Immaculate Conception: Difference between revisions
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{{About|the doctrine that Mary was conceived free from original sin|the conception of Jesus|Virgin birth of Jesus|other uses}} | {{About|the doctrine that Mary was conceived free from original sin|the conception of Jesus|Virgin birth of Jesus|other uses}} | ||
{{Redirect-several|Immacolata|Immaculata|Immaculate|Mary Immaculate}} | {{Redirect-several|Immacolata|Immaculata|Immaculate|Mary Immaculate}} | ||
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{{Infobox saint | {{Infobox saint | ||
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{{Catholic marian prayers sidebar}} | {{Catholic marian prayers sidebar}} | ||
The '''Immaculate Conception''' is the [[doctrine]] that the [[Virgin Mary]] was free of [[original sin]] from the moment of her conception.{{sfn|Tinsley|2005|p=286}} It is one of the four [[Mariology|Marian]] dogmas of the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Collinge|2012|p=133}} Debated by [[medieval]] theologians, it was not defined as a [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]] until 1854,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=237}} by [[Pope Pius IX]] in the [[papal bull]] ''[[Ineffabilis Deus]]''.{{sfn|Collinge|2012|p=209}} While the Immaculate Conception asserts Mary's freedom from original sin, the [[Council of Trent]], held between 1545 and 1563, had previously affirmed her freedom from [[Catholic hamartiology|personal sin]].{{sfn|Fastiggi|2019|p=455}} | The '''Immaculate Conception''' is the [[doctrine]] that the [[Virgin Mary]] was free of [[original sin]] from the moment of her conception.{{sfn|Tinsley|2005|p=286}} It is one of the four [[Mariology|Marian]] dogmas of the [[Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Collinge|2012|p=133}} Debated by [[medieval]] theologians, it was not defined as a [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]] until 1854,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=237}} by [[Pope Pius IX]] in the [[papal bull]] ''[[Ineffabilis Deus]]''.{{sfn|Collinge|2012|p=209}} While the Immaculate Conception asserts Mary's freedom from original sin, the [[Council of Trent]], held between 1545 and 1563, had previously non-dogmatically affirmed her freedom from [[Catholic hamartiology|personal sin]].{{sfn|Fastiggi|2019|p=455}} | ||
While they have different theological emphases, the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], just like the [[Latin Church]], fully affirm the dogma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy {{!}} 11/07/2023 |first=That Eastern Catholic |title=What does the Eastern Catholic Church believe? |url=https://www.catholic365.com/article/32281/what-does-the-eastern-catholic-church-believe.html |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Catholic365 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Praem |first=Fr Hugh Barbour, O. |title=East or West, No Denying the Immaculate Conception |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/east-or-west-no-denying-the-immaculate-conception |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Catholic Answers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy {{!}} 10/31/2023 |first=That Eastern Catholic |title=Yes. Eastern Catholics Are Different… |url=https://www.catholic365.com/article/32187/yes-eastern-catholics-are-different.html |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Catholic365 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature,{{sfn|Twomey|2008|p=ix}} but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in works of art.{{sfn|Hall|2018|p=337}} The [[iconography]] of '''Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception''' shows Mary standing, with arms outstretched or hands clasped in prayer. The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8.{{sfn|Barrely|2014|p=40}} | The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature,{{sfn|Twomey|2008|p=ix}} but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in works of art.{{sfn|Hall|2018|p=337}} The [[iconography]] of '''Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception''' shows Mary standing, with arms outstretched or hands clasped in prayer. The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8.{{sfn|Barrely|2014|p=40}} | ||
Many [[Protestant]] churches rejected the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as unscriptural,{{sfn|Herringer|2019|p=507}} though some [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] accept it as a [[Anglican Marian theology|pious devotion]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Immaculate Conception|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/immaculate-conception/|via=[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> The teaching on the Immaculate Conception among [[Oriental | Many [[Protestant]] churches rejected the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as unscriptural,{{sfn|Herringer|2019|p=507}} though some [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] accept it as a [[Anglican Marian theology|pious devotion]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Immaculate Conception|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/immaculate-conception/|via=[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> | ||
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] rejects the doctrine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Louth |chapter=Mary in Modern Orthodox Theology |editor1-last=Maunder |editor1-first=Chris |title=The Oxford handbook of Mary |date=2019 |publisher=OUP |page=235,239}}</ref> The teaching on the Immaculate Conception among the [[Oriental Orthodox]] churches varies: [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Shenouda III]], [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suscopts.org/messages/lectures/marilecture1.pdf|title=Lecture I: St. Mary's Perpetual Virginity & Immaculate Conception|publisher=[[Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States|Diocese of the Southern United States]]|author1=[[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Shenouda III]]|last2=Malaty |first2=Tadros|access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> and the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Zakka I]] of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/2010/02/the-holy-virgin-mary-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church/|title=The Holy Virgin Mary in the Syrian Orthodox Church|publisher=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, Archdiocese for the Eastern United States|author1=[[Ignatius Zakka I]]|last2=Ghattas |first2=Sandy|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> opposed the teaching, while the [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] accept it.<ref name=Eritrean/>{{sfn|Tinsley|2005|p=286}} | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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===Church Fathers=== | ===Church Fathers=== | ||
According to church historian [[Frederick George Holweck|Frederick Holweck]], writing in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', [[Justin Martyr]], [[Irenaeus]], and [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] developed the idea of Mary as the New Eve, drawing comparison to [[Eve]], while yet immaculate and incorrupt{{snd}}that is to say, not subject to original sin. Holweck adds that [[Ephrem the Syrian]] said she was as innocent as Eve before [[Fall of man|the Fall]].<ref name="Holweck">{{citation-attribution|[ | According to church historian [[Frederick George Holweck|Frederick Holweck]], writing in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', [[Justin Martyr]], [[Irenaeus]], and [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] developed the idea of Mary as the New Eve, drawing comparison to [[Eve]], while yet immaculate and incorrupt{{snd}}that is to say, not subject to original sin. Holweck adds that [[Ephrem the Syrian]] said she was as innocent as Eve before [[Fall of man|the Fall]].<ref name="Holweck">{{citation-attribution|[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm Holweck, Frederick. "Immaculate Conception." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 11 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Mark Miravalle]]|quote=You and your mother are the only ones who are immune from all stain; for there is no spot in Thee, O Lord, not any taint in your mother.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXy9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|page=32|title=Meet Mary Getting to Know the Mother of God|year=2007|publisher=[[Sophia Institute Press]]|isbn=9781933184326|oclc=177062079}}</ref> | ||
[[Ambrose]] asserted Mary's incorruptibility, attributing her virginity to [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] and immunity from sin. [[Severus of Antioch|Severus, Bishop of Antioch]], concurred affirming Mary's purity and immaculateness.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Mark Miravalle]] |date=December 8, 2021 |title=What is the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception? |url=https://catholicexchange.com/what-is-the-dogma-of-the-immaculate-conception/}}</ref> [[John Damascene]] extended the supernatural influence of [[God in Christianity|God]] to Mary's parents, suggesting they were purified by the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] during her generation. According to Damascene, even the material of Mary's origin was deemed pure and holy. This perspective, which emphasized an immaculate active generation and the sanctity of the ''conceptio carnis'', found resonance among some Western authors. Notably, the Greek Fathers did not explicitly discuss the Immaculate Conception.<ref name="Holweck" /> | [[Ambrose]] asserted Mary's incorruptibility, attributing her virginity to [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] and immunity from sin. [[Severus of Antioch|Severus, Bishop of Antioch]], concurred affirming Mary's purity and immaculateness.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Mark Miravalle]] |date=December 8, 2021 |title=What is the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception? |url=https://catholicexchange.com/what-is-the-dogma-of-the-immaculate-conception/}}</ref> [[John Damascene]] extended the supernatural influence of [[God in Christianity|God]] to Mary's parents, suggesting they were purified by the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] during her generation. According to Damascene, even the material of Mary's origin was deemed pure and holy. This perspective, which emphasized an immaculate active generation and the sanctity of the ''conceptio carnis'', found resonance among some Western authors. Notably, the Greek Fathers did not explicitly discuss the Immaculate Conception.<ref name="Holweck" /> | ||
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[[File:Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg|thumb|''Altar of the Immaculata'' by [[Josef Moroder-Lusenberg|Joseph Lusenberg]], 1876, representing Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, at Saint Antony's Church, [[Urtijëi]], Italy]] | [[File:Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg|thumb|''Altar of the Immaculata'' by [[Josef Moroder-Lusenberg|Joseph Lusenberg]], 1876, representing Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, at Saint Antony's Church, [[Urtijëi]], Italy]] | ||
By the 4th century the idea that Mary was free from sin was generally more widespread,{{sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=119}} but original sin raised the question of whether she was also free of the sin passed down from Adam.{{sfn|Coyle|1996|pp=36–37}} The question became acute when the feast of her conception began to be celebrated in England in the 11th century,{{sfn|Collinge|2012|pp=209–210}} and the | By the 4th century the idea that Mary was free from sin was generally more widespread,{{sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=119}} but original sin raised the question of whether she was also free of the sin passed down from Adam.{{sfn|Coyle|1996|pp=36–37}} The question became acute when the feast of her conception began to be celebrated in England in the 11th century,{{sfn|Collinge|2012|pp=209–210}} and the question of inherited sin was raised in regard to Mary's state.{{sfn|Boss|2000|p=126}} The feast of Mary's conception originated in the Eastern Church in the 7th century, reached England in the 11th, and from there spread to Europe, where it was given official approval in 1477 and extended to the whole church in 1693; the word "immaculate" was not officially added to the name of the feast until 1854.{{sfn|Collinge|2012|pp=209–210}} | ||
The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception caused a virtual civil war between [[Franciscan]]s and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s during the Middle Ages, with Franciscan '[[Scotism|Scotists]]' in its favour and Dominican '[[Thomism|Thomists]]' against it.{{sfn|Cameron|1996|p=335}}{{sfn|Kappes|2014|p=13}} The English ecclesiastic and scholar [[Eadmer]] ({{Circa|1060|1126}}) reasoned that it was possible that Mary was conceived without original sin in view of God's omnipotence, and that it was also appropriate in view of her role as [[Mother of God]]: ''Potuit, decuit, fecit'', "it was possible, it was fitting, therefore it was done".{{sfn|Coyle|1996|pp=36–37}} Others, including [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) and [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274), objected that if Mary were free of original sin at her conception then she would have no need of redemption, making Christ's saving redemption superfluous; they were answered by [[Duns Scotus]] (1264–1308), who "developed the idea of [[preservative redemption]] as being a more perfect one: to have been preserved free from original sin was a greater grace than to be set free from sin".{{sfn|Coyle|1996|p=38}} | The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception caused a virtual civil war between [[Franciscan]]s and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s during the Middle Ages, with Franciscan '[[Scotism|Scotists]]' in its favour and Dominican '[[Thomism|Thomists]]' against it.{{sfn|Cameron|1996|p=335}}{{sfn|Kappes|2014|p=13}} The English ecclesiastic and scholar [[Eadmer]] ({{Circa|1060|1126}}) reasoned that it was possible that Mary was conceived without original sin in view of God's omnipotence, and that it was also appropriate in view of her role as [[Mother of God]]: ''Potuit, decuit, fecit'', "it was possible, it was fitting, therefore it was done".{{sfn|Coyle|1996|pp=36–37}} Others, including [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) and [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274), objected that if Mary were free of original sin at her conception then she would have no need of redemption, making Christ's saving redemption superfluous; they were answered by [[Duns Scotus]] (1264–1308), who "developed the idea of [[preservative redemption]] as being a more perfect one: to have been preserved free from original sin was a greater grace than to be set free from sin".{{sfn|Coyle|1996|p=38}} | ||
In 1439, the [[Council of Basel]], in schism with [[Pope Eugene IV]] who resided at the [[Council of Florence]],{{sfn|Kappes|2014|pp=158–159}} declared the Immaculate Conception a "[[Theological notes|pious opinion]]" consistent with faith and Scripture; the [[Council of Trent]], held in several sessions in the early 1500s, made no explicit declaration on the subject but exempted her from the universality of original sin | In 1439, the [[Council of Basel]], in schism with [[Pope Eugene IV]] who resided at the [[Council of Florence]],{{sfn|Kappes|2014|pp=158–159}} declared the Immaculate Conception a "[[Theological notes|pious opinion]]" consistent with faith and Scripture; the [[Council of Trent]], held in several sessions in the early 1500s, made no explicit declaration on the subject but exempted her from the universality of original sin, affirming she remained during all her life free from all stain of sin, even the venial one;<ref>Council of Trent, DG 1573. As quoted in {{cite web|author=[[John Paul II]]|title=General Audience of 19th June 1996|url=https://www-vatican-va.translate.goog/content/john-paul-ii/it/audiences/1996/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_19960619.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp}} (at n°. 2)</ref> by 1571 the revised [[Roman Breviary]] set out an elaborate celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December.{{sfn|Reynolds|2012|pp=4–5, 117}} | ||
===Popular devotion and ''Ineffabilis Deus''=== | ===Popular devotion and ''Ineffabilis Deus''=== | ||
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Beginning around 1140 [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monk, wrote to Lyons Cathedral to express his surprise and dissatisfaction that it had recently begun to be observed there,{{sfn|Boss|2000|p=126}} but in 1477 [[Pope Sixtus IV]], a Franciscan [[Scotism|Scotist]] and devoted Immaculist, placed it on the Roman calendar (i.e., list of church festivals and observances) via the bull ''Cum praexcelsa''.{{sfn|Manelli|2008|p=643}} Thereafter in 1481 and 1483, in response to the polemic writings of the prominent [[Thomism|Thomist]], [[Vincenzo Bandello]], Pope Sixtus IV published two more bulls which forbade anybody to preach or teach against the Immaculate Conception, or for either side to accuse the other of heresy, on pains of excommunication. | Beginning around 1140 [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monk, wrote to Lyons Cathedral to express his surprise and dissatisfaction that it had recently begun to be observed there,{{sfn|Boss|2000|p=126}} but in 1477 [[Pope Sixtus IV]], a Franciscan [[Scotism|Scotist]] and devoted Immaculist, placed it on the Roman calendar (i.e., list of church festivals and observances) via the bull ''Cum praexcelsa''.{{sfn|Manelli|2008|p=643}} Thereafter in 1481 and 1483, in response to the polemic writings of the prominent [[Thomism|Thomist]], [[Vincenzo Bandello]], Pope Sixtus IV published two more bulls which forbade anybody to preach or teach against the Immaculate Conception, or for either side to accuse the other of heresy, on pains of excommunication. | ||
[[Pope Pius V]] kept the feast on the | [[Pope Pius V]] kept the feast on the Tridentine calendar but suppressed the word "immaculate".{{sfn|Hernández|2019|p=38}} [[Pope Gregory XV|Gregory XV]] in 1622 prohibited any public or private assertion that Mary was conceived in sin. [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]] in 1624 allowed the Franciscans to establish a military order dedicated to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception.{{sfn|Hernández|2019|p=38}} Following the promulgation of ''Ineffabilis Deus'' the typically Franciscan phrase "immaculate conception" reasserted itself in the title and euchology (prayer formulae) of the feast. [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] solemnly promulgated a [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] formulary drawn chiefly from one composed 400 years earlier by a [[Papal Chamberlain|papal chamberlain]] at the behest of [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]], beginning "O God who by the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin".{{sfn|Manelli|2008|pp=643–644}} | ||
==Prayers and hymns== | ==Prayers and hymns== | ||
[[File:La Inmaculada Concepción de Ciudad de Batangas 2024-06-29.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The venerated ivory image of the Immaculate Conception of [[Batangas City]], | [[File:La Inmaculada Concepción de Ciudad de Batangas 2024-06-29.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The venerated ivory image of the Immaculate Conception of [[Batangas City]], Philippines, pontifically crowned on December 8, 2022]] | ||
The [[Roman Rite]] liturgical books, including the [[Roman Missal]] and the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], included offices venerating Mary's immaculate conception on the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "[[Tota pulchra es|Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te]]" ("You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you". It continues: "Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary".)<ref>The text (in [[Latin]]) is given at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQh0jLR2Iks Tota Pulchra Es – GMEA Honor Chorus.]</ref> On the basis of the original [[Gregorian chant]] music,<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-uJEr669ts| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/N-uJEr669ts| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es Maria, Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana, studio di Giovanni Vianini, Milano|date=November 6, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> polyphonic settings have been composed by [[Anton Bruckner]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k23PLEuG-h8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/k23PLEuG-h8| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Anton Bruckner – Tota pulchra es|date=October 3, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Pablo Casals]], [[Maurice Duruflé]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhmVu7xgpBc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DhmVu7xgpBc| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Maurice Duruflé: Tota pulchra es Maria|date=May 23, 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaqFtF2HDTk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aaqFtF2HDTk| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es – Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki|date=June 17, 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Ola Gjeilo]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DKooq6HWDI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3DKooq6HWDI| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS|date=May 21, 2009|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[José Maurício Nunes Garcia]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es, Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana|date=September 21, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and {{ill|Nikolaus Schapfl|de}}.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0KizZtM9-c| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/a0KizZtM9-c| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota Pulchra – Composed by Nikolaus Schapfl (*1963)|date=January 4, 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | The [[Roman Rite]] liturgical books, including the [[Roman Missal]] and the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], included offices venerating Mary's immaculate conception on the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "[[Tota pulchra es|Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te]]" ("You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you". It continues: "Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary".)<ref>The text (in [[Latin]]) is given at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQh0jLR2Iks Tota Pulchra Es – GMEA Honor Chorus.]</ref> On the basis of the original [[Gregorian chant]] music,<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-uJEr669ts| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/N-uJEr669ts| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es Maria, Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana, studio di Giovanni Vianini, Milano|date=November 6, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> polyphonic settings have been composed by [[Anton Bruckner]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k23PLEuG-h8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/k23PLEuG-h8| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Anton Bruckner – Tota pulchra es|date=October 3, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Pablo Casals]], [[Maurice Duruflé]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhmVu7xgpBc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DhmVu7xgpBc| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Maurice Duruflé: Tota pulchra es Maria|date=May 23, 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaqFtF2HDTk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aaqFtF2HDTk| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es – Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki|date=June 17, 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Ola Gjeilo]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DKooq6HWDI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3DKooq6HWDI| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS|date=May 21, 2009|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[José Maurício Nunes Garcia]],<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es, Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana|date=September 21, 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and {{ill|Nikolaus Schapfl|de}}.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0KizZtM9-c| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/a0KizZtM9-c| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota Pulchra – Composed by Nikolaus Schapfl (*1963)|date=January 4, 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | ||
Other prayers honouring Mary's immaculate conception are in use outside the formal liturgy. The [[Immaculata prayer]], composed by [[Maximillian Kolbe]], is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//prayers/consec01.html#2|title=Prayers of Consecration|access-date=December 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211015531/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/prayers/consec01.html#2|archive-date=December 11, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[novena]] of prayers, with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the [[s:Mary, help of Christians/Novena 1: In Honor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Immaculate Conception Novena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/novena/immaculate.htm|title=Nine Days Of Prayer – Immaculate Conception}}</ref> | Other prayers honouring Mary's immaculate conception are in use outside the formal liturgy. The [[Immaculata prayer]], composed by [[Maximillian Kolbe]], is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//prayers/consec01.html#2|title=Prayers of Consecration|access-date=December 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211015531/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/prayers/consec01.html#2|archive-date=December 11, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[novena]] of prayers, with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the [[s:Mary, help of Christians/Novena 1: In Honor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Immaculate Conception Novena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/novena/immaculate.htm|title=Nine Days Of Prayer – Immaculate Conception}}</ref> | ||
[[Ave Maris Stella]] is the vesper hymn of the feast of the Immaculate Conception.<ref>Sutfin, Edward J., ''True Christmas Spirit'', Grail Publications, St. Meinrad, Indiana, 1955</ref> The hymn ''[[Immaculate Mary]]'', addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One, is closely associated with [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes]].<ref>{{cite web|url= | [[Ave Maris Stella]] is the vesper hymn of the feast of the Immaculate Conception.<ref>Sutfin, Edward J., ''True Christmas Spirit'', Grail Publications, St. Meinrad, Indiana, 1955</ref> The hymn ''[[Immaculate Mary]]'', addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One, is closely associated with [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchyear.net/icprayers.html|title=Immaculate Conception Prayers}}</ref> | ||
The ''[[Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Loreto Litanies]]'' included the official Latin [[Marian title]] of ''Regina sine labe originali concepta'' (Queen conceived without original sin), which had been granted by [[Pope Gregory XVI]] (1831-1846) from 1839 onwards to some dioceses, thus several years before the proclamation of the dogma.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Besutti|title= "Litanie" in the Nuovo Dizionario di Mariologia|author2=Stefano De Fiores|author3= Salvatore Meo|series=I dizionari (n°. 17)|isbn= 9788821513961|location=Cinisello Balsamo (Milano)|publisher= San Paolo Edizioni|year= 1985|page=764}}</ref> | The ''[[Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Loreto Litanies]]'' included the official Latin [[Marian title]] of ''Regina sine labe originali concepta'' (Queen conceived without original sin), which had been granted by [[Pope Gregory XVI]] (1831-1846) from 1839 onwards to some dioceses, thus several years before the proclamation of the dogma.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Besutti|title= "Litanie" in the Nuovo Dizionario di Mariologia|author2=Stefano De Fiores|author3= Salvatore Meo|series=I dizionari (n°. 17)|isbn= 9788821513961|location=Cinisello Balsamo (Milano)|publisher= San Paolo Edizioni|year= 1985|page=764}}</ref> | ||
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=== Oriental Orthodoxy === | === Oriental Orthodoxy === | ||
The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es believe in the Immaculate Conception of the Theotokos. The Ethiopic phrase used to express that the Blessed Virgin Mary is free from original sin is "መርገመ ስጋ መርገመ ነፍስ የሌለባት". The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on Nehasie 7 (August 13).<ref name=Eritrean>{{Cite web|url=https://english.eritreantewahdo.org/bwl-advanced-faq/what-is-our-position-on-st-mary-and-immaculate-conception-and-what-is-it/|title=What is our position on St. Mary and Immaculate Conception and what is it?|date=January 19, 2016|publisher=Diocese of U.S.A. and Canada, [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eotcmk.org/e/the-birth-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-2/|title= | The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es believe in the Immaculate Conception of the Theotokos. The Ethiopic phrase used to express that the Blessed Virgin Mary is free from original sin is "መርገመ ስጋ መርገመ ነፍስ የሌለባት". The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on Nehasie 7 (August 13).<ref name=Eritrean>{{Cite web|url=https://english.eritreantewahdo.org/bwl-advanced-faq/what-is-our-position-on-st-mary-and-immaculate-conception-and-what-is-it/|title=What is our position on St. Mary and Immaculate Conception and what is it?|date=January 19, 2016|publisher=Diocese of U.S.A. and Canada, [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eotcmk.org/e/the-birth-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-2/|title=The Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary – Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department – Mahibere Kidusan}}</ref> | ||
The proposition of Ethiopian Orthodox reads: " | The proposition of Ethiopian Orthodox reads: "Our Lady, the Virgin Mary, who conceived and gave birth to Jesus Christ in virginity is free from the original sin derived from the descendants of Adam, clean from any sins of the flesh and soul; embedded in the conscience of God before the time of her birth, free and protected from human desires and frailties, and the choicest from among the chosen. Such is the Virgin Mary – Pure and Holy of Holies. (Song 4.7)".{{sfn|EOTC|2017|p=51}} This is a synodal statement. | ||
===Eastern Orthodoxy=== | ===Eastern Orthodoxy=== | ||
[[Eastern Orthodoxy]] | [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] do not profess Her exemption from original sin but they affirms Mary's purity and preservation from personal [[Christian views on sin|sin]]. | ||
In 1894, when Pope [[Leo XIII]] addressed the Eastern church in his encyclical ''Praeclara gratulationis'', Ecumenical Patriarch [[Anthimus VII of Constantinople|Anthimos]], in 1895, replied with an encyclical approved by the Constantinopolitan Synod in which he stigmatised the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility as "Roman novelties" and called on the Roman church to return to the faith of the early centuries.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1981|p=90}} Eastern Orthodox Bishop [[Kallistos Ware]] comments that "the [[Latin Church|Latin]] dogma seems to us not so much erroneous as superfluous".{{sfn|Ware|1995|p=77}} | In 1894, when Pope [[Leo XIII]] addressed the Eastern church in his encyclical ''Praeclara gratulationis'', Ecumenical Patriarch [[Anthimus VII of Constantinople|Anthimos]], in 1895, replied with an encyclical approved by the Constantinopolitan Synod in which he stigmatised the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility as "Roman novelties" and called on the Roman church to return to the faith of the early centuries.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1981|p=90}} Eastern Orthodox Bishop [[Kallistos Ware]] comments that "the [[Latin Church|Latin]] dogma seems to us not so much erroneous as superfluous".{{sfn|Ware|1995|p=77}} | ||
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Protestants overwhelmingly condemned the promulgation of ''Ineffabilis Deus'' as an exercise in papal power, and the doctrine itself as unscriptural,{{sfn|Herringer|2019|p=507}} for it denied that all had sinned and rested on the Latin translation of Luke 1:28 (the "full of grace" passage) that the original Greek did not support.{{sfn|Hammond|2003|p=601}} Protestants, therefore, teach that Mary was a sinner saved through grace, like all believers.{{sfn|German|2001|p=596}} | Protestants overwhelmingly condemned the promulgation of ''Ineffabilis Deus'' as an exercise in papal power, and the doctrine itself as unscriptural,{{sfn|Herringer|2019|p=507}} for it denied that all had sinned and rested on the Latin translation of Luke 1:28 (the "full of grace" passage) that the original Greek did not support.{{sfn|Hammond|2003|p=601}} Protestants, therefore, teach that Mary was a sinner saved through grace, like all believers.{{sfn|German|2001|p=596}} | ||
The [[Catholic–Lutheran dialogue]]'s statement ''The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary'', issued in 1990 after seven years of study and discussion, conceded that Lutherans and Catholics remained separated "by differing views on matters such as the invocation of saints, the Immaculate Conception and the [[Assumption of Mary]]";<ref name="Ryan1990">{{cite web | The [[Catholic–Lutheran dialogue]]'s statement ''The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary'', issued in 1990 after seven years of study and discussion, conceded that Lutherans and Catholics remained separated "by differing views on matters such as the invocation of saints, the Immaculate Conception and the [[Assumption of Mary]]";<ref name="Ryan1990">{{cite web |first1=J. Francis |last1=Stafford |first2=Avery |last2=Dulles |first3=Robert B. |last3=Eno |first4=Joseph A |last4=Fitzmyer |first5=Elizabeth |last5=Johnson |first6=Killian |last6=McDonnell |first7=Carl J. |last7=Peter |first8=Walter |last8=Principe |first9=Georges |last9=Tavard |first10=Frederick M. |last10=Jelly |first11=John f. |last11=Hotchkin |first12=George |last12=Anderson |first13=Robert W. |last13=Bertram |first14=Joseph W. |last14=Burgess |first15=Gerhard O. |last15=Forde |first16=Karlfried |last16=Froelich |first17=Eric |last17=Gritsch |first18=Kenneth |last18=Hagen |first19=John |last19=Reumann |first20=Daniel F. |last20=Martensen |first21=Horace |last21=Hummel |first22=John F. |last22=Johnson |display-authors=6 |title=Lutheran-Catholic Statement on Saints, Mary |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/upload/lu20.pdf |publisher=[[USCCB]] |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=en |date=23 February 1990}}</ref> the final report of the [[Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission]] (ARCIC), created in 1969 to further ecumenical progress between the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, similarly recorded the disagreement of the Anglicans with the doctrine, although [[Anglo-Catholic]]s may hold the Immaculate Conception as an optional pious belief.{{sfn|Armentrout|2000|p=260}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| year = 1910 | | year = 1910 | ||
| oclc = 903296042 | | oclc = 903296042 | ||
| url = | | url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/5153827.html | ||
}} | }} | ||
* {{cite journal | * {{cite journal | ||
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| last = Mullett | | last = Mullett | ||
| first = Michael A. | | first = Michael A. | ||
| author-link = Michael Mullett | |||
| title = The Catholic Reformation | | title = The Catholic Reformation | ||
| publisher = Psychology Press | | publisher = Psychology Press | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
{{Commons category|Immaculate Conception}} | {{Commons category|Immaculate Conception}} | ||
* [https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9ineff.htm ''Ineffabilis Deus''] – encyclical defining the Immaculate Conception | * [https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9ineff.htm ''Ineffabilis Deus''] – encyclical defining the Immaculate Conception | ||