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'''Hydrology''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὕδωρ}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὕδωρ}})|water||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-λογία}}'' ({{grc-transl|[[-logy|-λογία]]}})|study of}}) is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the [[water cycle]], [[water resources]], and [[drainage basin]] sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a '''hydrologist'''. Hydrologists are scientists studying [[earth science|earth]] or [[environmental science]], [[civil engineering|civil]] or [[environmental engineering]], and [[physical geography]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web | '''Hydrology''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὕδωρ}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὕδωρ}})|water||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-λογία}}'' ({{grc-transl|[[-logy|-λογία]]}})|study of}}) is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the [[water cycle]], [[water resources]], and [[drainage basin]] sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a '''hydrologist'''. Hydrologists are scientists studying [[earth science|earth]] or [[environmental science]], [[civil engineering|civil]] or [[environmental engineering]], and [[physical geography]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web | ||
| url = | | url = https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html | ||
| title = What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? | | title = What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? | ||
| website = USA.gov | | website = USA.gov | ||
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* Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. | * Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. | ||
* [[Water resources]] management. | * [[Water resources]] management. | ||
* [[Water resources engineering]] - application of hydrological and hydraulic principles to the planning, development, and management of water resources for beneficial human use. It involves assessing water availability, quality, and demand; designing and operating water infrastructure; and implementing strategies for sustainable water management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineeringonline.ucr.edu/blog/what-is-water-resources-engineering/ |title=What is water resources engineering? |website= University of California Riverside |access-date=Aug 18, 2024}}</ref> | * [[Water resources engineering]] - application of hydrological and hydraulic principles to the planning, development, and management of water resources for beneficial human use. It involves assessing water availability, quality, and demand; designing and operating water infrastructure; and implementing strategies for sustainable water management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineeringonline.ucr.edu/blog/what-is-water-resources-engineering/ |title=What is water resources engineering? |website=University of California Riverside |access-date=Aug 18, 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130201732/https://engineeringonline.ucr.edu/blog/what-is-water-resources-engineering/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
{{no footnotes|section|date=April 2012}} | {{no footnotes|section|date=April 2012}} | ||
[[File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The Roman aqueduct at [[Caesarea Maritima]], bringing water from the wetter [[Mount Carmel|Carmel mountains]] to the settlement]] | [[File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The Roman aqueduct at [[Caesarea Maritima]], bringing water from the wetter [[Mount Carmel|Carmel mountains]] to the settlement]] | ||
Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. [[Ancient Egypt]]ians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Postel |first1=Sandra |date=1999 |others=Excerpted from ''Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?'' |title=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/nile.pdf |website=waterhistory.com |publisher=W.W. Norton}}</ref> [[Mesopotamia]]n towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. [[Aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts]] were built by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Romans|Romans]], while [[history of China|history]] shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in [[Sri Lanka]], also known for the invention of the [[ | Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. [[Ancient Egypt]]ians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Postel |first1=Sandra |date=1999 |others=Excerpted from ''Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?'' |title=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/nile.pdf |website=waterhistory.com |publisher=W.W. Norton}}</ref> [[Mesopotamia]]n towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. [[Aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts]] were built by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Romans|Romans]], while [[history of China|history]] shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in [[Sri Lanka]], also known for the invention of the [[Tank cascade system|valve pit (''bisokotuwas'')]] which allowed construction of large reservoirs, [[anicut]]s and canals which still function. | ||
[[Vitruvius|Marcus Vitruvius]], in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Kenneth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt3SAwAAQBAJ&q=marcus+vitruvius&pg=PT100 |title=The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts |last2=Lewin |first2=John |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4739-0895-6 |language=en}}</ref> With the adoption of a more scientific approach, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Bernard Palissy]] independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. | [[Vitruvius|Marcus Vitruvius]], in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Kenneth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt3SAwAAQBAJ&q=marcus+vitruvius&pg=PT100 |title=The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts |last2=Lewin |first2=John |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4739-0895-6 |language=en}}</ref> With the adoption of a more scientific approach, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Bernard Palissy]] independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. | ||
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Advances in the 18th century included the [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] [[piezometer]] and [[Bernoulli's equation]], by [[Daniel Bernoulli]], and the [[Pitot tube]], by [[Henri Pitot]]. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including [[Darcy's law]], the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and [[Hagen–Poiseuille equation|Hagen-Poiseuille]]'s capillary flow equation. | Advances in the 18th century included the [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] [[piezometer]] and [[Bernoulli's equation]], by [[Daniel Bernoulli]], and the [[Pitot tube]], by [[Henri Pitot]]. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including [[Darcy's law]], the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and [[Hagen–Poiseuille equation|Hagen-Poiseuille]]'s capillary flow equation. | ||
Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's [[unit hydrograph]], the infiltration theory of [[Robert E. Horton]], and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. | Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's [[unit hydrograph]], the infiltration theory of [[Robert E. Horton]], and [[C.V. Theis]]' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. | ||
Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially [[geographic information systems]] (GIS). (See also [[GIS and hydrology]]) | Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially [[geographic information systems]] (GIS). (See also [[GIS and hydrology]]) | ||
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=== Prediction === | === Prediction === | ||
Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make [[predictions]] of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Archibald|first1=J.A.|last2=Buchanan|first2=B.P.|last3=Fuka|first3=D.R.|last4=Georgakakos|first4=C.B.|last5=Lyon|first5=S.W.|last6=Walter|first6=M.T.|date=July 2014|title=A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=1|pages=74–91|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003|bibcode=2014JHyRS...1...74A |doi-access=free}}</ref> One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Hylke E.|last2=Pan|first2=Ming|last3=Lin|first3=Peirong|last4=Seibert|first4=Jan|last5=Dijk|first5=Albert I. J. M.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood|last6=Wood|first6=Eric F.|date=2020-09-16|title=Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=125|issue=17|doi=10.1029/2019JD031485|bibcode=2020JGRD..12531485B |issn=2169-897X|doi-access=free|hdl=1885/317576|hdl-access=free}}</ref> | Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make [[predictions]] of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Archibald|first1=J.A.|last2=Buchanan|first2=B.P.|last3=Fuka|first3=D.R.|last4=Georgakakos|first4=C.B.|last5=Lyon|first5=S.W.|last6=Walter|first6=M.T.|date=July 2014|title=A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=1|pages=74–91|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003|bibcode=2014JHyRS...1...74A |doi-access=free}}</ref> One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Hylke E.|last2=Pan|first2=Ming|last3=Lin|first3=Peirong|last4=Seibert|first4=Jan|last5=Dijk|first5=Albert I. J. M.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood|last6=Wood|first6=Eric F.|date=2020-09-16|title=Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=125|issue=17|article-number=e2019JD031485 |doi=10.1029/2019JD031485|bibcode=2020JGRD..12531485B |issn=2169-897X|doi-access=free|hdl=1885/317576|hdl-access=free}}</ref> | ||
=== Statistical hydrology === | === Statistical hydrology === | ||
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=== Basin- and catchment-wide overviews === | === Basin- and catchment-wide overviews === | ||
* Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au|title=Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)|publisher=University of New South Wales|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409231617/https://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/|archive-date=9 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia | * Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au|title=Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)|publisher=University of New South Wales|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409231617/https://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/|archive-date=9 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia | ||
* [[Murray–Darling basin|Murray Darling Basin]] Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|title = Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative|access-date = 19 June 2014|website = Australian Government, Department of the Environment|publisher = Australian Government|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140205175227/http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|archive-date = 5 February 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> | * [[Murray–Darling basin|Murray Darling Basin]] Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|title = Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative|access-date = 19 June 2014|website = Australian Government, Department of the Environment| date=8 May 2007 |publisher = Australian Government|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140205175227/http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|archive-date = 5 February 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
== Research journals == | == Research journals == | ||
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* ''Journal of Hydroinformatics'', {{ISSN|1464-7141}}, IWA Publishing | * ''Journal of Hydroinformatics'', {{ISSN|1464-7141}}, IWA Publishing | ||
* ''[[Journal of Hydrologic Engineering]]'', {{ISSN|0733-9496}}, [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] Publication | * ''[[Journal of Hydrologic Engineering]]'', {{ISSN|0733-9496}}, [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] Publication | ||
* ''[[Hydrological Sciences Journal]]'', {{ISSN|0262-6667}}, Taylor & Francis | |||
* ''[[Journal of Hydrology]]'' | * ''[[Journal of Hydrology]]'' | ||
* ''[[Water Research]]'' | * ''[[Water Research]]'' | ||