Apus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}

~~{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}~~

{{Infobox constellation

| name = Apus

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| numbernearbystars = 0

| brighteststarname = [[Alpha Apodis|α Aps]]

| neareststarname = [[L 43-72]]<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024/>{{rp|84}}

| starmagnitude = 3.83

| meteorshowers = 0

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==Characteristics==

Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the [[88 modern constellations]] by area.<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 26 August 2015}}</ref> Its position in the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere]] means that the whole [[constellation]] is visible to observers south of [[7th parallel north|7°N]].<ref name=tirionconst/>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the [[7th parallel north|7°N]] and [[22nd parallel north|22°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} It is bordered by [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]], [[Triangulum Australe]] and [[Circinus]] to the north, [[Musca]] and [[Chamaeleon]] to the west, Octans to the south, and [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Aps".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922 }}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.<ref name=tirionconstbnd>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html | title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be| work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 June 2016}}</ref>}} are defined by a polygon of six segments (''illustrated in infobox''). In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|13|49.5}} and {{RA|18|27.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.<ref name="boundary" />

Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the [[88 modern constellations]] by area.<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 26 August 2015}}</ref> Its position in the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere]] means that the whole [[constellation]] is visible to observers south of [[7th parallel north|7°N]].<ref name=tirionconst/>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the [[7th parallel north|7°N]] and [[22nd parallel north|22°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} It is bordered by [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]], [[Triangulum Australe]] and [[Circinus]] to the north, [[Musca]] and [[Chamaeleon]] to the west, Octans to the south, and [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Aps".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/468 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922 }}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.<ref name=tirionconstbnd>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html | title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be| work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 June 2016}}</ref>}} are defined by a polygon of six segments (''illustrated in infobox''). In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|13|49.5}} and {{RA|18|27.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.<ref name="boundary" />

==Features==

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Lacaille gave twelve stars [[Bayer designation]]s, labelling them Alpha through to Kappa, including two stars next to each other as Delta and another two stars near each other as Kappa.<ref name=wagman/> Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to [[apparent magnitude]] 6.5.{{efn|1=Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|title=The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale|last=Bortle|first=John E.|date=February 2001|work=[[Sky & Telescope]]|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331202746/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<ref name=tirionconst/> [[Beta Apodis|Beta]], [[Gamma Apodis|Gamma]] and [[Delta Apodis]] form a narrow triangle, with [[Alpha Apodis]] lying to the east.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=A Down to Earth Guide to the Cosmos |publisher=Random House |date=2013 | location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-4481-2691-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOfRFJBy-igC&pg=PT161}}</ref> The five brightest stars are all red-tinged, which is unusual among constellations.<ref name=arnold>{{cite book |author1=Arnold, H.J.P |author2=Doherty, Paul |author3=Moore, Patrick |title=The Photographic Atlas of the Stars |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |date=1999 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-7503-0654-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA144}}</ref>

Alpha Apodis is an [[giant star|orange giant]] of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=dr2>{{cite DR2}}</ref> with an apparent magnitude of 3.8.<ref name=ridpath01>{{cite book |last = Ridpath |first = Ian |date = 2017 |title = Stars and Planets Guide |publisher = Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn = 978-0-691-17788-5 |pages=78–79}}</ref> It spent much of its life as a [[B-type main-sequence star|blue-white (B-type) main sequence star]] before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen.<ref name=kaler>{{cite web | title=Alpha Aps | work=Stars | first=James B. | last=Kaler | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alphaaps.html | date=6 April 2007 | access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter,<ref name=aaa367_521>{{cite journal | last1=Pasinetti Fracassini | first1=L. E. | last2=Pastori | first2=L. | last3=Covino | first3=S. | last4=Pozzi | first4=A. | title=Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third edition - Comments and statistics | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=367 | issue=2 | pages=521–524 | date=2001 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode=2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv=astro-ph/0012289| s2cid=425754 }}</ref> and shines with a [[luminosity]] approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 [[Kelvin|K]].<ref name=Mcdonald>{{cite journal|author=McDonald, I.|author2=Zijlstra, A. A.|author3=Boyer, M. L.|date=2012|title=Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=427|issue=1|pages=343–57|bibcode=2012MNRAS.427..343M|arxiv = 1208.2037 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x |doi-access=free |s2cid=118665352}}</ref> Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 4.2.<ref name=ridpath01/> It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Liu, Y. J.|author2=Zhao, G.|author3=Shi, J. R.|author4=Pietrzyński, G.|author5=Gieren, W.|date=2007|title=The abundances of nearby red clump giants|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=382|issue=2|pages=553–66|bibcode=2007MNRAS.382..553L |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gamma Apodis is a [[giant star|yellow giant]] of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K.<ref name=Mcdonald/> Delta Apodis is a [[double star]], the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Privett |first1=Grant |last2=Jones |first2=Kevin |title=The Constellation Observing Atlas |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, New York |date=2013 |page=13 |isbn=978-1-4614-7648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN69BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> Delta1 is a [[red giant]] star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away.<ref name=dr2/> It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87,<ref name=AAVSOdel1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=842 |title=Delta1 Apodis |author =Watson, Christopher |date=25 August 2009 |work=The International Variable Star Index|publisher=American Association of Variable Star Observers|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days.<ref name=tabur>{{cite journal | title=Long-term photometry and periods for 261 nearby pulsating M giants | author=Tabur, V. | author2=Bedding, T.R. |author3=Kiss, L.L. | author4=Moon, T.T. | author5=Szeidl, B. | author6=Kjeldsen, H. |date=2009 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 400 | issue =4 |pages= 1945–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15588.x | doi-access=free |arxiv = 0908.3228 |bibcode = 2009MNRAS.400.1945T | s2cid=15358380 }}</ref> Delta2 is an [[orange giant]] star of spectral type K3III,<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1975mcts.book.....H|title=University of Michigan Catalogue of ~~two~~-dimensional ~~spectral types~~ for the HD ~~stars~~. Volume I~~. Declinations −90_ to −53_ƒ0~~|journal=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I~~. Declinations −90° to −53.0°~~|last1=Houk|first1=N.|last2=Cowley|first2=A. P.|year=1975}}</ref> located 550 ± 10 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.<ref name=ridpath01/>

[[File:Apus (Annotated) (apus-ann).tiff|thumb|The constellation Apus showing the IAU boundaries, the constellation stick figure, and labels for its brightest stars. Astrophotograph by Eckhard Slawik, from NOIRLab's [https://noirlab.edu/public/education/constellations/apus/ 88 Constellations] project.]]

Alpha Apodis is an [[giant star|orange giant]] of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=dr2>{{cite DR2}}</ref> with an apparent magnitude of 3.8.<ref name=ridpath01>{{cite book |last = Ridpath |first = Ian |date = 2017 |title = Stars and Planets Guide |publisher = Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn = 978-0-691-17788-5 |pages=78–79}}</ref> It spent much of its life as a [[B-type main-sequence star|blue-white (B-type) main sequence star]] before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen.<ref name=kaler>{{cite web | title=Alpha Aps | work=Stars | first=James B. | last=Kaler | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alphaaps.html | date=6 April 2007 | access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter,<ref name=aaa367_521>{{cite journal | last1=Pasinetti Fracassini | first1=L. E. | last2=Pastori | first2=L. | last3=Covino | first3=S. | last4=Pozzi | first4=A. | title=Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third edition - Comments and statistics | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=367 | issue=2 | pages=521–524 | date=2001 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode=2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv=astro-ph/0012289| s2cid=425754 }}</ref> and shines with a [[luminosity]] approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 [[Kelvin|K]].<ref name=Mcdonald>{{cite journal|author=McDonald, I.|author2=Zijlstra, A. A.|author3=Boyer, M. L.|date=2012|title=Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=427|issue=1|pages=343–57|bibcode=2012MNRAS.427..343M|arxiv = 1208.2037 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x |doi-access=free |s2cid=118665352}}</ref> Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 4.2.<ref name=ridpath01/> It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Liu, Y. J.|author2=Zhao, G.|author3=Shi, J. R.|author4=Pietrzyński, G.|author5=Gieren, W.|date=2007|title=The abundances of nearby red clump giants|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=382|issue=2|pages=553–66|bibcode=2007MNRAS.382..553L |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gamma Apodis is a [[giant star|yellow giant]] of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K.<ref name=Mcdonald/> Delta Apodis is a [[double star]], the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Privett |first1=Grant |last2=Jones |first2=Kevin |title=The Constellation Observing Atlas |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, New York |date=2013 |page=13 |isbn=978-1-4614-7648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN69BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> Delta1 is a [[red giant]] star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away.<ref name=dr2/> It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87,<ref name=AAVSOdel1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=842 |title=Delta1 Apodis |author =Watson, Christopher |date=25 August 2009 |work=The International Variable Star Index|publisher=American Association of Variable Star Observers|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days.<ref name=tabur>{{cite journal | title=Long-term photometry and periods for 261 nearby pulsating M giants | author=Tabur, V. | author2=Bedding, T.R. |author3=Kiss, L.L. | author4=Moon, T.T. | author5=Szeidl, B. | author6=Kjeldsen, H. |date=2009 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 400 | issue =4 |pages= 1945–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15588.x | doi-access=free |arxiv = 0908.3228 |bibcode = 2009MNRAS.400.1945T | s2cid=15358380 }}</ref> Delta2 is an [[orange giant]] star of spectral type K3III,<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1975mcts.book.....H|title=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I|journal=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I|last1=Houk|first1=N.|last2=Cowley|first2=A. P.|year=1975}}</ref> located 550 ± 10 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.<ref name=ridpath01/>

The fifth-brightest star is [[Zeta Apodis]] at magnitude 4.8,<ref name=arnold/> a star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant of spectral type K1III, with a surface temperature of 4649 K and a luminosity 133 times that of the Sun.<ref name=Mcdonald/> It is 300 ± 4 light-years distant.<ref name=dr2/> Near Zeta is [[Iota Apodis]], a [[binary star]] system 1,040 ± 60 light-years distant,<ref name=dr2/> that is composed of two blue-white main sequence stars that orbit each other every 59.32 years. Of spectral types B9V and B9.5 V, they are both over three times as massive as the Sun.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Dynamical and physical properties of 22 binaries discovered by W. S. Finsen|author1=Docobo, J.A. |author2=Andrade, M. |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume =428 |issue =1| pages=321–39| year= 2013|doi=10.1093/mnras/sts045 | bibcode=2013MNRAS.428..321D|doi-access=free}}</ref>

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==References==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024>{{cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=J. Davy |last2=Marocco |first2=Federico |display-authors=etal |date=April 2024 |title=The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of ~3600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=271 |issue=2 |pages=55 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2312.03639 |bibcode=2024ApJS..271...55K}}</ref>

}}

==External links==

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~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Apus}}~~

[[Category:Apus| ]]

[[Category:Southern constellations]]

[[Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}
 {{other uses}}
-{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}
 {{featured article}}
 {{Infobox constellation
 | name = Apus
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 | numbernearbystars = 0
 | brighteststarname = [[Alpha Apodis|α Aps]]
+| neareststarname = [[L 43-72]]<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024/>{{rp|84}}
 | starmagnitude = 3.83
 | meteorshowers = 0
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ==Characteristics==
-Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the [[88 modern constellations]] by area.<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 26 August 2015}}</ref> Its position in the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere]] means that the whole [[constellation]] is visible to observers south of [[7th parallel north|7°N]].<ref name=tirionconst/>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the [[7th parallel north|7°N]] and [[22nd parallel north|22°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} It is bordered by [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]], [[Triangulum Australe]] and [[Circinus]] to the north, [[Musca]] and [[Chamaeleon]] to the west, Octans to the south, and [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Aps".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922 }}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.<ref name=tirionconstbnd>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html | title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be| work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 June 2016}}</ref>}} are defined by a polygon of six segments (''illustrated in infobox''). In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|13|49.5}} and {{RA|18|27.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.<ref name="boundary" />
+Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the [[88 modern constellations]] by area.<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 26 August 2015}}</ref> Its position in the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere]] means that the whole [[constellation]] is visible to observers south of [[7th parallel north|7°N]].<ref name=tirionconst/>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the [[7th parallel north|7°N]] and [[22nd parallel north|22°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}} It is bordered by [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]], [[Triangulum Australe]] and [[Circinus]] to the north, [[Musca]] and [[Chamaeleon]] to the west, Octans to the south, and [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Aps".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/468 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922 }}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.<ref name=tirionconstbnd>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html | title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be| work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 1 June 2016}}</ref>}} are defined by a polygon of six segments (''illustrated in infobox''). In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|13|49.5}} and {{RA|18|27.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.<ref name="boundary" />
 ==Features==
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 Lacaille gave twelve stars [[Bayer designation]]s, labelling them Alpha through to Kappa, including two stars next to each other as Delta and another two stars near each other as Kappa.<ref name=wagman/> Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to [[apparent magnitude]]&nbsp;6.5.{{efn|1=Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|title=The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale|last=Bortle|first=John E.|date=February 2001|work=[[Sky & Telescope]]|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331202746/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<ref name=tirionconst/> [[Beta Apodis|Beta]], [[Gamma Apodis|Gamma]] and [[Delta Apodis]] form a narrow triangle, with [[Alpha Apodis]] lying to the east.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=A Down to Earth Guide to the Cosmos |publisher=Random House |date=2013 | location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-4481-2691-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOfRFJBy-igC&pg=PT161}}</ref> The five brightest stars are all red-tinged, which is unusual among constellations.<ref name=arnold>{{cite book |author1=Arnold, H.J.P |author2=Doherty, Paul |author3=Moore, Patrick |title=The Photographic Atlas of the Stars |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |date=1999 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-7503-0654-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA144}}</ref>
-Alpha Apodis is an [[giant star|orange giant]] of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=dr2>{{cite DR2}}</ref> with an apparent magnitude of 3.8.<ref name=ridpath01>{{cite book |last = Ridpath |first = Ian |date = 2017 |title = Stars and Planets Guide |publisher = Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn = 978-0-691-17788-5 |pages=78–79}}</ref> It spent much of its life as a [[B-type main-sequence star|blue-white (B-type) main sequence star]] before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen.<ref name=kaler>{{cite web | title=Alpha Aps | work=Stars | first=James B. | last=Kaler | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alphaaps.html | date=6 April 2007 | access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter,<ref name=aaa367_521>{{cite journal | last1=Pasinetti Fracassini | first1=L. E. | last2=Pastori | first2=L. | last3=Covino | first3=S. | last4=Pozzi | first4=A. | title=Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third edition - Comments and statistics | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=367 | issue=2 | pages=521–524 | date=2001 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode=2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv=astro-ph/0012289| s2cid=425754 }}</ref> and shines with a [[luminosity]] approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 [[Kelvin|K]].<ref name=Mcdonald>{{cite journal|author=McDonald, I.|author2=Zijlstra, A. A.|author3=Boyer, M. L.|date=2012|title=Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=427|issue=1|pages=343–57|bibcode=2012MNRAS.427..343M|arxiv = 1208.2037 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x |doi-access=free |s2cid=118665352}}</ref> Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 4.2.<ref name=ridpath01/> It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Liu, Y. J.|author2=Zhao, G.|author3=Shi, J. R.|author4=Pietrzyński, G.|author5=Gieren, W.|date=2007|title=The abundances of nearby red clump giants|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=382|issue=2|pages=553–66|bibcode=2007MNRAS.382..553L |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gamma Apodis is a [[giant star|yellow giant]] of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K.<ref name=Mcdonald/> Delta Apodis is a [[double star]], the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Privett |first1=Grant |last2=Jones |first2=Kevin |title=The Constellation Observing Atlas |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, New York |date=2013 |page=13 |isbn=978-1-4614-7648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN69BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> Delta<sup>1</sup> is a [[red giant]] star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away.<ref name=dr2/> It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87,<ref name=AAVSOdel1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=842 |title=Delta1 Apodis |author =Watson, Christopher |date=25 August 2009 |work=The International Variable Star Index|publisher=American Association of Variable Star Observers|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days.<ref name=tabur>{{cite journal | title=Long-term photometry and periods for 261 nearby pulsating M giants | author=Tabur, V. | author2=Bedding, T.R. |author3=Kiss, L.L. | author4=Moon, T.T. | author5=Szeidl, B. | author6=Kjeldsen, H. |date=2009 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 400 | issue =4 |pages= 1945–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15588.x | doi-access=free |arxiv = 0908.3228 |bibcode = 2009MNRAS.400.1945T | s2cid=15358380 }}</ref> Delta<sup>2</sup> is an [[orange giant]] star of spectral type K3III,<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1975mcts.book.....H|title=University of Michigan Catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars. Volume I. Declinations −90_ to −53_ƒ0|journal=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I. Declinations −90° to −53.0°|last1=Houk|first1=N.|last2=Cowley|first2=A. P.|year=1975}}</ref> located 550 ± 10 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.<ref name=ridpath01/>
+[[File:Apus (Annotated) (apus-ann).tiff|thumb|The constellation Apus showing the IAU boundaries, the constellation stick figure, and labels for its brightest stars. Astrophotograph by Eckhard Slawik, from NOIRLab's [https://noirlab.edu/public/education/constellations/apus/ 88 Constellations] project.]]
+Alpha Apodis is an [[giant star|orange giant]] of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=dr2>{{cite DR2}}</ref> with an apparent magnitude of 3.8.<ref name=ridpath01>{{cite book |last = Ridpath |first = Ian |date = 2017 |title = Stars and Planets Guide |publisher = Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn = 978-0-691-17788-5 |pages=78–79}}</ref> It spent much of its life as a [[B-type main-sequence star|blue-white (B-type) main sequence star]] before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen.<ref name=kaler>{{cite web | title=Alpha Aps | work=Stars | first=James B. | last=Kaler | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alphaaps.html | date=6 April 2007 | access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter,<ref name=aaa367_521>{{cite journal | last1=Pasinetti Fracassini | first1=L. E. | last2=Pastori | first2=L. | last3=Covino | first3=S. | last4=Pozzi | first4=A. | title=Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third edition - Comments and statistics | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=367 | issue=2 | pages=521–524 | date=2001 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode=2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv=astro-ph/0012289| s2cid=425754 }}</ref> and shines with a [[luminosity]] approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 [[Kelvin|K]].<ref name=Mcdonald>{{cite journal|author=McDonald, I.|author2=Zijlstra, A. A.|author3=Boyer, M. L.|date=2012|title=Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=427|issue=1|pages=343–57|bibcode=2012MNRAS.427..343M|arxiv = 1208.2037 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x |doi-access=free |s2cid=118665352}}</ref> Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 4.2.<ref name=ridpath01/> It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Liu, Y. J.|author2=Zhao, G.|author3=Shi, J. R.|author4=Pietrzyński, G.|author5=Gieren, W.|date=2007|title=The abundances of nearby red clump giants|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=382|issue=2|pages=553–66|bibcode=2007MNRAS.382..553L |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gamma Apodis is a [[giant star|yellow giant]] of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K.<ref name=Mcdonald/> Delta Apodis is a [[double star]], the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Privett |first1=Grant |last2=Jones |first2=Kevin |title=The Constellation Observing Atlas |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=New York, New York |date=2013 |page=13 |isbn=978-1-4614-7648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN69BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> Delta<sup>1</sup> is a [[red giant]] star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away.<ref name=dr2/> It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87,<ref name=AAVSOdel1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=842 |title=Delta1 Apodis |author =Watson, Christopher |date=25 August 2009 |work=The International Variable Star Index|publisher=American Association of Variable Star Observers|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days.<ref name=tabur>{{cite journal | title=Long-term photometry and periods for 261 nearby pulsating M giants | author=Tabur, V. | author2=Bedding, T.R. |author3=Kiss, L.L. | author4=Moon, T.T. | author5=Szeidl, B. | author6=Kjeldsen, H. |date=2009 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 400 | issue =4 |pages= 1945–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15588.x | doi-access=free |arxiv = 0908.3228 |bibcode = 2009MNRAS.400.1945T | s2cid=15358380 }}</ref> Delta<sup>2</sup> is an [[orange giant]] star of spectral type K3III,<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1975mcts.book.....H|title=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I|journal=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume I|last1=Houk|first1=N.|last2=Cowley|first2=A. P.|year=1975}}</ref> located 550 ± 10 light-years away,<ref name=dr2/> with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.<ref name=ridpath01/>
 The fifth-brightest star is [[Zeta Apodis]] at magnitude 4.8,<ref name=arnold/> a star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant of spectral type K1III, with a surface temperature of 4649 K and a luminosity 133 times that of the Sun.<ref name=Mcdonald/> It is 300 ± 4 light-years distant.<ref name=dr2/> Near Zeta is [[Iota Apodis]], a [[binary star]] system 1,040 ± 60 light-years distant,<ref name=dr2/> that is composed of two blue-white main sequence stars that orbit each other every 59.32 years. Of spectral types B9V and B9.5 V, they are both over three times as massive as the Sun.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Dynamical and physical properties of 22 binaries discovered by W. S. Finsen|author1=Docobo, J.A. |author2=Andrade, M. |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume =428 |issue =1| pages=321–39| year= 2013|doi=10.1093/mnras/sts045 | bibcode=2013MNRAS.428..321D|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name=Kirkpatrick2024>{{cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=J. Davy |last2=Marocco |first2=Federico |display-authors=etal |date=April 2024 |title=The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of ~3600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=271 |issue=2 |pages=55 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2312.03639 |bibcode=2024ApJS..271...55K}}</ref>
+}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 95: / Line 100: @@
 {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Apus}}
 [[Category:Apus| ]]
 [[Category:Southern constellations]]
 [[Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius]]

Apus: Difference between revisions

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