |first=Dr. Julia |last=Kelly |chapter=Introduction to Payne, L |year=2004 |title=Klimt |publisher=Exclusive Editions |isbn=1-84461-185-X}}</ref> | ||
===Final years and death=== | ===Final years and death=== | ||
In 1911 Klimt's painting ''[[Death and Life]]'' received first prize in the [[International Exhibition of Art (1911)|world exhibitions]] in Rome. He later reworked it in 1915, including changing the background from gold to blue.{{Sfn|Hodge|2014|pp=25–26}} In 1915 Klimt's mother, Anna, died.{{Sfn|Fischer|McEwan1992|p=13}} | In 1911, Klimt's painting ''[[Death and Life]]'' received first prize in the [[International Exhibition of Art (1911)|world exhibitions]] in Rome. He later reworked it in 1915, including changing the background from gold to blue.{{Sfn|Hodge|2014|pp=25–26}} In 1915 Klimt's mother, Anna, died.{{Sfn|Fischer|McEwan1992|p=13}} | ||
On 11 January 1918, Klimt suffered a stroke that paralysed his right side and required hospitalisation. He died in Vienna on 6 February from [[pneumonia]] brought about by the [[Spanish flu]], aged 55.<ref>{{Citation |first=Alessandra |last=Comini |title=Gustav Klimt |publisher=George Braziller |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gustavklimt0000klim_p9e9/page/5 5] |isbn=0-8076-0806-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/gustavklimt0000klim_p9e9/page/5}}</ref>{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=204}} He was buried at the [[Hietzing Cemetery]] in [[Hietzing]], Vienna.{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=28}} Numerous paintings by him were left [[unfinished creative work|unfinished]].{{Sfn|Fliedl|1994|p=233}} | On 11 January 1918, Klimt suffered a stroke that paralysed his right side and required hospitalisation. He died in Vienna on 6 February from [[pneumonia]] brought about by the [[Spanish flu]], aged 55.<ref>{{Citation |first=Alessandra |last=Comini |title=Gustav Klimt |publisher=George Braziller |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gustavklimt0000klim_p9e9/page/5 5] |isbn=0-8076-0806-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/gustavklimt0000klim_p9e9/page/5}}</ref>{{Sfn|Whitford|1990|p=204}} He was buried at the [[Hietzing Cemetery]] in [[Hietzing]], Vienna.{{Sfn|Bäumer|1986|p=28}} Numerous paintings by him were left [[unfinished creative work|unfinished]].{{Sfn|Fliedl|1994|p=233}} | ||
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==Folios== | ==Folios== | ||
===Gustav Klimt: ''Das Werk''=== | ===Gustav Klimt: ''Das Werk''=== | ||
''Das Werk von Gustav Klimt'' (English: ''The Work of Gustav Klimt'') was the only [[monographic]] publication of Klimt's work issued during his lifetime.<ref name=":2" /> The completed portfolio was published in 1918 by Viennese publisher {{Interlanguage link|Hugo Heller|de|4=fr}}, a close friend of Klimt's, and is sometimes referred to as the "Heller Portfolio". It consisted of fifty [[collotype]] reproductions of Klimt's paintings.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Final Years |url=https://www.klimt-database.com/en/klimts-artworks/1914-1918/the-final-years/ |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Gustav Klimt-Datenbank |publisher=Gustav Klimt Foundation |at=Under heading "The Work of Gustav Klimt. The Heller Portfolio" |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=After Gustav Klimt, Das Werk von Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.sothebys.com/buy/a59fdda6-6915-4416-bb6a-86fe4906bc62/lots/cea6b827-ad98-4ef4-a865-4fd2ae07f4fc |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=[[Sotheby's]] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The project originated in 1908 at [[Galerie Miethke]], headed by [[Carl Moll]], which served as Klimt's exclusive agent. Following the [[Kunstschau Wien of 1908]], the gallery produced a portfolio to promote Klimt's work internationally, to be issued in five instalments of ten plates each between 1908 and 1914. Klimt was closely involved in selecting the works and approving the quality of the reproductions. The plates were printed by the Imperial-Royal Court and State Press, mostly on Chinese paper mounted on handmade cardboard. However, the fifth instalment was never produced, and the Miethke project remained incomplete.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
The | In 1917, Hugo Heller acquired the publishing rights and remaining material from the estate of Galerie Miethke to produce a new edition of the portfolio. It was published in 1918 as ''Das Werk von Gustav Klimt'' and included introductory essays by [[Hermann Bahr]] and [[Peter Altenberg]]. A total of 300 copies were issued, including 70 deluxe copies with [[facsimile]] signatures and original drawings by Klimt, and 230 numbered standard copies issued without them.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=HFBK: Das Werk von Gustav Klimt |trans-title=HFBK: The Work of Gustav Klimt |url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/aktuelles/kalender/das-werk-von-gustav-klimt/ |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=hfbk-hamburg.de |publisher=[[HFBK Hamburg]] |language=de}}</ref> The prints were released in five instalments of ten sheets each, with some printed on Chinese paper and mounted on handmade paper.<ref name=":4" /> Each sheet bears a unique gold [[Seal (emblem)|signet]], all of which were designed by Klimt between 1908 and 1914. Ten sheets were printed in colour and enhanced with gold and silver. Many copies of the portfolio were later lost or dispersed following Heller's bankruptcy and Klimt's death shortly after the project's completion. Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] was the first to purchase a copy of the portfolio, and the American architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] also owned one. Several complete portfolios survive in private collections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> | ||
===''Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen - "Twenty-five Drawings"''=== | ===''Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen - "Twenty-five Drawings"''=== | ||
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=== Paintings === | === Paintings === | ||
{{main|List of paintings by Gustav Klimt}} | {{main|List of paintings by Gustav Klimt}} | ||
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140 | |||
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> | |||
File:Klimt - Burgtheater Auditorium.jpg|[[Auditorium of the Old Burgtheater|''Auditorium of the Old Burgtheater'']], 1888–1889, [[Vienna Museum]] | |||
File:Klimt - Pallas Athene.jpeg|''[[Pallas Athena (Klimt)|Pallas Athena]]'', 1898, Vienna Museum | File:Klimt - Pallas Athene.jpeg|''[[Pallas Athena (Klimt)|Pallas Athena]]'', 1898, Vienna Museum | ||
File:Gustav Klimt 058.jpg|Portrait of ''Sonja Knips'', 1898 | File:Gustav Klimt 058.jpg|Portrait of ''Sonja Knips'', 1898, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | ||
File:Gustav Klimt 039.jpg|''[[Judith I]]'', 1901, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | File:Gustav Klimt 039.jpg|''[[Judith I]]'', 1901, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | ||
File:The Three Ages of Woman.jpg|''[[The Three Ages of Woman (Klimt)|The Three Ages of Woman]]'' 1905, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]] | File:Klimt - The Golden Knight, 1903.jpg|''Life is a Struggle (Golden Rider)'', 1903, [[Aichi Prefectural Museum of Art]] | ||
File:Klimt - The Three Ages of Woman (1905) Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The Three Ages of Woman (Klimt)|The Three Ages of Woman]]'' 1905, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]] | |||
File:Rose Bushes under the Trees Klimt.jpg|alt=Rose Bushes under the Trees, c.1905, private collection|''Rose Bushes under the Trees'', {{Circa|1905}}, private collection | |||
File:Gustav Klimt 052.jpg|''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'', 1906, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | File:Gustav Klimt 052.jpg|''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'', 1906, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | ||
File:Klimt - Danae - 1907-08.jpeg|''[[Danaë (Klimt)|Danaë]]'', 1907, | File:Klimt - Danae - 1907-08.jpeg|''[[Danaë (Klimt)|Danaë]]'', 1907, private collection | ||
File:Gustav Klimt - Hope, II - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Hope II]],'' 1907–08, [[Museum of Modern Art]] | File:Gustav Klimt - Hope, II - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Hope II]],'' 1907–08, [[Museum of Modern Art]] | ||
File:Gustav Klimt 068.jpg|''Avenue in Schloss Kammer Park'', 1912, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | File:Gustav Klimt 068.jpg|''Avenue in Schloss Kammer Park'', 1912, [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] | ||
File:KlimtDieJungfrau.jpg|''[[The Maiden (Klimt)|The Maiden]]'', 1913, [[National Gallery Prague]] | File:KlimtDieJungfrau.jpg|''[[The Maiden (Klimt)|The Maiden]]'', 1913, [[National Gallery Prague]] | ||
File:Gustav Klimt 021.jpg|'' | File:Gustav Klimt 021.jpg|''Two Women Friends'' or ''Two Women Friends'', 1916–17, destroyed in 1945 | ||
File:Gustav Klimt - Dame mit Fächer.jpeg|''[[Lady with a Fan (Klimt)|Lady with a Fan]]'', | File:Gustav Klimt - Dame mit Fächer.jpeg|alt=Lady with a Fan, c. 1917–1918|''[[Lady with a Fan (Klimt)|Lady with a Fan]]'', {{Circa|1917|1918}} | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
=== Drawings === | === Drawings === | ||
In 1963, the [[Albertina]] museum in Vienna began researching the drawings of Gustav Klimt. The research project ''Gustav Klimt. Die Zeichnungen'', has since been associated with intensive exhibition and publication activities. | |||
Between 1980 and 1984 | Between 1980 and 1984 {{Interlanguage link|Alice Strobl|de}} published the three-volume catalogue raisonné, which records and describes all drawings by Gustav Klimt known at the time in chronological order. An additional supplementary volume was published in 1989. In the following year Strobl transferred her work to the art historian and curator {{Interlanguage link|Marian Bisanz-Prakken|de|Marian Bisanz Prakken}}, who had assisted her since 1975 in the determination and classification of the works and who continues the research project to this day. Since 1990, Bisanz-Prakken has redefined, documented, and scientifically processed around 400 further drawings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gustav Klimt. Die Zeichnungen |trans-title=Gustav Klimt. The Drawings |url=https://www.albertina.at/forschung/zeichnung-druckgrafik/projekte/gustav-klimt-die-zeichnungen/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |language=de}}</ref> | ||
This makes the Albertina Vienna the only institution in the world that has been examining and scientifically classifying the artist's works for half a century. The research project now includes information on over 4,300 works by Gustav Klimt. | This makes the Albertina Vienna the only institution in the world that has been examining and scientifically classifying the artist's works for half a century. The research project now includes information on over 4,300 works by Gustav Klimt. | ||
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5"> | <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5"> | ||
File:GUGG Two Female Nudes Standing.jpg|''Two Female Nudes Standing'', | File:GUGG Two Female Nudes Standing.jpg|alt=Two Female Nudes Standing, c. 1900, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|''Two Female Nudes Standing'', {{Circa|1900}}, [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] | ||
File:GUGG Girl Seated in a Chair.jpg|''Girl Seated in a Chair'', 1904, | File:GUGG Girl Seated in a Chair.jpg|''Girl Seated in a Chair'', 1904, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum | ||
File:Gustav Klimt, Portrait of a Woman, c. 1910, NGA 48302.jpg|''Portrait of a Woman'', | File:Gustav Klimt, Portrait of a Woman, c. 1910, NGA 48302.jpg|alt=Portrait of a Woman, c. 1910, National Gallery of Art|''Portrait of a Woman'', {{Circa|1910}}, [[National Gallery of Art]] | ||
File:Klimt Mulher sentada.jpg|''Seated woman masturbating'', 1913 | File:Klimt Mulher sentada.jpg|''Seated woman masturbating'', 1913 | ||
File:Gustav Klimt's Curled up Girl on Bed.jpg|Curled up Girl on Bed, The National Gallery of Art | File:Gustav Klimt's Curled up Girl on Bed.jpg|alt=Curled up Girl on Bed, c. 1916–1917, The National Gallery of Art|''Curled up Girl on Bed'', {{Circa|1916|1917}}, The National Gallery of Art | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
=== | === Artistic influence and reception === | ||
During his lifetime, Klimt influenced other artists, such as the Italian [[Liberty style]] artist [[Galileo Chini]] (1873–1956)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sanna |first1=Angela |last2=Farina |first2=Violetta |title=Art Nouveau |language=fr |publisher=Editions Place des Victoires |location=Paris |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-8099-0418-5}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2026}} and the Italian artist {{Interlanguage link|Vittorio Zecchin|it}} (1878–1947).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Lucie-Smith |title=Symbolist art |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-500-18131-7 |location=London |page=166 |language=en}}</ref> Klimt was exhibited at the 1910 [[Venice Biennale]], with his exhibition influencing the artistic environment within Venice. Within this context, Zecchin created in 1914 the decorative panel cycle ''Le Mille e una Notte'' ("''One Thousand and One Nights''") for the dining room of the Hotel Terminus in Venice. The cycle of twelve paintings, now dismembered, is considered one of the greatest Art Nouveau masterpieces in Venice. Six panels are held by the [[Ca' Pesaro]] art museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giannini |first=Federico |date=4 October 2020 |title=Dalle Mille e una notte a Venezia: le principesse di Vittorio Zecchin, il Klimt italiano |trans-title=From One Thousand and One Nights to Venice: Vittorio Zecchin's Princesses, the Italian Klimt |url=https://www.finestresullarte.info/opere-e-artisti/vittorio-zecchin-le-mille-e-una-notte-klimt-italiano |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=www.finestresullarte.info |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |year=2012 |title=Spirito klimtiano: Galileo Chini, Vittorio Zecchin e la grande decorazione a Venezia |trans-title=Klimtian Spirit: Galileo Chini, Vittorio Zecchin, and the Grand Decorations of Venice |url=http://www.arte.it/calendario-arte/venezia/mostra-spirito-klimtiano-galileo-chini-vittorio-zecchin-e-la-grande-decorazione-a-venezia-1028 |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=www.arte.it |language=it}}</ref> In the same year, Chini created a cycle of decorative panels entitled ''La Primavera'' ("''Spring''") to host the works of the Croatian sculptor [[Ivan Meštrović|Ivan Mestrovic]] (1883–1962) at the 1914 Venice Biennale.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Klimt's work had a clear influence on the paintings of [[Egon Schiele]].{{Sfn|Bisanz-Prakken|Clegg|Kallir2018|p=45}} In 1917, Schiele developed the idea of establishing a new artist association, the ''Kunsthalle'' (''Hall of Art''), to help rebuild the arts after the [[First World War]]. Klimt, and other contemporaries, greatly supported the idea, however it failed due to lack of funding.{{Sfn|Bisanz-Prakken|Clegg|Kallir2018|p=181}} Artists who reinterpreted Klimt's work include Slovak artist [[Rudolf Fila]] (1932–2015).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fila interpretatio Klimt |last1=Fila |last2=Michalovič |first1=Rudolf |first2=Peter |publisher=Slovak Art |date=2007 |isbn=9788080852979}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2026}} | |||
According to the writer Frank Whitford: "Klimt of course, is an important artist—he's a very ''popular'' artist—but in terms of the history of art, he's a very unimportant artist. Although he sums up so much in his work, about the society in which he found himself—in art historical terms his effect was negligible. So he's an artist really in a cul-de-sac."<ref>Whitford, speaking on ''The Kiss: The Private Life of a Masterpiece'', BBC TV</ref> | |||
===Posthumous auction history=== | |||
[[File:El príncipe Guillermo Nii Nortey Dowuona - Gustav Klimt.jpg|thumb|''Prince William Nil Nortey Dowuona'' (1897)]]Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt Biography |url=https://www.gustav-klimt.com/ |access-date=1 January 2026 |website=gustav-klimt.com |language=en |quote=Gustav Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art.}}</ref> Although original paintings by Klimt rarely appear at auction and typically sell for millions of dollars, his works on paper appear on the art market much more frequently, and often sell for under [[US$]]100,000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jankowski |first=Kelsie |date=20 November 2025 |title=Collecting Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/news/2025/11/collecting-gustav-klimt/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=[[Swann Galleries]] |language=en-us}}</ref> {{As of|2026|February}}, the art market database [[Artprice]] lists 81 auction entries for paintings, but 2,003 for drawings and watercolours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt on Artprice |url=https://www.artprice.com/artist/15495/gustav-klimt |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=[[Artprice]]}}</ref> ''Reclining Female Nude Facing Left'', drawn between 1914 and 1915, sold at [[Sotheby's]] in London for {{GBP|505,250}} in 2008, the highest price paid for a drawing by Klimt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biglia |first=Gabriele |title=Klimt, raro giardino fiorito del periodo d’oro in asta a Londra |trans-title=Rare Klimt Flower Garden from the Golden Age to be Auctioned in London |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/arteconomy/2017-02-20/klimt-raro-giradino-fiorito-periodo-d-oro-asta-londra-174514.shtml?uuid=AEIa9tZ |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]] |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(#108) Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2008/impressionist-modern-works-on-paper-l08009/lot.108.html |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=[[Sotheby's]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the majority of the art trade traditionally takes place privately<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Reyburn |first1=Scott |date=23 March 2017 |title=Global Art Market |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/global-art-market.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/global-art-market.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> through galleries such as {{Interlanguage link|Wienerroither & Kohlbacher|de|W&K – Wienerroither & Kohlbacher}}, which specialise in the trade with original works by Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele and regularly present these at monographic exhibitions and international art fairs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/2959580/gustav-klimt-retrospective-at-shepherd-wk-galleries-new-york |title=Gustav Klimt retrospective in New York |website=www.blouinartinfo.com |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220948/https://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/2959580/gustav-klimt-retrospective-at-shepherd-wk-galleries-new-york |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/what-to-look-out-for-at-tefaf-new-york-spring/ |title=Gustav Klimt at TEFAF art fair |website=www.apollo-magazine.com |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=February 2026|discuss=|reason=Is it relevant to name drop a specific gallery?}} | |||
Klimt's last | In November 2003, Klimt's ''Landhaus am Attersee'' sold for US$29,128,000.<ref>{{Citation |last=Siegal |first=Nina |title=Klimt sets record |date=6 November 2003 |newspaper=Bloomberg |url=http://dks.thing.net/NS-KlimtSetsRecord.html |access-date=4 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504024626/http://dks.thing.net/NS-KlimtSetsRecord.html |archive-date=4 May 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=Thing}}.</ref> In 2006, the 1907 portrait, ''[[Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'', was purchased for the [[Neue Galerie New York]] by [[Ronald Lauder]] reportedly for US$135 million, surpassing [[Picasso]]'s 1905 ''[[Garçon à la pipe|Boy With a Pipe]]'' (sold 5 May 2004 for US$104 million), as the highest reported price ever paid for a painting at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adele Bloch-Bauer, Gustav Klimt's 'woman in gold' |url=https://www.christies.com/en/stories/gustav-klimts-woman-in-gold-af6b7e85385e46248b911d4f5533cfde |work=christies.com}}</ref> | ||
[[ | On 7 August 2006, [[Christie's]] auction house announced it was handling the sale of the remaining four works by Klimt that were recovered by [[Maria Altmann]] and her co-heirs after [[Republic of Austria v. Altmann|their long legal battle]] against the state of Austria. The portrait of ''[[Adele Bloch-Bauer II]]'' was sold at auction in November 2006 for US$88 million, the third-highest-priced piece of art at auction at the time.<ref name="Michaud 2006-11-09">{{Citation |first=Christopher |last=Michaud |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-arts-auction-idUKN0920976420061109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153909/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-arts-auction-idUKN0920976420061109 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=Christie's stages record art sale |newspaper=Reuter's |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="bslaw 2006-11-09">{{cite web |url=http://www.bslaw.net/news/061109.html |title=$496 Million Auction Shatters Record |date=9 November 2006 |last=Vogel |first=Carol |website=bslaw.net |publisher=Burris, Schoenberg & Walden, LLP |location=Los Angeles, US |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> ''The Apple Tree I'' ({{Circa|1912}}) sold for US$33 million, ''Birch Forest'' (1903) sold for US$40.3 million,{{Sfn | Kinsella | 2007 | p = 111}} and ''Houses in Unterach on the Attersee'' (1916) sold for US$31 million. Collectively, the five restituted paintings netted more than US$327 million.{{Sfn | Kinsella | 2007 | p = 112}} The painting ''Litzlberg am Attersee'' was auctioned for US$40.4 million in November 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/04/arts/04iht-Melikian04.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/04/arts/04iht-Melikian04.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Klimt Painting Sells for $40.4 Million |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=[[Souren Melikian]] |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=6 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | ||
Klimt's last portrait, ''[[Lady with a Fan (Klimt)|Lady with a Fan]]'' (''Dame mit Fächer'', 1918), was sold by [[Sotheby's]] in London on 27 June 2023 for £85.3 million (US$108.4 million) to a Hong Kong collector, becoming the highest-priced artwork ever sold at auction in Europe. Its sale surpassed Klimt's previous auction record of US$104.6m, achieved in November 2022 at the sale of [[Birch Forest (Klimt)|''Birch Forest'']] (1903) by Christie's in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhala |first=Kabir |date=27 June 2023 |title=Sultry Klimt portrait smashes European auction record, selling for £85.3m in London |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/06/27/klimt-portrait-sothebys-most-expensive-work-auction-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260211164554/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/06/27/klimt-portrait-sothebys-most-expensive-work-auction-europe |archive-date=11 February 2026 |access-date=11 February 2026 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Andersson |first=Jasmine |date=28 June 2023 |title=Klimt's final portrait sells for record £85.3m |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-66036688 |accessdate=29 June 2023 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> | |||
=== | In the early 2020s, Klimt's early portrait ''Prince William Nii Nortey Dowuona'' (1897), depicting an Osu prince from what is now Ghana, resurfaced when a couple brought a dirty, poorly framed canvas bearing Klimt's estate stamp to the Wienerroither & Kohlbacher gallery in Vienna, where it was authenticated by art historian Alfred Weidinger, author of the 2007 Klimt catalogue raisonné, as a long-lost work by the artist.<ref name="Boucher2025">{{cite web |last=Boucher |first=Brian |title=A Rediscovered Gustav Klimt Portrait of an African Prince Is On Offer at TEFAF Maastricht |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/lost-gustav-klimt-portrait-african-prince-tefaf-maastricht-2621432 |website=Artnet News |publisher=Artnet Worldwide Corporation |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Anderson2025">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Sonja |title=This Dusty Painting Turned Out to Be Gustav Klimt's Long-Lost Portrait of an African Prince |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-dusty-painting-turned-out-to-be-gustav-klimts-long-lost-portrait-of-an-african-prince-180986284/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=24 March 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> The painting is believed to have remained in Klimt's studio until it was consigned from his estate to the [[Samuel Kende]] auction house in [[Vienna]] in 1923 with a starting price of 15,000 [[Austrian krone|crowns]], and by 1928 it was recorded as the property of the Jewish collector [[Ernestine Klein]], who, with her husband Felix, had converted Klimt's former studio into a villa before the couple fled Nazi Austria in 1938, after which the work was long considered lost.<ref name="Boucher2025" /><ref name="ArtDependence2025">{{cite web |title=15 Million Euro Klimt find from Austria for sale at TEFAF Maastricht |url=https://artdependence.com/articles/15-million-euro-klimt-find-from-austria-for-sale-at-tefaf-maastricht |website=ArtDependence |date=14 March 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> Following a restitution settlement with Klein's heirs, the cleaned and restored canvas was exhibited publicly at the [[The European Fine Art Fair|TEFAF]] [[Maastricht]] art fair in March 2025 by Wienerroither & Kohlbacher with an asking price of €15 million (about US$16 million), and was widely discussed as an important link between Klimt's early naturalistic portraits and his later decorative style.<ref name="Boucher2025" /><ref name="Anderson2025" /> The portrait was painted after Klimt and his colleague [[Franz von Matsch|Franz Matsch]] visited an 1897 ''Völkerschau'' (ethnographic "human zoo") at Vienna's Tiergarten am Schüttel, where Prince William Nii Nortey Dowuona was among some 120 members of the Osu community from the Gold Coast (modern [[Ghana]]) displayed to large daily crowds, a context that has prompted renewed critical attention to colonial-era racial exhibitions in Europe.<ref name="Anderson2025" /><ref name="MMM2025">{{cite web |last=Baron |first=Eva |title=Long-Lost Gustav Klimt Portrait of African Prince Rediscovered, Now Worth Over $16M |url=https://mymodernmet.com/gustav-klimt-african-prince-portrait-rediscovered/ |website=My Modern Met |date=28 March 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> In November 2025, prosecutors in Vienna ordered the painting seized at the request of [[Hungary|Hungarian]] authorities, who alleged that it had been improperly exported from Hungary, adding an ongoing legal dispute over export and restitution law to its provenance history.<ref name="Carrigan2025">{{cite web |last=Carrigan |first=Margaret |title=Vienna Prosecutors Order Seizure of Gustav Klimt's Portrait of an African Prince |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/gustav-klimt-hungary-violation-export-restrictions-2649597 |website=Artnet News |publisher=Artnet Worldwide Corporation |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rehs2025">{{cite web |title=Klimt African Prince Portrait Seized |url=https://rehs.com/eng/2025/11/klimt-african-prince-portrait-seized/ |website=Rehs Galleries Blog |publisher=Rehs Galleries, Inc. |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> | ||
On 18 November 2025, Klimt's ''[[Portrait of Elisabeth Lederer]]'' (1914–1916), a full-length portrait of the daughter of his patrons [[August Lederer|August and Serena Lederer]], was sold at [[Sotheby's]] in New York from the collection of cosmetics heir [[Leonard Lauder|Leonard A. Lauder]] for US$236.4 million after an approximately 20-minute bidding contest among multiple telephone bidders, far exceeding its pre-sale estimate of US$150 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crow |first=Kelly |date=19 November 2025 |title=Klimt Painting Becomes the Most Expensive Work of Modern Art at $236.4 Million |url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/fine-art/klimt-cattelan-sothebys-auction-record-breuer-lauder-eb31ccbe |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=19 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |date=19 November 2025 |title=Gustav Klimt portrait sells for $236.4m, making it the second most expensive artwork ever sold at auction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/nov/19/gustav-klimt-portrait-sells-for-2364m-making-it-the-second-most-expensive-artwork-sold-at-auction |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> The price set a new auction record for a work by Klimt. It was "a record for any work of art ever sold at Sotheby's",<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Gustav Klimt painting sells for auction record $236 million, record for Sotheby's |url=https://news.masterworksfineart.com/2025/11/19/gustav-klimt-painting-sold-auction-record |website=Masterworks |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> was the highest price ever paid for a work of [[modern art]] at auction, and it made the painting the second most expensive artwork sold at auction, behind [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)|Salvator Mundi]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schoenbaum |first=Hannah |date=19 November 2025 |title=Gustav Klimt portrait that spared its subject from Nazis breaks modern art record with $236M sale |url=https://apnews.com/article/golden-toilet-cattelan-auction-sothebys-ef4c0b1ccb2841c078ff59756fe6d7b2 |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> In the lot from the same date, two more of Klimt's works were sold at prices that made them the 2nd (''[[Blooming Meadow]]'', US$86 million) and 3rd (''[[Forest Slope in Unterach on the Attersee]]'', US$68.3 million) highest priced art auction results of 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/10-top-lots-auction-2025-2723777|title=Here Are the 10 Most Expensive Artworks Sold at Auction in 2025|accessdate=7 February 2026|date=25 December 2025|website=[[Artnet]]|author=}}</ref> | |||
In 1972 the [[Vienna State Opera]] presented a new production of ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]'', an opera by [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Richard Strauss]], in a Klimt-inspired stage setting and costumes by | ===Cultural legacy=== | ||
In 1972 the [[Vienna State Opera]] presented a new production of ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]'', an opera by [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Richard Strauss]], in a Klimt-inspired stage setting and costumes by {{Interlanguage link|Jürgen Rose|de|Jürgen Rose (Bühnenbildner)}}. This production, directed by [[Boleslaw Barlog]] and first conducted by [[Karl Böhm]], became extremely popular and stayed in the repertoire for nearly fifty years. It was shown in 265 performances{{Failed verification|date=January 2026|reason=first source: 'over 200'. second source is a list until 2022?}} and went on tour to [[Teatro Comunale, Florence|Florence]], Washington and twice in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIEN/ Staatsoper: SALOME - die letzte und die beste der Serie |url=https://onlinemerker.com/wien-staatsoper-salome-die-letzte-und-die-beste-der-serie/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Online Merker |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salome {{!}} Neuproduktion vom 22 December 1972 {{!}} Spielplanarchiv der Wiener Staatsoper |url=https://archiv.wiener-staatsoper.at/search/work/162/production/176 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=archiv.wiener-staatsoper.at}}</ref> | |||
In 2006 an Austrian art-house biographical film about | In 2006 an Austrian [[art-house]] biographical film about Klimt's life, titled ''[[Klimt (film)|Klimt]]'', was released with [[John Malkovich]] in the title role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimt |url=https://www.austrianfilms.com/film/klimt |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=www.austrianfilms.com |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=French |first=Philip |date=2 June 2007 |title=Klimt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/jun/03/features.review87 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The 2015 film ''[[Woman in Gold (film)|Woman in Gold]]'', starring [[Helen Mirren]] as [[Maria Altmann]], dramatised [[Republic of Austria v. Altmann|the legal battle]] to reclaim five Klimt paintings, including ''[[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' that had been looted by the Nazis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=The story of Gustav Klimt's Adele Bloch-Bauer, the woman in gold |url=https://www.christies.com/en/stories/gustav-klimts-woman-in-gold-af6b7e85385e46248b911d4f5533cfde |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[Christie's]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Alexander |date=16 April 2015 |title=Art law on film: Woman in Gold |url=https://ial.uk.com/art-law-on-film-woman-in-gold/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Institute of Art and Law |language=en-GB}}</ref> The film was inspired by [[Stealing Klimt|''Stealing Klimt'']], a 2007 documentary featuring Maria Altmann herself.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nesselson |first=Lisa |date=28 November 2007 |title=Stealing Klimt |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/stealing-klimt-1200554277/ |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=[[Variety Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Other documentary films which prominently feature the legal battle include ''[[The Rape of Europa (film)|The Rape of Europa]]'' (2006) and ''Adele's Wish'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Maxwell |date=9 February 2017 |title=The Gustav Klimt Painting Oprah Reportedly Sold for $150M Has Quite a Story |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/gustav-klimt-painting-oprah-reportedly-sold-150m-has-a-story-974134/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
In 2008, fashion designer [[John Galliano]] cited Klimt as one of his inspirations for the [[Christian Dior (fashion house)|Christian Dior]] Spring–Summer 2008 [[haute couture]] collection, alongside [[John Singer Sargent]]'s ''[[Portrait of Madame X]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mower |first=Sarah |date=21 January 2008 |title=Christian Dior Spring 2008 Couture Collection |url=https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2008-couture/christian-dior |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> The 2013 collection of designer [[Alexander McQueen]] was also partially inspired by Klimt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2012 |title=Alexander McQueen Resort 2013 |url=https://wwd.com/runway/resort-2013/paris/alexander-mcqueen/review/ |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Women's Wear Daily}}</ref> | |||
[[ | |||
Gustav Klimt and his work have been the subjects of many collector coins and medals,{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} such as the 100 Euro [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2003 coinage|Painting Gold Coin]], issued by the [[Austrian Mint]] on 5 November 2003. The obverse depicts Klimt in his studio with two unfinished paintings on easels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://artstoryinamedium.blogspot.com/2009/01/klimt-vs-hayez-kiss.html |title=Klimt vs Hayez "The Kiss" |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2026|reason=Blog post by anonymous author|certain=y}} | |||
=== | [[Tawny Chatmon]], an American photographic artist known for her portraits of Black children overlaid with gold leaf and paint, has sought to place Black figures in glittering gold clothing inspired by Klimt's lavish portraits of white Viennese women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/137815/gods-gift-tawny-chatmon |title=God's Gift, Tawny Chatmon ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> Elements of the portrait of ''[[First Lady Michelle Obama (painting)|First Lady Michelle Obama]]'', by [[Amy Sherald]] in 2018, have been noted by art critics to have been influenced by Klimt, in particular ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=12 February 2018 |title=Portrait of Obama: 'This will not tell the future ages what made him special' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/feb/12/kehinde-wiley-portrait-barack-obama-amy-sherald-michelle |access-date=15 February 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> One commentator noted the similarity to fashion designed by Klimt's muse [[Emilie Louise Flöge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Power Portraits With Some Fashion Notes |url=https://www.irenebrination.com/irenebrination_notes_on_a/2018/02/obamas-portraits.html |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Irenebrination: Notes on Architecture, Art, Fashion, Fashion Law & Technology}}</ref> | ||
The | === Commemoration of Klimt's 150th birthday === | ||
[[File:Klimt-Villa 2013 Atelier 02.jpg|thumb|Klimt's reconstructed studio (2013) at the [[Klimt Villa]]. On display are copies of the paintings ''Woman with Fan'' and ''The Bride'' (both c. 1917–18)]]In 2012, Vienna marked the 150th anniversary of Gustav Klimt's birth with a city-wide programme of exhibitions across at least ten venues, including major retrospectives at the [[Wien Museum]], the [[Albertina]], and the [[Leopold Museum]]. Other institutions such as the [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Secession Building|Secession]], [[Austrian Theatre Museum|Theatermuseum]], [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna|MAK]], and [[Vienna Künstlerhaus|Künstlerhaus]] staged special displays ranging from comprehensive surveys of his paintings and drawings to focused presentations of his collaborations and early commissions. The anniversary year also saw the restoration and public opening of [[Klimt Villa|Klimt's last studio in Vienna]] and the inauguration of the {{Interlanguage link|Klimt-Zentrum|de|Gustav Klimt Zentrum}} at the [[Attersee (lake)|Attersee]], a centre offering exhibitions, conferences, and guided tours of the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clegg |first=Elizabeth |date=2012 |title=Klimt 2012: the 150th anniversary exhibitions in Vienna |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41812744 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=154 |issue=1313 |pages=570–576 |jstor=41812744 |issn=0007-6287}}</ref> The [[Neue Galerie New York]] also held a "150th Anniversary Celebration" exhibition from May to August 2012, featuring paintings, drawings and rare photographs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt: 150th Anniversary Celebration |url=https://www.neuegalerie.org//exhibitions/klimt-150 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Neue Galerie New York |language=en}}</ref> | |||
[[ | The [[Austrian Mint]] began a five-coin gold series called ''Klimt and His Women'' to coincide with the 150th anniversary of Klimt's birth. The first 50 Euro gold coin was issued on 25 January 2012 and featured a portrait of Klimt on the obverse and a portion of his painting [[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I|Adele Bloch-Bauer I]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Austrian Gold Coin Series "Klimt and His Women" {{!}} Coin Update |url=http://news.coinupdate.com/new-austrian-gold-coin-series-klimt-and-his-women-1167/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112105541/http://news.coinupdate.com/new-austrian-gold-coin-series-klimt-and-his-women-1167/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=news.coinupdate.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2013 issue, depicting details of the [[Stoclet Frieze]], was awarded the 2015 [[Coin of the Year]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2014 |title=Austrian Mint's Klimt and his Women named Coin of the Year 2015 {{!}} MünzenWoche |url=https://coinsweekly.com/austrian-mints-klimt-and-his-women-named-coin-of-the-year-2015/ |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=coinsweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2013 |title=Austria's new gold coin Klimt and His Women: "Expectation" {{!}} MünzenWoche |url=https://coinsweekly.com/austrias-new-gold-coin-klimt-and-his-women-expectation/ |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=coinsweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The series concluded in 2016 featuring Klimt's most famous work, ''[[The Kiss (Klimt)|The Kiss]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=Austrian Mint concludes Klimt and His Women Series with "The Kiss" {{!}} MünzenWoche |url=https://coinsweekly.com/austrian-mint-concludes-klimt-and-his-women-series-with-the-kiss/ |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=coinsweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
Austria issued a [[commemorative stamp]] on 14 July 2012, while [[San Marino]] released a souvenir sheet of stamps with a print run of 70,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Andy |title=Gustav Klimt |url=https://austrianphilately.com/klimt/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618180618/https://austrianphilately.com/klimt/index.htm |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=austrianphilately.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=150th anniversary of the birth of Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.dfn.sm/en/150-anniversario-della-nascita-di-gustav-klimt.htm |access-date=3 October 2025 |publisher=[[Poste San Marino]]}}</ref> [[Google]] also marked the occasion on the same day with a [[Google Doodle]] depicting Klimt's ''The Kiss''.<ref name="gustav-klimts-150th-birthday">{{cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/gustav-klimts-150th-birthday/ |title=Gustav Klimt's 150th Birthday |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=5 January 2016|website=doodles.google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-gustav-klimts-the-kiss-on-his-150th-birthday/271182-11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715212454/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-gustav-klimts-the-kiss-on-his-150th-birthday/271182-11.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Google doodles Gustav Klimt's ''The Kiss'' on his 150th birthday |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
===Gustav Klimt Foundation=== | ===Gustav Klimt Foundation=== | ||
The Gustav Klimt Foundation was established in 2013 by Ursula Ucicky, widow of Klimt's illegitimate son [[Gustav Ucicky]], with a mission to "preserve and disseminate Gustav Klimt's legacy." The managing director of the [[Leopold Museum]], {{Interlanguage link|Peter Weinhäupl|de}}, was appointed as chairman of the foundation. As a reaction, the museum's director [[Tobias G. Natter]] resigned in protest, citing Ucicky's past as a [[Nazi propaganda]] filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Michalska |first=Julia |date=30 October 2013 |title=Tobias Natter has stepped down over the institution's connection with Nazi-linked Klimt-Ucicky foundation |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Viennas-Leopold-Museum-director-resigns-in-protest/30812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107050940/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Viennas-Leopold-Museum-director-resigns-in-protest/30812 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[The Art Newspaper]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the foundation's owned four paintings and ten drawings by Klimt, the provenance of only one painting, ''Portrait of Gertrude Loew'', was disputed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Anne-Marie |date=4 October 2013 |title=New Answers Coming to Light for Hidden-Away Klimt Paintings |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=QAJLCU258061 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=lootedart.com}}</ref> In 2015, the painting and five drawings were restituted and later auctioned, with the proceeds shared between the heirs and the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buffenstein |first=Alyssa |date=4 June 2015 |title=Klimt Hits Auction After Provenance Resolved |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/sothebys-auction-gustav-klimt-resolved-provenance-304517 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Artnet News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neuendorf |first=Henri |date=14 July 2015 |title=Buyer of $39 Million Klimt Painting Revealed |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/gustav-klimt-buyer-joe-lewis-316709 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Artnet News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the foundation launched the Gustav Klimt Database, an open-access online research portal documenting Klimt's works, personal documents, photographs, and life within the socio-political context of Vienna around 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 November 2017 |title=Klimt Foundation Developing Comprehensive Object Database on Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/klimt-foundation-developing-comprehensive-object-database-on-gustav-klimt-658808623.html |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=prnewswire.com |publisher=Gustav Klimt Foundation |language=en |type=Press release}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The first virtual memory of the world-famous artist Gustav Klimt |url=https://www.klimt-foundation.com/en/research/current-projects/gustav-klimt-database |access-date=2 January 2026 |website= |publisher=Gustav Klimt Foundation}}</ref> | |||
=== | |||
In | |||
===Nazi-looted art and restitution=== | |||
Many of Klimt's works were looted by the Nazis in World War II, and several were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreevy |first=Nora |title=A.I. Digitally Resurrects Trio of Lost Gustav Klimt Paintings |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/klimt-painting-restore-artificial-intelligence-color-faculty-paintings-180978843/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Gustav Klimt - Posthumous Portrait of Ria Munk III.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Ria Munk III'' (unfinished) ({{Circa|1917|1918}})]] | |||
In 2000, a government committee recommended that Klimt's ''Lady with Hat and Feather Boa'', in [[Belvedere, Vienna|Belvedere]] Museum in Vienna, be restituted to the heirs of the Jewish family that had owned it before the Nazi Anschluss.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2000 |title=Klimt paintings to return to owner |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1046974.stm |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208130204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1046000/1046974.stm |archive-date=8 February 2001 |url-status=live |quote=Two paintings by Gustav Klimt, sold during the Nazi era, should be returned to their rightful heir, an Austrian government committee has recommended. The committee was set up to investigate works of art seized from Austrian Jews by the Nazis. The artworks to be returned include Lady with Hat and Feather Boa, a showpiece of the Austrian State Belvedere Museum in Vienna}}</ref> | |||
Later that year, the most notable of the five paintings, 1907's ''[[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' (also known as | [[National Public Radio]] reported on 17 January 2006 that "The [[Austrian National Gallery]] is being compelled by a national arbitration board to return five paintings by Gustav Klimt to a [[Los Angeles]]-based woman, the heir of a Jewish family that had its art stolen by the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. The paintings are estimated to be worth at least $150 million."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burbank |first=Luke |date=17 January 2006 |title=Austria to Return Paintings to Jewish Heir |url=https://www.npr.org/2006/01/17/5160093/austria-to-return-paintings-to-jewish-heir |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=[[National Public Radio]] |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, the most notable of the five paintings, 1907's ''[[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]'' (also known as "The Woman in Gold"), was sold at auction for $135 million (at the time, the highest price ever paid for a single painting). The winning bidder was art collector [[Ronald Lauder|Ronald S. Lauder]], founder of [[Neue Galerie New York|Neue Galerie]] in New York, where it remains on display.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=19 June 2006 |title=Lauder Pays $135 Million, a Record, for a Klimt Portrait |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/19/arts/design/19klim.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Neue Galerie New |title=Neue Galerie New York |url=https://www.neuegalerie.org/womaningold |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=www.neuegalerie.org |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 2009 the [[Lentos Art Museum]] in [[Linz|Linz, Austria]] restituted Klimt's Portrait of Ria Munk III (Frauenbildnis) to the heirs of [[Aranka Munk]], a Jewish art collector in Vienna who was murdered in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. The looted portrait was of her daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) Frauenbildnis (Portrait of Ria Munk III) |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5334971 |website=christies |quote=Provenance. Aranka Munk, Vienna and Bads Aussee, by whom acquired from the artist. Wolfgang Gurlitt, Berlin (see note). Neue Galerie der Stadt (later, Lentos Kunstmuseum), Linz (inv. no. 149), by whom acquired from the above by 1956. Restituted to the heirs of Aranka Munk in June 2009.}}</ref> | In 2009 the [[Lentos Art Museum]] in [[Linz|Linz, Austria]] restituted Klimt's Portrait of Ria Munk III (Frauenbildnis) to the heirs of [[Aranka Munk]], a Jewish art collector in Vienna who was murdered in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. The looted portrait was of her daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) Frauenbildnis (Portrait of Ria Munk III) |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5334971 |website=christies |quote=Provenance. Aranka Munk, Vienna and Bads Aussee, by whom acquired from the artist. Wolfgang Gurlitt, Berlin (see note). Neue Galerie der Stadt (later, Lentos Kunstmuseum), Linz (inv. no. 149), by whom acquired from the above by 1956. Restituted to the heirs of Aranka Munk in June 2009.}}</ref> | ||
In 2021 the [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|French minister]] of culture announced that the only Klimt in France's national collections was Nazi loot which should be restituted to the heirs of the Jewish family that had been persecuted by Nazis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Associated Press in |date=16 March 2021 |title=France to return Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/16/france-to-return-klimt-painting-looted-by-the-nazis-in-1938 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''Rosebushes Under the Trees'', painted in 1905, had been owned by Nora Stiasi, who had been forced to sell it before being murdered by the Nazis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breeden |first=Aurelien |date=15 March 2021 |title=France to Return Klimt Painting to Rightful Heirs After Nazi-Era Sale |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/arts/design/france-klimt-painting-restitution.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021259/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/arts/design/france-klimt-painting-restitution.html |archive-date=16 March 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Stiasny was born in 1898 to a Jewish family in Vienna. The painting was passed on to her from her uncle, Viktor Zuckerkandl, a wealthy steel magnate and art collector who had bought "Rosebushes Under the Trees" in 1911. But after the Nazis annexed Austria, she was forced to sell it in 1938 "for next to nothing" to survive, Bachelot said. Stiasny was deported to Poland in 1942 and died that year, as did her husband and son.}}</ref> It is currently hanging in France's Orsay Museum which purchased it from Swiss art dealer Peter Nathan in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France to return Klimt painting, which hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, to heirs of Viennese Jewish owner |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/france-to-return-klimt-painting-to-heirs-of-viennese-jewish-owner |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> | In 2021 the [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|French minister]] of culture announced that the only Klimt in France's national collections was Nazi loot which should be restituted to the heirs of the Jewish family that had been persecuted by Nazis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Associated Press in |date=16 March 2021 |title=France to return Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/16/france-to-return-klimt-painting-looted-by-the-nazis-in-1938 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''Rosebushes Under the Trees'', painted in 1905, had been owned by Nora Stiasi, who had been forced to sell it before being murdered by the Nazis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breeden |first=Aurelien |date=15 March 2021 |title=France to Return Klimt Painting to Rightful Heirs After Nazi-Era Sale |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/arts/design/france-klimt-painting-restitution.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021259/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/arts/design/france-klimt-painting-restitution.html |archive-date=16 March 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Stiasny was born in 1898 to a Jewish family in Vienna. The painting was passed on to her from her uncle, Viktor Zuckerkandl, a wealthy steel magnate and art collector who had bought "Rosebushes Under the Trees" in 1911. But after the Nazis annexed Austria, she was forced to sell it in 1938 "for next to nothing" to survive, Bachelot said. Stiasny was deported to Poland in 1942 and died that year, as did her husband and son.}}</ref> It is currently hanging in France's Orsay Museum which purchased it from Swiss art dealer Peter Nathan in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France to return Klimt painting, which hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, to heirs of Viennese Jewish owner |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/france-to-return-klimt-painting-to-heirs-of-viennese-jewish-owner |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> A similar painting by Klimt known as ''Apple Trees II'', which was also Nazi loot, was mistakenly returned to the wrong family by the Austrian authorities, and subsequently sold. {{as of|2018}}, its ownership was still in dispute.{{update-inline|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austria returns wrong Klimt to wrong family |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/austria-returns-wrong-klimt-to-wrong-family |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119065222/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/austria-returns-wrong-klimt-to-wrong-family |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |date=13 November 2018}}</ref> | ||
A similar painting | |||
In 2023, [[Ronald S. Lauder]] agreed to restitute and repurchase Klimt's ''The Black Feather Hat'', which had belonged to Irene Beran, before she fled the Nazis. The painting's provenance was unclear after it left Beran's collection, resurfacing in Stuttgart in connection to the Nazi [[Friedrich Welz]]. Beran's mother and former husband Philip were murdered by the Nazis after being deported to the [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald S. Lauder Reaches Agreement on Klimt Painting With Jewish Heirs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/arts/design/ronald-lauder-klimt-painting-restitution.html?searchResultPosition=1|website=The New York Times|date= 10–11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=10 February 2023 |title=Ronald S. Lauder, Jewish Heirs Reach Agreement on Klimt Painting |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/ronald-s-lauder-jewish-heirs-reach-agreement-on-klimt-painting-252500/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
Other Klimts that have been the object of ownership battles owing to a history of Nazi looting include the ''[[Beethoven Frieze]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The turbulent history of Klimt's Nazi-seized works |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=SVIKS9803291 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The tortuous story of Gustav Klimt's Nazi-looted, 100-foot-wide Beethoven Frieze uncovered |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=T71RYR229051 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> ''[[Water Serpents II|Water Snakes II]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Answers Coming to Light for Hidden-Away Klimt Paintings |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=QAJLCU258061 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> ''Blooming Meadow''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmetics magnate sued over 'looted' Klimt painting |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=MP3BTO774091 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> and ''Portrait of Gertrude Lowe''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimt's 'Portrait of Gertrud Loew' to Be Auctioned |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=RAB30A698971 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* ''[[Bride of the Wind]]'' (biopic) | * ''[[Bride of the Wind]]'' (biopic) | ||
* [[Japonisme]] | * [[Japonisme]] | ||
* [[Klimt (film)]] | |||
* [[Klimt University of Vienna Ceiling Paintings]] | |||
* [[Klimt Villa]] | * [[Klimt Villa]] | ||
* [[List of Austrian artists and architects]] | * [[List of Austrian artists and architects]] | ||
* [[List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art]] | * [[List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art]] | ||
* [[Klimt | * [[List of paintings by Gustav Klimt]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Lost artworks]] | ||
* [[Secession Building]] | * [[Secession Building]] | ||
* [[Stoclet Frieze]] | * [[Stoclet Frieze]] | ||
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=== Inline === | === Inline === | ||
* {{Citation |last=Bäumer |first=Angelica |title=Gustav Klimt: Women |year=1986 |edition=1st |place=London |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=9780297790310 |translator-last=Ewald |translator-first=Osers}}. | * {{Citation |last=Bäumer |first=Angelica |title=Gustav Klimt: Women |year=1986 |edition=1st |place=London |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=9780297790310 |author-link=Angelica Bäumer |translator-last=Ewald |translator-first=Osers}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last1=Bailey |first1=Colin B. |title=Gustav Klimt: Modernism in the Making |year=2001 |editor-last=Bailey |editor-first=Colin B. |type=Exhibition catalogue |url=https://archive.org/details/gustavklimtmoder0000klim/ |place=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams in association with National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa |last2=Colins |first2=John |last3=Vergo |first3=Peter |last4=Braun |first4=Emily |last5=Kallir |first5=Jane |last6=Bisanz-Prakken |first6=Marian |url-access=registration}}. | * {{Citation |last1=Bailey |first1=Colin B. |title=Gustav Klimt: Modernism in the Making |year=2001 |editor-last=Bailey |editor-first=Colin B. |type=Exhibition catalogue |url=https://archive.org/details/gustavklimtmoder0000klim/ |place=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams in association with National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa |last2=Colins |first2=John |last3=Vergo |first3=Peter |last4=Braun |first4=Emily |last5=Kallir |first5=Jane |last6=Bisanz-Prakken |first6=Marian |url-access=registration}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last1=Fischer |first1=Wolfgang G. |title=Gustav Klimt & Emilie Flöge : an artist and his muse |page= |year=1992 |place=London |publisher=Lund Humphries |isbn=0853316074 |last2=McEwan |first2=Dorothea}}. | * {{Citation |last=Bisanz-Prakken |first=Marian |title=Klimt / Schiele: Drawings: Drawings from the Albertina Museum, Vienna |year=2018 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Arts]] |isbn=978-1-910350-94-2 |last2=Clegg |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kallir |first3=Jane |author-link3=Jane Kallir |translator-last=Foster |translator-first=Michael}} | ||
* {{Citation |last1=Fischer |first1=Wolfgang G. |title=Gustav Klimt & Emilie Flöge : an artist and his muse |page= |year=1992 |place=London |publisher=[[Lund Humphries]] |isbn=0853316074 |last2=McEwan |first2=Dorothea}}. | |||
* {{Citation |last=Fliedl |first=Gottfried |title=Gustav Klimt 1862–1918 The World in Female Form |url=https://www.mt.artacademyplovdiv.com/pdf/Gustav%20Klimt-1862-1918-The%20World%20in%20Female%20Form.pdf |publisher=[[Benedikt Taschen]] |isbn=3822802905 |year=1994}}. | * {{Citation |last=Fliedl |first=Gottfried |title=Gustav Klimt 1862–1918 The World in Female Form |url=https://www.mt.artacademyplovdiv.com/pdf/Gustav%20Klimt-1862-1918-The%20World%20in%20Female%20Form.pdf |publisher=[[Benedikt Taschen]] |isbn=3822802905 |year=1994}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Hodge |first=Susie |title=Gustav Klimt: Masterpieces of Art |year=2014 |place=Fulham, London |publisher=[[Flame Tree Publishing]] |language=en |isbn=978-1-80417-706-8}} | * {{Citation |last=Hodge |first=Susie |title=Gustav Klimt: Masterpieces of Art |year=2014 |place=Fulham, London |publisher=[[Flame Tree Publishing]] |language=en |isbn=978-1-80417-706-8}} | ||
* {{Citation |last=Kinsella |first=Eileen |title=Gold Rush |journal=ARTnews |url=https://plone.unige.ch/art-adr/cases-affaires/6-klimt-paintings-2013-maria-altmann-and-austria/artnews-gold-rush-january-2007 |date=January 2007}}. | * {{Citation |last=Kinsella |first=Eileen |title=Gold Rush |journal=ARTnews |url=https://plone.unige.ch/art-adr/cases-affaires/6-klimt-paintings-2013-maria-altmann-and-austria/artnews-gold-rush-january-2007 |date=January 2007}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Sabarsky |first=Serge |others=et al |title=Gustav Klimt: Drawings |publisher=[[Moyer Bell]] |year=1983 |isbn=9780918825193}}. | * {{Citation |last=Sabarsky |first=Serge |others=et al |title=Gustav Klimt: Drawings |publisher=[[Moyer Bell]] |year=1983 |isbn=9780918825193}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Wenzel |first=Angela |title=Klimt |year=2022 |place=Verlag, Munich/London/New York |publisher=[[Prestel Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-7913-8793-2}} | |||
* {{Citation |first=Frank |last=Whitford |title=Klimt |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=9780500202463 |year=1990}}. | * {{Citation |first=Frank |last=Whitford |title=Klimt |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=9780500202463 |year=1990}}. | ||
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[[Category:Members of the Vienna Secession]] | [[Category:Members of the Vienna Secession]] | ||
[[Category:Painters from Austria-Hungary]] | [[Category:Painters from Austria-Hungary]] | ||
[[Category:People from Penzing | [[Category:People from Penzing]] | ||
[[Category:Wiener Werkstätte]] | [[Category:Wiener Werkstätte]] | ||
[[Category:Austrian portrait painters]] | [[Category:Austrian portrait painters]] | ||
[[Category:Symbolist painters]] | [[Category:Austrian Symbolist painters]] | ||
[[Category:Austrian muralists]] | [[Category:Austrian muralists]] | ||
[[Category:Burials at the Hietzing Cemetery]] | [[Category:Burials at the Hietzing Cemetery]] | ||