International Classification of Diseases: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|International standard diagnostic tool}}

{{Redirect|ICD}}

The ICD is part of [[Medical classification#WHO Family of International Classifications|a "family" of international classifications]] (WHOFIC) that complement each other, including the following classifications:

== Early history ==

{{More citations needed section|date=July 2017}}

A number of countries adopted Bertillon's system, which was based on the principle of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site, as used by the City of Paris for classifying deaths. Subsequent revisions represented a synthesis of English, German, and Swiss classifications, expanding from the original 44 titles to 161 titles.  

The revisions that followed contained minor changes. Responsibility for ICD revisions fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the ISI and the Health Organization of the [[League of Nations]].  

===ICD-6===

In 1948, the WHO assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhavoronkov |first1=Alex |last2=Bhullar |first2=Bhupinder |date=2015-11-04 |title=Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11 |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=6 |page=326 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00326 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=4631811 |pmid=26583032 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (It later became clear that the established ten year interval between revisions was too short.)

==== ICDA-8 (United States) ====

===ICD-9{{Anchor|ICDM 9|ICDM-9}}===

* [[ICD-10-PCS]], for [[procedure codes]], replaces volume 3. Annual updates are provided.

Revisions to ICD-10-CM Include:

{{Main|ICD-11}}

[[File:ICD-11 Beta browser icon.png|frameless|right]]

For the ICD-11, the WHO decided to differentiate between the core of the system and its derived specialty versions, such as the [[ICD-O]] for [[oncology]]. As such, the collection of all ICD entities is called the Foundation Component. From this common core, subsets can be derived. The primary derivative of the Foundation is called the ICD-11 MMS, and it is this system that is commonly referred to and recognized as "the ICD-11".<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Christopher G. | last=Chute | date=2018 | title=The rendering of human phenotype and rare diseases in ICD-11 | journal=[[Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease]] | volume=41 | issue=3 | pages=563–569 | doi=10.1007/s10545-018-0172-5 | pmid=29600497 | pmc=5959961 | quote=<small>The primary linearization, and the one most users will recognize and likely believe is "the ICD-11", is the Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS) linearization.</small>| doi-access=free }}</ref> MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics.

ICD-11 comes with an implementation package that includes transition tables from and to ICD-10, a translation tool, a coding tool, web-services, the [[ICD-11 CDDR]] (a DSM-like manual for Chapter 06), training material, and more.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Semantic Alignment between ICD-11 and SNOMED CT |journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics |volume=216 |issue=MEDINFO 2015: eHealth–enabled Health |doi=10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-790 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281449994 |language=en|year=2015 |author1=Rodrigues Jean-Marie |author2=Robinson David |author3=Della Mea Vincenzo |author4=Campbell James |author5=Rector Alan |author6=Schulz Stefan |author7=Brear Hazel |author8=Üstün Bedirhan |author9=Spackman Kent |author10=Chute Christopher G |author11=Millar Jane |author12=Solbrig Harold |author13=Brand Persson Kristina }}</ref> All tools are accessible after self-registration from the [https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en Maintenance Platform].

== Usage in the United States ==

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== Usage in the European Union ==

==Mental health conditions==

As part of the development of the ICD-11, WHO established an "International Advisory Group" to guide what would become the chapter on "Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders".<ref name="Cochran-2014">{{cite journal|title = Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems'' (ICD-11)|first1 = Susan D.|last1 = Cochran|first2 = Jack|last2 = Drescher|author-link2 = Jack Drescher|first3 = Eszter|last3 = Kismödi|first4 = Alain|last4 = Giami|first5 = Claudia|last5 = García-Moreno|first6 = Elham|last6 = Atalla|first7 = Adele|last7 = Marais|first8 = Elisabeth|last8 = Meloni Vieira|first9 = Geoffrey M.|last9 = Reed|journal = [[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]]|year = 2014|volume = 92|issue = 9|pages = 672–679|doi = 10.2471/BLT.14.135541|pmid = 25378758|pmc = 4208576}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics {{!}} Chapter 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054 |website=icd.who.int |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> The working group proposed that ICD-11 should declassify the categories within ICD-10 at "F66 Psychological and behavioural disorders that are associated with sexual development and orientation".<ref name="Cochran-2014" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-10 Version:2019 |url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F66.2 |website=icd.who.int |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> The group reported to WHO that there was "no evidence" these classifications were clinically useful, as they do not "contribute to health service delivery or treatment selection nor provide essential information for public health surveillance."<ref name="Cochran-2014" /> Adding that; despite ICD-10 explicitly stating "sexual orientation by itself is not to be considered a disorder", the inclusion of such categories "suggest that mental disorders exist that are uniquely linked to sexual orientation and gender expression." A position already recognised by the DSM, as well as other classification systems.