Analysis: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Adriaen_Van_Ostade_-_L'Analyse_-_PDUT921_-_Musée_des_Beaux-Arts_de_la_ville_de_Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Adriaen van Ostade]], "Analysis" (1666)]]

~~{{research}}~~

'''Analysis''' ({{plural form}}: '''analyses''') is the process of breaking a [[complexity|complex topic]] or [[Substance theory|substance]] into smaller parts in order to gain a better [[understanding]] of it. The technique has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]] ~~(384–322 BC)~~, though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Analysis|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=23 May 2012|first1=Michael| last1=Beaney|date=Summer 2012}}</ref>

'''Analysis''' ({{plural form}}: '''analyses''') is the process of breaking a [[complexity|complex topic]] or [[Substance theory|substance]] into smaller parts in order to gain a better [[understanding]] of it. The technique has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]], though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Analysis|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=23 May 2012|first1=Michael| last1=Beaney|date=Summer 2012}}</ref>

The word comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{Lang|grc-Grek|ἀνάλυσις|italic=no}} (''analysis'', "a breaking-up" or "an untying" from ''ana-'' "up, throughout" and ''lysis'' "a loosening").<ref>{{cite web |author=Douglas Harper |year=2001–2012 |title=analysis (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=analysis |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> From it also comes the word's plural, ''analyses''.

As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to [[René Descartes]] (''[[Discourse on the Method]]''), and [[Galileo Galilei]]. It has also been ascribed to [[Isaac Newton]], in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name).

As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to [[René Descartes]] (''[[Discourse on the Method]]''), and [[Galileo Galilei]]. It has also been ascribed to [[Isaac Newton]], in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name).<ref>[[Niccolò Guicciardini|Guicciardini, N.]] (2016). "[http://Chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/15463/frontmatter/9781107015463%20frontmatter.pdf Newton’s Method of Analysis and Synthesis]." ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' edited by Rob Illiffe and [[George E. Smith (philosopher)|George E. Smith]], [[University of Oxford Press|University of Oxford]]</ref>

The converse of analysis is [[wikt:synthesis|synthesis]]: putting the pieces back together again in a new or different whole.<ref>Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., [[David Krathwohl|Krathwohl, D. R.]] (1964). ''Taxonomy of educational objectives'' (Vol. 2). New York: Longmans, Green.</ref>

== Academic analysis ==

Academic analysis is a systematic, methodological approach to inquiry used across scholarly disciplines to deconstruct complex ideas, texts, data, or systems. Its primary aim is to foster a deeper, evidence-based understanding, challenge assumptions, and contribute to a body of knowledge through [[Critical theory|critical]] examination and rigorous argumentation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Creswell |first1=John W. |last2=Creswell |first2=J. David |title=Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches |date=2023 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1071817940 |pages=3–25 |edition=6th|author-link=John W. Creswell}}</ref> This form of analysis is foundational to higher education and research, distinguished by its adherence to disciplinary conventions, [[peer review]], and the use of established theoretical or conceptual frameworks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaney |first1=Michael |title=Analysis |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/ |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref>

Methods vary significantly by field. In the humanities, it often involves [[hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] or [[discourse analysis]] to interpret the meaning, context, and ideology within texts and artifacts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lechte |first1=John |title=Key Contemporary Concepts: From Abjection to Zeno's Paradox |date=2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0761965350}}</ref> In the social sciences, analysis frequently employs qualitative methods (e.g., [[thematic analysis]], [[content analysis]]) and [[quantitative methods]] (e.g., [[statistical analysis]], [[econometrics]]) to examine human behavior and societal structures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Babbie |first1=Earl R. |title=The Practice of Social Research |date=2020 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0357360767 |pages=75–102, 398–430 |edition=15th|author-link=Earl R. Babbie}}</ref> In the natural and formal sciences, the analytical process is characterized by [[hypothesis]] testing, mathematical modeling, and the reproducible analysis of [[empirical data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Godfrey-Smith |first1=Peter |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |date=2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226300634 |pages=102–130 |edition=2nd|author-link=Peter Godfrey-Smith}}</ref>

A cornerstone of academic analysis is reflexivity, where scholars critically examine their own role, potential [[biases]], and the influence of their theoretical position on the analytical process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvesson |first1=Mats |last2=Sköldberg |first2=Kaj |title=Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research |journal=SAGE Publications |date=2018 |isbn=978-1473964242 |edition=3rd}}</ref> The product of academic analysis is typically a sustained argument presented in a format such as a [[monograph]], [[scholarly journal|journal article]], or dissertation, which is subjected to [[peer evaluation]] for validity, originality, and contribution to the field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Wayne C. |last2=Colomb |first2=Gregory G. |last3=Williams |first3=Joseph M. |title=The Craft of Research |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226239736 |pages=111–134 |edition=4th}}</ref>

== Humanities and social sciences ==

===Linguistics===

[[Linguistics]] is the scientific study of [[language]]<ref name="UBLing">{{Cite web|title=University at Buffalo, College of Arts and Sciences. "What is Linguistics?"|url=https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/linguistics/about/what-is-linguistics.html|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref name="LDR">{{Cite web |title=Language Development Research |url=https://ldr.lps.library.cmu.edu/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/YtGf7 |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Language Development Research Journal}}</ref>. It involves the systematic analysis of the properties of specific languages as well as the universal characteristics of language in general, including its structure, use, and cognitive and social aspects<ref name="LDR" />. Linguistics explores individual languages and language in general by breaking language down into component parts for analysis. Core areas of analysis include [[theoretical linguistics|theory]]<ref name="TheoreticalLing">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Theoretical Linguistics |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080970868/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-and-behavioral-sciences |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[phonetics]] (the production and perception of speech sounds)<ref name="UCD">University College Dublin, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. "Subfields of Linguistics."</ref>, [[phonology]] (the abstract sound systems of languages and the systematic organization of sounds in a language)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="GWUPhon">{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Science with a Major in Cognitive Science of Language (STEM) |url=https://bulletin.gwu.edu/arts-sciences/speech-hearing-science/bs-cognitive-science-of-language/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/u01vJ |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The George Washington University Bulletin}}</ref><ref name="JPhon">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Phonetics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-phonetics |archive-url=https://archive.today/1mKJh |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Phonetics}}</ref>, [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (the structure and formation of words)<ref name="UCD" />, the [[etymology|history of words]] and [[morphology (linguistics)|word origins]]<ref name="HistLing">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Historical Linguistics |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/b5Evq |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[semantics]] (the study of linguistic meaning, including [[lexical semantics|the meaning of words]] and [[phraseology|word combinations]])<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="JSem">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Semantics |url=https://academic.oup.com/jos |archive-url=https://archive.today/9tPcC |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Semantics}}</ref>, [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]]<ref name="JSem" />, [[syntax]] (the rules governing the structure and construction of sentences)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="SyntaxWiley">{{Cite journal |title=Syntax |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Syntax-p-9781405188399 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230215164917/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-nirav-modis-sisters-plea-for-ed-to-intervene-in-us-bankruptcy-proceedings-rejected |archive-date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Syntax |publisher=Wiley Online Library}}</ref>, [[pragmatics]] (how context contributes to meaning and how utterances are used)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="JPrag">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Pragmatics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-pragmatics |archive-url=https://archive.today/XpOdG |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics}}</ref>, [[discourse analysis]] (basic construction beyond the sentence level)<ref name="DiscourseARL">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Discourse Analysis |encyclopedia=Annual Review of Linguistics |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/linguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/Rv4PN |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[conversation analysis|conversation]], and [[stylistics]] and [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]].

Theoretical linguistics is concerned with developing a general framework for understanding the fundamental nature of language<ref name="WP_Ling">Wikipedia. "Linguistics."</ref>. Linguistics also encompasses the study of language change over time, known as [[historical linguistics]]<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="HistLing" />.

Linguistics examines these areas using a range of methods, including tools from [[computational linguistics]] that involve computational modelling, statistics, and modeling of natural language<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="CompLing">{{Cite journal |title=Computational Linguistics |url=https://aclanthology.org/venues/cl/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251123171108/https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/c2e695b2-da0d-481f-bde5-8098d90e0163/dk5kb7w-32777b03-0c28-4c88-99ac-374828dce21b.jpg?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ1cm46YXBwOjdlMGQxODg5ODIyNjQzNzNhNWYwZDQxNWVhMGQyNmUwIiwiaXNzIjoidXJuOmFwcDo3ZTBkMTg4OTgyMjY0MzczYTVmMGQ0MTVlYTBkMjZlMCIsIm9iaiI6W1t7InBhdGgiOiIvZi9jMmU2OTViMi1kYTBkLTQ4MWYtYmRlNS04MDk4ZDkwZTAxNjMvZGs1a2I3dy0zMjc3N2IwMy0wYzI4LTRjODgtOTlhYy0zNzQ4MjhkY2UyMWIuanBnIn1dXSwiYXVkIjpbInVybjpzZXJ2aWNlOmZpbGUuZG93bmxvYWQiXX0.7ayPfcHiqXsu-0GGRJTLGdUQx7ffgr1sS5FwhWMOjTU |archive-date=2025-11-23 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Computational Linguistics |publisher=ACL Anthology}}</ref><ref name="StanfordPsy">{{Cite web |title=Psycholinguistics |url=https://linguistics.stanford.edu/research/psycholinguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/LDcX1 |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Stanford Linguistics}}</ref>. The field also analyses language through interdisciplinary approaches that consider its context, including [[anthropological linguistics]] (which investigates the place of language in its wider social and cultural context)<ref name="IELA">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Stanlaw |title=The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology |encyclopedia=Wiley Online Library |date=2020 |doi=10.1002/9781118786093 |isbn=978-1-118-78676-5 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118786093 |archive-url=https://archive.today/vJOSp |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29|url-access=subscription }}</ref>, [[biolinguistics]] and [[evolutionary linguistics|evolutionary linguistics]] or biolinguistics<ref name="BrainLang">{{Cite journal |title=Brain and Language |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/brain-and-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/JC5tL |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Brain and Language}}</ref><ref name="LangEvolJ">{{Cite journal |title=Language Evolution |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-evolution |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200709154613/https://www.couchsurfing.com/people/karmaluksabbagh/references?type=surf,host,friend,other |archive-date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Language Evolution}}</ref>, [[language geography|geography]]<ref name="WALS">{{Cite web |title=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (WALS) |url=https://wals.info/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231211234649/https://www.tumblr.com/radical-queer/736439607357472768/transitalian?source=share |archive-date=2023-12-11 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}}</ref>, [[sociolinguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="LangSoc">{{Cite journal |title=Language in Society |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140413161042/http://web.archive.org/web/20050409012523/www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/TRM%20ISTASYON%20TIMETABLE.htm |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Language in Society}}</ref>, [[psycholinguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="CollegeVineLing">CollegeVine. "What Subfields Can You Study as a Linguistics Major?"</ref><ref name="MemLang">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Memory and Language |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-memory-and-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240128021740/https://www.artsy.net/article/junglejamboree-childrens-day-special-at-jungle-jamboree |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Memory and Language}}</ref>, [[neurolinguistics]] and [[neurolinguistics|neurology]]<ref name="BrainLang" />, [[linguistic anthropology]] (a subfield of anthropology using anthropological methods to study language within a cultural framework)<ref name="YammeringOn">Yammering On (Academic Blog). "Anthropological Linguistics vs Sociolinguistics vs Linguistic Anthropology (ARGH!)"</ref>, and [[historical linguistics|history]]<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="HistLing" />, as well as related perspectives from [[anthropological linguistics|anthropology]]<ref name="IELA" />, [[biolinguistics|biology]]<ref name="BrainLang" />, [[evolutionary linguistics|evolution]]<ref name="LangEvolJ" />, [[psycholinguistics|psychology]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="StanfordPsy" />, and [[sociolinguistics|sociology]]<ref name="LangSoc" />.

The field takes applied approaches, utilizing scientific findings for practical purposes under the umbrella of [[applied linguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="ApplLing">{{Cite journal |title=Applied Linguistics |url=https://academic.oup.com/applij |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131005050753/http://web.archive.org/web/20071105083113/http://scifipedia.scifi.com/index.php/UFO_Magazine_issue_July_2006 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Applied Linguistics}}</ref>. This includes understanding [[language acquisition]] and [[developmental linguistics|individual language development]] across the lifespan, from first language acquisition in children to second language learning in adults<ref name="CollegeVineLing" /><ref name="JChildLang">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Child Language |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-child-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/1eMKW |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Child Language}}</ref><ref name="LDR" /><ref name="ChildrenIntro">{{Cite journal |last=Ahufinger |first=Nadia |date=2022-03-14 |title=Introduction to Language Development in Children |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=412 |doi=10.3390/children9030412 |doi-access=free |pmid=35327784 |pmc=8947529 }}</ref>. Applied linguistics also addresses clinical issues in communication disorders and [[clinical linguistics|clinical]] issues, applying linguistic theory and methods to the study, diagnosis, and assessment of communication disorders<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="JSLHR">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |url=https://pubs.asha.org/journal/jslhr |archive-url=https://archive.today/YqShB |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |publisher=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association}}</ref><ref name="ClinicalMap">{{Cite journal |last1=El Fegiery |first1=Ahmed |last2=Al-Tamimi |first2=Jalila |last3=Al-Shawashreh |first3=Eiman |last4=Hazaimeh |first4=Alaa |last5=Al-Shdifat |first5=Reem |last6=Al-Jamal |first6=Deia |date=2022-08-10 |title=Clinical Linguistics: Analysis of Mapping Knowledge Domains |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=8 |page=1202 |doi=10.3390/children9081202 |doi-access=free |pmid=36010092 |pmc=9406678 }}</ref>. It also includes improving language education<ref name="UBLing" /> and other applied and interdisciplinary subfields such as [[computational linguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="CompLing" />, as well as areas such as [[stylistics]].

===Literature===

[[Literary criticism]] is the analysis of [[literature]]. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of [[analysis (Homer)|Homer]] or [[psychoanalytic literary criticism|Freud]]. While not all literary-critical methods are primarily analytical in nature, the main approach to the teaching of literature in the west since the mid-twentieth century, literary formal analysis or close reading, is. This method, rooted in the academic movement labelled [[The New Criticism]], approaches texts – chiefly short poems such as [[sonnets]], which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse that can be understood in themselves, without reference to biographical or historical frameworks. This method of analysis breaks up the text linguistically in a study of [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] (the formal analysis of meter) and phonic effects such as [[alliteration]] and [[rhyme]], and cognitively in examination of the interplay of syntactic structures, figurative language, and other elements of the poem that work to produce its larger effects.

===Music===

* [[Musical analysis]] – a process attempting to answer the question "How does this music work?"

**Musical Analysis is a study of how the composers use the notes together to compose music. Those studying music will find differences with each composer's musical analysis, which differs depending on the culture and history of music studied. An analysis of music is meant to simplify the music for you.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Warfield|first=Scott|date=November 2014|title=Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. By Bruce D. McClung. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. – Oklahoma!: The Making of an American Musical. By Tim Carter. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. – South Pacific: Paradise Rewritten. By Jim Lovensheimer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. – Wicked: A Musical Biography. By Paul R. Laird. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011.|journal=Journal of the Society for American Music|volume=8|issue=4|pages=587–596|doi=10.1017/s1752196314000443|s2cid=232401945|issn=1752-1963}}</ref>

* [[Schenkerian analysis]]

**Schenkerian analysis is a collection of music analysis that focuses on the production of the graphic representation. This includes both analytical procedure as well as the notational style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neumeyer |first1=David |title=Guide to Schenkerian Analysis |date=November 2018 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/70263 |doi=10.15781/T2D21S443|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin; University of Texas Libraries|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |hdl=2152/70263 }}</ref> Simply put, it analyzes tonal music which includes all chords and tones within a composition.<ref name=":0" />

~~The converse~~ of analysis is [[~~wikt:synthesis~~|~~synthesis~~]]~~: putting~~ the ~~pieces back together again~~ in ~~a new or different whole~~.

===Philosophy===

* [[Philosophical analysis]] – a general term for the techniques used by philosophers

**Philosophical analysis refers to the clarification and composition of words put together and the entailed meaning behind them.<ref name=":1" /> Philosophical analysis dives deeper into the meaning of words and seeks to clarify that meaning by contrasting the various definitions. It is the study of reality, justification of claims, and the analysis of various concepts. Branches of philosophy include logic, justification, metaphysics, values and ethics. If questions can be answered empirically, meaning it can be answered by using the senses, then it is not considered philosophical. Non-philosophical questions also include events that happened in the past, or questions science or mathematics can answer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hospers|first=John|date=2013-04-15|title=An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis|doi=10.4324/9780203714454|isbn=9780203714454|author-link=John Hospers}}</ref>

* ''[[Analysis (journal)|Analysis]]'' is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy.

==Science and technology==

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===Chemistry===

[[File:Clinical Chemistry Analyzer , Клинички биохемиски анализатор 3.jpg|thumb|A clinical chemistry analyzer]]

{{See also|Analytical chemistry|List of chemical analysis methods~~|Chemical synthesis~~}}

{{See also|Analytical chemistry|List of chemical analysis methods}}

The field of [[chemistry]] uses analysis in three ways: to identify the components of a particular [[chemical compound]] (qualitative analysis),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualitative Analysis |url=https://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Lab1QualAnaF11.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Lab1QualAnaF11.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> to identify the proportions of components in a [[mixture]] (quantitative analysis),<ref>{{cite book|publisher=OpenStaxCollege |title=Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions|chapter=Quantitative Chemical Analysis |date=October 2014 |url=https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/chemistry/chapter/quantitative-chemical-analysis/ |language=en}}</ref> and to break down [[chemical process]]es and examine [[chemical reaction]]s between [[chemical element|elements]] of [[chemical matter|matter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Spring 2018 |title=CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING |url=https://axs.berkeley.edu/classdes/CBE%20140.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://axs.berkeley.edu/classdes/CBE%20140.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a [[nuclear reactor]], so [[nuclear scientist]]s will analyze [[neutron activation analysis|neutron activation]] to develop discrete measurements within vast samples. A [[matrix (chemical analysis)|matrix]] can have a considerable effect on the way a chemical analysis is conducted and the quality of its results. Analysis can be done manually or with a [[analyzer|device]].

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** Policy analysis includes a systematic process to find the most efficient and effective option to address the current situation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Who's Who |date=2012-12-01 |chapter=Dye, Dr Christopher |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.256626}}</ref>

* [[Qualitative research|Qualitative analysis]] – The use of anecdotal evidence to predict the effects of policy decisions or, more generally, influence policy decisions

~~== Humanities and social sciences ==~~

~~===Linguistics===~~

~~{{See also|Linguistics}}~~

[[Linguistics]] explores individual languages and [[language]] in general. It breaks language down and analyses its component parts: [[theoretical linguistics|theory]], [[phonology|sounds and their meaning]], [[pragmatics|utterance usage]], [[morphology (linguistics)|word origins]], the [[etymology|history of words]], the meaning of [[lexical semantics|words]] and [[phraseology|word combinations]], [[syntax|sentence construction]], [[discourse analysis|basic construction beyond the sentence level]], [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]], and [[conversation analysis|conversation]]. It examines the above using [[computational linguistics|statistics and modeling]], and [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantics]]. It analyses language in context of [[anthropological linguistics|anthropology]], [[biolinguistics|biology]], [[evolutionary linguistics|evolution]], [[language geography|geography]], [[historical linguistics|history]], [[neurolinguistics|neurology]], [[psycholinguistics|psychology]], and [[sociolinguistics|sociology]]. It also takes the [[applied linguistics|applied]] approach, looking at [[developmental linguistics|individual language development]] and [[clinical linguistics|clinical]] issues.

~~===Literature===~~

[[Literary criticism]] is the analysis of [[literature]]. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of [[analysis (Homer)|Homer]] or [[psychoanalytic literary criticism|Freud]]. While not all literary-critical methods are primarily analytical in nature, the main approach to the teaching of literature in the west since the mid-twentieth century, literary formal analysis or close reading, is. This method, rooted in the academic movement labelled [[The New Criticism]], approaches texts – chiefly short poems such as [[sonnets]], which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse that can be understood in themselves, without reference to biographical or historical frameworks. This method of analysis breaks up the text linguistically in a study of [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] (the formal analysis of meter) and phonic effects such as [[alliteration]] and [[rhyme]], and cognitively in examination of the interplay of syntactic structures, figurative language, and other elements of the poem that work to produce its larger effects.

~~===Music===~~

* [[Musical analysis]] – a process attempting to answer the question "How does this music work?"

**Musical Analysis is a study of how the composers use the notes together to compose music. Those studying music will find differences with each composer's musical analysis, which differs depending on the culture and history of music studied. An analysis of music is meant to simplify the music for you.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Warfield|first=Scott|date=November 2014|title=Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. By bruce d. mcclung. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. - Oklahoma!: The Making of an American Musical. By Tim Carter. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. - South Pacific: Paradise Rewritten. By Jim Lovensheimer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. - Wicked: A Musical Biography. By Paul R. Laird. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011.|journal=Journal of the Society for American Music|volume=8|issue=4|pages=587–596|doi=10.1017/s1752196314000443|s2cid=232401945|issn=1752-1963}}</ref>

* [[Schenkerian analysis]]

**Schenkerian analysis is a collection of music analysis that focuses on the production of the graphic representation. This includes both analytical procedure as well as the notational style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neumeyer |first1=David |title=Guide to Schenkerian Analysis |date=November 2018 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/70263 |doi=10.15781/T2D21S443|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin; University of Texas Libraries|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |hdl=2152/70263 }}</ref> Simply put, it analyzes tonal music which includes all chords and tones within a composition.<ref name=":0" />

~~===Philosophy===~~

* [[Philosophical analysis]] – a general term for the techniques used by philosophers

**Philosophical analysis refers to the clarification and composition of words put together and the entailed meaning behind them.<ref name=":1" /> Philosophical analysis dives deeper into the meaning of words and seeks to clarify that meaning by contrasting the various definitions. It is the study of reality, justification of claims, and the analysis of various concepts. Branches of philosophy include logic, justification, metaphysics, values and ethics. If questions can be answered empirically, meaning it can be answered by using the senses, then it is not considered philosophical. Non-philosophical questions also include events that happened in the past, or questions science or mathematics can answer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hospers|first=John|date=2013-04-15|title=An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis|doi=10.4324/9780203714454|isbn=9780203714454}}</ref>

* ''[[Analysis (journal)|Analysis]]'' is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy.

== Other ==

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 {{Unfocused|date=February 2023}}
 }}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
+{{research}}
 [[File:Adriaen_Van_Ostade_-_L'Analyse_-_PDUT921_-_Musée_des_Beaux-Arts_de_la_ville_de_Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Adriaen van Ostade]], "Analysis" (1666)]]
-{{research}}
-'''Analysis''' ({{plural form}}: '''analyses''') is the process of breaking a [[complexity|complex topic]] or [[Substance theory|substance]] into smaller parts in order to gain a better [[understanding]] of it. The technique has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC), though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Analysis|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=23 May 2012|first1=Michael| last1=Beaney|date=Summer 2012}}</ref>
+'''Analysis''' ({{plural form}}: '''analyses''') is the process of breaking a [[complexity|complex topic]] or [[Substance theory|substance]] into smaller parts in order to gain a better [[understanding]] of it. The technique has been applied in the study of [[mathematics]] and [[logic]] since before [[Aristotle]], though ''analysis'' as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Analysis|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=23 May 2012|first1=Michael| last1=Beaney|date=Summer 2012}}</ref>
 The word comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{Lang|grc-Grek|ἀνάλυσις|italic=no}} (''analysis'', "a breaking-up" or "an untying" from ''ana-'' "up, throughout" and ''lysis'' "a loosening").<ref>{{cite web |author=Douglas Harper |year=2001–2012 |title=analysis (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=analysis |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> From it also comes the word's plural, ''analyses''.
-As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to [[René Descartes]] (''[[Discourse on the Method]]''), and [[Galileo Galilei]]. It has also been ascribed to [[Isaac Newton]], in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name).
+As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to [[René Descartes]] (''[[Discourse on the Method]]''), and [[Galileo Galilei]]. It has also been ascribed to [[Isaac Newton]], in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name).<ref>[[Niccolò Guicciardini|Guicciardini, N.]] (2016). "[http://Chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/15463/frontmatter/9781107015463%20frontmatter.pdf Newton’s Method of Analysis and Synthesis]." ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' edited by Rob Illiffe and [[George E. Smith (philosopher)|George E. Smith]], [[University of Oxford Press|University of Oxford]]</ref>
+The converse of analysis is [[wikt:synthesis|synthesis]]: putting the pieces back together again in a new or different whole.<ref>Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., [[David Krathwohl|Krathwohl, D. R.]] (1964). ''Taxonomy of educational objectives'' (Vol. 2). New York: Longmans, Green.</ref>
+== Academic analysis ==
+Academic analysis is a systematic, methodological approach to inquiry used across scholarly disciplines to deconstruct complex ideas, texts, data, or systems. Its primary aim is to foster a deeper, evidence-based understanding, challenge assumptions, and contribute to a body of knowledge through [[Critical theory|critical]] examination and rigorous argumentation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Creswell |first1=John W. |last2=Creswell |first2=J. David |title=Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches |date=2023 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1071817940 |pages=3–25 |edition=6th|author-link=John W. Creswell}}</ref> This form of analysis is foundational to higher education and research, distinguished by its adherence to disciplinary conventions, [[peer review]], and the use of established theoretical or conceptual frameworks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaney |first1=Michael |title=Analysis |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/ |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref>
+Methods vary significantly by field. In the humanities, it often involves [[hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] or [[discourse analysis]] to interpret the meaning, context, and ideology within texts and artifacts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lechte |first1=John |title=Key Contemporary Concepts: From Abjection to Zeno's Paradox |date=2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0761965350}}</ref> In the social sciences, analysis frequently employs qualitative methods (e.g., [[thematic analysis]], [[content analysis]]) and [[quantitative methods]] (e.g., [[statistical analysis]], [[econometrics]]) to examine human behavior and societal structures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Babbie |first1=Earl R. |title=The Practice of Social Research |date=2020 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0357360767 |pages=75–102, 398–430 |edition=15th|author-link=Earl R. Babbie}}</ref> In the natural and formal sciences, the analytical process is characterized by [[hypothesis]] testing, mathematical modeling, and the reproducible analysis of [[empirical data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Godfrey-Smith |first1=Peter |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |date=2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226300634 |pages=102–130 |edition=2nd|author-link=Peter Godfrey-Smith}}</ref>
+A cornerstone of academic analysis is reflexivity, where scholars critically examine their own role, potential [[biases]], and the influence of their theoretical position on the analytical process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvesson |first1=Mats |last2=Sköldberg |first2=Kaj |title=Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research |journal=SAGE Publications |date=2018 |isbn=978-1473964242 |edition=3rd}}</ref> The product of academic analysis is typically a sustained argument presented in a format such as a [[monograph]], [[scholarly journal|journal article]], or dissertation, which is subjected to [[peer evaluation]] for validity, originality, and contribution to the field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Wayne C. |last2=Colomb |first2=Gregory G. |last3=Williams |first3=Joseph M. |title=The Craft of Research |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226239736 |pages=111–134 |edition=4th}}</ref>
+== Humanities and social sciences ==
+===Linguistics===
+[[Linguistics]] is the scientific study of [[language]]<ref name="UBLing">{{Cite web|title=University at Buffalo, College of Arts and Sciences. "What is Linguistics?"|url=https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/linguistics/about/what-is-linguistics.html|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref name="LDR">{{Cite web |title=Language Development Research |url=https://ldr.lps.library.cmu.edu/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/YtGf7 |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Language Development Research Journal}}</ref>. It involves the systematic analysis of the properties of specific languages as well as the universal characteristics of language in general, including its structure, use, and cognitive and social aspects<ref name="LDR" />. Linguistics explores individual languages and language in general by breaking language down into component parts for analysis. Core areas of analysis include [[theoretical linguistics|theory]]<ref name="TheoreticalLing">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Theoretical Linguistics |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080970868/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-and-behavioral-sciences |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[phonetics]] (the production and perception of speech sounds)<ref name="UCD">University College Dublin, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. "Subfields of Linguistics."</ref>, [[phonology]] (the abstract sound systems of languages and the systematic organization of sounds in a language)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="GWUPhon">{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Science with a Major in Cognitive Science of Language (STEM) |url=https://bulletin.gwu.edu/arts-sciences/speech-hearing-science/bs-cognitive-science-of-language/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/u01vJ |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The George Washington University Bulletin}}</ref><ref name="JPhon">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Phonetics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-phonetics |archive-url=https://archive.today/1mKJh |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Phonetics}}</ref>, [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (the structure and formation of words)<ref name="UCD" />, the [[etymology|history of words]] and [[morphology (linguistics)|word origins]]<ref name="HistLing">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Historical Linguistics |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/b5Evq |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[semantics]] (the study of linguistic meaning, including [[lexical semantics|the meaning of words]] and [[phraseology|word combinations]])<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="JSem">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Semantics |url=https://academic.oup.com/jos |archive-url=https://archive.today/9tPcC |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Semantics}}</ref>, [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]]<ref name="JSem" />, [[syntax]] (the rules governing the structure and construction of sentences)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="SyntaxWiley">{{Cite journal |title=Syntax |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Syntax-p-9781405188399 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230215164917/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-nirav-modis-sisters-plea-for-ed-to-intervene-in-us-bankruptcy-proceedings-rejected |archive-date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Syntax |publisher=Wiley Online Library}}</ref>, [[pragmatics]] (how context contributes to meaning and how utterances are used)<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="JPrag">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Pragmatics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-pragmatics |archive-url=https://archive.today/XpOdG |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics}}</ref>, [[discourse analysis]] (basic construction beyond the sentence level)<ref name="DiscourseARL">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Discourse Analysis |encyclopedia=Annual Review of Linguistics |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/linguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/Rv4PN |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>, [[conversation analysis|conversation]], and [[stylistics]] and [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]].
+Theoretical linguistics is concerned with developing a general framework for understanding the fundamental nature of language<ref name="WP_Ling">Wikipedia. "Linguistics."</ref>. Linguistics also encompasses the study of language change over time, known as [[historical linguistics]]<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="HistLing" />.
+Linguistics examines these areas using a range of methods, including tools from [[computational linguistics]] that involve computational modelling, statistics, and modeling of natural language<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="CompLing">{{Cite journal |title=Computational Linguistics |url=https://aclanthology.org/venues/cl/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251123171108/https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/c2e695b2-da0d-481f-bde5-8098d90e0163/dk5kb7w-32777b03-0c28-4c88-99ac-374828dce21b.jpg?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ1cm46YXBwOjdlMGQxODg5ODIyNjQzNzNhNWYwZDQxNWVhMGQyNmUwIiwiaXNzIjoidXJuOmFwcDo3ZTBkMTg4OTgyMjY0MzczYTVmMGQ0MTVlYTBkMjZlMCIsIm9iaiI6W1t7InBhdGgiOiIvZi9jMmU2OTViMi1kYTBkLTQ4MWYtYmRlNS04MDk4ZDkwZTAxNjMvZGs1a2I3dy0zMjc3N2IwMy0wYzI4LTRjODgtOTlhYy0zNzQ4MjhkY2UyMWIuanBnIn1dXSwiYXVkIjpbInVybjpzZXJ2aWNlOmZpbGUuZG93bmxvYWQiXX0.7ayPfcHiqXsu-0GGRJTLGdUQx7ffgr1sS5FwhWMOjTU |archive-date=2025-11-23 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Computational Linguistics |publisher=ACL Anthology}}</ref><ref name="StanfordPsy">{{Cite web |title=Psycholinguistics |url=https://linguistics.stanford.edu/research/psycholinguistics |archive-url=https://archive.today/wip/LDcX1 |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Stanford Linguistics}}</ref>. The field also analyses language through interdisciplinary approaches that consider its context, including [[anthropological linguistics]] (which investigates the place of language in its wider social and cultural context)<ref name="IELA">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Stanlaw |title=The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology |encyclopedia=Wiley Online Library |date=2020 |doi=10.1002/9781118786093 |isbn=978-1-118-78676-5 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118786093 |archive-url=https://archive.today/vJOSp |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29|url-access=subscription }}</ref>, [[biolinguistics]] and [[evolutionary linguistics|evolutionary linguistics]] or biolinguistics<ref name="BrainLang">{{Cite journal |title=Brain and Language |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/brain-and-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/JC5tL |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Brain and Language}}</ref><ref name="LangEvolJ">{{Cite journal |title=Language Evolution |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-evolution |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200709154613/https://www.couchsurfing.com/people/karmaluksabbagh/references?type=surf,host,friend,other |archive-date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Language Evolution}}</ref>, [[language geography|geography]]<ref name="WALS">{{Cite web |title=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (WALS) |url=https://wals.info/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231211234649/https://www.tumblr.com/radical-queer/736439607357472768/transitalian?source=share |archive-date=2023-12-11 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}}</ref>, [[sociolinguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="LangSoc">{{Cite journal |title=Language in Society |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140413161042/http://web.archive.org/web/20050409012523/www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/TRM%20ISTASYON%20TIMETABLE.htm |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Language in Society}}</ref>, [[psycholinguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="CollegeVineLing">CollegeVine. "What Subfields Can You Study as a Linguistics Major?"</ref><ref name="MemLang">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Memory and Language |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-memory-and-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240128021740/https://www.artsy.net/article/junglejamboree-childrens-day-special-at-jungle-jamboree |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Memory and Language}}</ref>, [[neurolinguistics]] and [[neurolinguistics|neurology]]<ref name="BrainLang" />, [[linguistic anthropology]] (a subfield of anthropology using anthropological methods to study language within a cultural framework)<ref name="YammeringOn">Yammering On (Academic Blog). "Anthropological Linguistics vs Sociolinguistics vs Linguistic Anthropology (ARGH!)"</ref>, and [[historical linguistics|history]]<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="HistLing" />, as well as related perspectives from [[anthropological linguistics|anthropology]]<ref name="IELA" />, [[biolinguistics|biology]]<ref name="BrainLang" />, [[evolutionary linguistics|evolution]]<ref name="LangEvolJ" />, [[psycholinguistics|psychology]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="StanfordPsy" />, and [[sociolinguistics|sociology]]<ref name="LangSoc" />.
+The field takes applied approaches, utilizing scientific findings for practical purposes under the umbrella of [[applied linguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="ApplLing">{{Cite journal |title=Applied Linguistics |url=https://academic.oup.com/applij |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131005050753/http://web.archive.org/web/20071105083113/http://scifipedia.scifi.com/index.php/UFO_Magazine_issue_July_2006 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Applied Linguistics}}</ref>. This includes understanding [[language acquisition]] and [[developmental linguistics|individual language development]] across the lifespan, from first language acquisition in children to second language learning in adults<ref name="CollegeVineLing" /><ref name="JChildLang">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Child Language |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-child-language |archive-url=https://archive.today/1eMKW |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Child Language}}</ref><ref name="LDR" /><ref name="ChildrenIntro">{{Cite journal |last=Ahufinger |first=Nadia |date=2022-03-14 |title=Introduction to Language Development in Children |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=412 |doi=10.3390/children9030412 |doi-access=free |pmid=35327784 |pmc=8947529 }}</ref>. Applied linguistics also addresses clinical issues in communication disorders and [[clinical linguistics|clinical]] issues, applying linguistic theory and methods to the study, diagnosis, and assessment of communication disorders<ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="JSLHR">{{Cite journal |title=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |url=https://pubs.asha.org/journal/jslhr |archive-url=https://archive.today/YqShB |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |publisher=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association}}</ref><ref name="ClinicalMap">{{Cite journal |last1=El Fegiery |first1=Ahmed |last2=Al-Tamimi |first2=Jalila |last3=Al-Shawashreh |first3=Eiman |last4=Hazaimeh |first4=Alaa |last5=Al-Shdifat |first5=Reem |last6=Al-Jamal |first6=Deia |date=2022-08-10 |title=Clinical Linguistics: Analysis of Mapping Knowledge Domains |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=8 |page=1202 |doi=10.3390/children9081202 |doi-access=free |pmid=36010092 |pmc=9406678 }}</ref>. It also includes improving language education<ref name="UBLing" /> and other applied and interdisciplinary subfields such as [[computational linguistics]]<ref name="UCD" /><ref name="UBLing" /><ref name="CompLing" />, as well as areas such as [[stylistics]].
+===Literature===
+[[Literary criticism]] is the analysis of [[literature]]. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of [[analysis (Homer)|Homer]] or [[psychoanalytic literary criticism|Freud]]. While not all literary-critical methods are primarily analytical in nature, the main approach to the teaching of literature in the west since the mid-twentieth century, literary formal analysis or close reading, is. This method, rooted in the academic movement labelled [[The New Criticism]], approaches texts – chiefly short poems such as [[sonnets]], which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse that can be understood in themselves, without reference to biographical or historical frameworks. This method of analysis breaks up the text linguistically in a study of [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] (the formal analysis of meter) and phonic effects such as [[alliteration]] and [[rhyme]], and cognitively in examination of the interplay of syntactic structures, figurative language, and other elements of the poem that work to produce its larger effects.
+===Music===
+* [[Musical analysis]]&nbsp;– a process attempting to answer the question "How does this music work?"
+**Musical Analysis is a study of how the composers use the notes together to compose music. Those studying music will find differences with each composer's musical analysis, which differs depending on the culture and history of music studied. An analysis of music is meant to simplify the music for you.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Warfield|first=Scott|date=November 2014|title=Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. By Bruce D. McClung. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. – Oklahoma!: The Making of an American Musical. By Tim Carter. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. – South Pacific: Paradise Rewritten. By Jim Lovensheimer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. – Wicked: A Musical Biography. By Paul R. Laird. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011.|journal=Journal of the Society for American Music|volume=8|issue=4|pages=587–596|doi=10.1017/s1752196314000443|s2cid=232401945|issn=1752-1963}}</ref>
+* [[Schenkerian analysis]]
+**Schenkerian analysis is a collection of music analysis that focuses on the production of the graphic representation. This includes both analytical procedure as well as the notational style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neumeyer |first1=David |title=Guide to Schenkerian Analysis |date=November 2018 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/70263 |doi=10.15781/T2D21S443|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin; University of Texas Libraries|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |hdl=2152/70263 }}</ref> Simply put, it analyzes tonal music which includes all chords and tones within a composition.<ref name=":0" />
-The converse of analysis is [[wikt:synthesis|synthesis]]: putting the pieces back together again in a new or different whole.
+===Philosophy===
+* [[Philosophical analysis]]&nbsp;– a general term for the techniques used by philosophers
+**Philosophical analysis refers to the clarification and composition of words put together and the entailed meaning behind them.<ref name=":1" /> Philosophical analysis dives deeper into the meaning of words and seeks to clarify that meaning by contrasting the various definitions. It is the study of reality, justification of claims, and the analysis of various concepts. Branches of philosophy include logic, justification, metaphysics, values and ethics.  If questions can be answered empirically, meaning it can be answered by using the senses, then it is not considered philosophical. Non-philosophical questions also include events that happened in the past, or questions science or mathematics can answer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hospers|first=John|date=2013-04-15|title=An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis|doi=10.4324/9780203714454|isbn=9780203714454|author-link=John Hospers}}</ref>
+* ''[[Analysis (journal)|Analysis]]'' is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy.
 ==Science and technology==
@@ Line 21: / Line 53: @@
 ===Chemistry===
 [[File:Clinical Chemistry Analyzer , Клинички биохемиски анализатор 3.jpg|thumb|A clinical chemistry analyzer]]
-{{See also|Analytical chemistry|List of chemical analysis methods|Chemical synthesis}}
+{{See also|Analytical chemistry|List of chemical analysis methods}}
 The field of [[chemistry]] uses analysis in three ways: to identify the components of a particular [[chemical compound]] (qualitative analysis),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualitative Analysis |url=https://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Lab1QualAnaF11.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Lab1QualAnaF11.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> to identify the proportions of components in a [[mixture]] (quantitative analysis),<ref>{{cite book|publisher=OpenStaxCollege |title=Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions|chapter=Quantitative Chemical Analysis |date=October 2014 |url=https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/chemistry/chapter/quantitative-chemical-analysis/ |language=en}}</ref> and to break down [[chemical process]]es and examine [[chemical reaction]]s between [[chemical element|elements]] of [[chemical matter|matter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Spring 2018 |title=CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING |url=https://axs.berkeley.edu/classdes/CBE%20140.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://axs.berkeley.edu/classdes/CBE%20140.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a [[nuclear reactor]], so [[nuclear scientist]]s will analyze [[neutron activation analysis|neutron activation]] to develop discrete measurements within vast samples. A [[matrix (chemical analysis)|matrix]] can have a considerable effect on the way a chemical analysis is conducted and the quality of its results. Analysis can be done manually or with a [[analyzer|device]].
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 ** Policy analysis includes a systematic process to find the most efficient and effective option to address the current situation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Who's Who |date=2012-12-01 |chapter=Dye, Dr Christopher |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.256626}}</ref>
 * [[Qualitative research|Qualitative analysis]] – The use of anecdotal evidence to predict the effects of policy decisions or, more generally, influence policy decisions
-== Humanities and social sciences ==
-===Linguistics===
-{{See also|Linguistics}}
-[[Linguistics]] explores individual languages and [[language]] in general. It breaks language down and analyses its component parts: [[theoretical linguistics|theory]], [[phonology|sounds and their meaning]], [[pragmatics|utterance usage]], [[morphology (linguistics)|word origins]], the [[etymology|history of words]], the meaning of [[lexical semantics|words]] and [[phraseology|word combinations]], [[syntax|sentence construction]], [[discourse analysis|basic construction beyond the sentence level]], [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]], and [[conversation analysis|conversation]]. It examines the above using [[computational linguistics|statistics and modeling]], and [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantics]]. It analyses language in context of [[anthropological linguistics|anthropology]], [[biolinguistics|biology]], [[evolutionary linguistics|evolution]], [[language geography|geography]], [[historical linguistics|history]], [[neurolinguistics|neurology]], [[psycholinguistics|psychology]], and [[sociolinguistics|sociology]]. It also takes the [[applied linguistics|applied]] approach, looking at [[developmental linguistics|individual language development]] and [[clinical linguistics|clinical]] issues.
-===Literature===
-[[Literary criticism]] is the analysis of [[literature]]. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of [[analysis (Homer)|Homer]] or [[psychoanalytic literary criticism|Freud]]. While not all literary-critical methods are primarily analytical in nature, the main approach to the teaching of literature in the west since the mid-twentieth century, literary formal analysis or close reading, is. This method, rooted in the academic movement labelled [[The New Criticism]], approaches texts – chiefly short poems such as [[sonnets]], which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse that can be understood in themselves, without reference to biographical or historical frameworks. This method of analysis breaks up the text linguistically in a study of [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] (the formal analysis of meter) and phonic effects such as [[alliteration]] and [[rhyme]], and cognitively in examination of the interplay of syntactic structures, figurative language, and other elements of the poem that work to produce its larger effects.
-===Music===
-* [[Musical analysis]]&nbsp;– a process attempting to answer the question "How does this music work?"
-**Musical Analysis is a study of how the composers use the notes together to compose music. Those studying music will find differences with each composer's musical analysis, which differs depending on the culture and history of music studied. An analysis of music is meant to simplify the music for you.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Warfield|first=Scott|date=November 2014|title=Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. By bruce d. mcclung. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. - Oklahoma!: The Making of an American Musical. By Tim Carter. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. - South Pacific: Paradise Rewritten. By Jim Lovensheimer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. - Wicked: A Musical Biography. By Paul R. Laird. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011.|journal=Journal of the Society for American Music|volume=8|issue=4|pages=587–596|doi=10.1017/s1752196314000443|s2cid=232401945|issn=1752-1963}}</ref>
-* [[Schenkerian analysis]]
-**Schenkerian analysis is a collection of music analysis that focuses on the production of the graphic representation. This includes both analytical procedure as well as the notational style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neumeyer |first1=David |title=Guide to Schenkerian Analysis |date=November 2018 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/70263 |doi=10.15781/T2D21S443|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin; University of Texas Libraries|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |hdl=2152/70263 }}</ref> Simply put, it analyzes tonal music which includes all chords and tones within a composition.<ref name=":0" />
-===Philosophy===
-* [[Philosophical analysis]]&nbsp;– a general term for the techniques used by philosophers
-**Philosophical analysis refers to the clarification and composition of words put together and the entailed meaning behind them.<ref name=":1" /> Philosophical analysis dives deeper into the meaning of words and seeks to clarify that meaning by contrasting the various definitions. It is the study of reality, justification of claims, and the analysis of various concepts. Branches of philosophy include logic, justification, metaphysics, values and ethics.  If questions can be answered empirically, meaning it can be answered by using the senses, then it is not considered philosophical. Non-philosophical questions also include events that happened in the past, or questions science or mathematics can answer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hospers|first=John|date=2013-04-15|title=An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis|doi=10.4324/9780203714454|isbn=9780203714454}}</ref>
-* ''[[Analysis (journal)|Analysis]]'' is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy.
 == Other ==

Analysis: Difference between revisions

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