Alligatoridae: Difference between revisions
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imported>Graham87 m 2 revisions imported: import oldest edits from "Alligator" in the August 2001 database dump |
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The [[ | The [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] '''Alligatoridae''' of [[crocodilia]]ns includes [[alligator]]s, [[caiman]]s and their extinct relatives. | ||
==Phylogeny== | ==Phylogeny== | ||
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The superfamily [[Alligatoroidea]] includes all crocodilians (fossil and extant) that are more closely related to the American alligator than to either the [[Nile crocodile]] or the [[gharial]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=Christopher A. |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |year=2003 |pages=357–97 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308 }}</ref> This is a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition for [[alligators]], and is more inclusive than the [[crown group]] Alligatoridae.<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1881 |pmid=30051855| doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As a crown group, Alligatoridae only includes the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) alligators, caimans, and their descendants (living or [[extinct]]), whereas Alligatoroidea, as a stem-based group, also includes more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] extinct alligator ancestors that are more closely related to living alligators than to [[crocodiles]] or [[gavialids]]. When considering only living taxa ([[neontology]]), Alligatoroidea and Alligatoridae contain the same species. | The superfamily [[Alligatoroidea]] includes all crocodilians (fossil and extant) that are more closely related to the American alligator than to either the [[Nile crocodile]] or the [[gharial]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=Christopher A. |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |year=2003 |pages=357–97 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308 }}</ref> This is a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition for [[alligators]], and is more inclusive than the [[crown group]] Alligatoridae.<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1881 |pmid=30051855| doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As a crown group, Alligatoridae only includes the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) alligators, caimans, and their descendants (living or [[extinct]]), whereas Alligatoroidea, as a stem-based group, also includes more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] extinct alligator ancestors that are more closely related to living alligators than to [[crocodiles]] or [[gavialids]]. When considering only living taxa ([[neontology]]), Alligatoroidea and Alligatoridae contain the same species. | ||
The simplified [[cladogram]] below shows Alligatoridae's relationships to other [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) crocodilians.<ref name="LeeYates2018"/><ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=6 September 2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 | | The simplified [[cladogram]] below shows Alligatoridae's relationships to other [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) crocodilians.<ref name="LeeYates2018"/><ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=6 September 2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmid=34567843 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Hekkala |first1=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, ''Voay robustus'' |journal=[[Communications Biology]] |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=505 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |pmid=33907305 |pmc=8079395 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% | {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% | ||
|label1='''[[Crocodylia]]''' | |label1='''[[Crocodylia]]''' | ||
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|2=''[[Tomistoma]]'' [[File:Tomistoma schlegelii. white background.JPG|90 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} | |2=''[[Tomistoma]]'' [[File:Tomistoma schlegelii. white background.JPG|90 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} | ||
Alligatoridae contains eight living species: two alligators within [[Alligatorinae]], and the six caimans of [[Caimaninae]]. [[Phylogenetic]] studies using molecular DNA consistently resolve their relationships as follows:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bittencourt |first1=Pedro Senna |last2=Campos |first2=Zilca |last3=Muniz |first3=Fabio de Lima |last4=Marioni |first4=Boris |last5=Souza |first5=Bruno Campos |last6=Da Silveira |first6=Ronis |last7=de Thoisy |first7=Benoit |last8=Hrbek |first8=Tomas |last9=Farias |first9=Izeni Pires |date=22 March 2019 |title=Evidence of cryptic lineages within a small South American crocodilian: the | Alligatoridae contains eight living species: two alligators within [[Alligatorinae]], and the six caimans of [[Caimaninae]]. [[Phylogenetic]] studies using molecular DNA consistently resolve their relationships as follows:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bittencourt |first1=Pedro Senna |last2=Campos |first2=Zilca |last3=Muniz |first3=Fabio de Lima |last4=Marioni |first4=Boris |last5=Souza |first5=Bruno Campos |last6=Da Silveira |first6=Ronis |last7=de Thoisy |first7=Benoit |last8=Hrbek |first8=Tomas |last9=Farias |first9=Izeni Pires |date=22 March 2019 |title=Evidence of cryptic lineages within a small South American crocodilian: the Schneider's dwarf caiman ''Paleosuchus trigonatus'' (Alligatoridae: Caimaninae) |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=7 |article-number=e6580 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6580 |pmid=30931177 |pmc=6433001 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
{{clade | {{clade | ||
|label1='''Alligatoridae''' | |label1='''Alligatoridae''' | ||
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|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|1=''Paleosuchus palpebrosus'' [[Cuvier's dwarf caiman]] | |1=''Paleosuchus palpebrosus'' [[Cuvier's dwarf caiman]] | ||
|2=''Paleosuchus trigonatus'' [[ | |2=''Paleosuchus trigonatus'' [[Smooth-fronted caiman]] }} | ||
|label2=[[Jacarea]] | |label2=[[Jacarea]] | ||
|2={{clade | |2={{clade | ||
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|2=''Alligator mississippiensis'' [[American alligator]] }} }} }} | |2=''Alligator mississippiensis'' [[American alligator]] }} }} }} | ||
The below detailed cladogram shows one proposal for the internal relationships within Alligatoridae including fossil species, based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] analysis<ref name="Bona2018">{{Cite journal|author1=Paula Bona |author2=Martín D. Ezcurra |author3=Francisco Barrios |author4=María V. Fernandez Blanco |year=2018 |title=A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1885 | | The below detailed cladogram shows one proposal for the internal relationships within Alligatoridae including fossil species, based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] analysis<ref name="Bona2018">{{Cite journal|author1=Paula Bona |author2=Martín D. Ezcurra |author3=Francisco Barrios |author4=María V. Fernandez Blanco |year=2018 |title=A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1885 |article-number=20180843 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0843 |pmid=30135152 |pmc=6125902 }}</ref> (although the exact alligatoroid phylogeny is still disputed). | ||
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% | {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% | ||
|label1='''[[Alligatoroidea]]''' | |label1='''[[Alligatoroidea]]''' | ||
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==Evolution== | ==Evolution== | ||
The superfamily [[Alligatoroidea]] is thought to have split from the crocodile-gharial lineage in the [[late Cretaceous]], about 87 million years ago.<ref name="Oaks2011" /><ref name="Pan2020" /> ''[[Leidyosuchus]]'' of [[Alberta]] is among the earliest known genera. Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia as land bridges across both the North Atlantic and the [[Bering Strait]] have connected North America to Eurasia during the Cretaceous, [[Paleogene]], and [[Neogene]] periods. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million<ref name="Pan2020">{{cite journal|last10= Wu|first10=X.-B.|last9= Zhang|first9=B.-W.|last8= Deng|first8=Y.-P.|last7= Ouyang|first7=J.-H.|last6= Jiang|first6=X.-Y.|last5= Lee|first5=P.-S.|last4= Yan|first4=P.|last3= Zhang|first3=H.-B.|last2= Miao|first2=J.-S.|last1= Pan|first1=T.|title= Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data|journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |year= 2020|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1075–1089|doi= 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074}}</ref> to about 65 million years ago<ref name="Oaks2011">{{cite journal|last1= Oaks|first1= J.R.|title=A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles |journal= Evolution |volume= 65|issue= 11|year= 2011|pages= 3285–3297|doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x|pmid= 22023592|s2cid= 7254442|doi-access= free}}</ref>) and the latter reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] during the Neogene period. The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago<ref name="Pan2020" /> and likely descended from a lineage that crossed [[Beringia|the Bering land bridge]] during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.2307/3889340|title= Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea|last=Brochu|first=Christopher A.|journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir|volume=6|year=1999|pages=9–100|jstor=3889340}}</ref> The alligator's full [[mitochondrial genome]] was sequenced in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Janke, A. |author2=Arnason, U. |year=1997|title=The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume= 14|issue= 12|pages= 1266–72|pmid= 9402737|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736|doi-access= free}}</ref> The full [[genome]], published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA |title=Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs |journal=Science |volume=346 |issue=6215 | | The superfamily [[Alligatoroidea]] is thought to have split from the crocodile-gharial lineage in the [[late Cretaceous]], about 87 million years ago.<ref name="Oaks2011" /><ref name="Pan2020" /> ''[[Leidyosuchus]]'' of [[Alberta]] is among the earliest known genera. Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia as land bridges across both the North Atlantic and the [[Bering Strait]] have connected North America to Eurasia during the Cretaceous, [[Paleogene]], and [[Neogene]] periods. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million<ref name="Pan2020">{{cite journal|last10= Wu|first10=X.-B.|last9= Zhang|first9=B.-W.|last8= Deng|first8=Y.-P.|last7= Ouyang|first7=J.-H.|last6= Jiang|first6=X.-Y.|last5= Lee|first5=P.-S.|last4= Yan|first4=P.|last3= Zhang|first3=H.-B.|last2= Miao|first2=J.-S.|last1= Pan|first1=T.|title= Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data|journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |year= 2020|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1075–1089|doi= 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074}}</ref> to about 65 million years ago<ref name="Oaks2011">{{cite journal|last1= Oaks|first1= J.R.|title=A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles |journal= Evolution |volume= 65|issue= 11|year= 2011|pages= 3285–3297|doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x|pmid= 22023592|s2cid= 7254442|doi-access= free}}</ref>) and the latter reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] during the Neogene period. The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago<ref name="Pan2020" /> and likely descended from a lineage that crossed [[Beringia|the Bering land bridge]] during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.2307/3889340|title= Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea|last=Brochu|first=Christopher A.|journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir|volume=6|year=1999|pages=9–100|jstor=3889340}}</ref> The alligator's full [[mitochondrial genome]] was sequenced in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Janke, A. |author2=Arnason, U. |year=1997|title=The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume= 14|issue= 12|pages= 1266–72|pmid= 9402737|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736|doi-access= free}}</ref> The full [[genome]], published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA |title=Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs |journal=Science |volume=346 |issue=6215 |article-number=1254449 |year=2014 |pmid=25504731 |pmc=4386873 |doi=10.1126/science.1254449 }}</ref> | ||
== True alligators == | == True alligators == | ||
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**** † ''[[Alligator prenasalis]]'' | **** † ''[[Alligator prenasalis]]'' | ||
**** ''Alligator sinensis'', [[Chinese alligator]] | **** ''Alligator sinensis'', [[Chinese alligator]] | ||
**** † ''[[Alligator munensis]]'' | |||
**** † ''[[Alligator thomsoni]]'' | **** † ''[[Alligator thomsoni]]'' | ||
*** Genus † ''[[Allognathosuchus]]'' | *** Genus † ''[[Allognathosuchus]]'' | ||