Growth factor: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}


A '''growth factor''' is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating [[cell proliferation]], [[wound healing]], and occasionally [[cellular differentiation]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000038554|growth factor}}</ref> Usually it is a secreted [[protein]] or a [[steroid hormone]]. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
A '''growth factor''' is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating [[cell proliferation]], [[wound healing]], and occasionally [[cellular differentiation]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000038554|growth factor}}</ref> Usually it is a secreted [[protein]] or a [[steroid hormone]].


Growth factors typically act as [[cell signaling|signaling]] molecules between cells. Examples are [[cytokine]]s and [[hormone]]s that bind to specific [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] on the surface of their target [[cell (biology)|cells]].
They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example, [[epidermal growth factor]] (EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation ([[osteogenesis]] or bone formation),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, López-Lozano AP, Romero-Zavaleta RE, Mendiola-Jiménez A, Medina-De la Garza CE, Márquez-M M, De la Garza-Ramos MA | title = Epidermal growth factor enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro | journal = Head & Face Medicine | volume = 11 | pages = 29 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26334535 | doi = 10.1186/s13005-015-0086-5 | pmc = 4558932 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while [[fibroblast growth factor]]s and [[vascular endothelial growth factor]]s stimulate blood vessel differentiation ([[angiogenesis]]).


{{anchor|cytokine}}
{{anchor|cytokine}}
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While ''growth factor'' implies a positive effect on [[cell proliferation]], ''cytokine'' is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]] and [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor|GM-CSF]], others have an inhibitory effect on [[cell growth]] or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as [[Fas ligand]], are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed [[cell death]] or ''[[apoptosis]]''.
While ''growth factor'' implies a positive effect on [[cell proliferation]], ''cytokine'' is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]] and [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor|GM-CSF]], others have an inhibitory effect on [[cell growth]] or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as [[Fas ligand]], are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed [[cell death]] or ''[[apoptosis]]''.
The [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) was first discovered by [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], which won her a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].


== List of classes ==
== List of classes ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2011}}
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2011}}
{{no references|section|date=August 2025}}
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and [[evolution]]arily related proteins.  There are many families, some of which are listed below:
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and [[evolution]]arily related proteins.  There are many families, some of which are listed below:
* [[Adrenomedullin]] (AM)
* [[Adrenomedullin]] (AM)
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* [[Bone morphogenetic protein]]s (BMPs)
* [[Bone morphogenetic protein]]s (BMPs)
* Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
* Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
** [[Ciliary neurotrophic factor]] (CNTF)
** [[Leukemia inhibitory factor]] (LIF)
** [[Interleukin-6]] (IL-6)
* [[Colony-stimulating factor]]s
* [[Colony-stimulating factor]]s
** [[Macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (M-CSF)
** [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF)
** [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (GM-CSF)
* [[Epidermal growth factor]] (EGF)
* [[Epidermal growth factor]] (EGF)
* [[Ephrin]]s
* [[Ephrin]]s
** [[Ephrin A1]]
** [[Ephrin A2]]
** [[Ephrin A3]]
** [[Ephrin A4]]
** [[Ephrin A5]]
** [[Ephrin B1]]
** [[Ephrin B2]]
** [[Ephrin B3]]
* [[Erythropoietin]] (EPO)
* [[Erythropoietin]] (EPO)
* [[Fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF)
* [[Fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF)
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 1|Fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)]]
** [[Basic fibroblast growth factor|Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)]]
** [[FGF3|Fibroblast growth factor 3(FGF3)]]
** [[FGF4|Fibroblast growth factor 4(FGF4)]]
** [[FGF5|Fibroblast growth factor 5(FGF5)]]
** [[FGF6|Fibroblast growth factor 6(FGF6)]]
** [[FGF7|Fibroblast growth factor 7(FGF7]])
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 8|Fibroblast growth factor 8(FGF8)]]
** [[FGF9|Fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF9)]]
** [[FGF10|Fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10)]]
** [[FGF11|Fibroblast growth factor 11(FGF11)]]
** [[FGF12|Fibroblast growth factor 12(FGF12)]]
** [[FGF13|Fibroblast growth factor 13(FGF13)]]
** [[FGF14|Fibroblast growth factor 14(FGF14)]]
** [[FGF15|Fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF15)]]
** [[FGF16|Fibroblast growth factor 16(FGF16)]]
** [[FGF17|Fibroblast growth factor 17(FGF17)]]
** [[FGF18|Fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18)]]
** [[FGF19|Fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19)]]
** [[FGF20|Fibroblast growth factor 20(FGF20)]]
** [[FGF21|Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)]]
** [[FGF22|Fibroblast growth factor 22(FGF22)]]
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 23|Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)]]
* [[Bovine somatotropin|Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin]] (FBS)
* [[Bovine somatotropin|Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin]] (FBS)
* [[GDNF family of ligands]]
* [[GDNF family of ligands]]
** [[Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor]] (GDNF)
** [[Neurturin]]
** [[Persephin]]
** [[Artemin]]
* [[Growth differentiation factor-9]] (GDF9)
* [[Growth differentiation factor-9]] (GDF9)
* [[Hepatocyte growth factor]] (HGF)
* [[Hepatocyte growth factor]] (HGF)
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* [[Insulin]]
* [[Insulin]]
* [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s
* [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-1]] (IGF-1)
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-2]] (IGF-2)
*Interleukins
*Interleukins
** [[Interleukin 1 family|IL-1]]- Cofactor for IL-3 and IL-6. Activates T cells.
** [[Interleukin 2|IL-2]] – T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells.
** [[Interleukin 3|IL-3]] – Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells.
** [[Interleukin 4|IL-4]] – Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T cells, and mast cells.
** [[Interleukin 5|IL-5]] – Induces differentiation of activated B cells and eosinophils.
** [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]] – Stimulates Ig synthesis. Growth factor for plasma cells.
** [[Interleukin 7|IL-7]] – Growth factor for pre-B cells.
* [[Keratinocyte growth factor]] (KGF)
* [[Keratinocyte growth factor]] (KGF)
* [[PRG4|Migration-stimulating factor]] (MSF)
* [[PRG4|Migration-stimulating factor]] (MSF)
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* [[Myostatin]] (GDF-8)
* [[Myostatin]] (GDF-8)
* [[Neuregulin]]s
* [[Neuregulin]]s
** [[Neuregulin 1]] (NRG1)
** [[Neuregulin 2]] (NRG2)
** [[Neuregulin 3]] (NRG3)
** [[Neuregulin 4]] (NRG4)
* [[Neurotrophins]]
* [[Neurotrophins]]
** [[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor]] (BDNF)
** [[Nerve growth factor]] (NGF)
** [[Neurotrophin-3]] (NT-3)
** [[Neurotrophin-4]] (NT-4)
* [[Placental growth factor]] (PGF)
* [[Placental growth factor]] (PGF)
* [[Platelet-derived growth factor]] (PDGF)
* [[Platelet-derived growth factor]] (PDGF)
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* [[Thrombopoietin]] (TPO)
* [[Thrombopoietin]] (TPO)
* [[Transforming growth factor]]s
* [[Transforming growth factor]]s
** [[Transforming growth factor alpha]] (TGF-α)
** [[Transforming growth factor beta]] (TGF-β)
* [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] (TNF-α)
* [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] (TNF-α)
* [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF)
* [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF)
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== Uses in medicine ==
== Uses in medicine ==
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of [[hematology|hematologic]] and [[oncology|oncologic]] diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG | title = Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors | journal = Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 417–20 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7909429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaronson SA | title = Growth factors and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5035 | pages = 1146–53 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1659742 | doi = 10.1126/science.1659742 | bibcode = 1991Sci...254.1146A }}</ref> and cardiovascular diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E | title = Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21 | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 309 | issue = 6 | pages = H1029-38 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26232236 | pmc = 4747916 | doi = 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorenoi|first1=Vitali|last2=Brehm|first2=Michael U.|last3=Koch|first3=Armin|last4=Hagen|first4=Anja|date=2017|title=Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=6 |pages=CD011741|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28594443|pmc=6481523}}</ref> such as:
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of [[hematology|hematologic]] and [[oncology|oncologic]] diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG | title = Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors | journal = Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 417–20 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7909429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaronson SA | title = Growth factors and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5035 | pages = 1146–53 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1659742 | doi = 10.1126/science.1659742 | bibcode = 1991Sci...254.1146A }}</ref> and cardiovascular diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E | title = Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21 | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 309 | issue = 6 | pages = H1029-38 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26232236 | pmc = 4747916 | doi = 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorenoi|first1=Vitali|last2=Brehm|first2=Michael U.|last3=Koch|first3=Armin|last4=Hagen|first4=Anja|date=2017|title=Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=6 |article-number=CD011741|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28594443|pmc=6481523}}</ref> such as:


* [[skin wound healing and regeneration of other tissues such as bone]] (PDGF-BB)
* [[skin wound healing and regeneration of other tissues such as bone]] (PDGF-BB)