Hebrides: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Scottish island

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The '''Hebrides''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|b|r|ɪ|d|iː|z}} {{respell|HEB|rid|eez}}; {{langx|gd|Innse Gall}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈĩːʃə ˈkaul̪ˠ|pron}}; {{langx|non|Suðreyjar||Southern isles}}) are the largest [[archipelago]] in the United Kingdom, off the west coast of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the [[Inner Hebrides|Inner]] and [[Outer Hebrides]].

The '''Hebrides'''{{refn|group=Note|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|b|r|ɪ|d|iː|z}} {{respell|HEB|rid|eez}}; {{langx|gd|Innse Gall}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈĩːʃə ˈkaul̪ˠ|pron}}, lit. ''Islands of the Foreigners'', <small>i.e. in this context the [[Norsemen]]</small>; {{langx|non|Suðreyjar||Southern isles}}}} are the largest [[archipelago]] in the United Kingdom, off the west coast of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the [[Inner Hebrides|Inner]] and [[Outer Hebrides]].

These islands have a long history of occupation (dating back to the [[Mesolithic]] period), and the culture of the inhabitants has been successively influenced by the cultures of [[Celtic language|Celtic-speaking]], [[Old Norse language|Norse-speaking]], and [[English language|English-speaking]] peoples. This diversity is reflected in the various names given to the islands, which are derived from the different languages that have been spoken there at various points in their history.

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| ''{{lang|gd|Flodaigh}}''

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~~| [[Fraoch-eilean]]~~

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~~| Gaelic~~

~~| heather island~~

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~~| ''{{lang|gd|Fraoch-eilean}}''~~

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| Scalpay of Harray

| ''{{lang|gd|Sgalpaigh na Hearadh}}''

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| [[Seana Bhaile]]

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| Gaelic

| old township

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| ''{{lang|gd|Seana Bhaile}}''

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=== Prehistory ===

[[File:Callanish standing stones 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Callanish Stones|Callanish stone circle]]]]

The Hebrides were settled during the [[Mesolithic|Mesolithic era]] around 6500 BC or earlier, after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement. Occupation at a site on {{lang|gd|[[Rùm]]}} is dated to 8590 ±95 uncorrected radiocarbon years [[Before Present|BP]], which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.<ref>Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70.</ref><ref>Edwards, Kevin J., and Mithen, Steven (Feb. 1995) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/124921 "The Colonization of the Hebridean Islands of Western Scotland: Evidence from the Palynological and Archaeological Records,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124921 |date=22 December 2022 }} ''World Archaeology''. '''26'''. No. 3. p. 348. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> There are many examples of structures from the [[Neolithic]] period, the finest example being the [[Callanish Stones|standing stones at Callanish]], dating to the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>Li, Martin (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&pg=RA2-PA509 ''Adventure Guide to Scotland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&pg=RA2-PA509&lpg=RA2-PA509&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&source=web&ots=4EAMDPGS3e&sig=Q1uZ5xEkW2iVuWhI2iBLPb8clH8 |date=22 December 2022 }}. Hunter Publishing. p. 509.</ref> [[Cladh Hallan]], a [[Bronze Age]] settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric [[Mummy|mummies]] have been found.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology~~/excavations_techniques~~/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml "Mummification in Bronze Age Britain"] ~~{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128141100/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/excavations_techniques/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml |date=28 January 2011 }}~~ BBC History. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at Cladh Hallan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125060538/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan |date=25 November 2016 }}. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 February 2008.</ref>

The Hebrides were settled during the [[Mesolithic|Mesolithic era]] around 6500 BC or earlier, after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement. Occupation at a site on {{lang|gd|[[Rùm]]}} is dated to 8590 ±95 uncorrected radiocarbon years [[Before Present|BP]], which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.<ref>Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70.</ref><ref>Edwards, Kevin J., and Mithen, Steven (Feb. 1995) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/124921 "The Colonization of the Hebridean Islands of Western Scotland: Evidence from the Palynological and Archaeological Records,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124921 |date=22 December 2022 }} ''World Archaeology''. '''26'''. No. 3. p. 348. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> There are many examples of structures from the [[Neolithic]] period, the finest example being the [[Callanish Stones|standing stones at Callanish]], dating to the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>Li, Martin (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&pg=RA2-PA509 ''Adventure Guide to Scotland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&pg=RA2-PA509&lpg=RA2-PA509&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&source=web&ots=4EAMDPGS3e&sig=Q1uZ5xEkW2iVuWhI2iBLPb8clH8 |date=22 December 2022 }}. Hunter Publishing. p. 509.</ref> [[Cladh Hallan]], a [[Bronze Age]] settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric [[Mummy|mummies]] have been found.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml "Mummification in Bronze Age Britain"] BBC History. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at Cladh Hallan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125060538/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan |date=25 November 2016 }}. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 February 2008.</ref>

=== Celtic era ===

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North of Dál Riata, the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under [[Picts|Pictish]] control, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King [[Bridei I of the Picts]] in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence."<ref name=Hunt44>Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49.</ref>

=== ~~Norwegian~~ control ===

=== Norse control ===

[[File:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg|thumb|right|The [[Kingdom of the Isles]] about the year 1100]]

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For those who remained, new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism.<ref>Hunter (2000) p. 292.</ref> Nonetheless, emigration and military service became the choice of many<ref>Hunter (2000) p. 343.</ref> and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th century and for much of the 20th century.<ref>Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) p. 169.</ref><ref>Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 47, 87.</ref> Lengthy periods of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the smaller islands were abandoned.<ref>Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 57, 99.</ref>

There were, however, continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [[blackhouse]] with accommodation of a more modern design<ref>[http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm "Blackhouses"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119035350/http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm |date=19 January 2010 }}. isle-of-lewis.com Retrieved 17 January 2011.</ref> and with the assistance of [[Highlands and Islands Enterprise]] many of the islands' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.<ref name=GRO/> The discovery of substantial deposits of [[North Sea oil]] in 1965 and the [[renewable energy in Scotland|renewables sector]] have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. For example, the [[Arnish yard]] has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.<ref>{{cite news |url=~~http~~://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7136490.stm |title=Yard wins biggest wind tower job |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref>

There were, however, continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [[blackhouse]] with accommodation of a more modern design<ref>[http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm "Blackhouses"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119035350/http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm |date=19 January 2010 }}. isle-of-lewis.com Retrieved 17 January 2011.</ref> and with the assistance of [[Highlands and Islands Enterprise]] many of the islands' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.<ref name=GRO/> The discovery of substantial deposits of [[North Sea oil]] in 1965 and the [[renewable energy in Scotland|renewables sector]] have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. For example, the [[Arnish yard]] has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7136490.stm |title=Yard wins biggest wind tower job |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref>

The widespread immigration of mainlanders, particularly non-Gaelic speakers, has been a subject of controversy.<ref name="academia">{{citation |jstor=20622703 |title=Ideology, Affect, and Socialization in Language Shift and Revitalization: The Experiences of Adults Learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland |url=https://www.academia.edu/367456 |last1=McEwan-Fujita |first1=Emily |journal=Language in Society |year=2010 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=27–64 |doi=10.1017/S0047404509990649 |s2cid=145694600}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles Jedrej |author2=Mark Nuttall |title=White Settlers: Impact/Cultural |date=1996 |page=117 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXbdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |access-date=25 January 2017 |isbn=9781134368501}}</ref>

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===Music===

[[File:Scotland-Staffa-Fingals-Cave-1900.jpg|right|thumb|Entrance to [[Fingal's Cave]], [[Staffa]]]]

Many contemporary Gaelic musicians have roots in the Hebrides, including vocalist and multi-instrumentalist [[Julie Fowlis]] (North Uist),<ref name="Thistle">{{cite web |title=Julie Fowlis |work=Thistle and Shamrock |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=22 May 2013 |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/05/24/186500705/thistle-and-shamrock-julie-fowlis |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> [[Catherine-Ann MacPhee]] (Barra), [[Kathleen MacInnes]] of the band [[Capercaillie (band)|Capercaillie]] (South Uist), and [[Ishbel MacAskill]] (Lewis). All of these singers have composed their own music in Scottish Gaelic, with much of their repertoire stemming from Hebridean vocal traditions, such as ''{{lang|gd|[[puirt à beul]]}}'' ("mouth music", similar to Irish [[lilting]]) and ''{{lang|gd|òrain luaidh}}'' ([[waulking song]]s). This tradition includes many songs composed by little-known or anonymous poets, well-before the 1800s, such as "{{lang|gd|[[Fear a' bhàta]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Ailein duinn]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Hùg Air A' Bhonaid Mhòir|Hùg air a' bhonaid mhòir]]}}" and "{{lang|gd|[[Alasdair Mac Colla#Alasdair Mac Colla|Alasdair mhic Cholla Ghasda]]}}". Several of [[Runrig]]'s songs are inspired by the archipelago; Calum and {{lang|gd|Ruaraidh Dòmhnallach}} were raised on North Uist<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=1069730|name=Calum MacDonald}}. Retrieved 15 April 2017.</ref> and Donnie Munro on Skye.<ref>[http://www.donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm "Donnie Munro: Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530191658/http://donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm |date=30 May 2014}} donniemunro.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>

Many contemporary Gaelic musicians have roots in the Hebrides, including vocalist and multi-instrumentalist [[Julie Fowlis]] (North Uist),<ref name="Thistle">{{cite web |title=Julie Fowlis |work=Thistle and Shamrock |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=22 May 2013 |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/05/24/186500705/thistle-and-shamrock-julie-fowlis |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> [[Catherine-Ann MacPhee]] (Barra), [[Gillebrìde MacMillan]] (South Uist), [[Kathleen MacInnes]] of the band [[Capercaillie (band)|Capercaillie]] (South Uist), and [[Ishbel MacAskill]] (Lewis). All of these singers have composed their own music in Scottish Gaelic, with much of their repertoire stemming from Hebridean vocal traditions, such as ''{{lang|gd|[[puirt à beul]]}}'' ("mouth music", similar to Irish [[lilting]]) and ''{{lang|gd|òrain luaidh}}'' ([[waulking song]]s). This tradition includes many songs composed by little-known or anonymous poets, well-before the 1800s, such as "{{lang|gd|[[Fear a' bhàta]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Ailein duinn]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Hùg Air A' Bhonaid Mhòir|Hùg air a' bhonaid mhòir]]}}" and "{{lang|gd|[[Alasdair Mac Colla#Alasdair Mac Colla|Alasdair mhic Cholla Ghasda]]}}". Several of [[Runrig]]'s songs are inspired by the archipelago; Calum and {{lang|gd|Ruaraidh Dòmhnallach}} were raised on North Uist<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=1069730|name=Calum MacDonald}}. Retrieved 15 April 2017.</ref> and Donnie Munro on Skye.<ref>[http://www.donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm "Donnie Munro: Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530191658/http://donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm |date=30 May 2014}} donniemunro.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>

===Literature===

The Gaelic poet {{lang|gd|[[Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair]]}} spent much of his life in the Hebrides and often referred to them in his poetry, including in ''{{lang|gd|[[An Airce]]}}'' and ''{{lang|gd|[[Birlinn Chlann Raghnaill]]}}''.<ref>[[John Lorne Campbell]], "[[Canna, Scotland|Canna]]: The Story of a Hebridean Island," [[Oxford University Press]], 1984, pages 104–105.</ref> The best known Gaelic poet of her era, {{lang|gd|Màiri Mhòr nan Òran}} ([[Mary MacPherson]], 1821–98), embodied the spirit of the land agitation of the 1870s and 1880s. This, and her powerful evocation of the Hebrides—she was from Skye—has made her among the most enduring Gaelic poets.<ref name=MacDonald2001pp255-7>J. MacDonald, "Gaelic literature" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 255–7.</ref> [[Allan MacDonald (poet)|Allan MacDonald]] (1859–1905), who spent his adult life on [[Eriskay]] and [[South Uist]], composed hymns and verse in honour of the Blessed Virgin, the Christ Child, and the Eucharist. In his secular poetry, MacDonald praised the beauty of Eriskay and its people. In his [[verse drama]], ''{{lang|gd|Parlamaid nan Cailleach}}'' (''The Old Wives' Parliament''), he lampooned the gossiping of his female parishioners and local marriage customs.<ref>''School of Scottish Studies''. (1967) University of Edinburgh. '''11–12''' p. 109.</ref>

In the 20th century, [[Murdo Macfarlane]] of Lewis wrote ''{{lang|gd|[[Cànan nan Gàidheal]]}}'', a well-known poem about the Gaelic revival in the Outer Hebrides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Làrach nam Bàrd |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk~~/scotland~~/alba/foghlam/larachnambard/am_bard/~~murchadh_macpharlain.shtml~~ |publisher=[[BBC Alba]]}}</ref> [[Sorley MacLean]], the most respected 20th-century Gaelic writer, was born and raised on [[Raasay]], where he set his best known poem, ''{{lang|gd|[[Hallaig]]}}'', about the devastating effect of the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>[~~http~~://~~books~~.~~guardian~~.~~co.uk~~/~~departments~~/~~poetry~~/~~story~~/~~0,6000,850690,00~~.~~html~~ MacLean, Sorley (1954) ''Hallaig''] ~~{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830060812/http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/poetry/story/0,6000,850690,00.html |date=30 August 2008 }}~~. Gairm magazine. Translation by Seamus Heaney (2002). Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</ref> {{lang|gd|[[Angus Peter Campbell|Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul]]}}, raised on South Uist and described by MacLean as "one of the few really significant living poets in Scotland, writing in any language" ([[West Highland Free Press]], October 1992)<ref name="anguspetercampbell">{{cite web |url=http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |publisher=[[Angus Peter Campbell]] |title=Angus Peter Campbell | Aonghas Phadraig Caimbeul – Fiosrachadh/Biog |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171923/http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |url-status=dead}}</ref> wrote the Scottish Gaelic-language novel ''{{lang|gd|[[An Oidhche Mus do Sheòl Sinn]]}}'' which was voted in the Top Ten of the 100 Best-Ever Books from Scotland.

In the 20th century, [[Murdo Macfarlane]] of Lewis wrote ''{{lang|gd|[[Cànan nan Gàidheal]]}}'', a well-known poem about the Gaelic revival in the Outer Hebrides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Làrach nam Bàrd |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/foghlam/larachnambard/poets/murchadh_macpharlain/am_bard/ |publisher=[[BBC Alba]]}}</ref> [[Sorley MacLean]], the most respected 20th-century Gaelic writer, was born and raised on [[Raasay]], where he set his best known poem, ''{{lang|gd|[[Hallaig]]}}'', about the devastating effect of the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/30/featuresreviews.guardianreview35 MacLean, Sorley (1954) ''Hallaig''] . Gairm magazine. Translation by Seamus Heaney (2002). Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</ref> {{lang|gd|[[Angus Peter Campbell|Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul]]}}, raised on South Uist and described by MacLean as "one of the few really significant living poets in Scotland, writing in any language" ([[West Highland Free Press]], October 1992)<ref name="anguspetercampbell">{{cite web |url=http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |publisher=[[Angus Peter Campbell]] |title=Angus Peter Campbell | Aonghas Phadraig Caimbeul – Fiosrachadh/Biog |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171923/http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |url-status=dead}}</ref> wrote the Scottish Gaelic-language novel ''{{lang|gd|[[An Oidhche Mus do Sheòl Sinn]]}}'' which was voted in the Top Ten of the 100 Best-Ever Books from Scotland.

Virginia Woolf's ''To The Lighthouse'' is set on the Isle of Skye, part of the Inner Hebrides.

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*The 1973 British horror film ''[[The Wicker Man (1973 film)|The Wicker Man]]'' is set on the fictional Hebridean island of Summerisle.<ref>[http://www.steve-p.org/wm/ "The various versions of The Wicker Man"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512082427/http://www.steve-p.org/wm/ |date=12 May 2013 }}. Steve Philips. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</ref>

*The 2011 British romantic comedy ''[[The Decoy Bride]]'' is set on the fictional Hebrides island of Hegg.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q3545595|title=The Decoy Bride}}</ref>

*''Hebrides Suite'' is a 4-movement suite composed by [[Clare Grundman]]. It is written for [[concert band]] and is based on the folk music of the Hebrides Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HalLeonard.com |title=Hebrides Suite - Score and Parts Hal Leonard Online |url=https://www.halleonard.com/product/48006403/hebrides-suite |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Hal Leonard Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hebrides Suite Concert Band Sheet Music {{!}} J.W. Pepper |url=https://www.jwpepper.com/hebrides-suite-150128/p |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.jwpepper.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Natural history==

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*[http://www.virtualhebrides.com/ Hebrides/Western Isles Guide]

*[http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE] (selection of archive films about the Hebrides)

*[http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231451/http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E |date=3 September 2015 }} (selection of archive films about the Hebrides)

*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hebrides, The|short=x}}

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 {{good article}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
+{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
 {{Infobox Scottish island
 | GridReference= NF 96507 00992
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 }}
-The '''Hebrides''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|b|r|ɪ|d|iː|z}} {{respell|HEB|rid|eez}}; {{langx|gd|Innse Gall}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈĩːʃə ˈkaul̪ˠ|pron}}; {{langx|non|Suðreyjar||Southern isles}}) are the largest [[archipelago]] in the United Kingdom, off the west coast of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the [[Inner Hebrides|Inner]] and [[Outer Hebrides]].
+The '''Hebrides'''{{refn|group=Note|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|b|r|ɪ|d|iː|z}} {{respell|HEB|rid|eez}}; {{langx|gd|Innse Gall}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈĩːʃə ˈkaul̪ˠ|pron}}, lit. ''Islands of the Foreigners'', <small>i.e. in this context the [[Norsemen]]</small>; {{langx|non|Suðreyjar||Southern isles}}}} are the largest [[archipelago]] in the United Kingdom, off the west coast of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the [[Inner Hebrides|Inner]] and [[Outer Hebrides]].
 These islands have a long history of occupation (dating back to the [[Mesolithic]] period), and the culture of the inhabitants has been successively influenced by the cultures of [[Celtic language|Celtic-speaking]], [[Old Norse language|Norse-speaking]], and [[English language|English-speaking]] peoples. This diversity is reflected in the various names given to the islands, which are derived from the different languages that have been spoken there at various points in their history.
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 | ''{{lang|gd|Flodaigh}}''
 |
-|-
-| [[Fraoch-eilean]]
-|
-| Gaelic
-| heather island
-|
-| ''{{lang|gd|Fraoch-eilean}}''
 |
 |-
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 | Scalpay of Harray
 | ''{{lang|gd|Sgalpaigh na Hearadh}}''
+|-
+| [[Seana Bhaile]]
+|
+| Gaelic
+| old township
+|
+| ''{{lang|gd|Seana Bhaile}}''
 |
 |-
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 === Prehistory ===
 [[File:Callanish standing stones 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Callanish Stones|Callanish stone circle]]]]
-The Hebrides were settled during the [[Mesolithic|Mesolithic era]] around 6500&nbsp;BC or earlier, after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement. Occupation at a site on {{lang|gd|[[Rùm]]}} is dated to 8590 ±95 uncorrected radiocarbon years [[Before Present|BP]], which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.<ref>Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70.</ref><ref>Edwards, Kevin J., and Mithen, Steven (Feb. 1995) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/124921 "The Colonization of the Hebridean Islands of Western Scotland: Evidence from the Palynological and Archaeological Records,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124921 |date=22 December 2022 }} ''World Archaeology''. '''26'''. No. 3. p. 348. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> There are many examples of structures from the [[Neolithic]] period, the finest example being the [[Callanish Stones|standing stones at Callanish]], dating to the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>Li, Martin (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&pg=RA2-PA509 ''Adventure Guide to Scotland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&pg=RA2-PA509&lpg=RA2-PA509&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&source=web&ots=4EAMDPGS3e&sig=Q1uZ5xEkW2iVuWhI2iBLPb8clH8 |date=22 December 2022 }}. Hunter Publishing. p. 509.</ref> [[Cladh Hallan]], a [[Bronze Age]] settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric [[Mummy|mummies]] have been found.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/excavations_techniques/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml "Mummification in Bronze Age Britain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128141100/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/excavations_techniques/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml |date=28 January 2011 }} BBC History. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at Cladh Hallan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125060538/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan |date=25 November 2016 }}. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 February 2008.</ref>
+The Hebrides were settled during the [[Mesolithic|Mesolithic era]] around 6500&nbsp;BC or earlier, after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement. Occupation at a site on {{lang|gd|[[Rùm]]}} is dated to 8590 ±95 uncorrected radiocarbon years [[Before Present|BP]], which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.<ref>Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70.</ref><ref>Edwards, Kevin J., and Mithen, Steven (Feb. 1995) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/124921 "The Colonization of the Hebridean Islands of Western Scotland: Evidence from the Palynological and Archaeological Records,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124921 |date=22 December 2022 }} ''World Archaeology''. '''26'''. No. 3. p. 348. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> There are many examples of structures from the [[Neolithic]] period, the finest example being the [[Callanish Stones|standing stones at Callanish]], dating to the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>Li, Martin (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&pg=RA2-PA509 ''Adventure Guide to Scotland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKvBKzuwuo8C&pg=RA2-PA509&lpg=RA2-PA509&dq=date+of+callanish+stones&source=web&ots=4EAMDPGS3e&sig=Q1uZ5xEkW2iVuWhI2iBLPb8clH8 |date=22 December 2022 }}. Hunter Publishing. p. 509.</ref> [[Cladh Hallan]], a [[Bronze Age]] settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric [[Mummy|mummies]] have been found.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/mummies_cladhhallan_01.shtml "Mummification in Bronze Age Britain"]  BBC History. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan "The Prehistoric Village at Cladh Hallan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125060538/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/cladh-hallan |date=25 November 2016 }}. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 February 2008.</ref>
 === Celtic era ===
@@ Line 611: / Line 611: @@
 North of Dál Riata, the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under [[Picts|Pictish]] control, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King [[Bridei I of the Picts]] in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence."<ref name=Hunt44>Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49.</ref>
-=== Norwegian control ===
+=== Norse control ===
 [[File:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg|thumb|right|The [[Kingdom of the Isles]] about the year 1100]]
 {{main|Kingdom of the Isles}}
@@ Line 650: / Line 650: @@
 For those who remained, new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism.<ref>Hunter (2000) p. 292.</ref> Nonetheless, emigration and military service became the choice of many<ref>Hunter (2000) p. 343.</ref> and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th century and for much of the 20th century.<ref>Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) p. 169.</ref><ref>Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 47, 87.</ref> Lengthy periods of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the smaller islands were abandoned.<ref>Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 57, 99.</ref>
-There were, however, continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [[blackhouse]] with accommodation of a more modern design<ref>[http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm "Blackhouses"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119035350/http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm |date=19 January 2010 }}. isle-of-lewis.com Retrieved 17 January 2011.</ref> and with the assistance of [[Highlands and Islands Enterprise]] many of the islands' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.<ref name=GRO/> The discovery of substantial deposits of [[North Sea oil]] in 1965 and the [[renewable energy in Scotland|renewables sector]] have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. For example, the [[Arnish yard]] has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7136490.stm |title=Yard wins biggest wind tower job |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref>
+There were, however, continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [[blackhouse]] with accommodation of a more modern design<ref>[http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm "Blackhouses"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119035350/http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/history/blackhouses.htm |date=19 January 2010 }}. isle-of-lewis.com Retrieved 17 January 2011.</ref> and with the assistance of [[Highlands and Islands Enterprise]] many of the islands' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.<ref name=GRO/> The discovery of substantial deposits of [[North Sea oil]] in 1965 and the [[renewable energy in Scotland|renewables sector]] have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. For example, the [[Arnish yard]] has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7136490.stm |title=Yard wins biggest wind tower job |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref>
 The widespread immigration of mainlanders, particularly non-Gaelic speakers, has been a subject of controversy.<ref name="academia">{{citation |jstor=20622703 |title=Ideology, Affect, and Socialization in Language Shift and Revitalization: The Experiences of Adults Learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland |url=https://www.academia.edu/367456 |last1=McEwan-Fujita |first1=Emily |journal=Language in Society |year=2010 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=27–64 |doi=10.1017/S0047404509990649 |s2cid=145694600}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles Jedrej |author2=Mark Nuttall |title=White Settlers: Impact/Cultural |date=1996 |page=117 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXbdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |access-date=25 January 2017 |isbn=9781134368501}}</ref>
@@ Line 659: / Line 659: @@
 ===Music===
 [[File:Scotland-Staffa-Fingals-Cave-1900.jpg|right|thumb|Entrance to [[Fingal's Cave]], [[Staffa]]]]
-Many contemporary Gaelic musicians have roots in the Hebrides, including vocalist and multi-instrumentalist [[Julie Fowlis]] (North Uist),<ref name="Thistle">{{cite web |title=Julie Fowlis |work=Thistle and Shamrock |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=22 May 2013 |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/05/24/186500705/thistle-and-shamrock-julie-fowlis |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> [[Catherine-Ann MacPhee]] (Barra), [[Kathleen MacInnes]] of the band [[Capercaillie (band)|Capercaillie]] (South Uist), and [[Ishbel MacAskill]] (Lewis). All of these singers have composed their own music in Scottish Gaelic, with much of their repertoire stemming from Hebridean vocal traditions, such as ''{{lang|gd|[[puirt à beul]]}}'' ("mouth music", similar to Irish [[lilting]]) and ''{{lang|gd|òrain luaidh}}'' ([[waulking song]]s). This tradition includes many songs composed by little-known or anonymous poets, well-before the 1800s, such as "{{lang|gd|[[Fear a' bhàta]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Ailein duinn]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Hùg Air A' Bhonaid Mhòir|Hùg air a' bhonaid mhòir]]}}" and "{{lang|gd|[[Alasdair Mac Colla#Alasdair Mac Colla|Alasdair mhic Cholla Ghasda]]}}". Several of [[Runrig]]'s songs are inspired by the archipelago; Calum and {{lang|gd|Ruaraidh Dòmhnallach}} were raised on North Uist<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=1069730|name=Calum MacDonald}}. Retrieved 15 April 2017.</ref> and Donnie Munro on Skye.<ref>[http://www.donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm "Donnie Munro: Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530191658/http://donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm |date=30 May 2014}} donniemunro.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>
+Many contemporary Gaelic musicians have roots in the Hebrides, including vocalist and multi-instrumentalist [[Julie Fowlis]] (North Uist),<ref name="Thistle">{{cite web |title=Julie Fowlis |work=Thistle and Shamrock |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=22 May 2013 |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/05/24/186500705/thistle-and-shamrock-julie-fowlis |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> [[Catherine-Ann MacPhee]] (Barra), [[Gillebrìde MacMillan]] (South Uist), [[Kathleen MacInnes]] of the band [[Capercaillie (band)|Capercaillie]] (South Uist), and [[Ishbel MacAskill]] (Lewis). All of these singers have composed their own music in Scottish Gaelic, with much of their repertoire stemming from Hebridean vocal traditions, such as ''{{lang|gd|[[puirt à beul]]}}'' ("mouth music", similar to Irish [[lilting]]) and ''{{lang|gd|òrain luaidh}}'' ([[waulking song]]s). This tradition includes many songs composed by little-known or anonymous poets, well-before the 1800s, such as "{{lang|gd|[[Fear a' bhàta]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Ailein duinn]]}}", "{{lang|gd|[[Hùg Air A' Bhonaid Mhòir|Hùg air a' bhonaid mhòir]]}}" and "{{lang|gd|[[Alasdair Mac Colla#Alasdair Mac Colla|Alasdair mhic Cholla Ghasda]]}}". Several of [[Runrig]]'s songs are inspired by the archipelago; Calum and {{lang|gd|Ruaraidh Dòmhnallach}} were raised on North Uist<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=1069730|name=Calum MacDonald}}. Retrieved 15 April 2017.</ref> and Donnie Munro on Skye.<ref>[http://www.donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm "Donnie Munro: Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530191658/http://donniemunro.co.uk/bio.htm |date=30 May 2014}} donniemunro.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>
 ===Literature===
 The Gaelic poet {{lang|gd|[[Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair]]}} spent much of his life in the Hebrides and often referred to them in his poetry, including in ''{{lang|gd|[[An Airce]]}}'' and ''{{lang|gd|[[Birlinn Chlann Raghnaill]]}}''.<ref>[[John Lorne Campbell]], "[[Canna, Scotland|Canna]]: The Story of a Hebridean Island," [[Oxford University Press]], 1984, pages 104–105.</ref> The best known Gaelic poet of her era, {{lang|gd|Màiri Mhòr nan Òran}} ([[Mary MacPherson]], 1821–98), embodied the spirit of the land agitation of the 1870s and 1880s. This, and her powerful evocation of the Hebrides—she was from Skye—has made her among the most enduring Gaelic poets.<ref name=MacDonald2001pp255-7>J. MacDonald, "Gaelic literature" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp.&nbsp;255–7.</ref> [[Allan MacDonald (poet)|Allan MacDonald]] (1859–1905), who spent his adult life on [[Eriskay]] and [[South Uist]], composed hymns and verse in honour of the Blessed Virgin, the Christ Child, and the Eucharist. In his secular poetry, MacDonald praised the beauty of Eriskay and its people. In his [[verse drama]], ''{{lang|gd|Parlamaid nan Cailleach}}'' (''The Old Wives' Parliament''), he lampooned the gossiping of his female parishioners and local marriage customs.<ref>''School of Scottish Studies''. (1967) University of Edinburgh. '''11–12''' p. 109.</ref>
-In the 20th century, [[Murdo Macfarlane]] of Lewis wrote ''{{lang|gd|[[Cànan nan Gàidheal]]}}'', a well-known poem about the Gaelic revival in the Outer Hebrides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Làrach nam Bàrd |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/alba/foghlam/larachnambard/am_bard/murchadh_macpharlain.shtml |publisher=[[BBC Alba]]}}</ref> [[Sorley MacLean]], the most respected 20th-century Gaelic writer, was born and raised on [[Raasay]], where he set his best known poem, ''{{lang|gd|[[Hallaig]]}}'', about the devastating effect of the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/poetry/story/0,6000,850690,00.html MacLean, Sorley (1954) ''Hallaig''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830060812/http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/poetry/story/0,6000,850690,00.html |date=30 August 2008 }}. Gairm magazine. Translation by Seamus Heaney (2002). Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</ref> {{lang|gd|[[Angus Peter Campbell|Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul]]}}, raised on South Uist and described by MacLean as "one of the few really significant living poets in Scotland, writing in any language" ([[West Highland Free Press]], October 1992)<ref name="anguspetercampbell">{{cite web |url=http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |publisher=[[Angus Peter Campbell]] |title=Angus Peter Campbell &#124; Aonghas Phadraig Caimbeul – Fiosrachadh/Biog |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171923/http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |url-status=dead}}</ref> wrote the Scottish Gaelic-language novel ''{{lang|gd|[[An Oidhche Mus do Sheòl Sinn]]}}'' which was voted in the Top Ten of the 100 Best-Ever Books from Scotland.
+In the 20th century, [[Murdo Macfarlane]] of Lewis wrote ''{{lang|gd|[[Cànan nan Gàidheal]]}}'', a well-known poem about the Gaelic revival in the Outer Hebrides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Làrach nam Bàrd |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/foghlam/larachnambard/poets/murchadh_macpharlain/am_bard/ |publisher=[[BBC Alba]]}}</ref> [[Sorley MacLean]], the most respected 20th-century Gaelic writer, was born and raised on [[Raasay]], where he set his best known poem, ''{{lang|gd|[[Hallaig]]}}'', about the devastating effect of the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/30/featuresreviews.guardianreview35 MacLean, Sorley (1954) ''Hallaig''] . Gairm magazine. Translation by Seamus Heaney (2002). Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</ref> {{lang|gd|[[Angus Peter Campbell|Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul]]}}, raised on South Uist and described by MacLean as "one of the few really significant living poets in Scotland, writing in any language" ([[West Highland Free Press]], October 1992)<ref name="anguspetercampbell">{{cite web |url=http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |publisher=[[Angus Peter Campbell]] |title=Angus Peter Campbell &#124; Aonghas Phadraig Caimbeul – Fiosrachadh/Biog |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171923/http://www.anguspetercampbell.co.uk/biography |url-status=dead}}</ref> wrote the Scottish Gaelic-language novel ''{{lang|gd|[[An Oidhche Mus do Sheòl Sinn]]}}'' which was voted in the Top Ten of the 100 Best-Ever Books from Scotland.
 Virginia Woolf's ''To The Lighthouse'' is set on the Isle of Skye, part of the Inner Hebrides.
@@ Line 684: / Line 684: @@
 *The 1973 British horror film ''[[The Wicker Man (1973 film)|The Wicker Man]]'' is set on the fictional Hebridean island of Summerisle.<ref>[http://www.steve-p.org/wm/ "The various versions of The Wicker Man"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512082427/http://www.steve-p.org/wm/ |date=12 May 2013 }}. Steve Philips. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</ref>
 *The 2011 British romantic comedy ''[[The Decoy Bride]]'' is set on the fictional Hebrides island of Hegg.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q3545595|title=The Decoy Bride}}</ref>
+*''Hebrides Suite'' is a 4-movement suite composed by [[Clare Grundman]]. It is written for [[concert band]] and is based on the folk music of the Hebrides Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HalLeonard.com |title=Hebrides Suite - Score and Parts Hal Leonard Online |url=https://www.halleonard.com/product/48006403/hebrides-suite |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Hal Leonard Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hebrides Suite Concert Band Sheet Music {{!}} J.W. Pepper |url=https://www.jwpepper.com/hebrides-suite-150128/p |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.jwpepper.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Natural history==
@@ Line 760: / Line 761: @@
 *[http://www.virtualhebrides.com/ Hebrides/Western Isles Guide]
-*[http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE] (selection of archive films about the Hebrides)
+*[http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231451/http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=hebrides&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E |date=3 September 2015 }} (selection of archive films about the Hebrides)
 *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hebrides, The|short=x}}

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