Art: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{c.|1484|~~lk=no~~}}~~–1486~~) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]

[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{Circa|1484|1486}}) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]

'''Art''' is a diverse range of [[culture|cultural]] activity centered around [[works of art|''works'']] utilizing [[Creativity|creative]] or [[imagination|imaginative]] talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparshott |first=Francis Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Theory of the Arts |date=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2 |language=en|page=2}}</ref> generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, technical proficiency, or [[beauty]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |title=Art: definition |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |title=art |publisher=Merriam-Websters Dictionary |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conceptual Art {{!}} Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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==Overview==

In the perspective of the history of art,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2012 |website=~~Encyclopædia~~ Britannica}}</ref> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early [[pre-historic art|prehistoric art]] to [[contemporary art]]; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elkins |first=James |date=December 1995|title=Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |archive-date=18 August 2021|journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=553–571 |quote=Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value |doi=10.2307/3046136 |jstor=3046136 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One early sense of the definition of ''art'' is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include ''artifact'', ''artificial'', ''artifice'', ''medical arts'', and ''military arts''. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology]].

In the perspective of the history of art,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2012 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early [[pre-historic art|prehistoric art]] to [[contemporary art]]; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elkins |first=James |date=December 1995|title=Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |archive-date=18 August 2021|journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=553–571 |quote=Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value |doi=10.2307/3046136 |jstor=3046136 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One early sense of the definition of ''art'' is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include ''artifact'', ''artificial'', ''artifice'', ''medical arts'', and ''military arts''. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology]].

[[File:Teke bottle.JPG|thumb|upright|20th-century bottle, [[Twa]] peoples, Rwanda. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.]]

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[[File:Loewenmensch1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|''{{lang|de|[[Löwenmensch]]}} figurine'', Germany, between 35,000 and 41,000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.<ref>"Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, ''Nature'' 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also [http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html Nature News 4 September 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318075014/http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html |date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>]]

A shell engraved by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<ref name="homoerectus">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |title=Shell 'Art' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved |date=3 December 2014 |website=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] Ltd |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|title=130,000-Year-Old Neanderthal 'Eagle Claw Necklace' Found in Croatia|work=Sci-News.com|date=11 March 2015|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034753/https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<ref>{{cite web| last = Radford| first = Tim |url = https://~~education~~.~~guardian~~.~~co.uk~~/~~higher~~/~~artsandhumanities~~/~~story~~/~~0,12241,1193237,00~~.~~html~~| title = "World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"| date = 16 April 2004| access-date = 18 January 2008| archive-date = 8 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| url-status = live |work = Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |title=African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory |date=13 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A shell engraved by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<ref name="homoerectus">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |title=Shell 'Art' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved |date=3 December 2014 |website=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] Ltd |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|title=130,000-Year-Old Neanderthal 'Eagle Claw Necklace' Found in Croatia|work=Sci-News.com|date=11 March 2015|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034753/https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<ref>{{cite web| last = Radford| first = Tim |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts| title = "World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"| date = 16 April 2004| access-date = 18 January 2008| archive-date = 8 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| url-status = live |work = Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |title=African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory |date=13 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The oldest piece of art found in Europe is the [[Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle]], dating back 51,000 years and made by Neanderthals.

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The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the [[Venus of Hohle Fels]], are the numerous objects found at the [[Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instruments unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating between 43,000 and 35,000 BC, so being the first centre of human art.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |title = Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 1 January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060101181304/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-date=5 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205185627/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | title=Earliest music instruments found | work=BBC News | date=24 May 2012 | archive-date=11 April 2022 | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411122409/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnm|Hodge|2017|1p=12|Fortenberry|2017|2pp=1 & 2}}

[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cave paintings]], Lascaux, France, ~~c. 17~~,000 BCE]]

[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cave paintings]], Lascaux, France, {{Circa|17,000}} BCE]]

Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of Iran|Persia]], India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as [[Inca civilization|Inca]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and [[Olmec]]. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 83, 75–115, 132–141, 147–155, 163, 627.</ref>

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In the east, [[Islamic art]]'s rejection of [[iconography]] led to emphasis on [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric patterns]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], and [[Islamic architecture|architecture]].<ref>Gombrich, pp. 127–128</ref> Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw the flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Emperor Qin]]<ref>Gombrich, pp. 634–635</ref>), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, [[Tang dynasty]] paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but [[Ming dynasty]] paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition.<ref name="Watson1995">{{cite book|author=William Watson|title=The Arts of China 900–1620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|year=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09835-8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225448/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting. [[Woodblock printing]] became important in Japan after the 17th century.<ref>Gombrich, p. 155, p. 530.</ref>

[[File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting by [[Song dynasty]] artist Ma Lin, {{c.|1250~~|lk=no~~}}. 24.8 × 25.2 cm]]

[[File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting by [[Song dynasty]] artist Ma Lin, {{Circa|1250}}. 24.8 × 25.2 cm]]

The western [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the [[clockwork universe]], as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as [[William Blake|Blake]]'s portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer,<ref name="Moore2010">{{cite book|author=Colin Moore|title=Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|year= 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-0591-7|page=76|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Jacques-Louis David|David]]'s propagandistic paintings. This led to [[Romanticism|Romantic]] rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of [[Goethe]]. The late 19th century then saw a host of [[artistic movements]], such as [[academic art]], [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]], [[impressionism]] and [[fauvism]] among others.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 394–395, 519–527, 573–575.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Age of Enlightenment An Anthology Prepared for the Enlightenment Book Club|url=https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|access-date=26 May 2018|pages=1–45|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201357/https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

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[[File:Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial throne.jpg|thumb|''[[Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne]]'' by [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]] (French, 1806), oil on canvas]]

The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as [[Art medium|media]], genre, [[Art style|styles]], and form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Kendall L. |author-link=Kendall Walton|title=Categories of Art |journal=The Philosophical Review |date=1 January 1970 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=334–67 |doi=10.2307/2183933 |jstor=2183933}}. Walton distinguishes between paintings and sculptures, but he also distinguishes further between sub-categories, such as cubist paintings and paintings in the style of Cezanne, classical sonatas and music in the style of late Beethoven.</ref> ''Art form'' refers to the [[elements of art]] that are independent of its interpretation or significance. It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] of the artwork, primarily non-semantic aspects of the work (i.e., [[figurae]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monelle |first1=Raymond |title=Linguistics and Semiotics in Music |year= 1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-3718652099 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015304/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as [[Color theory|color]], [[Contour drawing|contour]], [[Fourth dimension in art|dimension]], [[Art medium|medium]], [[melody]], [[Negative space|space]], [[Texture (visual arts)|texture]], and [[Lightness|value]]. Form may also include [[Design principles]], such as arrangement, [[Formal balance|balance]], [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]], [[Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]], [[harmony]], [[Hierarchical proportion|proportion]], [[Principles of grouping|proximity]], and rhythm.<ref name="Belton">{{cite book |last1=Belton |first1=Robert J. |title=Art History: A Preliminary Handbook |chapter=The Elements of Art |date=1996 |chapter-url=https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062345/https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

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A common view is that the [[Wikt:epithet|epithet]] ''art'', particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for [[Leonardo da Vinci]], art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors, was a manifestation of skill.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated London News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited|page=502|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rembrandt]]'s work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity.<ref name="NewtonNeil1966">{{cite book|author1=Eric Newton|author2=William Neil|title=2000 Years of Christian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Harper & Row|page=184|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of [[John Singer Sargent]] were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency,<ref name="RichardsGjertson2002">{{cite book|author1=Kirk Richards|author2=Stephen Gjertson|title=For glory and for beauty: practical perspectives on Christianity and the visual arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=American Society of Classical Realism|isbn=978-0-9636180-4-7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, [[Pablo Picasso]], was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled.<ref name="Leslie2005">{{cite book|author=Richard Leslie|title=Pablo Picasso: A Modern Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|year= 2005|publisher=New Line Books|isbn=978-1-59764-094-7|page=7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DillenbergerHandley2014">{{cite book|author1=Jane Dillenberger|author2=John Handley|title=The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27629-1|page=26|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', {{c.|1503|~~lk=no~~}}~~–1506~~, showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]

[[File:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', {{Circa|1503|1506}}, showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]

A common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art]] occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally ~~recognised~~ set of skills.<ref name="Kleiner2009">{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7|pages=24–27|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''[[My Bed]]'', or [[Damien Hirst]]'s ''[[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living]]'' follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Luke|title=Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|publisher=Tate|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|year=2013|isbn=978-1849763875|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating ''hands-on'' works of art.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Belle Assemblée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|volume=V|year=1808|publisher=J. Bell|page=8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

A common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art]] occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognized set of skills.<ref name="Kleiner2009">{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7|pages=24–27|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''[[My Bed]]'', or [[Damien Hirst]]'s ''[[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living]]'' follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Luke|title=Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|publisher=Tate|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|year=2013|isbn=978-1849763875|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating ''hands-on'' works of art.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Belle Assemblée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|volume=V|year=1808|publisher=J. Bell|page=8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Purpose==

[[File:Transition 1880.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Navajo rug]] made {{c.|1880~~|lk=no~~}}]]

[[File:Transition 1880.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Navajo rug]] made {{Circa|1880}}]]

Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated ([[Lévi-Strauss]]).<ref name="Schiuma2011">{{cite book|author=Giovanni Schiuma|title=The Value of Arts for Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|year= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49665-0|page=37|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

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# '''Art as a "free zone"''', removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values, [[contemporary art]] has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion, deconstruction, etc.), becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.<ref>According to [[Maurizio Bolognini]] this is not only associated with the [[postmodern art|postmodern]] rejection of all canons but with a process of secularization of art, which is finally considered as "a mere (albeit essential) convention, sustained and reproduced by the art system (artists, galleries, critics, collectors), providing a free zone, that is, a more open place for experimentation, removed from the constraints of the practical sphere.": see {{Cite book |title=Postdigitale |url=https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm |year=2008 |author=Maurizio Bolognini |publisher=Carocci |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-430-4739-0 |chapter-url = https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| chapter = chap. 3| access-date = 2 August 2013| archive-date = 18 January 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110118081511/https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| url-status = live}}</ref>

# '''Art for social inquiry, subversion or anarchy.''' While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be used to criticize some aspect of society. [[Graffiti art]] and other types of [[street art]] are graphics and images that are [[Spray painting|spray-painted]] or [[stencil]]led on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).

# '''Art for social causes.''' Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of [[autism]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Jeramia |title=RiverKings raising autism awareness with art |url=https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |newspaper=WMC tv |date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism |url=https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |newspaper=Daily News-Miner |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism |url=https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruhl |first=Ashleigh |title=Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Gazettes |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |access-date=22 January 2015 |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=n.d. |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Marella |title=October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer |url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |newspaper=Flagler College Gargoyle |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[human trafficking]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking |url=https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg |newspaper=WDTN Channel 2 News |date=26 November 2012 ~~|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630141018/https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness%23.UdA8P33LfK5 |archive-date=30 June 2013~~}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize |url=https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |newspaper=WWMT, Newschannel 3 |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<ref>{{cite web |title=SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness |url=https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 February 2013 |~~archive~~-~~url~~=~~https:~~/~~/archive.today/20130703164121/https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness~~ |~~archive~~-~~date~~=~~3 July 2013~~ |url~~-status~~=~~dead~~ }}~~</ref>~~ human rights in [[Darfur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur' |url=https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |newspaper=SMU News Release |date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.~~today~~/~~20130403085335~~/~~https~~://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |archive-date=~~3 April~~ 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Greg |title=Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |newspaper=[[Global News]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> elder abuse,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art |url=https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162638/https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> and pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathema |first=Paavan |title=Trash to treasure: Turning Mt. Everest waste into art |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |newspaper=CNN |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114505/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trashion]], using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as [[Marina DeBris]] is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.

# '''Art for social causes.''' Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of [[autism]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Jeramia |title=RiverKings raising autism awareness with art |url=https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |newspaper=WMC tv |date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism |url=https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |newspaper=Daily News-Miner |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism |url=https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruhl |first=Ashleigh |title=Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Gazettes |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |access-date=22 January 2015 |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=n.d. |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Marella |title=October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer |url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |newspaper=Flagler College Gargoyle |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[human trafficking]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking |url=https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg |newspaper=WDTN Channel 2 News |date=26 November 2012}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize |url=https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |newspaper=WWMT, Newschannel 3 |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<ref>{{cite web |title=SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness |url=https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}} human rights in [[Darfur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur' |url=https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |newspaper=SMU News Release |date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521132027/http://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |archive-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Greg |title=Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |newspaper=[[Global News]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> elder abuse,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art |url=https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162638/https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> and pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathema |first=Paavan |title=Trash to treasure: Turning Mt. Everest waste into art |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |newspaper=CNN |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114505/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trashion]], using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as [[Marina DeBris]] is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.

# '''Art for psychological and healing purposes.''' Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The [[Art therapy#~~The Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS)~~|Diagnostic Drawing Series]], for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<ref name="Hogan2001">{{cite book|author=Susan Hogan|author-link=Susan Hogan (historian)|title=Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|year=2001|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-799-4|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225437/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|url-status=live}}</ref>

# '''Art for psychological and healing purposes.''' Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The [[Art therapy#Methods|Diagnostic Drawing Series]], for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<ref name="Hogan2001">{{cite book|author=Susan Hogan|author-link=Susan Hogan (historian)|title=Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|year=2001|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-799-4|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225437/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|url-status=live}}</ref>

# '''Art for propaganda, or commercialism.''' Art is often used as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.<ref>[[Roland Barthes]], ''Mythologies''</ref>

# '''Art as a fitness indicator.''' It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One [[evolutionary psychology]] explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the [[peacock]]'s tail. The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also [[Fisherian runaway]] and [[handicap principle]]). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.<ref name="Dutton">[[Denis Dutton|Dutton, Denis]]. 2003. "Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology" in ''The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

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==Steps==

Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02266 | doi-access=free | title=What Are the Stages of the Creative Process? What Visual Art Students Are Saying | year=2018 | last1=Botella | first1=Marion | last2=Zenasni | first2=Franck | last3=Lubart | first3=Todd | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=9 | ~~page~~=2266 | pmid=30519205 | pmc=6259352 }}</ref>

Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02266 | doi-access=free | title=What Are the Stages of the Creative Process? What Visual Art Students Are Saying | year=2018 | last1=Botella | first1=Marion | last2=Zenasni | first2=Franck | last3=Lubart | first3=Todd | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=9 | article-number=2266 | pmid=30519205 | pmc=6259352 }}</ref>

===Preparation===

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===Creation===

[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'', the first in [[Hokusai]]'s ~~c. 1830–1832~~ series ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'']]

[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'', the first in [[Hokusai]]'s {{Circa|1830|1832}} series ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'']]

In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's [[mood (psychology)|mood]], [[surroundings]], and [[mental state]]. For example, ''[[The Black Paintings]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]], created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<ref>* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art''. Universe Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87663-294-0}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] stated drugs such as [[LSD]] and [[cannabis]] influenced some of their greatest hits, such as ''[[Revolver (Beatles)|Revolver]].''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |magazine=Rolling Stone |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trial and error]] are considered an integral part of the creation process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>

In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's [[mood (psychology)|mood]], surroundings, and [[mental state]]. For example, ''[[The Black Paintings]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]], created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<ref>* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art''. Universe Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87663-294-0}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] stated drugs such as [[LSD]] and [[cannabis]] influenced some of their greatest hits, such as ''[[Revolver (Beatles)|Revolver]].''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |magazine=Rolling Stone |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trial and error]] are considered an integral part of the creation process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>

===Appreciation===

The last step is [[art appreciation]], which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that [[Reflective practice|reflection]] is an essential step of the art process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<ref name="Loughran">{{cite journal |last=Loughran |first=J. John |date=January 2002 |title=Effective reflective practice: in search of meaning in learning about teaching |journal=Journal of Teacher Education |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/0022487102053001004 |s2cid=6370058 |url=http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163200/http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran-Smith |first1=Marilyn |last2=Lytle |first2=Susan L. |date=January 1999 |title=Relationships of knowledge and practice: teacher learning in communities |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=249–305 |doi=10.3102/0091732X024001249 |jstor=1167272|s2cid=143929745 }}</ref> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing/listening/etc. believe the art to be good/successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5581397 | year=2017 | last1=Sherman | first1=A. | last2=Morrissey | first2=C. | title=What is Art Good For? The Socio-Epistemic Value of Art | journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume=11 | ~~page~~=411 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00411 | pmid=28894418 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to [[beauty]]. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%2C%20however%2C%20refers%20to,mastery%20displayed%20in%20the%20piece. |title=The Importance of Art Appreciation |website=Educationworld.in |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

The last step is [[art appreciation]], which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that [[Reflective practice|reflection]] is an essential step of the art process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<ref name="Loughran">{{cite journal |last=Loughran |first=J. John |date=January 2002 |title=Effective reflective practice: in search of meaning in learning about teaching |journal=Journal of Teacher Education |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/0022487102053001004 |s2cid=6370058 |url=http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163200/http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran-Smith |first1=Marilyn |last2=Lytle |first2=Susan L. |date=January 1999 |title=Relationships of knowledge and practice: teacher learning in communities |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=249–305 |doi=10.3102/0091732X024001249 |jstor=1167272|s2cid=143929745 }}</ref> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing, listening, etc. believe the art to be good or successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5581397 | year=2017 | last1=Sherman | first1=A. | last2=Morrissey | first2=C. | title=What is Art Good For? The Socio-Epistemic Value of Art | journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume=11 | article-number=411 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00411 | pmid=28894418 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to [[beauty]]. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%2C%20however%2C%20refers%20to,mastery%20displayed%20in%20the%20piece. |title=The Importance of Art Appreciation |website=Educationworld.in |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

==Public access==

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==Controversies==

[[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'', {{c.|1820~~|lk=no~~}}]]

[[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'', {{Circa|1820}}]]

Art has long been controversial, that is to say disliked by some viewers, for a wide variety of reasons, though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded, or completely lost to a modern view. [[Iconoclasm]] is the destruction of art that is disliked for a variety of reasons, including religious ones. [[Aniconism]] is a general dislike of either all figurative images, or often just religious ones, and has been a thread in many major religions. It has been a crucial factor in the history of [[Islamic art]], where [[depictions of Muhammad]] remain especially controversial. Much art has been disliked purely because it depicted or otherwise stood for unpopular rulers, parties or other groups. Artistic conventions have often been conservative and taken very seriously by [[art critic]]s, though often much less so by a wider public. The [[iconography|iconographic]] content of art could cause controversy, as with late medieval depictions of the new motif of the [[Swoon of the Virgin]] in scenes of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]. [[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The ''Last Judgment'']] by [[Michelangelo]] was controversial for various reasons, including breaches of [[decorum]] through nudity and the [[Apollo]]-like pose of Christ.<ref name="McCue2016">{{cite book|author=Maureen McCue|title=British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art, 1793–1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-17148-5|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nickerson2010">{{cite book|author=Angela K. Nickerson|title=A Journey into Michelangelo's Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-8547-3|page=182|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of [[Romanticism]], and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. [[Théodore Géricault|Théodore Géricault's]] ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'' ({{c.|1820~~|lk=no~~}}), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. [[Édouard Manet|Édouard Manet's]] ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe]]'' (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<ref name="RuprechtTaiana1995">{{cite book|author1=Alvina Ruprecht|author2=Cecilia Taiana|title=Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-269-0|page=256|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stout2018">{{cite book|author=John C. Stout|title=Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0|page=50|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Singer Sargent|John Singer Sargent's]] ''[[Portrait of Madame X|Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam X)]]'' (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<ref name="Summers2004">{{cite book|author=Claude J. Summers|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=978-1-57344-191-9|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bender2014">{{cite book|author=Narim Bender|title=John Sargent: 121 Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of [[Romanticism]], and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. [[Théodore Géricault|Théodore Géricault's]] ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'' ({{Circa|1820}}), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. [[Édouard Manet|Édouard Manet's]] ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe]]'' (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<ref name="RuprechtTaiana1995">{{cite book|author1=Alvina Ruprecht|author2=Cecilia Taiana|title=Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-269-0|page=256|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stout2018">{{cite book|author=John C. Stout|title=Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0|page=50|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Singer Sargent|John Singer Sargent's]] ''[[Portrait of Madame X|Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam X)]]'' (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<ref name="Summers2004">{{cite book|author=Claude J. Summers|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=978-1-57344-191-9|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bender2014">{{cite book|author=Narim Bender|title=John Sargent: 121 Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The gradual abandonment of naturalism and the depiction of realistic representations of the visual appearance of subjects in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a rolling controversy lasting for over a century.

[[File:BeuysAchberg78.jpg|thumb|Performance by [[Joseph Beuys]], 1978: ''Everyone an artist – On the way to the libertarian form of the social organism'']]

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[[Pop art]]ists like [[Andy Warhol]] became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly [[cultural critic|critiquing popular culture]], as well as the [[art world]]. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond ''high art'' to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, [[comics]], [[billboards]] and [[pornography]].<ref name="Gemünden1998">{{cite book|author=Gerd Gemünden|title=Framed Visions: Popular Culture, Americanization, and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|year=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08560-6|page=43|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Yorker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=F-R Publishing Corporation|page=84|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind-everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<ref name="Duchamp Interview Clip">{{YouTube|haon2DXWvLk|Duchamp Two Statements}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]'', Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term ''art'', but [[techne]]. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and [[craft]] are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, [[horsemanship]], [[geometry]], carpentry, [[prophecy]], and farming, etc.<ref name="BurgueteLam2011">{{cite book|author1=Maria Burguete|author2=Lui Lam|title=Arts: A Science Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4324-93-9|page=74|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind – everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<ref name="Duchamp Interview Clip">{{YouTube|haon2DXWvLk|Duchamp Two Statements}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]'', Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term ''art'', but [[techne]]. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and [[craft]] are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, [[horsemanship]], [[geometry]], carpentry, [[prophecy]], and farming, etc.<ref name="BurgueteLam2011">{{cite book|author1=Maria Burguete|author2=Lui Lam|title=Arts: A Science Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4324-93-9|page=74|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy"===

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* [[Katharine Gilbert|Katharine Everett Gilbert]] and Helmut Kuhn, ''A History of Esthetics''. Edition 2, revised. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1953.

* Stephen Davies, ''Definitions of Art'', 1991<ref>{{Citation |title=Definitions of art |last=Davies |first=Stephen |pages=243 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729085304/https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |archive-date=July 29, 2025|place=Ithaca, N.Y |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |language=en-US |isbn=9781501721182}}</ref>

* [[Nina Felshin]], ed. ''But is it Art?'', 1995<ref>{{Citation |title=But is it art? |last=Felshin |first=Nina |pages=412 ~~|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1111056M/But_is_it_art#editions-list |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/butisitartspirit0000unse |archive-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live~~ |place=Seattle, Washington, United States of America |publisher=Bay Press |year=1995 |type=full text free online |language=en-US |lccn=94036846 |oclc=31243239 |id=OL18271419W ~~|via=[[Open Library]]~~}}</ref>

* [[Nina Felshin]], ed. ''But is it Art?'', 1995<ref>{{Citation |title=But is it art? |last=Felshin |first=Nina |pages=412 |place=Seattle, Washington, United States of America |publisher=Bay Press |year=1995 |ol=1111056M |type=full text free online |language=en-US |lccn=94036846 |oclc=31243239 |id=OL18271419W }}</ref>

* [[Catherine de Zegher]] (ed.). ''Inside the Visible''. MIT Press, 1996 <ref>{{Citation |title=Inside the Visible |last=Zegher |first=Catherine |date=1996-03-06 |pages=495 ~~|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10238038M/Inside_the_Visible |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/errhO |archive-date=July 29, 2025~~ |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |type= |language=en-US |isbn=9780262540810 |oclc=35136509 |id=OL8889217W}}</ref>

* [[Catherine de Zegher]] (ed.). ''Inside the Visible''. MIT Press, 1996 <ref>{{Citation |title=Inside the Visible |last=Zegher |first=Catherine |date=1996-03-06 |pages=495 |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |type= |language=en-US |isbn=9780262540810 |ol=10238038M |oclc=35136509 |id=OL8889217W }}</ref>

* Evelyn Hatcher, ed. ''Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art'', 1999

* Noel Carroll, ''Theories of Art Today'', 2000

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==Further reading==

* Cole, Ina, ''From the ~~Sculptor’s~~ Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.

* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor's Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.

* Antony Briant and [[Griselda Pollock]], eds. ''Digital and Other Virtualities: Renegotiating the image''. London and NY: I.B. Tauris, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1441676313}}

* Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N. ''The New Story of Science: mind and the universe'', Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, 1984. {{ISBN|0-89526-833-7}} (this book has significant material on art and science)

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* [[Richard Wollheim]], ''Art and its Objects: An introduction to aesthetics''. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. {{OCLC|1077405}}

* [[Will Gompertz]]. ''What Are You Looking At?: 150 Years of Modern Art in the Blink of an Eye''. New York: Viking, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0670920495}}

* [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics'', translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980

==External links==

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Wikipedia is not a link directory. Consider submitting your link to DMOZ instead.

-->

* [https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1 ''Art and Play'' from the Dictionary of the History of ideas]

* [https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1 ''Art and Play'' from the Dictionary of the History of ideas]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190600/https://witcombe.sbc.edu/arthlinks.html In-depth directory of art]

* ''[https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries

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* [https://www.RevolutionArtMagazine.com/ RevolutionArt – Art magazines with worldwide exhibitions, callings and competitions]

* {{cite SEP |url-id=art-definition |title=The Definition of Art |last=Adajian |first=Thomas}}

* {{iep|url-id=definition-of-art|title=Definition of Art}}

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
-[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{c.|1484|lk=no}}–1486) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]
+[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{Circa|1484|1486}}) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]
 '''Art''' is a diverse range of [[culture|cultural]] activity centered around [[works of art|''works'']] utilizing [[Creativity|creative]] or [[imagination|imaginative]] talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparshott |first=Francis Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Theory of the Arts |date=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2 |language=en|page=2}}</ref> generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, technical proficiency, or [[beauty]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |title=Art: definition |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |title=art |publisher=Merriam-Websters Dictionary |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conceptual Art {{!}} Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|url-status=dead}}</ref>
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==Overview==
-In the perspective of the history of art,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2012 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early [[pre-historic art|prehistoric art]] to [[contemporary art]]; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elkins |first=James |date=December 1995|title=Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |archive-date=18 August 2021|journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=553–571 |quote=Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value |doi=10.2307/3046136 |jstor=3046136 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One early sense of the definition of ''art'' is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include ''artifact'', ''artificial'', ''artifice'', ''medical arts'', and ''military arts''. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology]].
+In the perspective of the history of art,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2012 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early [[pre-historic art|prehistoric art]] to [[contemporary art]]; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elkins |first=James |date=December 1995|title=Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |archive-date=18 August 2021|journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=553–571 |quote=Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value |doi=10.2307/3046136 |jstor=3046136 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One early sense of the definition of ''art'' is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include ''artifact'', ''artificial'', ''artifice'', ''medical arts'', and ''military arts''. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology]].
 [[File:Teke bottle.JPG|thumb|upright|20th-century bottle, [[Twa]] peoples, Rwanda. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.]]
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 [[File:Loewenmensch1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|''{{lang|de|[[Löwenmensch]]}} figurine'', Germany, between 35,000 and 41,000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.<ref>"Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, ''Nature'' 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also [http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html Nature News 4 September 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318075014/http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html |date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>]]
-A shell engraved by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<ref name="homoerectus">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |title=Shell 'Art' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved |date=3 December 2014 |website=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] Ltd |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|title=130,000-Year-Old Neanderthal 'Eagle Claw Necklace' Found in Croatia|work=Sci-News.com|date=11 March 2015|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034753/https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<ref>{{cite web| last = Radford| first = Tim |url = https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| title = "World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"| date = 16 April 2004| access-date = 18 January 2008| archive-date = 8 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| url-status = live |work = Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |title=African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory |date=13 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+A shell engraved by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<ref name="homoerectus">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |title=Shell 'Art' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved |date=3 December 2014 |website=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] Ltd |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|title=130,000-Year-Old Neanderthal 'Eagle Claw Necklace' Found in Croatia|work=Sci-News.com|date=11 March 2015|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034753/https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<ref>{{cite web| last = Radford| first = Tim |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts| title = "World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"| date = 16 April 2004| access-date = 18 January 2008| archive-date = 8 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| url-status = live |work = Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |title=African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory |date=13 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 The oldest piece of art found in Europe is the [[Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle]], dating back 51,000 years and made by Neanderthals.
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 The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the [[Venus of Hohle Fels]], are the numerous objects found at the [[Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instruments unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating between 43,000 and 35,000 BC, so being the first centre of human art.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |title = Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 1 January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060101181304/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-date=5 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205185627/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | title=Earliest music instruments found | work=BBC News | date=24 May 2012 | archive-date=11 April 2022 | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411122409/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnm|Hodge|2017|1p=12|Fortenberry|2017|2pp=1 & 2}}
-[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cave paintings]], Lascaux, France, c. 17,000 BCE]]
+[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cave paintings]], Lascaux, France, {{Circa|17,000}} BCE]]
 Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of Iran|Persia]], India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as [[Inca civilization|Inca]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and [[Olmec]]. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 83, 75–115, 132–141, 147–155, 163, 627.</ref>
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 In the east, [[Islamic art]]'s rejection of [[iconography]] led to emphasis on [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric patterns]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], and [[Islamic architecture|architecture]].<ref>Gombrich, pp. 127–128</ref> Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw the flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Emperor Qin]]<ref>Gombrich, pp. 634–635</ref>), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, [[Tang dynasty]] paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but [[Ming dynasty]] paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition.<ref name="Watson1995">{{cite book|author=William Watson|title=The Arts of China 900–1620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|year=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09835-8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225448/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting. [[Woodblock printing]] became important in Japan after the 17th century.<ref>Gombrich, p. 155, p. 530.</ref>
-[[File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting by [[Song dynasty]] artist Ma Lin, {{c.|1250|lk=no}}. 24.8&nbsp;× 25.2&nbsp;cm]]
+[[File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting by [[Song dynasty]] artist Ma Lin, {{Circa|1250}}. 24.8&nbsp;× 25.2&nbsp;cm]]
 The western [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the [[clockwork universe]], as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as [[William Blake|Blake]]'s portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer,<ref name="Moore2010">{{cite book|author=Colin Moore|title=Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|year= 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-0591-7|page=76|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Jacques-Louis David|David]]'s propagandistic paintings. This led to [[Romanticism|Romantic]] rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of [[Goethe]]. The late 19th century then saw a host of [[artistic movements]], such as [[academic art]], [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]], [[impressionism]] and [[fauvism]] among others.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 394–395, 519–527,  573–575.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Age of Enlightenment An Anthology Prepared for the Enlightenment Book Club|url=https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|access-date=26 May 2018|pages=1–45|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201357/https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
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 [[File:Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial throne.jpg|thumb|''[[Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne]]'' by [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]] (French, 1806), oil on canvas]]
 {{Main|The arts}}
 The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as [[Art medium|media]], genre, [[Art style|styles]], and form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Kendall L. |author-link=Kendall Walton|title=Categories of Art |journal=The Philosophical Review |date=1 January 1970 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=334–67 |doi=10.2307/2183933 |jstor=2183933}}. Walton distinguishes between paintings and sculptures, but he also distinguishes further between sub-categories, such as cubist paintings and paintings in the style of Cezanne, classical sonatas and music in the style of late Beethoven.</ref> ''Art form'' refers to the [[elements of art]] that are independent of its interpretation or significance. It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] of the artwork, primarily non-semantic aspects of the work (i.e., [[figurae]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monelle |first1=Raymond |title=Linguistics and Semiotics in Music |year= 1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-3718652099 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015304/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as [[Color theory|color]], [[Contour drawing|contour]], [[Fourth dimension in art|dimension]], [[Art medium|medium]], [[melody]], [[Negative space|space]], [[Texture (visual arts)|texture]], and [[Lightness|value]]. Form may also include [[Design principles]], such as arrangement, [[Formal balance|balance]], [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]], [[Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]], [[harmony]], [[Hierarchical proportion|proportion]], [[Principles of grouping|proximity]], and rhythm.<ref name="Belton">{{cite book |last1=Belton |first1=Robert J. |title=Art History: A Preliminary Handbook |chapter=The Elements of Art |date=1996 |chapter-url=https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062345/https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 87: / Line 88: @@
 A common view is that the [[Wikt:epithet|epithet]] ''art'', particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for [[Leonardo da Vinci]], art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors, was a manifestation of skill.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated London News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited|page=502|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rembrandt]]'s work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity.<ref name="NewtonNeil1966">{{cite book|author1=Eric Newton|author2=William Neil|title=2000 Years of Christian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Harper & Row|page=184|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of [[John Singer Sargent]] were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency,<ref name="RichardsGjertson2002">{{cite book|author1=Kirk Richards|author2=Stephen Gjertson|title=For glory and for beauty: practical perspectives on Christianity and the visual arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=American Society of Classical Realism|isbn=978-0-9636180-4-7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, [[Pablo Picasso]], was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled.<ref name="Leslie2005">{{cite book|author=Richard Leslie|title=Pablo Picasso: A Modern Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|year= 2005|publisher=New Line Books|isbn=978-1-59764-094-7|page=7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DillenbergerHandley2014">{{cite book|author1=Jane Dillenberger|author2=John Handley|title=The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27629-1|page=26|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', {{c.|1503|lk=no}}–1506, showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]
+[[File:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', {{Circa|1503|1506}}, showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]
-A common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art]] occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognised set of skills.<ref name="Kleiner2009">{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7|pages=24–27|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''[[My Bed]]'', or [[Damien Hirst]]'s ''[[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living]]'' follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Luke|title=Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|publisher=Tate|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|year=2013|isbn=978-1849763875|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating ''hands-on'' works of art.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Belle Assemblée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|volume=V|year=1808|publisher=J. Bell|page=8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
+A common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art]] occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognized set of skills.<ref name="Kleiner2009">{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7|pages=24–27|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''[[My Bed]]'', or [[Damien Hirst]]'s ''[[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living]]'' follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Luke|title=Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|publisher=Tate|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|year=2013|isbn=978-1849763875|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating ''hands-on'' works of art.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Belle Assemblée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|volume=V|year=1808|publisher=J. Bell|page=8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Purpose==
-[[File:Transition 1880.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Navajo rug]] made {{c.|1880|lk=no}}]]
+[[File:Transition 1880.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Navajo rug]] made {{Circa|1880}}]]
 [[File:B Escorial 93v.jpg|thumb|[[Mozarabic art|Mozarabic]] [[Commentary on the Apocalypse|Beatus]] [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]]. Spain, late 10th century]]
 Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated ([[Lévi-Strauss]]).<ref name="Schiuma2011">{{cite book|author=Giovanni Schiuma|title=The Value of Arts for Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|year= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49665-0|page=37|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 109: / Line 110: @@
 # '''Art as a "free zone"''', removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values, [[contemporary art]] has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion, deconstruction, etc.), becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.<ref>According to [[Maurizio Bolognini]] this is not only associated with the [[postmodern art|postmodern]] rejection of all canons but with a process of secularization of art, which is finally considered as "a mere (albeit essential) convention, sustained and reproduced by the art system (artists, galleries, critics, collectors), providing a free zone, that is, a more open place for experimentation, removed from the constraints of the practical sphere.": see {{Cite book |title=Postdigitale |url=https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm |year=2008 |author=Maurizio Bolognini |publisher=Carocci |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-430-4739-0 |chapter-url = https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| chapter = chap. 3| access-date = 2 August 2013| archive-date = 18 January 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110118081511/https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| url-status = live}}</ref>
 # '''Art for social inquiry, subversion or anarchy.''' While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be used to criticize some aspect of society. [[Graffiti art]] and other types of [[street art]] are graphics and images that are [[Spray painting|spray-painted]] or [[stencil]]led on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).
-# '''Art for social causes.''' Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of [[autism]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Jeramia |title=RiverKings raising autism awareness with art |url=https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |newspaper=WMC tv |date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism |url=https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |newspaper=Daily News-Miner |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism |url=https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruhl |first=Ashleigh |title=Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Gazettes |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |access-date=22 January 2015 |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=n.d. |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Marella |title=October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer |url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |newspaper=Flagler College Gargoyle |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[human trafficking]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking |url=https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg |newspaper=WDTN Channel 2 News |date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630141018/https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness%23.UdA8P33LfK5 |archive-date=30 June 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize |url=https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |newspaper=WWMT, Newschannel 3 |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<ref>{{cite web |title=SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness |url=https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703164121/https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> human rights in [[Darfur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur' |url=https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |newspaper=SMU News Release |date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130403085335/https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |archive-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Greg |title=Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |newspaper=[[Global News]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> elder abuse,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art |url=https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162638/https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> and pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathema |first=Paavan |title=Trash to treasure: Turning Mt. Everest waste into art |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |newspaper=CNN |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114505/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trashion]], using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as [[Marina DeBris]] is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.
+# '''Art for social causes.''' Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of [[autism]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Jeramia |title=RiverKings raising autism awareness with art |url=https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |newspaper=WMC tv |date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism |url=https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |newspaper=Daily News-Miner |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism |url=https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruhl |first=Ashleigh |title=Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Gazettes |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |access-date=22 January 2015 |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=n.d. |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Marella |title=October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer |url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |newspaper=Flagler College Gargoyle |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[human trafficking]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking |url=https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg |newspaper=WDTN Channel 2 News |date=26 November 2012}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize |url=https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |newspaper=WWMT, Newschannel 3 |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<ref>{{cite web |title=SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness |url=https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}} human rights in [[Darfur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur' |url=https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |newspaper=SMU News Release |date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521132027/http://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |archive-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Greg |title=Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |newspaper=[[Global News]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> elder abuse,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art |url=https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162638/https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> and pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathema |first=Paavan |title=Trash to treasure: Turning Mt. Everest waste into art |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |newspaper=CNN |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114505/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trashion]], using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as [[Marina DeBris]] is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.
-# '''Art for psychological and healing purposes.''' Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The [[Art therapy#The Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS)|Diagnostic Drawing Series]], for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<ref name="Hogan2001">{{cite book|author=Susan Hogan|author-link=Susan Hogan (historian)|title=Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|year=2001|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-799-4|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225437/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|url-status=live}}</ref>
+# '''Art for psychological and healing purposes.''' Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The [[Art therapy#Methods|Diagnostic Drawing Series]], for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<ref name="Hogan2001">{{cite book|author=Susan Hogan|author-link=Susan Hogan (historian)|title=Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|year=2001|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-799-4|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225437/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|url-status=live}}</ref>
 # '''Art for propaganda, or commercialism.''' Art is often used as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.<ref>[[Roland Barthes]], ''Mythologies''</ref>
 # '''Art as a fitness indicator.''' It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One [[evolutionary psychology]] explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the [[peacock]]'s tail. The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also [[Fisherian runaway]] and [[handicap principle]]). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.<ref name="Dutton">[[Denis Dutton|Dutton, Denis]]. 2003. "Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology" in ''The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics''. Oxford University Press.</ref>
@@ Line 117: / Line 118: @@
 ==Steps==
-Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02266 | doi-access=free | title=What Are the Stages of the Creative Process? What Visual Art Students Are Saying | year=2018 | last1=Botella | first1=Marion | last2=Zenasni | first2=Franck | last3=Lubart | first3=Todd | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=9 | page=2266 | pmid=30519205 | pmc=6259352 }}</ref>
+Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02266 | doi-access=free | title=What Are the Stages of the Creative Process? What Visual Art Students Are Saying | year=2018 | last1=Botella | first1=Marion | last2=Zenasni | first2=Franck | last3=Lubart | first3=Todd | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=9 | article-number=2266 | pmid=30519205 | pmc=6259352 }}</ref>
 ===Preparation===
@@ Line 124: / Line 125: @@
 ===Creation===
-[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'', the first in [[Hokusai]]'s c. 1830–1832 series ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'']]
+[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'', the first in [[Hokusai]]'s {{Circa|1830|1832}} series ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'']]
-In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's [[mood (psychology)|mood]], [[surroundings]], and [[mental state]]. For example, ''[[The Black Paintings]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]], created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<ref>* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art''. Universe Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87663-294-0}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] stated drugs such as [[LSD]] and [[cannabis]] influenced some of their greatest hits, such as ''[[Revolver (Beatles)|Revolver]].''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |magazine=Rolling Stone |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trial and error]] are considered an integral part of the creation process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>
+In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's [[mood (psychology)|mood]], surroundings, and [[mental state]]. For example, ''[[The Black Paintings]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]], created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<ref>* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art''. Universe Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87663-294-0}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] stated drugs such as [[LSD]] and [[cannabis]] influenced some of their greatest hits, such as ''[[Revolver (Beatles)|Revolver]].''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |magazine=Rolling Stone |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trial and error]] are considered an integral part of the creation process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>
 ===Appreciation===
-The last step is [[art appreciation]], which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that [[Reflective practice|reflection]] is an essential step of the art process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<ref name="Loughran">{{cite journal |last=Loughran |first=J. John |date=January 2002 |title=Effective reflective practice: in search of meaning in learning about teaching |journal=Journal of Teacher Education |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/0022487102053001004 |s2cid=6370058 |url=http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163200/http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran-Smith |first1=Marilyn |last2=Lytle |first2=Susan L. |date=January 1999 |title=Relationships of knowledge and practice: teacher learning in communities |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=249–305 |doi=10.3102/0091732X024001249 |jstor=1167272|s2cid=143929745 }}</ref> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing/listening/etc. believe the art to be good/successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5581397 | year=2017 | last1=Sherman | first1=A. | last2=Morrissey | first2=C. | title=What is Art Good For? The Socio-Epistemic Value of Art | journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume=11 | page=411 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00411 | pmid=28894418 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to [[beauty]]. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%2C%20however%2C%20refers%20to,mastery%20displayed%20in%20the%20piece. |title=The Importance of Art Appreciation |website=Educationworld.in |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
+The last step is [[art appreciation]], which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that [[Reflective practice|reflection]] is an essential step of the art process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<ref name="Loughran">{{cite journal |last=Loughran |first=J. John |date=January 2002 |title=Effective reflective practice: in search of meaning in learning about teaching |journal=Journal of Teacher Education |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/0022487102053001004 |s2cid=6370058 |url=http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163200/http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran-Smith |first1=Marilyn |last2=Lytle |first2=Susan L. |date=January 1999 |title=Relationships of knowledge and practice: teacher learning in communities |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=249–305 |doi=10.3102/0091732X024001249 |jstor=1167272|s2cid=143929745 }}</ref> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing, listening, etc. believe the art to be good or successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5581397 | year=2017 | last1=Sherman | first1=A. | last2=Morrissey | first2=C. | title=What is Art Good For? The Socio-Epistemic Value of Art | journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume=11 | article-number=411 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00411 | pmid=28894418 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to [[beauty]]. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%2C%20however%2C%20refers%20to,mastery%20displayed%20in%20the%20piece. |title=The Importance of Art Appreciation |website=Educationworld.in |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
 ==Public access==
@@ Line 153: / Line 154: @@
 ==Controversies==
-[[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'', {{c.|1820|lk=no}}]]
+[[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'', {{Circa|1820}}]]
 Art has long been controversial, that is to say disliked by some viewers, for a wide variety of reasons, though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded, or completely lost to a modern view. [[Iconoclasm]] is the destruction of art that is disliked for a variety of reasons, including religious ones. [[Aniconism]] is a general dislike of either all figurative images, or often just religious ones, and has been a thread in many major religions. It has been a crucial factor in the history of [[Islamic art]], where [[depictions of Muhammad]] remain especially controversial. Much art has been disliked purely because it depicted or otherwise stood for unpopular rulers, parties or other groups. Artistic conventions have often been conservative and taken very seriously by [[art critic]]s, though often much less so by a wider public. The [[iconography|iconographic]] content of art could cause controversy, as with late medieval depictions of the new motif of the [[Swoon of the Virgin]] in scenes of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]. [[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The ''Last Judgment'']] by [[Michelangelo]] was controversial for various reasons, including breaches of [[decorum]] through nudity and the [[Apollo]]-like pose of Christ.<ref name="McCue2016">{{cite book|author=Maureen McCue|title=British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art, 1793–1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-17148-5|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nickerson2010">{{cite book|author=Angela K. Nickerson|title=A Journey into Michelangelo's Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-8547-3|page=182|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of [[Romanticism]], and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. [[Théodore Géricault|Théodore Géricault's]] ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'' ({{c.|1820|lk=no}}), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. [[Édouard Manet|Édouard Manet's]] ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe]]'' (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<ref name="RuprechtTaiana1995">{{cite book|author1=Alvina Ruprecht|author2=Cecilia Taiana|title=Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-269-0|page=256|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stout2018">{{cite book|author=John C. Stout|title=Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0|page=50|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Singer Sargent|John Singer Sargent's]] ''[[Portrait of Madame X|Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam&nbsp;X)]]'' (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<ref name="Summers2004">{{cite book|author=Claude J. Summers|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=978-1-57344-191-9|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bender2014">{{cite book|author=Narim Bender|title=John Sargent: 121 Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of [[Romanticism]], and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. [[Théodore Géricault|Théodore Géricault's]] ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'' ({{Circa|1820}}), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. [[Édouard Manet|Édouard Manet's]] ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe]]'' (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<ref name="RuprechtTaiana1995">{{cite book|author1=Alvina Ruprecht|author2=Cecilia Taiana|title=Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-269-0|page=256|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stout2018">{{cite book|author=John C. Stout|title=Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0|page=50|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Singer Sargent|John Singer Sargent's]] ''[[Portrait of Madame X|Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam&nbsp;X)]]'' (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<ref name="Summers2004">{{cite book|author=Claude J. Summers|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=978-1-57344-191-9|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bender2014">{{cite book|author=Narim Bender|title=John Sargent: 121 Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The gradual abandonment of naturalism and the depiction of realistic representations of the visual appearance of subjects in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a rolling controversy lasting for over a century.
 [[File:BeuysAchberg78.jpg|thumb|Performance by [[Joseph Beuys]], 1978: ''Everyone an artist – On the way to the libertarian form of the social organism'']]
@@ Line 175: / Line 176: @@
 [[Pop art]]ists like [[Andy Warhol]] became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly [[cultural critic|critiquing popular culture]], as well as the [[art world]]. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond ''high art'' to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, [[comics]], [[billboards]] and [[pornography]].<ref name="Gemünden1998">{{cite book|author=Gerd Gemünden|title=Framed Visions: Popular Culture, Americanization, and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|year=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08560-6|page=43|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Yorker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=F-R Publishing Corporation|page=84|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind-everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<ref name="Duchamp Interview Clip">{{YouTube|haon2DXWvLk|Duchamp Two Statements}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]'', Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term ''art'', but [[techne]]. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and [[craft]] are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, [[horsemanship]], [[geometry]], carpentry, [[prophecy]], and farming, etc.<ref name="BurgueteLam2011">{{cite book|author1=Maria Burguete|author2=Lui Lam|title=Arts: A Science Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4324-93-9|page=74|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind – everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<ref name="Duchamp Interview Clip">{{YouTube|haon2DXWvLk|Duchamp Two Statements}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]'', Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term ''art'', but [[techne]]. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and [[craft]] are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, [[horsemanship]], [[geometry]], carpentry, [[prophecy]], and farming, etc.<ref name="BurgueteLam2011">{{cite book|author1=Maria Burguete|author2=Lui Lam|title=Arts: A Science Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4324-93-9|page=74|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy"===
@@ Line 243: / Line 244: @@
 * [[Katharine Gilbert|Katharine Everett Gilbert]] and Helmut Kuhn, ''A History of Esthetics''. Edition 2, revised. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1953.
 * Stephen Davies, ''Definitions of Art'', 1991<ref>{{Citation |title=Definitions of art |last=Davies |first=Stephen |pages=243 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729085304/https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |archive-date=July 29, 2025|place=Ithaca, N.Y |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |language=en-US |isbn=9781501721182}}</ref>
-* [[Nina Felshin]], ed. ''But is it Art?'', 1995<ref>{{Citation |title=But is it art? |last=Felshin |first=Nina |pages=412 |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1111056M/But_is_it_art#editions-list |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/butisitartspirit0000unse |archive-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |place=Seattle, Washington, United States of America |publisher=Bay Press |year=1995 |type=full text free online |language=en-US |lccn=94036846 |oclc=31243239 |id=OL18271419W |via=[[Open Library]]}}</ref>
+* [[Nina Felshin]], ed. ''But is it Art?'', 1995<ref>{{Citation |title=But is it art? |last=Felshin |first=Nina |pages=412 |place=Seattle, Washington, United States of America |publisher=Bay Press |year=1995 |ol=1111056M |type=full text free online |language=en-US |lccn=94036846 |oclc=31243239 |id=OL18271419W }}</ref>
-* [[Catherine de Zegher]] (ed.). ''Inside the Visible''. MIT Press, 1996 <ref>{{Citation |title=Inside the Visible |last=Zegher |first=Catherine |date=1996-03-06 |pages=495 |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10238038M/Inside_the_Visible |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/errhO |archive-date=July 29, 2025 |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |type= |language=en-US |isbn=9780262540810 |oclc=35136509 |id=OL8889217W}}</ref>
+* [[Catherine de Zegher]] (ed.). ''Inside the Visible''. MIT Press, 1996 <ref>{{Citation |title=Inside the Visible |last=Zegher |first=Catherine |date=1996-03-06 |pages=495 |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |type= |language=en-US |isbn=9780262540810 |ol=10238038M |oclc=35136509 |id=OL8889217W }}</ref>
 * Evelyn Hatcher, ed. ''Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art'', 1999
 * Noel Carroll, ''Theories of Art Today'', 2000
@@ Line 258: / Line 259: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor’s Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.
+* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor's Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.
 * Antony Briant and [[Griselda Pollock]], eds. ''Digital and Other Virtualities: Renegotiating the image''. London and NY: I.B. Tauris, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1441676313}}
 * Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N. ''The New Story of Science: mind and the universe'', Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, 1984. {{ISBN|0-89526-833-7}} (this book has significant material on art and science)
@@ Line 273: / Line 274: @@
 * [[Richard Wollheim]], ''Art and its Objects: An introduction to aesthetics''. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. {{OCLC|1077405}}
 * [[Will Gompertz]]. ''What Are You Looking At?: 150 Years of Modern Art in the Blink of an Eye''. New York: Viking, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0670920495}}
-* [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics'', translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980
 ==External links==
@@ Line 289: / Line 289: @@
 Wikipedia is not a link directory. Consider submitting your link to DMOZ instead.
 -->
-* [https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1 ''Art and Play'' from the Dictionary of the History of ideas]
+* [https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1 ''Art and Play'' from the Dictionary of the History of ideas]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190600/https://witcombe.sbc.edu/arthlinks.html In-depth directory of art]
 * ''[https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries
@@ Line 295: / Line 295: @@
 * [https://www.RevolutionArtMagazine.com/ RevolutionArt – Art magazines with worldwide exhibitions, callings and competitions]
 * {{cite SEP |url-id=art-definition |title=The Definition of Art |last=Adajian |first=Thomas}}
+* {{iep|url-id=definition-of-art|title=Definition of Art}}
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