Intifada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:56, 1 March 2026

Intifada (Template:Langx) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer to a civilian uprising against oppression.^[1]^[2] In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 Easter Rising,^[3] the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,^[4] and the 1949 Jeju uprising.^[5] When used in English outside of the Arab World, the word has primarily referred to the two Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

In the 20th century, the word intifada has been used to describe various uprisings. In the Iraqi Intifada of 1952, Iraqi parties took to the streets to protest their monarchy.^[10] Other later examples include the Western Sahara's Zemla Intifada, the First Sahrawi Intifada, and the Second Sahrawi Intifada.^[11] In the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, it refers to an uprising by Palestinian people against Israeli occupation or Israel, involving both violent and nonviolent methods of resistance, including the First Intifada (1987–1993) and the Second Intifada (2000–2005).^[12]^[13]^[14]

Lexical information

Morphology

The word intifāḍa (Template:Langx) is an Arabic verbal noun (مصدر, Template:Tlit) of instance [ar] (اسم مرة, Template:Tlit) of the verb intafaḍa (اِنْتَفَضَ), derived from the triconsonantal Semitic root n-f-ḍ (ن-ف-ض) related to shaking (off), dusting (off), and making something shiver.^[15]Template:Reference page The verb's form is reflexive (اِفْتَعَلَ, Template:Tlit), which is referred to in Western sources as "form VIII".^[15]^: 1157

Meaning

The Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic gives the meaning of intafaḍa (انتفض) as: "to be shaken off, be dusted off; to shake; to shudder, shiver, tremble; to shake off from oneself; to wake up, come to consciousness", as in "انتفض من سباته to shake off one's lethargy," and of its verbal noun انتفاضة intifāḍa (pl. انتفاضات intifāḍāt) as a "shiver, shudder, tremor; awakening (pol.); popular uprising."^[15]Template:Reference page

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the context of Palestine, the word intifada refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas.^[1]^[16] The term was originally chosen to signify "aggressive nonviolent resistance";^[17] in the 1980s, Palestinian students adopted intifada as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no connotation of violence.^[18]

The First Intifada was characterized by protests, general strikes, economic boycotts, and riots, including the widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the Israeli army and its infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada. The phrase "Globalize the intifada" is a slogan used to promote worldwide activism in solidarity with Palestinian resistance. The phrase and those associated with it have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics have said that it encourages widespread violence or terrorism.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

List of events named Intifada

In Arabic-language texts, uprisings anywhere can be referred to using the word intifada, including, for example, the 1916 Easter Rising (Template:Langx),^[3] the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Template:Langx),^[4] and the 1949 Jeju uprising (Template:Langx).^[5] In English, the word may refer to these events, overwhelmingly in the Arabic-speaking world:

Iraqi Intifada, a series of strikes and riots in Iraq in 1952, aimed against the Hashemite monarchy rule^[10]
October Revolution, a series of strikes, riots, and demonstrations in Sudan, that ended with the dissolution of the Abbud military regime and the beginning of second civilian rule in 1964^[23]
March Intifada, a leftist uprising against the British colonial presence in Bahrain in March 1965^[24]
Zemla Intifada, against Spanish colonial rule in then Spanish Sahara, in June 1970^[25]
In Lebanese internal conflicts:
- February 6 Intifada (1984), during the Lebanese Civil War^[26]
- Cedar Revolution or "Intifada of Independence", the events in Lebanon after Rafic Hariri's 2005 assassination^[27]
The 1984 Egyptian intifada, (October 1, 1984 - October 2, 1984), a bloody uprising and civil resistance movement^[28]
1990s uprising in Bahrain, an uprising demanding a return to democratic rule, also known as the "1990s Intifada"^[29]
1991 Iraqi uprisings, an armed uprising against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, also known as "Iraqi Intifada of 1991"^[30]
In the Western Sahara conflict:
- First Sahrawi Intifada, protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Sahara, south of Morocco (1999–2004)^[11]
- Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada, demonstrations and riots in Western Sahara, south of Morocco, beginning in May 2005^[11]
- Gdeim Izik protest camp, also referred as Third Sahrawi Intifada or simply Third Intifada^[31]
2005 French riots referred to be the historian Andrew Hussey as "the French Intifada"^[32]
Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave which began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia, sometimes referred to as "Intifada":
- Tunisian Revolution, or Tunisian Intifada^[33]
- Yemeni Revolution, or Yemeni Intifada^[34]
- 2011 Egyptian revolution, or Egyptian Intifada^[35]
- 2011–2013 Sudanese protests, or Sudanese Intifada^[36]
Second Arab Spring, a series of anti-government protests in several Arab countries starting in late 2019, also known as "Arab Spring 2.0":
- 17 October Revolution, nicknamed the Tax Intifada^[37]
- 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, nicknamed the Iraqi Intifada^[38]
In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict:
- March 1955 Outburst in the Gaza Strip, an outburst of unrest against the Egyptian occupation over Egyptian plans to relocate Palestinian refugees to the Sinai Peninsula and following the Israeli Operation Black Arrow.^[39]^[40]^[41]
- March 1982 Palestinian general strike, a significant wave of protests in the occupied Palestinian territories after the Israeli government ordered the dissolution of West Bank city councils elected in 1976, sometimes referred to as the "Intifada of 1982"^[42]^[43] or the "Spring Uprising,"^[44] or as part of a "Revolt Against the Civil Administration" that began in late 1981.^[45]
- Various Palestinian student protests in the mid-1980s, such as the April 1985 Bethlehem University protests and the December 1986 Birzeit University protests.^[42]^[46]
- First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation lasting from December 1987 to 1993^[47]
- Second Intifada, also called Al-Aqsa Intifada, an uprising against Israeli occupation leading to intensification of Israeli-Palestinian violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005^[13]
- 2014 Jerusalem unrest, a series of violent acts and attacks in Jerusalem in 2014 sometimes referred to as the "Silent Intifada"^[48]
- 2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict – 2015 escalation in Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes referred to as "Al-Quds Intifada", "Jerusalem Intifada" or "Knife Intifada"^[49]
- 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, also known as the "Unity Intifada"^[50]
- Ongoing Gaza war, referred to by some commentators as the Third Intifada^[51]
  - 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, nicknamed the "student intifada" by activists and critics^[52]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ute Meinel, Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' (transl. 'The concept of the Intifada, which contains the idea of a legitimate protest against oppression, is currently a key concept in the Arab world and has a great emotional appeal')
↑ Jack A. Goldstone (29 April 2015). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93765-2. Retrieved 3 May 2024. The word intifada means to throw off something that oppresses.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "الإيرلنديون يحيون ذكرى انتفاضة الفصح ضد البريطانيين". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "في الذكرى الـ80 للانتفاضة ـ هذا ما حدث في "غيتو وارسو"". Deutsche Welle (in Arabic). 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024. في 19 أبريل 1943، بدأت الانتفاضة الأولى ضد النظام النازي On 19 April 1943, the first intifada began against the Nazi regime
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "في أسبوع: "القيامة" و"رهبان صبية" وانتفاضة "جيجو"". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
↑ Template:Cite EBO
↑ Template:OEtymD
↑ "Intifada". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
↑ Shulevitz, Judith (8 May 2024). "Listen to What They're Chanting". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. Etymologically, intifada denotes a shaking-off, but in contemporary Arabic, it means an uprising: For instance, a 1952 uprising in Iraq against the Hashemite monarchy is referred to in Arabic as an intifada. But in English, including in English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias, the word refers primarily to two periods of sustained Palestinian revolt, the First and Second Intifadas.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Karol Sorby (2003). "THE 1952 UPRISING IN IRAQ AND REGENT'S ROLE IN ITS CRUSHING (Iraq from al-watba to al-intifāda: 1949 - 1952)" (PDF). Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Randa Farah (2010). "Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. JSTOR. 11 (2): 59–66. JSTOR 43133843. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
↑ "What is an intifada?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Beauchamp, Zack (20 November 2018). "What were the intifadas?". Vox. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
↑ "Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017". DW. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976). A dictionary of modern written Arabic. Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (4th ed.). Ithaca, N.Y: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 978-0-87950-001-6.
↑ Kanana, Sharif (1998). "Women in the Legends of the Intifada". In Sabbagh, Suha (ed.). Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank. Indiana University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-253-11568-3.
↑ Roberson, Mary K. (2013). "Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada". In Cole, Ellen; Rothblum, Esther D.; Espin, Oliva M. (eds.). Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-135-83760-0.
↑ King, Mary Elizabeth (2007). A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance. Nation Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7867-3326-2.
↑ "Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally". JNS. 31 March 2022.
↑ "Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants". Jewish Journal. 2 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
↑ Tress, Luke (25 October 2023). "Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says". The Forward.
↑ "How are Harvard, Penn presidents responding to campus anti-Semitism row?". Al-Jazeera. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2026. [Congresswoman Elise Stefanik] asserted that campus members call for the genocide of Jews when they chant phrases such as 'from the river to the sea' and 'Intifada' – a term she described as a 'call for violent armed resistance' against Israel and Jews.
↑ Berridge, W. J. (29 January 2015). Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4725-7402-2.
↑ Rabia, Ali (1973). "لندن ناقشت أحداث البحرين مع واشنطن وسط مؤشر تحويل النفوذ في الخليج لأميركا - بانوراما - صحيفة الوقت البحرينية - يومية سياسية مستقلة" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 – via Al-Waqt.
↑ "Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising". allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2016.(subscription required)
↑ Glass, Charles (July 2006). "Lebanon Agonistes". CounterPunch. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
↑ Haugbolle, Sune (10 May 2024). "Spatial Transformations in the Lebanese "Independence Intifada"". The Arab Studies Journal. 14 (2): 60–77. JSTOR 27933971.
↑ "Egypt cuts food prices". Pittsburgh Post. 2 October 1984. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
↑ Political Repression in Bahrain. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press. 10 May 2024. ISBN 978-1-108-47143-5.
↑ "Slippery Slope: Libya and the Lessons of Previous No-Fly Zones | the Washington Institute".
↑ "Looking back, looking forward: inheriting the revolutions of the 'Arab Spring' | openDemocracy". Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
↑ MacDonald, Megan C. (2016). "The French intifada: The long war between France and its Arabs". The Journal of North African Studies. 21: 156–158. doi:10.1080/13629387.2015.1101954.
↑ al-Qubbi, Murshed. "The Tunisian Revolution: An Analysis of Analyses" (PDF). Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
↑ Liebich, Don (24 May 2016). Fault Lines, the New Updated Edition: Understanding America's Role in the Middle East and the Circumstances Leading to the Rise of ISIS. Elevate. ISBN 978-1-943425-60-0.
↑ "The Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study in Intifadat and the Difficulty of Lasting Change - the SAIS Review of International Affairs". 16 April 2013.
↑ "Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan | Request PDF".
↑ "Lebanon protests: Thousands demand 'fall of the regime' in Beirut".
↑ Hadid, Foulath (10 May 2024). Iraq's Democratic Moment. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-84904-218-5.
↑ Irfan, Anne. A Short History of the Gaza Strip. Simon & Schuster UK, 2025. Page 1982.
↑ Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Gaza: A History. Hurst Publishers, 2023. Page 88.
↑ The Development Century: A Global History. Edited by Erez Manela & Stephen J. Macekura. Cambridge University Press, 2018. Page 301.
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2013). "Understanding the Palestinian Intifada of 1987". Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
↑ Jamjoum, Hazem Mohammad (2012). "The Village Leagues : Israel's native authority and the 1981-1982 Intifada". American University of Beirut. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
↑ Bregman, Ahron. Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Penguin UK, 2014.
↑ Hajjar, Lisa; Rabbani, Mouin (1 May 1988). "Israel and the Palestinians, 1948-1988". Middle East Report. No. 152}. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
↑ Zelkovitz, Ido. Students and Resistance in Palestine: Books, Guns and Politics. Taylor & Francis, 2014. Page 154.
↑ Hawaleshka, Danylo (8 December 2023). "History Illustrated: The first Intifada against Israel". Al Jazeera.
↑ Marder, Michael (16 November 2021). "Incendiary Words and the Volcano of Occupation". Senses of Upheaval. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-83998-228-6. Archived from the original on 26 December 2025. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
↑ "NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October". Middle East Monitor. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016.
↑ Muaddi, Qassam (5 July 2024). "Why there is no uprising in the West Bank – yet". Mondoweiss. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
↑ Sengupta, Arjun (8 October 2023) [7 October 2023]. "Hamas-Israel escalation: What we know so far, and whether it could lead to the Third Intifada". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
↑ Template:Multiref
↑ Traynor, Ian (5 June 2006). "Children of the repression". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

External links

Hussey, Andrew (23 February 2014). "The French Intifada: how the Arab banlieues are fighting the French state". The Guardian.

[Meinel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ute Meinel, Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' (transl. 'The concept of the Intifada, which contains the idea of a legitimate protest against oppression, is currently a key concept in the Arab world and has a great emotional appeal')

[2] Jack A. Goldstone (29 April 2015). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93765-2. Retrieved 3 May 2024. The word intifada means to throw off something that oppresses.

[AJ1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "الإيرلنديون يحيون ذكرى انتفاضة الفصح ضد البريطانيين". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2024.

[WGU-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "في الذكرى الـ80 للانتفاضة ـ هذا ما حدث في "غيتو وارسو"". Deutsche Welle (in Arabic). 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024. في 19 أبريل 1943، بدأت الانتفاضة الأولى ضد النظام النازي On 19 April 1943, the first intifada began against the Nazi regime

[BBC1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "في أسبوع: "القيامة" و"رهبان صبية" وانتفاضة "جيجو"". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2024.

[6] Template:Cite EBO

[7] Template:OEtymD

[8] "Intifada". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[9] Shulevitz, Judith (8 May 2024). "Listen to What They're Chanting". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. Etymologically, intifada denotes a shaking-off, but in contemporary Arabic, it means an uprising: For instance, a 1952 uprising in Iraq against the Hashemite monarchy is referred to in Arabic as an intifada. But in English, including in English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias, the word refers primarily to two periods of sustained Palestinian revolt, the First and Second Intifadas.

[II-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Karol Sorby (2003). "THE 1952 UPRISING IN IRAQ AND REGENT'S ROLE IN ITS CRUSHING (Iraq from al-watba to al-intifāda: 1949 - 1952)" (PDF). Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

[SI-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Randa Farah (2010). "Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. JSTOR. 11 (2): 59–66. JSTOR 43133843. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

[12] "What is an intifada?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.

[Beauchamp2018-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Beauchamp, Zack (20 November 2018). "What were the intifadas?". Vox. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.

[14] "Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017". DW. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.

[:0-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976). A dictionary of modern written Arabic. Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (4th ed.). Ithaca, N.Y: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 978-0-87950-001-6.

[16] Kanana, Sharif (1998). "Women in the Legends of the Intifada". In Sabbagh, Suha (ed.). Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank. Indiana University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-253-11568-3.

[Roberson-17] Roberson, Mary K. (2013). "Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada". In Cole, Ellen; Rothblum, Esther D.; Espin, Oliva M. (eds.). Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-135-83760-0.

[King-18] King, Mary Elizabeth (2007). A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance. Nation Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7867-3326-2.

[JNS-19] "Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally". JNS. 31 March 2022.

[JewishJournal-20] "Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants". Jewish Journal. 2 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[Forward2-21] Tress, Luke (25 October 2023). "Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says". The Forward.

[22] "How are Harvard, Penn presidents responding to campus anti-Semitism row?". Al-Jazeera. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2026. [Congresswoman Elise Stefanik] asserted that campus members call for the genocide of Jews when they chant phrases such as 'from the river to the sea' and 'Intifada' – a term she described as a 'call for violent armed resistance' against Israel and Jews.

[23] Berridge, W. J. (29 January 2015). Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4725-7402-2.

[24] Rabia, Ali (1973). "لندن ناقشت أحداث البحرين مع واشنطن وسط مؤشر تحويل النفوذ في الخليج لأميركا - بانوراما - صحيفة الوقت البحرينية - يومية سياسية مستقلة" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 – via Al-Waqt.

[25] "Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising". allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2016.(subscription required)

[26] Glass, Charles (July 2006). "Lebanon Agonistes". CounterPunch. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.

[27] Haugbolle, Sune (10 May 2024). "Spatial Transformations in the Lebanese "Independence Intifada"". The Arab Studies Journal. 14 (2): 60–77. JSTOR 27933971.

[28] "Egypt cuts food prices". Pittsburgh Post. 2 October 1984. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2013.

[29] Political Repression in Bahrain. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press. 10 May 2024. ISBN 978-1-108-47143-5.

[30] "Slippery Slope: Libya and the Lessons of Previous No-Fly Zones | the Washington Institute".

[31] "Looking back, looking forward: inheriting the revolutions of the 'Arab Spring' | openDemocracy". Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.

[32] MacDonald, Megan C. (2016). "The French intifada: The long war between France and its Arabs". The Journal of North African Studies. 21: 156–158. doi:10.1080/13629387.2015.1101954.

[33] -Qubbi, Murshed. "The Tunisian Revolution: An Analysis of Analyses" (PDF). Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

[34] Liebich, Don (24 May 2016). Fault Lines, the New Updated Edition: Understanding America's Role in the Middle East and the Circumstances Leading to the Rise of ISIS. Elevate. ISBN 978-1-943425-60-0.

[35] "The Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study in Intifadat and the Difficulty of Lasting Change - the SAIS Review of International Affairs". 16 April 2013.

[36] "Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan | Request PDF".

[37] "Lebanon protests: Thousands demand 'fall of the regime' in Beirut".

[38] Hadid, Foulath (10 May 2024). Iraq's Democratic Moment. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-84904-218-5.

[39] Irfan, Anne. A Short History of the Gaza Strip. Simon & Schuster UK, 2025. Page 1982.

[40] Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Gaza: A History. Hurst Publishers, 2023. Page 88.

[41] The Development Century: A Global History. Edited by Erez Manela & Stephen J. Macekura. Cambridge University Press, 2018. Page 301.

[Suzuki_2013-42] 42.0 ^42.1 Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2013). "Understanding the Palestinian Intifada of 1987". Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies. Retrieved 24 July 2025.

[43] Jamjoum, Hazem Mohammad (2012). "The Village Leagues : Israel's native authority and the 1981-1982 Intifada". American University of Beirut. Retrieved 24 July 2025.

[44] Bregman, Ahron. Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Penguin UK, 2014.

[45] Hajjar, Lisa; Rabbani, Mouin (1 May 1988). "Israel and the Palestinians, 1948-1988". Middle East Report. No. 152}. Retrieved 24 July 2025.

[46] Zelkovitz, Ido. Students and Resistance in Palestine: Books, Guns and Politics. Taylor & Francis, 2014. Page 154.

[47] Hawaleshka, Danylo (8 December 2023). "History Illustrated: The first Intifada against Israel". Al Jazeera.

[48] Marder, Michael (16 November 2021). "Incendiary Words and the Volcano of Occupation". Senses of Upheaval. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-83998-228-6. Archived from the original on 26 December 2025. Retrieved 26 December 2025.

[49] "NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October". Middle East Monitor. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016.

[50] Muaddi, Qassam (5 July 2024). "Why there is no uprising in the West Bank – yet". Mondoweiss. Retrieved 15 April 2025.

[51] Sengupta, Arjun (8 October 2023) [7 October 2023]. "Hamas-Israel escalation: What we know so far, and whether it could lead to the Third Intifada". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.

[Makoii-2024-52] Template:Multiref

[53] Traynor, Ian (5 June 2006). "Children of the repression". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

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-'''Intifada''' ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة|translit={{Transliteration|ar|DIN|intifāḍah}}}}) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for a [[Rebellion|rebellion or uprising]], or a [[resistance movement]]. It can also be used to refer to a civilian uprising against oppression.<ref name="Meinel">Ute Meinel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WyFneCZ5dqoC&pg=PA8 ''Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998,''] LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' ({{Translation|'The concept of the Intifada, which contains the idea of a legitimate protest against oppression, is currently a key concept in the Arab world and has a great emotional appeal'}})</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7a5CAAAQBAJ|publisher= Routledge|title=The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions|author=Jack A. Goldstone|accessdate=3 May 2024|date=29 April 2015|isbn= 978-1-135-93765-2|quote=The word intifada means to throw off something that oppresses.}}</ref>
+'''''Intifada''''' ({{langx|ar|اِنْتِفَاضَة|translit=intifāḍah}}) is an Arabic word for a [[Rebellion|rebellion or uprising]], or a [[resistance movement]]. It can also be used to refer to a civilian uprising against oppression.<ref name="Meinel">Ute Meinel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WyFneCZ5dqoC&pg=PA8 ''Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998''], LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' ({{Translation|'The concept of the Intifada, which contains the idea of a legitimate protest against oppression, is currently a key concept in the Arab world and has a great emotional appeal'}})</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7a5CAAAQBAJ|publisher= Routledge|title=The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions|author=Jack A. Goldstone|access-date=3 May 2024|date=29 April 2015|isbn= 978-1-135-93765-2|quote=The word intifada means to throw off something that oppresses.}}</ref> In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 [[Easter Rising]],<ref name="AJ1" /> the 1943 [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]],<ref name="WGU" /> and the 1949 [[Jeju uprising]].<ref name="BBC1" /> When used in English outside of the Arab World, the word has primarily referred to the two Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.<ref>{{cite EBO |title=Intifada |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|Intifada|access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Intifada|id=8307098503}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Listen to What They're Chanting|first=Judith|last=Shulevitz|journal=[[The Atlantic]]|date=8 May 2024|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2024/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-chants/678321/|quote=Etymologically, intifada denotes a shaking-off, but in contemporary Arabic, it means an uprising: For instance, a 1952 uprising in Iraq against the Hashemite monarchy is referred to in Arabic as an intifada. But in English, including in English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias, the word refers primarily to two periods of sustained Palestinian revolt, the First and Second Intifadas.|archive-date=5 June 2024|access-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605002604/https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2024/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-chants/678321/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In the 20th century, the word ''intifada'' has been used in to describe various uprisings. In the [[Iraqi Intifada (1952)|Iraqi Intifada]] in 1952, Iraqi parties took to the streets to protest their monarchy.<ref name="II"/> Other later examples include the [[Western Sahara]]'s [[Zemla Intifada]], the [[First Sahrawi Intifada]], and the [[Second Sahrawi Intifada]].<ref name="SI"/> In the context of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], it refers to uprising by Palestinian people against [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] or [[Israel]], involving both violent and nonviolent methods of resistance, including the [[First Intifada]] (1987–1993) and the [[Second Intifada]] (2000–2005).<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is an intifada? |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/24/what-is-an-intifada |access-date=2024-01-28 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426083641/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/24/what-is-an-intifada |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp2018">{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2018-11-20 |title=What were the intifadas? |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110215245/https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/intifadas-what-you-need-to-know/a-41695912 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=DW |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418231356/https://www.dw.com/en/intifadas-what-you-need-to-know/a-41695912 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In the 20th century, the word ''intifada'' has been used to describe various uprisings. In the [[Iraqi Intifada (1952)|Iraqi Intifada]] of 1952, Iraqi parties took to the streets to protest their monarchy.<ref name="II"/> Other later examples include the [[Western Sahara]]'s [[Zemla Intifada]], the [[First Sahrawi Intifada]], and the [[Second Sahrawi Intifada]].<ref name="SI"/> In the context of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], it refers to an uprising by Palestinian people against [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] or Israel, involving both violent and nonviolent methods of resistance, including the [[First Intifada]] (1987–1993) and the [[Second Intifada]] (2000–2005).<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is an intifada? |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/24/what-is-an-intifada |access-date=2024-01-28 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426083641/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/24/what-is-an-intifada |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp2018">{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2018-11-20 |title=What were the intifadas? |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110215245/https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/intifadas-what-you-need-to-know/a-41695912 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=DW |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418231356/https://www.dw.com/en/intifadas-what-you-need-to-know/a-41695912 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 [[Easter Rising]],<ref name="AJ1" /> the 1943 [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]],<ref name="WGU" /> and the 1949 [[Jeju uprising]].<ref name="BBC1" /> When used in [[English language|English]] outside of the Arab World, the word has primarily referred to the two Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.<ref>{{Britannica | id=291859 | title=Intifada| author=Araj, Bader; Brym, Robert J.}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|Intifada|accessdate=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Intifada|id=8307098503}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Listen to What They're Chanting|first=Judith|last=Shulevitz|journal=[[The Atlantic]]|date=8 May 2024|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2024/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-chants/678321/|quote=Etymologically, intifada denotes a shaking-off, but in contemporary Arabic, it means an uprising: For instance, a 1952 uprising in Iraq against the Hashemite monarchy is referred to in Arabic as an intifada. But in English, including in English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias, the word refers primarily to two periods of sustained Palestinian revolt, the First and Second Intifadas.|archive-date=5 June 2024|access-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605002604/https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2024/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-chants/678321/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+== Lexical information ==
+<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><!-- this section is transcluded as an excerpt at [[Globalize the intifada]]. -->
-== Lexical information ==
-<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span>
-<!-- this section is transcluded as an excerpt at [[Globalize the intifada]]. -->
 === Morphology ===
-''Intifāḍa'' ({{Lang|ar|انتفاضة}}) is an [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] ''[[Arabic verbs#Verbal noun (maṣdar)|maṣdar]]'' ({{Lang|ar|مصدر}}), or [[Arabic verbs#Verbal noun (maṣdar)|verbal noun]], of {{Interlanguage link|Noun of instance (Arabic)|lt=instance|ar|اسم مرة}} ({{Lang|ar|اسم مرة}} ''{{Interlanguage link|Noun of instance (Arabic)|lt=ism marra|ar|اسم مرة}}'') of the verb ''intafaḍa'' ({{Lang|ar|انتفض}}), derived from the [[Semitic root|triconsonantal Semitic root]] ''n-f-ḍ'' ({{Lang|ar|ن-ف-ض}}) related to shaking (off), dusting (off), and making something shiver.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wehr |first=Hans |title=A dictionary of modern written Arabic |last2=Cowan |first2=J. Milton |date=1976 |publisher=Spoken Language Services |others=Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) |isbn=978-0-87950-001-6 |edition=4th |location=Ithaca, N.Y}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1157}} The verb {{Lang|ar|انتفض}} ''intafaḍa'' is in the [[Arabic verbs|verb form]] {{Lang|ar|اِفْتَعَلَ}} ''iftaʿala'', referred to in Western sources as 'form VIII,' denoting [[Reflexive verb|reflexivity]]."<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=1157}}
+The word ''intifāḍa'' ({{Langx|ar|اِنْتِفَاضَة}}) is an [[Arabic verbs#Verbal noun (maṣdar)|Arabic verbal noun]] ({{Lang|ar|مصدر}}, {{tlit|ar|maṣdar}}) of {{Interlanguage link|Noun of instance (Arabic)|lt=instance|ar|اسم مرة}} ({{Lang|ar|اسم مرة}}, {{tlit|ar|ism marra}}) of the verb ''intafaḍa'' ({{Lang|ar|اِنْتَفَضَ}}), derived from the [[Semitic root|triconsonantal Semitic root]] ''n-f-ḍ'' ({{Lang|ar|ن-ف-ض}}) related to shaking (off), dusting (off), and making something shiver.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |title=A dictionary of modern written Arabic |last2=Cowan |first2=J. Milton |date=1976 |publisher=Spoken Language Services |others=Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) |isbn=978-0-87950-001-6 |edition=4th |location=Ithaca, N.Y}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1157}} The verb's [[Arabic verbs|form]] is [[Reflexive verb|reflexive]] ({{Lang|ar|اِفْتَعَلَ}}, {{tlit|ar|iftaʿala}}), which is referred to in Western sources as "form VIII".<ref name=":0" />{{rp|page=1157}}
 === Meaning ===
-The ''[[A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic|Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]'' gives the meaning of the verb {{Lang|ar|انتفض}} ''intafaḍa'' as: "to be shaken off, be dusted off; to shake; to shudder, shiver, tremble (jo with); to sheke of from oneself (i s.th.); to wake up, come to consciousness," and of its verbal noun {{Lang|ar|انتفاضة}} ''intifāḍa'' as a "shiver, shudder, tremor; awakening (pol.); popular uprising."<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=1157}}
+The ''[[A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic|Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]'' gives the meaning of ''intafaḍa'' ({{Lang|ar|انتفض}}) as: "to be shaken off, be dusted off; to shake; to shudder, shiver, tremble; to shake off from oneself; to wake up, come to consciousness", as in "{{Lang|ar|انتفض من سباته}} to shake off one's lethargy," and of its verbal noun {{Lang|ar|انتفاضة}} ''intifāḍa'' (pl. {{Lang|ar|انتفاضات}} ''intifāḍāt'') as a "shiver, shudder, tremor; awakening (pol.); popular uprising."<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=1157}}
 == Israeli–Palestinian conflict ==
 <!-- the first paragraph of this section is transcluded as an excerpt at [[Globalize the intifada]]. -->
-{{Anchor|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}In the context of [[Palestine]], the word ''intifada'' refers to attempts to "shake off" the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and the [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip]] in the [[First Intifada|First]] and [[Second Intifada]]s.<ref name="Meinel" /><ref>Sharif Kanana, 'Women in the Legends of the Intifada,' in Suha Sabbagh (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1-uwfJhuEC&pg=PA114 ''Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank,''] Indiana University Press, 1998 p.114.</ref> The term was originally chosen to signify "aggressive [[nonviolent resistance]]";<ref name="Roberson">Mary K.Roberson, 'Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada,' in Ellen Cole, Esther D Rothblum, Oliva M Espin (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fXWPa4bZVoQC&pg=PA42 ''Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives,''] Routledge,  2013 p.42.</ref> in the 1980s, Palestinian students adopted ''intifada'' as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no connotation of violence.<ref name="King">Mary Elizabeth King, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5dmy-mWlcsC&pg=PA208 ''A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance,''] Nation Books 2007 p.208</ref> The First Intifada was characterized by [[protest]]s, [[general strike]]s, [[Economic boycott|economic boycotts]], and [[riot]]s, including the widespread [[Stone throwing|throwing of stones]] and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at the [[Israeli Ground Forces|Israeli army]] and its infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The [[Suicide Attack|suicide bombings]] carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.
+{{Anchor|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
+In the context of [[Palestine]], the word ''intifada'' refers to attempts to "shake off" the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and the [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip]] in the [[First Intifada|First]] and [[Second Intifada]]s.<ref name="Meinel" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kanana |first=Sharif |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1-uwfJhuEC&pg=PA114 |title=Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1998 |editor-last=Sabbagh |editor-first=Suha |page=114 |chapter=Women in the Legends of the Intifada |isbn=978-0-253-11568-3 }}</ref> The term was originally chosen to signify "aggressive [[nonviolent resistance]]";<ref name="Roberson">{{cite book |last=Roberson |first=Mary K. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXWPa4bZVoQC&pg=PA42 |title=Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |editor-last=Cole |editor-first=Ellen |page=42 |chapter=Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada |isbn=978-1-135-83760-0 |editor-last2=Rothblum |editor-first2=Esther D. |editor-last3=Espin |editor-first3=Oliva M.}}</ref> in the 1980s, Palestinian students adopted ''intifada'' as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no connotation of violence.<ref name="King">{{cite book |last=King |first=Mary Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5dmy-mWlcsC&pg=PA208 |title=A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance |publisher=Nation Books |year=2007 |page=208 |isbn=978-0-7867-3326-2 }}</ref>
-The phrase "[[Globalize the intifada]]" is a slogan used to promote worldwide activism in solidarity with [[Palestinian resistance]]. The phrase and those associated with it have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics have claimed it encourages widespread violence or terrorism.<ref name="JNS">{{cite web |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally |url=https://www.jns.org/amid-terror-wave-in-israel-new-york-bds-group-calls-to-globalize-intifada-at-rally/ |website=JNS}}</ref><ref name="JewishJournal">{{cite web |title=Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=Jewish Journal |date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111750/https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Forward2">{{cite web |author=Luke Tress |date=October 25, 2023 |title=Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/566798/antisemitic-incidents-have-spiked-in-new-york-since-hamas-attack-on-israel-nypd-says/ |website=The Forward}}</ref>
+The First Intifada was characterized by [[protest]]s, [[general strike]]s, [[economic boycott]]s, and [[riot]]s, including the widespread [[Stone throwing|throwing of stones]] and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at the [[Israeli Ground Forces|Israeli army]] and its infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]] carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada. The phrase "[[Globalize the intifada]]" is a slogan used to promote worldwide activism in solidarity with [[Palestinian resistance]]. The phrase and those associated with it have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics have said that it encourages widespread violence or terrorism.<ref name="JNS">{{cite web |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally |url=https://www.jns.org/amid-terror-wave-in-israel-new-york-bds-group-calls-to-globalize-intifada-at-rally/ |website=JNS}}</ref><ref name="JewishJournal">{{cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111750/https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=Jewish Journal}}</ref><ref name="Forward2">{{cite web |last=Tress |first=Luke |date=October 25, 2023 |title=Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/566798/antisemitic-incidents-have-spiked-in-new-york-since-hamas-attack-on-israel-nypd-says/ |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=7 December 2023 |title=How are Harvard, Penn presidents responding to campus anti-Semitism row? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/how-are-harvard-penn-presidents-responding-to-campus-anti-semitism-row |website=Al-Jazeera |location= |publisher= |access-date=3 January 2026|quote="[Congresswoman [[Elise Stefanik]]] asserted that campus members call for the genocide of Jews when they chant phrases such as 'from the river to the sea' and 'Intifada' – a term she described as a 'call for violent armed resistance' against Israel and Jews."}}</ref>
 == List of events named ''Intifada'' ==
-In Arabic-language texts, uprisings anywhere can be referred to using the word ''intifada'', including, for example, the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة الفصح}}),<ref name="AJ1">{{Cite web |title=الإيرلنديون يحيون ذكرى انتفاضة الفصح ضد البريطانيين |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2003/4/20/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%ad |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> the 1943 [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة غيتو وارسو}}),<ref name="WGU">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8080-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%80-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88/a-65374699|title=في الذكرى الـ80 للانتفاضة ـ هذا ما حدث في "غيتو وارسو"|language=Arabic|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|accessdate=3 May 2024|date=19 April 2023|quote=في 19 أبريل 1943، بدأت الانتفاضة الأولى ضد النظام النازي On 19 April 1943, the first intifada began against the Nazi regime}}</ref> and the 1949 [[Jeju uprising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة جيجو}}).<ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news |title=في أسبوع: "القيامة" و"رهبان صبية" وانتفاضة "جيجو" |url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-43698497 |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=BBC News عربي |language=ar}}</ref>
+In Arabic-language texts, uprisings anywhere can be referred to using the word ''intifada'', including, for example, the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة الفصح}}),<ref name="AJ1">{{Cite web |title=الإيرلنديون يحيون ذكرى انتفاضة الفصح ضد البريطانيين |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2003/4/20/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%ad |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> the 1943 [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة غيتو وارسو}}),<ref name="WGU">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8080-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%80-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88/a-65374699|title=في الذكرى الـ80 للانتفاضة ـ هذا ما حدث في "غيتو وارسو"|language=Arabic|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=3 May 2024|date=19 April 2023|quote=في 19 أبريل 1943، بدأت الانتفاضة الأولى ضد النظام النازي On 19 April 1943, the first intifada began against the Nazi regime}}</ref> and the 1949 [[Jeju uprising]] ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة جيجو}}).<ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news |title=في أسبوع: "القيامة" و"رهبان صبية" وانتفاضة "جيجو" |url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-43698497 |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=BBC News عربي |language=ar}}</ref> In English, the word may refer to these events, overwhelmingly in the Arabic-speaking world:
+*[[Iraqi Intifada (1952)|Iraqi Intifada]], a series of strikes and riots in Iraq in 1952, aimed against the Hashemite monarchy rule<ref name="II">{{cite web|url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/042312336_Sorby.pdf|title=THE 1952 UPRISING IN IRAQ AND REGENT'S ROLE IN ITS CRUSHING (Iraq from al-watba to al-intifāda: 1949 - 1952)|access-date=3 May 2024|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences|author=Karol Sorby}}</ref>
-In English, the word may refer to these events, overwhelmingly in the Arabic-speaking world:
-*[[Iraqi Intifada (1952)|Iraqi Intifada]], a series of strikes and riots in Iraq in 1952, aimed against the Hashemite monarchy rule<ref name="II">{{cite web|url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/042312336_Sorby.pdf|title=THE 1952 UPRISING IN IRAQ AND REGENT'S ROLE IN ITS CRUSHING (Iraq from al-watba to al-intifāda: 1949 - 1952)|accessdate=3 May 2024|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences|author=Karol Sorby}}</ref>
 *October Revolution, a series of strikes, riots, and demonstrations in Sudan, that ended with [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#Return to civilian rule (1964–1969)|the dissolution of the Abbud military regime and the beginning of second civilian rule]] in 1964<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_rrBQAAQBAJ | title=Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985 | isbn=978-1-4725-7402-2 | last1=Berridge | first1=W. J. | date=29 January 2015 | publisher=Bloomsbury }}</ref>
-*[[March Intifada]], a leftist uprising against the British colonial presence in Bahrain in March 1965<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707121746/http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-date=7 July 2011 | title=لندن ناقشت أحداث البحرين مع واشنطن وسط مؤشر تحويل النفوذ في الخليج لأميركا - بانوراما - صحيفة الوقت البحرينية - يومية سياسية مستقلة }}</ref>
+*[[March Intifada]], a leftist uprising against the British colonial presence in Bahrain in March 1965<ref>{{cite web | last=Rabia | first=Ali | date=1973 | title=لندن ناقشت أحداث البحرين مع واشنطن وسط مؤشر تحويل النفوذ في الخليج لأميركا - بانوراما - صحيفة الوقت البحرينية - يومية سياسية مستقلة | url=http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707121746/http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-date=7 July 2011 | via=[[Al-Waqt]] | language=ar}}</ref>
 *[[Zemla Intifada]], against Spanish colonial rule in then Spanish Sahara, in June 1970<ref>{{cite news|title=Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406191074.html|access-date=6 November 2016|work=allafrica.com|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174818/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406191074.html|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
 *In Lebanese internal conflicts:
 **[[February 6 Intifada]] (1984), during the [[Lebanese Civil War]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2006/07/lebanon_agonist.html |title=Lebanon Agonistes |access-date=2009-10-17 |last=Glass |first=Charles |date=July 2006 |authorlink=Charles Glass |magazine=CounterPunch |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105182548/http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2006/07/lebanon_agonist.html |archive-date= 5 January 2009 }}</ref>
 **[[Cedar Revolution]] or "Intifada of Independence", the events in Lebanon after Rafic Hariri's 2005 assassination<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27933971 | jstor=27933971 | last1=Haugbolle | first1=Sune | title=Spatial Transformations in the Lebanese "Independence Intifada" | journal=The Arab Studies Journal | date=10 May 2024 | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=60–77 }}</ref>
-*The [[1984 Egyptian intifada]], (October 1, 1984 - October 2, 1984), a bloody uprising and civil resistance movement<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt cuts food prices|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|accessdate=28 April 2013|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post|date=1984-10-02|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302205945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*The [[1984 Egyptian intifada]], (October 1, 1984 - October 2, 1984), a bloody uprising and civil resistance movement<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt cuts food prices|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|access-date=28 April 2013|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post|date=1984-10-02|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302205945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
 *[[1990s uprising in Bahrain]], an uprising demanding a return to democratic rule, also known as the "1990s Intifada"<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-repression-in-bahrain/political-repression-in-bahrain/FA168D3B3DAF58ADD3A802E5CD5DDE7E | isbn=978-1-108-47143-5 | title=Political Repression in Bahrain | series=Cambridge Middle East Studies | date=10 May 2024 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>
 *[[1991 Iraqi uprisings]], an armed uprising against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, also known as "Iraqi Intifada of 1991"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/slippery-slope-libya-and-lessons-previous-no-fly-zones | title=Slippery Slope: Libya and the Lessons of Previous No-Fly Zones &#124; the Washington Institute }}</ref>
 *In the [[Western Sahara conflict]]:
-**[[First Sahrawi Intifada]], protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Sahara, south of Morocco (1999–2004)<ref name="SI">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|title=Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria|publisher=JSTOR|accessdate=3 May 2024|year=2010|author=Randa Farah|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|volume=11|issue=2|pages=59–66|jstor=43133843|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|url-status=live}}</ref>
+**[[First Sahrawi Intifada]], protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Sahara, south of Morocco (1999–2004)<ref name="SI">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|title=Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=3 May 2024|year=2010|author=Randa Farah|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|volume=11|issue=2|pages=59–66|jstor=43133843|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|url-status=live}}</ref>
 **[[Second Sahrawi Intifada]] or Independence Intifada, demonstrations and riots in Western Sahara, south of Morocco, beginning in May 2005<ref name="SI" />
 **[[Gdeim Izik protest camp]], also referred as Third Sahrawi Intifada or simply Third Intifada<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/looking-back-looking-forward-inheriting-the-revolutions-of-the-arab-spring/|title=Looking back, looking forward: inheriting the revolutions of the 'Arab Spring' &#124; openDemocracy|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=9 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509094257/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/looking-back-looking-forward-inheriting-the-revolutions-of-the-arab-spring/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 47: / Line 45: @@
 **[[Yemeni Revolution]], or Yemeni Intifada<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi0BDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 | title=Fault Lines, the New Updated Edition: Understanding America's Role in the Middle East and the Circumstances Leading to the Rise of ISIS | isbn=978-1-943425-60-0 | last1=Liebich | first1=Don | date=24 May 2016 | publisher=Elevate }}</ref>
 **[[2011 Egyptian revolution]], or Egyptian Intifada<ref>{{cite web | url=https://saisreview.sais.jhu.edu/the-egyptian-uprising-a-case-study-in-intifadat-and-the-difficulty-of-lasting-change/ | title=The Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study in Intifadat and the Difficulty of Lasting Change - the SAIS Review of International Affairs | date=16 April 2013 }}</ref>
-**[[2011–2013 Sudanese protests]], or Sudanese Intifada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan &#124; ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303288272}}</ref>
+**[[2011–2013 Sudanese protests]], or Sudanese Intifada<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303288272|title=Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan &#124; Request PDF}}</ref>
 *[[Second Arab Spring]], a series of anti-government protests in several Arab countries starting in late 2019, also known as "Arab Spring 2.0":
 **[[17 October Revolution]], nicknamed the Tax Intifada<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/10/18/lebanon-protests-thousands-demand-fall-of-the-regime-in-beirut | title=Lebanon protests: Thousands demand 'fall of the regime' in Beirut }}</ref>
-**[[2019–2021 Iraqi protests]], nicknamed Iraqi Intifada<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VD2mtgAACAAJ | title=Iraq's Democratic Moment | isbn=978-1-84904-218-5 | last1=Hadid | first1=Foulath | date=10 May 2024 | publisher=Hurst & Company }}</ref>
+**[[2019–2021 Iraqi protests]], nicknamed the Iraqi Intifada<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VD2mtgAACAAJ | title=Iraq's Democratic Moment | isbn=978-1-84904-218-5 | last1=Hadid | first1=Foulath | date=10 May 2024 | publisher=Hurst & Company }}</ref>
-* In the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]:
+*In the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]:
-**[[March 1982 Palestinian general strike]], a significant wave of protests in the occupied Palestinian territories after the Israeli government ordered the dissolution of West Bank city councils [[1976 West Bank local elections|elected in 1976]], sometimes referred to as the "Intifada of 1982"<ref>{{cite web|date=2013|title=Understanding the Palestinian Intifada of 1987|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajames/29/2/29_KJ00009286931/_pdf/-char/ja|author-last=Suzuki|author-first=Hiroyuki|access-date=24 July 2025|work=Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2012|title=The Village Leagues : Israel’s native authority and the 1981-1982 Intifada|url=https://scholarworks.aub.edu.lb/handle/10938/9459|author-last=Jamjoum|author-first=Hazem Mohammad|access-date=24 July 2025|work=American University of Beirut}}</ref> or the "Spring Uprising,"<ref>Bregman, Ahron. Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Penguin UK, 2014.</ref> or as part of a "Revolt Against the [[Israeli Civil Administration|Civil Administration]]" that began [[November–December 1981 Palestinian protests|in late 1981]].<ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 1988|title=Israel and the Palestinians, 1948-1988|url=https://merip.org/1988/05/israel-and-the-palestinians-1948-1988/|author-last=Rabbani|author-first=Mouin|access-date=24 July 2025|work=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]}}</ref>
+**March 1955 Outburst in the Gaza Strip, an outburst of unrest against the Egyptian occupation over Egyptian plans to relocate Palestinian refugees to the Sinai Peninsula and following the Israeli [[Operation Black Arrow]].<ref>Irfan, Anne. A Short History of the Gaza Strip. Simon & Schuster UK, 2025. Page 1982.</ref><ref>Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Gaza: A History. Hurst Publishers, 2023. Page 88.</ref><ref>The Development Century: A Global History. Edited by Erez Manela & Stephen J. Macekura. Cambridge University Press, 2018. Page 301.</ref>
-**[[First Intifada]], a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation lasting from December 1987 to 1993<ref>{{cite web |title=History Illustrated: The first Intifada against Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/8/history-illustrated-the-first-intifada-against-israel}}</ref>
+**[[March 1982 Palestinian general strike]], a significant wave of protests in the occupied Palestinian territories after the Israeli government ordered the dissolution of West Bank city councils [[1976 West Bank local elections|elected in 1976]], sometimes referred to as the "Intifada of 1982"<ref name="Suzuki 2013">{{cite web|date=2013|title=Understanding the Palestinian Intifada of 1987|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajames/29/2/29_KJ00009286931/_pdf/-char/ja|author-last=Suzuki|author-first=Hiroyuki|access-date=24 July 2025|work=Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2012|title=The Village Leagues : Israel's native authority and the 1981-1982 Intifada|url=https://scholarworks.aub.edu.lb/handle/10938/9459|author-last=Jamjoum|author-first=Hazem Mohammad|access-date=24 July 2025|work=American University of Beirut}}</ref> or the "Spring Uprising,"<ref>Bregman, Ahron. Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Penguin UK, 2014.</ref> or as part of a "Revolt Against the [[Israeli Civil Administration|Civil Administration]]" that began [[November–December 1981 Palestinian protests|in late 1981]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hajjar |first1=Lisa |last2=Rabbani |first2=Mouin |date=1 May 1988 |title=Israel and the Palestinians, 1948-1988 |url=https://merip.org/1988/05/israel-and-the-palestinians-1948-1988/ |magazine=[[Middle East Report]] |issue=152} |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref>
+**Various Palestinian student protests in the mid-1980s, such as the April 1985 Bethlehem University protests and the [[December 1986 Birzeit University protests]].<ref name="Suzuki 2013"/><ref>Zelkovitz, Ido. Students and Resistance in Palestine: Books, Guns and Politics. Taylor & Francis, 2014. Page 154.</ref>
+**[[First Intifada]], a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation lasting from December 1987 to 1993<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hawaleshka |first=Danylo |date=8 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/8/history-illustrated-the-first-intifada-against-israel |title=History Illustrated: The first Intifada against Israel |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
 **[[Second Intifada]], also called  [[Al-Aqsa]] Intifada, an uprising against Israeli occupation leading to intensification of Israeli-Palestinian violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005<ref name="Beauchamp2018"/>
-**[[2014 Jerusalem unrest]], a series of violent acts and attacks in Jerusalem in 2014 sometimes referred to as "Intifada"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marder |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FJPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Senses of Upheaval |date=16 November 2021 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-83998-228-6}}</ref>
+**[[2014 Jerusalem unrest]], a series of violent acts and attacks in Jerusalem in 2014 sometimes referred to as the "Silent Intifada"<ref>{{cite book |last=Marder |first=Michael |date=16 November 2021 |title=Senses of Upheaval |chapter=Incendiary Words and the Volcano of Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FJPEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-83998-228-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226064244/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FJPEAAAQBAJ |archive-date=26 December 2025 |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref>
-**[[2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] – 2015 escalation in Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes referred to as "Al-Quds Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" or "Knife Intifada"<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october ''NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091947/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october|date=2016-02-18}}. MEMO, 17 February 2016</ref>
+**[[2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] – 2015 escalation in Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes referred to as "Al-Quds Intifada", "Jerusalem Intifada" or "Knife Intifada"<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2016 |title=NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091947/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october |archive-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>
-**[[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], also known as the "Unity Intifada"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Why there is no uprising in the West Bank – yet |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/07/why-there-is-no-uprising-in-the-west-bank-yet/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}</ref>
+**[[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], also known as the "Unity Intifada"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muaddi |first=Qassam |date=2024-07-05 |title=Why there is no uprising in the West Bank – yet |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/07/why-there-is-no-uprising-in-the-west-bank-yet/ |work=[[Mondoweiss]] |language=en-US |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
-**Ongoing [[Gaza war]], referred to by some commentators as the Third Intifada<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas-Israel escalation: What we know so far, and whether it could lead to the Third Intifada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007160227/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
+**Ongoing [[Gaza war]], referred to by some commentators as the Third Intifada<ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |date=8 October 2023 |orig-date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas-Israel escalation: What we know so far, and whether it could lead to the Third Intifada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007160227/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
-***[[2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses]], nicknamed the "student intifada" by activists and critics<ref name="Makoii-2024">{{multiref|{{Cite web |first=Akhtar |last=Makoii |date=2024-05-08 |title=Pro-Palestinian protesters project 'student intifada' slogan onto university |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |quote=Police cleared a pro-Palestinian tent encampment at George Washington University on Wednesday after protesters projected a US flag in flames and slogans including "Long live the student intifada" onto a building overnight. |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |language=en |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220155/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Maximillian |date=2024-05-03 |title=Inside the 'Student Intifada': A roundtable with campus organizers |url=http://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |quote=It is being called the Student Intifada, a grassroots protest movement spreading to different college and university campuses around the country involving students at over a hundred campuses, setting up encampments, occupations and protests (...) |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[The Real News Network]] |language=en-US |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220156/https://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Starr |date=2024-05-07 |title='Student intifada here to stay': Harvard activists defy suspension threat |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |quote=Anti-Israel activists groups defied Harvard University warnings that their protest encampment must dissolve under threat of suspension, proclaiming the campus occupation movement a "student intifada" in a press conference on Monday. |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |archive-date=May 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510193327/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |url-status=live }}}}</ref>
+***[[2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses]], nicknamed the "student intifada" by activists and critics<ref name="Makoii-2024">{{multiref|{{Cite news |first=Akhtar |last=Makoii |date=2024-05-08 |title=Pro-Palestinian protesters project 'student intifada' slogan onto university |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220155/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |quote=Police cleared a pro-Palestinian tent encampment at George Washington University on Wednesday after protesters projected a US flag in flames and slogans including "Long live the student intifada" onto a building overnight. }}|{{Cite news |last=Alvarez |first=Maximillian |date=2024-05-03 |title=Inside the 'Student Intifada': A roundtable with campus organizers |url=http://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |work=[[The Real News Network]] |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220156/https://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |quote=It is being called the Student Intifada, a grassroots protest movement spreading to different college and university campuses around the country involving students at over a hundred campuses, setting up encampments, occupations and protests{{nbsp}}... }}|{{Cite news |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=2024-05-07 |title='Student intifada here to stay': Harvard activists defy suspension threat |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=May 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510193327/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |access-date=2024-05-09 |quote=Anti-Israel activists groups defied Harvard University warnings that their protest encampment must dissolve under threat of suspension, proclaiming the campus occupation movement a "student intifada" in a press conference on Monday. }}}}</ref>
 == See also ==
-*'' [[The Electronic Intifada]]'', an online publication which covers the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from a Palestinian perspective
+*''[[The Electronic Intifada]]'', an online publication which covers the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from a Palestinian perspective
-* [[Serhildan]], sometimes considered the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] equivalent to "intifada".'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2006 |title=Children of the repression |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211075559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=the Guardian}}</ref>'''
 *[[International Conference on Supporting Palestine Intifada]]
 *[[Revolution]]
+*[[Serhildan]], sometimes considered the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] equivalent to "intifada".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Traynor |first=Ian |date=June 5, 2006 |title=Children of the repression |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |url-status=live |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211075559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=January 30, 2021}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ==External links==
 {{wiktionary|intifada}}
-* {{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Hussey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/french-intifada-arab-banlieues-fighting-french-state-extract |title=The French Intifada: how the Arab banlieues are fighting the French state |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 February 2014}}
+*{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Hussey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/french-intifada-arab-banlieues-fighting-french-state-extract |title=The French Intifada: how the Arab banlieues are fighting the French state |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 February 2014}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Intifadas| ]]
+[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
 [[Category:Social concepts]]
-[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]

Intifada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:56, 1 March 2026

Contents

Lexical information

Morphology

Meaning

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

List of events named Intifada

See also

References

External links

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Intifada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:56, 1 March 2026

Lexical information

Morphology

Meaning

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

List of events named Intifada

See also

References

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