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{{short description|Sheltered body of water | {{short description|Sheltered body of water for mooring}} | ||
{{Other uses}} | {{Other uses}} | ||
<!-- This article uses American spelling. Except for proper nouns.--> | <!--This article uses American spelling. Except for proper nouns.--> | ||
[[File: | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} | ||
[[File: | [[File:Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Jebel Ali]], which has the largest artificial harbor in the world.]] | ||
[[File:Carry Le Rouet harbour in France.jpg|alt=A panoramic view of Carry-le-Rouet harbour in France, showing rows of docked boats and yachts surrounded by seaside buildings and palm-lined streets under a clear sky.|thumb|Carry Le Rouet harbor in France.]] | |||
[[File:Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Montevideo|Montevideo]]'s natural harbor is clearly seen from above.]] | [[File:Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Montevideo|Montevideo]]'s natural harbor is clearly seen from above.]] | ||
[[File:Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Capri]] harbor, Italy seen from [[Anacapri]]]] | [[File:Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Capri]] harbor, Italy seen from [[Anacapri]]]] | ||
[[File:Koyilandy harbour 03720.jpg|thumb|[[Koyilandy]] Harbour, [[Kerala]], India]] | [[File:Koyilandy harbour 03720.jpg|thumb|[[Koyilandy]] Harbour, [[Kerala]], India]] | ||
A '''harbor''' ([[American English]]) | A '''harbor''' ([[American English]]) or '''harbour''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) is a sheltered part of a [[body of water]] where [[ship]]s, [[boat]]s, and [[barge]]s can be [[Mooring|moored]]. | ||
Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have | The term ''harbor'' is often used interchangeably with ''[[port]]'', however ''port'' refers specifically to the facilities for loading and unloading ships, as opposed to just a sheltered area of water. For example, [[Alexandria Port]] in Egypt is a port with two harbors. | ||
Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s, [[sea wall]]s, or [[jetties]], or they can be constructed by [[dredging]], which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor is [[Long Beach Harbor]], [[California]], United States, which was previously an array of [[salt marshes]] and [[tidal flats]] too shallow for modern [[merchant ships]] before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.<ref name="Geology campus">{{cite web |url=http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/geology303/geol303chapter8.html |title=Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors |access-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223191432/http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/geology303/geol303chapter8.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 }}</ref> In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by naturally-occurring land. Examples of natural harbors include [[Victoria Harbour|Victoria Harbor]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Sydney Harbour]], New South Wales, Australia, [[Halifax Harbour]] in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada, and [[Trincomalee Harbour]] in Sri Lanka. | |||
==Artificial harbors {{anchor|Artificial harbor|Artificial harbour|Artificial harbours}} == | ==Artificial harbors {{anchor|Artificial harbor|Artificial harbour|Artificial harbours}} == | ||
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{{div col|colwidth=23em}} | {{div col|colwidth=23em}} | ||
* [[Bali Strait]], [[Indonesia]] | * [[Bali Strait]], [[Indonesia]] | ||
* [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] | * [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] | ||
* [[Boston Harbor]] in [[Massachusetts]], | * [[Boston Harbor]] in [[Massachusetts]], United States | ||
* [[Chittagong]] in [[Chittagong Division]], [[Bangladesh]] | * [[Chittagong]] in [[Chittagong Division]], [[Bangladesh]] | ||
* [[Cork Harbour|Cork Harbour, Ireland]] | * [[Cork Harbour|Cork Harbour, Ireland]] | ||
* [[Guantánamo Bay]], [[Cuba]] | * [[Guantánamo Bay]], [[Cuba]] | ||
* [[Haifa Bay]], in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]] | * [[Haifa Bay]], in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]] | ||
* [[Halifax Harbour]] in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] | * [[Halifax Harbour]] in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] | ||
* [[Killybegs]] in [[County Donegal]], [[Ireland]] | * [[Killybegs]] in [[County Donegal]], [[Ireland]] | ||
* [[Kingston Harbour]], [[Jamaica]] | * [[Kingston Harbour]], [[Jamaica]] | ||
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* [[New York Harbor]] in the [[United States]] | * [[New York Harbor]] in the [[United States]] | ||
* [[Pago Pago Harbor]] in [[American Samoa]] | * [[Pago Pago Harbor]] in [[American Samoa]] | ||
* [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Hawaii]], | * [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Hawaii]], United States | ||
* [[Poole Harbour]] in [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] | * [[Poole Harbour]] in [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] | ||
* [[Port Hercules]], [[Monaco]] | * [[Port Hercules]], [[Monaco]] | ||
* [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], technically a ria | * [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], technically a ria | ||
* [[Port Stephens (New South Wales)|Port Stephens]] in [[Australia]] | * [[Port Stephens (New South Wales)|Port Stephens]] in [[Australia]] | ||
* [[Port of Messina]] in [[Sicily]], [[Italy]] | |||
* [[Port of Tanjung Perak|Tanjung Perak]] in [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesia]] | * [[Port of Tanjung Perak|Tanjung Perak]] in [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesia]] | ||
* [[Port of Tobruk]] in [[Tobruk]], [[Libya]] | * [[Port of Tobruk]] in [[Tobruk]], [[Libya]] | ||
* [[Presque Isle Bay]] in [[Pennsylvania]], | * [[Presque Isle Bay]] in [[Pennsylvania]], United States | ||
* [[Prince William Sound]] in [[Alaska]], | * [[Prince William Sound]] in [[Alaska]], United States | ||
* [[Puget Sound]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], [[United States]] | * [[Puget Sound]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], [[United States]] | ||
* [[Rías Altas]] and [[Rías Baixas]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] | * [[Rías Altas]] and [[Rías Baixas]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] | ||
* [[Roadstead of Brest]] in [[Brittany]], [[France]] | * [[Roadstead of Brest]] in [[Brittany]], [[France]] | ||
* [[San Diego Bay]] in [[California]], | * [[San Diego Bay]] in [[California]], United States | ||
* [[San Francisco Bay]] in [[California]], | * [[San Francisco Bay]] in [[California]], United States | ||
* [[Scapa Flow]] in [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] | * [[Scapa Flow]] in [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] | ||
* [[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]] in [[Côte-Nord]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | * [[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]] in [[Côte-Nord]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | ||
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* [[Trincomalee Harbour]], [[Sri Lanka]] | * [[Trincomalee Harbour]], [[Sri Lanka]] | ||
* [[Tuticorin]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | * [[Tuticorin]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | ||
* [[Victoria Harbour]] in [[Hong Kong | * [[Victoria Harbour]] in [[Hong Kong]] | ||
* [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Harbour]], [[India]] | * [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Harbour]], [[India]] | ||
* [[Vizhinjam]] in [[Trivandrum]], [[India]] | * [[Vizhinjam]] in [[Trivandrum]], [[India]] | ||
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*[[Vostochny Port]], Russia | *[[Vostochny Port]], Russia | ||
The world's southernmost harbor, located at [[Antarctica]]'s [[Winter Quarters Bay]] (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime [[pack ice]] conditions.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm U.S. Polar Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011204016/https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm |date=2021 | The world's southernmost harbor, located at [[Antarctica]]'s [[Winter Quarters Bay]] (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime [[pack ice]] conditions.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm U.S. Polar Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011204016/https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm |date=11 October 2021 }} National Science Foundation FY2000.</ref> | ||
==Important harbors {{anchor|Important harbor|Important harbour|Important harbours}} == | ==Important harbors {{anchor|Important harbor|Important harbour|Important harbours}} == | ||
[[File:Port of Piraeus Panoramic View.JPG|thumb|The harbor of [[Piraeus]] in Greece]] | [[File:Port of Piraeus Panoramic View.JPG|thumb|The harbor of [[Piraeus]] in Greece]] | ||
[[File:PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|Port Jackson, Sydney]] | [[File:PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|Port Jackson, Sydney]] | ||
[[File:Gorey Harbour at low tide.JPG|thumb|The harbor of [[Gorey, Jersey]] falls dry at low tide.]] | [[File:Gorey Harbour at low tide.JPG|thumb|The harbor of [[Gorey, Jersey]] falls dry at low tide.]] | ||
[[File:Punta del este3.jpg|thumb|[[Punta del Este]]'s harbor – nicknamed the [[Monte Carlo]] of [[South America]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/calendar/2014-punta-del-este/punta-del-este-circuit.aspx |title=Circuit Guide | Punta del Este, Uruguay |publisher=FIA Formula E |access-date=2014 | [[File:Punta del este3.jpg|thumb|[[Punta del Este]]'s harbor – nicknamed the [[Monte Carlo]] of [[South America]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/calendar/2014-punta-del-este/punta-del-este-circuit.aspx |title=Circuit Guide | Punta del Este, Uruguay |publisher=FIA Formula E |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209040949/http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/calendar/2014-punta-del-este/punta-del-este-circuit.aspx |archive-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/june/formula-e-reveals-circuit-for-punta-del-este-eprix.aspx |title=Formula E reveals circuit for Punta del Este ePrix |publisher=FIA Formula E |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162323/http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/june/formula-e-reveals-circuit-for-punta-del-este-eprix.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114541 |title=Formula E unveils Punta del Este circuit in Uruguay |publisher=autosport.com |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629143457/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114541 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] | ||
[[File:Aberystwith Harbour.jpeg|thumb|The harbor in [[Aberystwyth]], painted {{circa|1850}}]]{{Excessive examples|date=June 2025|section}} | [[File:Aberystwith Harbour.jpeg|thumb|The harbor in [[Aberystwyth]], painted {{circa|1850}}]]{{Excessive examples|date=June 2025|section}} | ||
Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the [[List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage|world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage]] was the [[Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Port Development Annual Report (2017)|url=http://en.sisi-smu.org/index.php?c=article&id=16280|access-date=2021 | Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the [[List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage|world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage]] was the [[Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Port Development Annual Report (2017)|url=http://en.sisi-smu.org/index.php?c=article&id=16280|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108235229/http://en.sisi-smu.org/index.php?c=article&id=16280|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
The following are large natural harbors:<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER --> | The following are large natural harbors:<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER --> | ||
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*[[Havana Harbor]] | *[[Havana Harbor]] | ||
*[[Helsinki]], Finland | *[[Helsinki]], Finland | ||
*[[Incheon]], South Korea | *[[Incheon]], South Korea | ||
*[[İzmir]], Turkey | *[[İzmir]], Turkey | ||
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*[[Port of Tyne]], [[Tyne & Wear]], United Kingdom | *[[Port of Tyne]], [[Tyne & Wear]], United Kingdom | ||
*[[Ulsan]], South Korea | *[[Ulsan]], South Korea | ||
*[[Victoria Harbor]], Hong Kong | |||
*[[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria]] & [[Esquimalt Harbour]]s, [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada | *[[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria]] & [[Esquimalt Harbour]]s, [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada | ||
*[[Vizhinjam]] in [[Trivandrum]], India | *[[Vizhinjam]] in [[Trivandrum]], India | ||
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*[[Marina]] | *[[Marina]] | ||
*[[Mulberry harbour]] | *[[Mulberry harbour]] | ||
*[[Roadstead]] | *[[Roadstead]] | ||
*[[Seaport]] | *[[Seaport]] | ||
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* {{Commons-inline}} | * {{Commons-inline}} | ||
* {{Wiktionary-inline}} | * {{Wiktionary-inline}} | ||
* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43222.pdf Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding] [[Congressional Research Service]] | * [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43222.pdf Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [[Congressional Research Service]] | ||
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Harbor|short=x}} | * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Harbor|short=x}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:18, 27 May 2026
A harbor (American English) or harbour (Commonwealth English) is a sheltered part of a body of water where ships, boats, and barges can be moored.
The term harbor is often used interchangeably with port, however port refers specifically to the facilities for loading and unloading ships, as opposed to just a sheltered area of water. For example, Alexandria Port in Egypt is a port with two harbors.
Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties, or they can be constructed by dredging, which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor is Long Beach Harbor, California, United States, which was previously an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.[1] In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by naturally-occurring land. Examples of natural harbors include Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong, Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka.
Artificial harbors
Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.[2] Other large and busy artificial harbors include:
- Port of Long Beach and Los Angeles, California, United States
- Port of Casablanca, Morocco
- Port of Koper, Slovenia
The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons.
Natural harbors
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A natural harbor is a landform where a section of a body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are:
- Bali Strait, Indonesia
- Mumbai in Maharashtra, India
- Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, United States
- Chittagong in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh
- Cork Harbour, Ireland
- Guantánamo Bay, Cuba
- Haifa Bay, in Haifa, Israel
- Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada
- Killybegs in County Donegal, Ireland
- Kingston Harbour, Jamaica
- Mahón harbour, in Menorca, Spain
- Marsamxett Harbour, Malta
- Milford Haven in Wales, United Kingdom
- New York Harbor in the United States
- Pago Pago Harbor in American Samoa
- Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, United States
- Poole Harbour in England, United Kingdom
- Port Hercules, Monaco
- Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia, technically a ria
- Port Stephens in Australia
- Port of Messina in Sicily, Italy
- Tanjung Perak in Surabaya, Indonesia
- Port of Tobruk in Tobruk, Libya
- Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania, United States
- Prince William Sound in Alaska, United States
- Puget Sound in Washington state, United States
- Rías Altas and Rías Baixas in Galicia, Spain
- Roadstead of Brest in Brittany, France
- San Diego Bay in California, United States
- San Francisco Bay in California, United States
- Scapa Flow in Scotland, United Kingdom
- Sept-Îles in Côte-Nord, Quebec, Canada
- Shelburne in Nova Scotia, Canada
- Subic Bay in Zambales, Philippines
- Tallinn Bay in Tallinn, Estonia
- Tampa Bay in Florida, United States
- Trincomalee Harbour, Sri Lanka
- Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu, India
- Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong
- Visakhapatnam Harbour, India
- Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, India
- Waitematā Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand
- Manukau Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand
- Wellington Harbour in Wellington, New Zealand
- Port Foster in Deception Island, Antarctica
Ice-free harbors
For harbors near the North and South poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are:
- Hammerfest, Norway
- Liinakhamari, Russia
- Murmansk, Russia
- Nakhodka in Nakhodka Bay, Russia
- Pechenga, Russia
- Prince Rupert, Canada
- Valdez, United States
- Vardø, Norway
- Vostochny Port, Russia
The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions.[3]
Important harbors
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Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan.[7]
The following are large natural harbors:
- Algeciras, Spain
- Amsterdam, Port of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Antwerp, Port of Antwerp, Belgium
- Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Maryland, United States
- Botwood, Newfoundland, Canada
- Bremerhaven, Germany
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Busan, South Korea
- Calabar, Nigeria
- Cartagena, Colombia
- Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Cochin Port, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Port of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Dnipro, Ukraine
- Durban, South Africa
- Falmouth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
- Freetown Harbour, Sierra Leone
- Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey
- Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gwangyang, South Korea
- Hai Phong Port, Haiphong, Vietnam
- Haifa, Israel
- Hakodate, Japan
- Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Hamburg Harbour, Germany
- Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
- Havana Harbor
- Helsinki, Finland
- Incheon, South Korea
- İzmir, Turkey
- Port of Jakarta (Tanjung Priok), Jakarta, Indonesia
- Kaliningrad, Russia
- Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Kerch and Port Krym to Port Kavkaz, Russia
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kingston, Jamaica
- Kobe Harbour, Kobe, Japan
- Port of Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Port of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lushunkou, Dalian, China
- Mahón, Menorca, Spain
- Manila Bay, Philippines
- Maputo, Mozambique
- Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Montevideo, Uruguay
- Mumbai, India
- Nassau, Bahamas
- New York Harbor, United States
- Mykolaiv, Ukraine
- Novorossiysk and Anapa, Russia
- Odesa, Ukraine
- Osaka, Japan
- Oslofjord and Oslo, Norway
- Pärnu, Estonia
- Plymouth Sound, Devon, England, United Kingdom
- Port of Portland, Casco Bay, Maine, United States
- Port of Sevastopol, Sevastopol, Crimea
- Port Phillip, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Provincetown Harbor, Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States
- Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Bay, Brazil
- Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Rotterdam, Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Salvador, All Saint's Bay, Brazil
- San Antonio, Chile
- San Diego Bay, San Diego, California, United States
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Sochi and Adlersky City District, Russia
- Stockholm, Sweden
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Tanger-Med, Tangier, Morocco
- Tanjung Perak, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Tauranga Harbour, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Tokyo Bay, Tokyo, Japan
- Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
- Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
- Port of Tyne, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom
- Ulsan, South Korea
- Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong
- Victoria & Esquimalt Harbours, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, India
- Vladivostok, Russia
- Vyborg, Russia
- Willemstad, Curaçao
- Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
- Yevpatoria, Ukraine
- Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
See also
Notes
- ↑ "Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ↑ Hattendorf, John B. (2007), The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history, Oxford University Press, p. 590, ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1
- ↑ U.S. Polar Programs Archived 11 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine National Science Foundation FY2000.
- ↑ "Circuit Guide | Punta del Este, Uruguay". FIA Formula E. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ↑ "Formula E reveals circuit for Punta del Este ePrix". FIA Formula E. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ↑ "Formula E unveils Punta del Este circuit in Uruguay". autosport.com. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ↑ "Global Port Development Annual Report (2017)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
External links
- Template:Commons-inline
- File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg The dictionary definition of harbor at Wiktionary
- Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding[dead link] Congressional Research Service
- Template:Cite NIE
Categories:
- Use dmy dates from May 2026
- Articles with too many examples from June 2025
- All articles with too many examples
- Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2025
- Articles with dead external links from May 2026
- Ports and harbours
- Coastal construction
- Nautical terminology
- Bodies of water
- Infrastructure
- Industrial buildings and structures