Arc de Triomphe: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:48, 28 April 2026

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (UK: /ˌɑːrk də ˈtriːɒmf, - ˈtriːoʊmf/,^[1]^[2] US: /- triːˈoʊmf/,^[3] fr; "Triumphal Arch of the Star"), often simply called the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France. It is located at the western end of the Champs-Élysées, at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle—formerly known as the Place de l'Étoile—named for the star-shaped configuration formed by the convergence of twelve radiating avenues. The monument is situated at the intersection of three arrondissements: the 16th (to the south and west), the 17th (to the north), and the 8th (to the east). Commissioned to honor those who fought and died for France during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Arc bears the names of French victories and generals engraved on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I, marked by an eternal flame commemorating unidentified fallen soldiers.

The central cohesive element of the Axe historique ("historical axis", a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean-François Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme depicts heroically nude warriors and set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 49.54 m (162.5 ft), width of 44.82 m (147.0 ft) and depth of 22.21 m (72.9 ft), while its large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide.

Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 m (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft). The Grande Arche in La Défense near Paris is 110 m (361 ft) high, and, if considered to be a triumphal arch, is the world's tallest.^[4]

History

Construction and late 19th century

The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues.

File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Place Charles-de-Gaulle 02.jpg

Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe at the Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly the Place de l'Étoile. Paving stones trace a stellar pattern on its surface, pointing toward the centre of each avenue.

It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, Jean-François Chalgrin, died in 1811 and the work was taken over by Louis-Robert Goust.^[5]

File:La bataille d'Austerlitz. 2 decembre 1805 (François Gérard).jpg

The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805, painting by François Gérard displayed in the Gallery of the Battles, at the Palace of Versailles

During the Bourbon Restoration, construction was halted until 1823, and it would not be completed until the reign of Louis Philippe I in 1836, by architects Louis-Robert Goust and Jean-Nicolas Huyot, under the direction of Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury, then by Guillaume-Abel Blouet.^[5] The final cost was reported at about 10 million francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).^[6]^[7]

Various designs were proposed to crown the monument with a monumental sculptural group, yet none was permanently realized. In 1838, Bernard Seurre submitted La France victorieuse ("Victorious France"), depicting a chariot drawn by six horses. In 1840, this proposal gave way to a temporary sculptural group representing Napoleon I, installed above the arch by the architect Guillaume-Abel Blouet for the return of the Emperor's remains. In preparing this installation, Blouet returned to a scheme he had drafted in 1834, modifying it by substituting the originally intended allegorical figure of France with that of the Emperor.^[8]

From 1882 to 1886, a quadriga by Alexandre Falguière was erected above the arch. The work, entitled Triomphe de la Révolution ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), depicted a chariot drawn by horses advancing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism".^[9] Executed in plaster, the group was hoisted to the summit of the monument in order to assess its visual effect. The result was judged unconvincing; although the sculpture remained in place for four years, its material deteriorated under exposure to the elements and it was ultimately removed. Following this episode, the proposal to crown the monument was ultimately abandoned.

The unfinished Arc de Triomphe between the toll houses of the Barrière de l'Étoile, 1818

The unfinished Arc de Triomphe between the toll houses of the Barrière de l'Étoile, 1818
Sculptural group representing Napoleon I, installed on the Arc de Triomphe in 1840 for the return of his remains to France

Sculptural group representing Napoleon I, installed on the Arc de Triomphe in 1840 for the return of his remains to France
The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868

The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868
Quadriga installed on the Arc de Triomphe between 1882 and 1886, visible during the funeral of Victor Hugo on 31 May 1885

Quadriga installed on the Arc de Triomphe between 1882 and 1886, visible during the funeral of Victor Hugo on 31 May 1885

20th century

It is said that on the day the Battle of Verdun began in 1916, the sword carried by the figure of the Republic in La Marseillaise sculptural group broke off. The relief was immediately hidden by tarpaulins to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.^[10] On 7 August 1919, three weeks after the Paris victory parade marking the end of hostilities in World War I, Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.^[11]^[12]^[13] Jean Navarre was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near Villacoublay while training for the flight.

File:3 cent U.S. Army U.S. Postage stamp issued 1945.png

United States postage stamp showing the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious troops march down the Champs-Élysées on 29 August 1944

Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day military parade. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French and Allies in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944^[14] and 1945. After the interment of the Unknown Soldier, however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both Adolf Hitler in 1940 and Charles de Gaulle in 1944 observed this custom.

By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through bleaching. In the prolongation of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées, a new arch, the Grande Arche de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's Axe historique. After the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, the Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective.

In 1995, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a campaign of bombings.^[15]

On 12 July 1998, when France won the FIFA World Cup for the first time after defeating Brazil 3–0 at the Stade de France, images of the players including double goal scorer Zinedine Zidane and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto the arch.^[16]

Charles Godefroy flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919

Charles Godefroy flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919
Arc de Triomphe, postcard, c. 1920

Arc de Triomphe, postcard, c. 1920
Free French forces on parade after the liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944

Free French forces on parade after the liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944
View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue Foch, 1962

View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue Foch, 1962

21st century

In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism during the yellow vests protests.^[17] A crowd of demonstrators sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its museum.^[18] In September 2021, the Arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,^[19] as part of L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a posthumous project planned by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since the early 1960s.^[20]

View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue d'Iéna, 2012

View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue d'Iéna, 2012
Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015

Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015
Bastille Day military parade, 2017

Bastille Day military parade, 2017
The Arc de Triomphe during the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris

The Arc de Triomphe during the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris

Design

Monument

The astylar design is by Jean-François Chalgrin (1739–1811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture. Among the major French academic sculptors represented on the Arc de Triomphe are Jean-Pierre Cortot, François Rude, Antoine Étex, James Pradier, and Henri Lemaire.

File:Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile - Projet Chalgrin - 02.jpg

Jean-François Chalgrin's drawing of the Arc de Triomphe, c. 1806

The main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast ashlar masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire furniture. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are The Triumph of 1810 (by Jean-Pierre Cortot), The Resistance of 1814 and The Peace of 1815 (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792, commonly called La Marseillaise (by François Rude). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal of France. The sculptures representing Triumph, Resistance and Peace commemorate Napoleon's victories, the invasion of France in 1814, and the end of hostilities in 1815.^[21]

On the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the names of major French victories in the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.^[22] The inside walls of the monument list the names of 660 officers, among which are 558 French generals of the First French Empire;^[23] the names of those killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. Battles that took place during the Hundred Days are not included.^[24]

Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist Maurice Benayoun and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007.^[25]

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. Interred on Armistice Day 1920,^[26] an eternal flame burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).^[27]

File:Paris Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile Grabmal des Unbekannten Soldaten 2.jpg

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe

A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed by the Entente Powers and Germany in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon, but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921.^[27] The slab on top bears the inscription: Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918 ("Here rests a French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918").^[27]

In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President Charles de Gaulle. After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.^[28]

Details

The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:
- The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792, also called La Marseillaise, by François Rude (southern façade, right). This sculptural group celebrates the cause of the French First Republic during the Battle of Valmy. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of Liberty. The group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of World War I and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–1916.^[29]
- The Triumph of 1810, by Jean-Pierre Cortot (southern façade, left). This group celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn and features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory.
- The Resistance of 1814, by Antoine Étex (northern façade, right). This group commemorates the French Resistance to the Allied Armies during the War of the Sixth Coalition.
- The Peace of 1815, by Antoine Étex (northern façade, left). This group commemorates the Treaty of Paris, concluded in that year.

The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (La Marseillaise)

The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (La Marseillaise)
The Triumph of 1810

The Triumph of 1810
The Resistance of 1814

The Resistance of 1814
The Peace of 1815

The Peace of 1815

Six reliefs sculpted on the façades of the arch, representing important moments of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic era include:
- The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799, by Bernard Seurre (southern façade, left).
- The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796, by Henri Lemaire (southern façade, right).
- The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792, by Carlo Marochetti (eastern façade).
- The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798, by John-Étienne Chaponnière (northern façade, left).
- The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796, by Jean-Jacques Feuchère (northern façade, right).
- The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805, by Théodore Gechter (western façade).

The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792

The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792
The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805

The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805

The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799

The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799
The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796

The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796
The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798

The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798
The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796

The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796

The names of 158 battles fought by the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the monument. Among them, 30 battles are engraved on the attic:

File:Batailles gravées sur atique ADT.jpg

96 battles are engraved on the inner façades, under the great arches:

File:Batailles gravées sous grandes arcades.jpg

The names of 660 military leaders who served during the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the inner façades of the small arches.^[30]^[31] Underlined names signify those who died on the battlefield:

Northern pillar

Northern pillar
Eastern pillar

Eastern pillar
Southern pillar

Southern pillar
Western pillar

Western pillar

The spandrels of the great arches are decorated with allegorical figures representing characters in Roman mythology (by James Pradier):

Figure of Pheme (northern façade, left spandrel)

Figure of Pheme (northern façade, left spandrel)
Figure of Victoria (northern façade, right spandrel)

Figure of Victoria (northern façade, right spandrel)
Figure of Pheme (southern façade, left spandrel)

Figure of Pheme (southern façade, left spandrel)
Figure of Pheme (southern façade, right spandrel)

Figure of Pheme (southern façade, right spandrel)

The ceilings with sculpted roses:

Ceilings of the great and small archways

Ceilings of the great and small archways
French flag suspended from the vault of the great archway

French flag suspended from the vault of the great archway
Ceiling of the great archway

Ceiling of the great archway
Ceilings of the great and small archways

Ceilings of the great and small archways

Interior of the Arc de Triomphe:

Spiral stairways located in the pillars of the arch

Spiral stairways located in the pillars of the arch
Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace

Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace
First World War statue

First World War statue
Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace

Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace

There are several plaques at the foot of the monument:

Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the Republic, 4 September 1870

Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the Republic, 4 September 1870
Plaque in memory of the return of the regions Alsace and Lorraine to France, 11 November 1918

Plaque in memory of the return of the regions Alsace and Lorraine to France, 11 November 1918
Plaque in memory of the fighters of the Armies and the Resistance who died for France, 1939–1945

Plaque in memory of the fighters of the Armies and the Resistance who died for France, 1939–1945
Plaque in memory of General de Gaulle's appeal, 18 June 1940

Plaque in memory of General de Gaulle's appeal, 18 June 1940

Access

The Arc de Triomphe is accessible by the RER and Metro, with the closest stop being the Charles de Gaulle–Étoile. Due to heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, pedestrians use two underpasses accessible from the Champs-Élysées and the Grande Armée avenues. A spiral stairway with 240 steps leads visitors to the museum level in the attic of the monument, where large models of the Arc and interactive exhibits on its history, construction, and cultural significance are displayed. Another 40 steps lead to the rooftop terrace, offering a panoramic view of Paris.^[32] Elevators providing access to the museum and rooftop terrace are available.^[33]

The location of the Arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three arrondissements: the 16th (to the south and west), the 17th (to the north), and the 8th (to the east).

Paris seen from the rooftop terrace of the Arc de Triomphe

Paris seen from the rooftop terrace of the Arc de Triomphe

Replicas

While many structures around the world resemble the Arc de Triomphe, some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as a model include the Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch in Kansas City, United States (1924); the Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania (1936); the Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea (1982); a miniature version at the Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States (1999); and the Simpang Lima Gumul Monument in Kediri, Indonesia (2008).^[34]

Rosedale Arch in Kansas City, United States

Rosedale Arch in Kansas City, United States
Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania

Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania
Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea

Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea
Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States

Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States
Simpang Lima Gumul Monument in Kediri, Indonesia

Simpang Lima Gumul Monument in Kediri, Indonesia

References

↑ "Arc de Triomphe". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.
↑ "Arc de Triomphe". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
↑ "Arc de Triomphe facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "History of the Arc de triomphe". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 1 November 2025.
↑ L'Abeille (in French). Petit Séminaire de Québec. 1848. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
↑ "Historical Currency Converter". Historicalstatistics.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
↑ "7. A crowning for the Arc de Triomphe". Learning Resource - The Sculpted Decorations. Centre des monuments nationaux. p. 19.
↑ L'Art moderne. Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom. 1882. p. 318. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
↑ "History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". Places in France. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
↑ "Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image". Histoire-image.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
↑ Melville Wallace, La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918, Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's Four Years of Thunder.
↑
* « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Matin from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
- « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
- « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur » Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
- « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.
- « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy » Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.
↑ Image of Liberation of Paris parade Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Simons, Marlise (18 August 1995). "Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
↑ France 2 (13 July 1998). "France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA)" [France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory]. YouTube (in French). Institut National de l'Audiovisuel. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
↑ Irish, John (2 December 2018). "Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
↑ Katz, Brigit. "Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
↑ Chappell, Bill (17 September 2021). "Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
↑ Katz, Brigit (13 June 2021). "L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
↑ "Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex". Ackland Art Museum. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
↑ The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw and strategic defeat that it actually was.
↑ Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and German-born Nicolas Luckner.
↑ "Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". French Monuments. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
↑ "Between War and Peace". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
↑ Naour, Jean-Yves Le; Allen, Penny (16 August 2005). The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. Macmillan. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8050-7937-1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 Granfield, Linda (2008). The Unknown Soldier. North Winds Press. ISBN 978-0-4399-3558-6. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
↑ Gormley, Beatrice; Meryl Henderson (11 May 2010). Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 142–43. ISBN 978-1-4391-1358-5. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
↑ Forrest, Alan (28 May 2009). The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-1394-8924-9.
↑ Divry, Arnauld (2023). "Les 660 noms inscrits sur l'Arc de Triomphe de Paris". arnauld-divry.ovh. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
↑ Baedeker, Karl (1860). Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. Paris: A. Bohné. p. 91. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
↑ "The panorama". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 4 January 2025.
↑ "Practical information". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 17 September 2025.
↑ "These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier?". La Comédie de Vanneau. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.

External links

Template:8th arrondissement of Paris Template:16th arrondissement of Paris Template:Visitor attractions in Paris

[1] "Arc de Triomphe". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.

[2] "Arc de Triomphe". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.

[3] Template:Cite Merriam-Webster

[ParisDigest-4] "Arc de Triomphe facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[History_of_the_Arc_de_triomphe-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "History of the Arc de triomphe". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 1 November 2025.

[6] L'Abeille (in French). Petit Séminaire de Québec. 1848. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

[7] "Historical Currency Converter". Historicalstatistics.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.

[8] "7. A crowning for the Arc de Triomphe". Learning Resource - The Sculpted Decorations. Centre des monuments nationaux. p. 19.

[9] L'Art moderne. Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom. 1882. p. 318. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[10] "History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". Places in France. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.

[11] "Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image". Histoire-image.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.

[12] Melville Wallace, La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918, Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's Four Years of Thunder.

[13] * « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Matin from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
« Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.

« L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur » Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.

« Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.

« Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy » Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.

[14] « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.

[15] « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur » Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.

[16] « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.

[17] « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy » Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.

[14] Image of Liberation of Paris parade Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

[15] Simons, Marlise (18 August 1995). "Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.

[16] France 2 (13 July 1998). "France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA)" [France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory]. YouTube (in French). Institut National de l'Audiovisuel. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.

[17] Irish, John (2 December 2018). "Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[18] Katz, Brigit. "Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

[19] Chappell, Bill (17 September 2021). "Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.

[20] Katz, Brigit (13 June 2021). "L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

[21] "Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex". Ackland Art Museum. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.

[22] The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw and strategic defeat that it actually was.

[23] Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and German-born Nicolas Luckner.

[24] "Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". French Monuments. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

[25] "Between War and Peace". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

[NaourAllen2005-26] Naour, Jean-Yves Le; Allen, Penny (16 August 2005). The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. Macmillan. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8050-7937-1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[granfield-27] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 Granfield, Linda (2008). The Unknown Soldier. North Winds Press. ISBN 978-0-4399-3558-6. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[28] Gormley, Beatrice; Meryl Henderson (11 May 2010). Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 142–43. ISBN 978-1-4391-1358-5. Retrieved 1 August 2024.

[29] Forrest, Alan (28 May 2009). The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-1394-8924-9.

[30] Divry, Arnauld (2023). "Les 660 noms inscrits sur l'Arc de Triomphe de Paris". arnauld-divry.ovh. Retrieved 25 August 2024.

[31] Baedeker, Karl (1860). Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. Paris: A. Bohné. p. 91. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

[32] "The panorama". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 4 January 2025.

[33] "Practical information". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 17 September 2025.

[34] "These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier?". La Comédie de Vanneau. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.

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Arc de Triomphe: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:48, 28 April 2026

Contents

History

Construction and late 19th century

20th century

21st century

Design

Monument

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Details

Access

Replicas

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Triumphal arch in Paris, France}}
+{{Short description|Triumphal arch in Paris, France}}
 {{About||the horse race in Paris|Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe||Arch of Triumph (disambiguation)}}
-{{distinguish|text=the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]], which stands west of the [[Louvre Palace]]}}
+{{Distinguish|text=the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]], which stands west of the [[Louvre Palace]]}}
-{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
 {{Infobox building
 | name = Arc de Triomphe
-| native_name =
+| native_name = {{Lang|fr|Arc de triomphe de l'Étoile}}
 | image = [[File:Arc de Triomphe, Paris 21 October 2010.jpg|250px]]
-| caption =
+| image_caption =
 | former_names =
 | alternate_names = Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile
@@ Line 17: / Line 16: @@
 | cost =
 | coordinates = {{Coord|48|52|25.6|N|2|17|42.1|E|display=inline,title}}
-| location = [[Place Charles de Gaulle]] (formerly Place de l'Étoile)
+| location = [[Place Charles de Gaulle]] <br/> {{small|(formerly Place de l'Étoile)}}
 | owner =
 | altitude =
-| start_date = 15 August 1806<ref name="Raymond2008">{{cite book |last=Raymond |first=Gino |title=Historical dictionary of France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVIRzOWyqUAC&pg=PA9 |access-date=28 July 2011 |date=30 October 2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5095-8 |page=9 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200257/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVIRzOWyqUAC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| construction_start_date = 15 August 1806<ref name="Raymond2008">{{Cite book |last=Raymond |first=Gino |title=Historical dictionary of France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVIRzOWyqUAC&pg=PA9 |access-date=28 July 2011 |date=30 October 2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5095-8 |page=9 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200257/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVIRzOWyqUAC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | completion_date =
-| inauguration_date = 29 July 1836<ref name="Fleischmann1914">{{cite book |last=Fleischmann |first=Hector |title=An unknown son of Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownsonofnapo00flei |access-date=28 July 2011 |year=1914 |publisher=John Lane company |page=[https://archive.org/details/unknownsonofnapo00flei/page/204 204]}}</ref>
+| inauguration_date = 28 July 1836<ref name="Fleischmann1914">{{Cite book |last=Fleischmann |first=Hector |title=An unknown son of Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownsonofnapo00flei |access-date=28 July 2011 |year=1914 |publisher=John Lane company |page=[https://archive.org/details/unknownsonofnapo00flei/page/204 204]}}</ref>
-| demolition_date =
+| demolished_date =
-| height = {{cvt|50|m|ft|0}}
+| height = {{cvt|49.54|m|ft}}
-| other_dimensions = Wide: {{cvt|45|m|ft|0}}<br />Deep: {{cvt|22|m|ft|0}}
+| other_dimensions = Wide: {{cvt|44.82|m|ft}} <br/> Deep: {{cvt|22.21|m|ft}}
 | floor_count =
 | floor_area =
 | main_contractor =
-| architect = [[Jean Chalgrin]]<br/>[[Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury]]
+| architect = [[Jean-François Chalgrin]] <br/> {{small|(1806–1811)}} <br/> [[Louis-Robert Goust]] <br/> {{small|(1811–1814, 1823–1830)}} <br/> [[Jean-Nicolas Huyot]] <br/> {{small|(1823–1825, 1826–1832)}} <br/> [[Guillaume-Abel Blouet]] <br/> {{small|(1832–1836)}}
 | structural_engineer =
 | services_engineer =
@@ Line 38: / Line 37: @@
 }}
-The '''Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɑːr|k|_|d|ə|_|ˈ|t|r|iː|ɒ|m|f|,_|-|_|ˈ|t|r|iː|oʊ|m|f}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arc+de+Triomphe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818031516/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arc_de_triomphe?s=t |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2020 |title=Arc de Triomphe |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arc-de-triomphe |title=Arc de Triomphe |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822202215/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arc-de-triomphe |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|-|_|t|r|iː|ˈ|oʊ|m|f}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|arc de triomphe |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f də letwal|lang|Arc de Triomphe.oga|}}; {{literal translation|Triumphal Arch of the Star}}.}} often called simply the '''Arc de Triomphe''', is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the [[Champs-Élysées]] at the centre of [[Place Charles de Gaulle]], formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the ''étoile'' or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]], [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th]] (south and west), [[17th arrondissement of Paris|17th]] (north), and [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th]] (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]], with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] from [[World War I]].
+The '''Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɑːr|k|_|d|ə|_|ˈ|t|r|iː|ɒ|m|f|,_|-|_|ˈ|t|r|iː|oʊ|m|f}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arc+de+Triomphe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818031516/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arc_de_triomphe?s=t |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2020 |title=Arc de Triomphe |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arc-de-triomphe |title=Arc de Triomphe |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822202215/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arc-de-triomphe |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|-|_|t|r|iː|ˈ|oʊ|m|f}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Arc de triomphe |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f də letwal|lang|Arc de Triomphe.oga|}}; "{{lang|en|Triumphal Arch of the Star}}"), often simply called the '''Arc de Triomphe''', is one of the most famous monuments in [[Paris]], France. It is located at the western end of the [[Champs-Élysées]], at the centre of the [[Place Charles de Gaulle]]—formerly known as the Place de l'Étoile—named for the star-shaped configuration formed by the convergence of twelve radiating avenues. The monument is situated at the intersection of three [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]: the [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th]] (to the south and west), the [[17th arrondissement of Paris|17th]] (to the north), and the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th]] (to the east). Commissioned to honor those who fought and died for France during the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]], the Arc bears the names of French victories and generals engraved on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] from [[World War I]], marked by an [[eternal flame]] commemorating unidentified fallen soldiers.
-The central cohesive element of the ''[[Axe historique]]'' (historic axis, a sequence of [[monument]]s and grand [[thoroughfare]]s on a route running from the courtyard of the [[Louvre]] to the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by [[Jean Chalgrin]] in 1806; its [[Iconography|iconographic]] programme pits [[Heroic nudity|heroically nude]] French youths against bearded [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] warriors in [[chain mail]]. It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]], Italy, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of {{cvt|50|m|ft|0}}, width of {{cvt|45|m|ft}} and depth of {{cvt|22|m|ft}}, while its large vault is {{cvt|29.19|m|ft}} high and {{cvt|14.62|m|ft}} wide. The smaller transverse vaults are {{cvt|18.68|m|ft}} high and {{cvt|8.44|m|ft}} wide.
+The central cohesive element of the ''[[Axe historique]]'' ("{{lang|en|historical axis}}", a sequence of [[monument]]s and grand [[thoroughfare]]s on a route running from the courtyard of the [[Louvre]] to the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by [[Jean-François Chalgrin]] in 1806; its [[Iconography|iconographic]] programme depicts [[Heroic nudity|heroically nude]] warriors and set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]], the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of {{cvt|49.54|m|ft}}, width of {{cvt|44.82|m|ft}} and depth of {{cvt|22.21|m|ft}}, while its large vault is {{cvt|29.19|m|ft}} high and {{cvt|14.62|m|ft}} wide. The smaller transverse vaults are {{cvt|18.68|m|ft}} high and {{cvt|8.44|m|ft}} wide.
-Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest [[triumphal arch]] until the completion of the [[Monumento a la Revolución]] in [[Mexico City]] in 1938, which is {{cvt|67|m|ft|0}} high. The [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang]], completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at {{cvt|60|m|ft|0}}. The [[Grande Arche]] in [[La Défense]] near Paris is 110 metres high, and, if considered to be a triumphal arch, is the world's tallest.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/monument/arc-de-triomphe-facts.htm |title=Arc de Triomphe facts |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032231/https://www.parisdigest.com/monument/arc-de-triomphe-facts.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest [[triumphal arch]] until the completion of the [[Monumento a la Revolución]] in [[Mexico City]] in 1938, which is {{cvt|67|m|ft|0}} high. The [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang]], completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at {{cvt|60|m|ft|0}}. The [[Grande Arche]] in [[La Défense]] near Paris is {{cvt|110|m|ft|0}} high, and, if considered to be a triumphal arch, is the world's tallest.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/monument/arc-de-triomphe-facts.htm |title=Arc de Triomphe facts |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032231/https://www.parisdigest.com/monument/arc-de-triomphe-facts.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
 == History ==
 === Construction and late 19th century ===
-[[File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Place Charles-de-Gaulle 02.jpg|left|thumb|Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe in [[Place Charles de Gaulle]], the former Place de l'Étoile.]]
+The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the [[Seine]] at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of [[Place Charles de Gaulle|twelve radiating avenues]].
-The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the [[Seine]] at the centre of a [[Place Charles de Gaulle|dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues]]. It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] by Emperor [[Napoleon]] at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie-Louise]] of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, [[Jean Chalgrin]], died in 1811 and the work was taken over by [[Jean-Nicolas Huyot]].
+[[File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Place Charles-de-Gaulle 02.jpg|left|thumb|Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe at the [[Place Charles de Gaulle]], formerly the Place de l'Étoile. [[Sett (paving)|Paving stones]] trace a stellar pattern on its surface, pointing toward the centre of each avenue.]]
-During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], construction was halted, and it would not be completed until the reign of [[Louis Philippe I]], between 1833 and 1836, by the architects Goust, then Huyot, under the direction of [[Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury|Héricart de Thury]]. The final cost was reported at about 10,000,000 francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |title=L'Abeille |date=1848 |publisher=Petit Séminaire de Québec |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Currency Converter |url=https://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=www.historicalstatistics.org |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120202259/http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] by Emperor [[Napoleon]] at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when [[Napoleon]] entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie-Louise]] of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, [[Jean-François Chalgrin]], died in 1811 and the work was taken over by [[Louis-Robert Goust]].<ref name="History of the Arc de triomphe">{{Cite web |url=https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en/discover/history-of-the-arc-de-triomphe |title=History of the Arc de triomphe |website=Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux) |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
-On 15 December 1840, [[Retour des cendres|brought back to France]] from [[Saint Helena]], Napoleon's remains passed under it on their way to the Emperor's [[Napoleon's tomb|final resting place]] at {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}}.<ref>[http://www.paris.org/Musees/Invalides/ Hôtel des Invalides website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725104448/http://www.paris.org/Musees/Invalides/ |date=25 July 2008 }}.</ref> Before burial in the [[Panthéon]], the body of [[Victor Hugo]] was displayed under the Arc on the night of 22 May 1885.
+[[File:La bataille d'Austerlitz. 2 decembre 1805 (François Gérard).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805 (Gérard)|Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805]]'', painting by [[François Gérard]] displayed in the [[Galerie des Batailles|Gallery of the Battles]], at the [[Palace of Versailles]]]]
+During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], construction was halted until 1823, and it would not be completed until the reign of [[Louis Philippe I]] in 1836, by architects Louis-Robert Goust and [[Jean-Nicolas Huyot]], under the direction of [[Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury]], then by [[Guillaume-Abel Blouet]].<ref name="History of the Arc de triomphe" /> The final cost was reported at about 10 million [[French franc|francs]] (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |title=L'Abeille |date=1848 |publisher=Petit Séminaire de Québec |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Currency Converter |url=https://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=Historicalstatistics.org |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120202259/http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Various designs were proposed to crown the monument with a monumental [[sculpture|sculptural group]], yet none was permanently realized. In 1838, [[Bernard Seurre]] submitted ''La France victorieuse'' ("{{lang|en|Victorious France}}"), depicting a chariot drawn by six horses. In 1840, this proposal gave way to a temporary sculptural group representing [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]], installed above the arch by the architect [[Guillaume-Abel Blouet]] for the [[Retour des cendres|return of the Emperor's remains]]. In preparing this installation, Blouet returned to a scheme he had drafted in 1834, modifying it by substituting the originally intended allegorical figure of France with that of the Emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en/teachers/educational-resources |title=Learning Resource - The Sculpted Decorations |chapter=7. A crowning for the Arc de Triomphe |page=19 |publisher=Centre des monuments nationaux}}</ref>
+From 1882 to 1886, a [[quadriga]] by [[Alexandre Falguière]] was erected above the arch. The work, entitled ''Triomphe de la Révolution'' ("{{lang|en|The Triumph of the Revolution}}"), depicted a chariot drawn by horses advancing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA318 |title=L'Art moderne |page=318 |year=1882 |publisher=Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120085155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA318 |url-status=live}}</ref> Executed in [[plaster]], the group was hoisted to the summit of the monument in order to assess its visual effect. The result was judged unconvincing; although the sculpture remained in place for four years, its material deteriorated under exposure to the elements and it was ultimately removed. Following this episode, the proposal to crown the monument was ultimately abandoned.
 <br><gallery mode="packed">
-File:Barrière de l'étoile, QB.244a (cropped).jpg|The Arc de Triomphe under construction between the toll houses of the ''Barrière de l'Étoile'', 1818.
+File:Barrière de l'étoile, QB.244a (cropped).jpg|The unfinished Arc de Triomphe between the toll houses of the ''Barrière de l'Étoile'', 1818
-File:Funerailles de l'Empereur Napoleon.png|State funeral of Emperor [[Napoleon]], 15 December 1840.
+File:Funerailles de l'Empereur Napoleon.png|[[Sculpture|Sculptural group]] representing [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]], installed on the Arc de Triomphe in 1840 for the [[Retour des cendres|return of his remains]] to France
-File:Nouveau Paris. - Vue générale du rond-point de l'Etoile dessin de M. Bertrand. - Voir page 610. QB.298.jpg|The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868.
+File:Nouveau Paris. - Vue générale du rond-point de l'Etoile dessin de M. Bertrand. - Voir page 610. QB.298.jpg|The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868
-File:Les officiels regroupés sous l'Arc de Triomphe, 4246(2).jpg|State funeral of [[Victor Hugo]], 31 May 1885.
+File:Les officiels regroupés sous l'Arc de Triomphe, 4246(2).jpg|[[Quadriga]] installed on the Arc de Triomphe between 1882 and 1886, visible during the funeral of [[Victor Hugo]] on 31 May 1885
 </gallery>
 === 20th century ===
-The sword carried by the ''Republic'' in the ''Marseillaise'' relief broke off on the day, it is said, that the [[Battle of Verdun]] began in 1916. The relief was immediately hidden by [[tarpaulin]]s to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |title=History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris |publisher=Places in France |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007100623/http://placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+It is said that on the day the [[Battle of Verdun]] began in 1916, the sword carried by the figure of the ''Republic'' in ''[[La Marseillaise]]'' sculptural group broke off. The relief was immediately hidden by [[tarpaulin]]s to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |title=History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris |publisher=Places in France |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007100623/http://placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 August 1919, three weeks after the Paris victory parade marking the end of hostilities in World War I, [[Charles Godefroy]] flew his [[Nieuport]] biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |title=Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image |publisher=Histoire-image.org |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040558/http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Melville Wallace, ''La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918'', Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's ''Four Years of Thunder''.</ref><ref>* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200901/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s |date=30 September 2020 }}, ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
-[[File:Avenue des Champs-Élysées 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Arc de Triomphe is located on Paris's ''[[Axe historique]]'', a long perspective that runs from the [[Louvre]] to the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense.]]
-On 7 August 1919 three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 (marking the end of hostilities in World War I), [[Charles Godefroy]] flew his [[Nieuport]] biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |title=Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image |publisher=Histoire-image.org |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040558/http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Melville Wallace, ''La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918'', Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's ''Four Years of Thunder''.</ref><ref>* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200901/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s |date=30 September 2020 }}, ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
 * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k809713r « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921024431/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k809713r |date=21 September 2020 }}, ''[[L'Écho de Paris]]'' from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
 * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k299396b « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063334/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k299396b |date=23 October 2020 }}, par Raoul Alexandre, [[L'Humanité]] from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243729f « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028100422/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243729f |date=28 October 2020 }}, ''[[Le Temps (1861-1942)|Le Temps]]'' from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.</ref> [[Jean Navarre]] was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near [[Villacoublay]] while training for the flight.
-[[File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Free France|Free French]] forces on parade after the [[liberation of Paris]] on 26 August 1944.]]
+[[File:3 cent U.S. Army U.S. Postage stamp issued 1945.png|thumb|United States [[postage stamp]] showing the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious troops march down the [[Champs-Élysées]] on 29 August 1944]]
-Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual [[Bastille Day military parade]]. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the [[German Empire|Germans]] in 1871, the French in 1919, the [[Occupation of France by Nazi Germany|Germans]] in 1940, and the [[Liberation of Paris|French and Allies]] in 1944<ref>[http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 Image of Liberation of Paris parade] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011119/http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 |date=28 September 2007 }}.</ref> and 1945. A United States [[postage stamp]] of 1945 shows the ''Arc de Triomphe'' in the background as victorious American troops march down the Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|interment of the Unknown Soldier]], however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both [[Adolf Hitler]] in 1940 and [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1944 observed this custom.
+Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual [[Bastille Day military parade]]. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the [[German Empire|Germans]] in 1871, the [[Défilé de la Victoire|French and Allies]] in 1919, the [[Occupation of France by Nazi Germany|Germans]] in 1940, and the [[Liberation of Paris|French and Allies]] in 1944<ref>[http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 Image of Liberation of Paris parade] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011119/http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 |date=28 September 2007 }}.</ref> and 1945. After the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|interment of the Unknown Soldier]], however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both [[Adolf Hitler]] in 1940 and [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1944 observed this custom.
-By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through [[bleaching]]. In the prolongation of the Avenue des [[Champs-Élysées]], a new arch, the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's ''Axe historique''. After the ''[[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]]'' and the ''Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile'', the ''Grande Arche'' is the third arch built on the same perspective.
+By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through [[bleaching]]. In the prolongation of the Avenue des [[Champs-Élysées]], a new arch, the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's ''Axe historique''. After the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]] and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, the Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective.
-In 1995, the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a [[1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings|campaign of bombings]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |title=Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17 |newspaper=New York Times |date=18 August 1995 |access-date=8 January 2015 |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108151545/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1995, the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a [[1995 France bombings|campaign of bombings]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |title=Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17 |newspaper=New York Times |date=18 August 1995 |access-date=8 January 2015 |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108151545/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-On 12 July 1998, when [[France national football team|France]] won the [[FIFA World Cup]] for the first time after defeating [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] [[1998 FIFA World Cup final|3–0]] at the [[Stade de France]], images of the players including double goal scorer [[Zinedine Zidane]] and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto the arch.<ref>{{cite web |title=France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA) |trans-title=France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |publisher=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |author=((France 2)) |date=13 July 1998 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=YouTube |language=FR |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720151350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On 12 July 1998, when [[France national football team|France]] won the [[FIFA World Cup]] for the first time after defeating [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] [[1998 FIFA World Cup final|3–0]] at the [[Stade de France]], images of the players including double goal scorer [[Zinedine Zidane]] and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto the arch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA) |trans-title=France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |publisher=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |author=((France 2)) |date=13 July 1998 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=YouTube |language=FR |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720151350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <br><gallery mode="packed">
-File:Parijs (Frankrijk) Waaghalzerij in de lucht, SFA006011795.jpg|[[Charles Godefroy]] flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919.
+File:Parijs (Frankrijk) Waaghalzerij in de lucht, SFA006011795.jpg|[[Charles Godefroy]] flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919
-File:Paris. Arc de Triomphe. Postcard, c.1920.jpg|Arc de Triomphe, postcard, {{Circa|1920}}.
+File:Paris. Arc de Triomphe. Postcard, c.1920.jpg|Arc de Triomphe, postcard, {{circa|1920}}
-File:Collier's 1921 Vol 4 Frontispiece -- Paris.jpg|A colourized aerial photograph of the southern side, published in 1921.
+File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|[[Free France|Free French]] forces on parade after the [[liberation of Paris]] on 26 August 1944
-File:Avenue des Champs-Élysées in 1939.jpg|Arc de Triomphe in 1939.
+File:Paris 1962 Traffic.jpg|View of the Arc de Triomphe from the [[Avenue Foch]], 1962
 </gallery>
 === 21st century ===
-In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism as part of the [[Yellow vests protests]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irish |first1=John |title=Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |website=Reuters |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082232/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The vandals sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its small museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065445/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, the arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |access-date=19 September 2021 |newspaper=NPR |date=17 September 2021 |language=en |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919220900/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |url-status=live }}</ref> as part of [[L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped]], a posthumous project planned by artists [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] since the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=13 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620210243/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism during the [[yellow vests protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Irish |first1=John |title=Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |website=Reuters |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082232/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A crowd of demonstrators sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065445/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, the Arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |access-date=19 September 2021 |newspaper=NPR |date=17 September 2021 |language=en |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919220900/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |url-status=live }}</ref> as part of ''[[L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped]]'', a posthumous project planned by artists [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] since the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=13 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620210243/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |url-status=live}}</ref>
 <br><gallery mode="packed">
-File:Arc de Triomphe de lÉtoile, Paris 7 June 2012.jpg|View of the Arc de Triomphe from the [[Avenue d'Iéna]], 2012.
+File:Arc de Triomphe de lÉtoile, Paris 7 June 2012.jpg|View of the Arc de Triomphe from the [[Avenue d'Iéna]], 2012
-File:Secretary Kerry, French Foreign Minister Fabius, Ambassador Hartley Pause After 70th Anniversary VE Day Wreath-Laying Ceremony in Paris (17421255431).jpg|[[Laurent Fabius]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, with [[John Kerry]], U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015.
+File:Secretary Kerry, French Foreign Minister Fabius, Ambassador Hartley Pause After 70th Anniversary VE Day Wreath-Laying Ceremony in Paris (17421255431).jpg|[[Laurent Fabius]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, with [[John Kerry]], U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015
-File:Bastille Day Parade 170714-D-PB383-005 (35087624434).jpg|[[Bastille Day]] military parade, 2017.
+File:Bastille Day Parade 170714-D-PB383-005 (35087624434).jpg|[[Bastille Day]] military parade, 2017
-File:PARADE DES CHAMPIONS PARIS 2024 CHAMPS ELYSEES (53997937113).jpg|The Arc de Triomphe during the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.
+File:PARADE DES CHAMPIONS PARIS 2024 CHAMPS ELYSEES (53997937113).jpg|The Arc de Triomphe during the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris
 </gallery>
 == Design ==
 === Monument ===
-[[File:Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile - Projet Chalgrin - 02.jpg|thumb|[[Jean Chalgrin]]'s drawing of the Arc de Triomphe, 1806.]]
+The [[astylar]] design is by [[Jean-François Chalgrin]] (1739–1811), in the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] version of [[ancient Roman architecture]]. Among the major French [[Academy|academic]] sculptors represented on the Arc de Triomphe are [[Jean-Pierre Cortot]], [[François Rude]], [[Antoine Étex]], [[James Pradier]], and [[Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire|Henri Lemaire]].
-The [[astylar]] design is by [[Jean Chalgrin]] (1739–1811), in the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] version of [[ancient Roman architecture]]. Major [[Academy|academic]] sculptors of France are represented in the sculpture of the ''Arc de Triomphe'': [[Jean-Pierre Cortot]]; [[François Rude]]; [[Antoine Étex]]; [[James Pradier]] and [[Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire|Henri Lemaire]]. The main sculptures are not integral [[frieze]]s but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast [[ashlar]] masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze [[appliqué]]s on [[Empire style|Empire furniture]]. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are ''The Triumph of 1810'' (Cortot), ''Resistance'' and ''Peace'' (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, ''Departure of the Volunteers of 1792'' commonly called ''[[La Marseillaise]]'' ([[François Rude]]). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of [[Marshal of France]]. Since the fall of Napoleon (1815), the sculpture representing ''Peace'' is interpreted as commemorating the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Peace of 1815]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ackland.emuseum.com/objects/1640/sculpture-on-the-arc-de-triomphe-the-peace-of-1815-by-antoi;jsessionid=365026D7EE7878A64647A53F71EC0076 |title=Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex |publisher=Ackland Art Museum |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200248/http://ackland.emuseum.com/objects/1640/sculpture-on-the-arc-de-triomphe-the-peace-of-1815-by-antoi;jsessionid=365026D7EE7878A64647A53F71EC0076 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+[[File:Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile - Projet Chalgrin - 02.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-François Chalgrin]]'s drawing of the Arc de Triomphe, {{circa|1806}}]]
-In the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields [[Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe|engraved with the names of major French victories]] in the [[Wars of the French Revolution|French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic wars]].<ref>The [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw and strategic defeat that it actually was.</ref> The inside walls of [[Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe|the monument list the names of 660 people]], among which are 558 French generals of the [[First French Empire]];<ref>Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan [[Francisco de Miranda]] and German-born [[Nicolas Luckner]].</ref> The names of those generals killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. The battles that took place in the period between the [[Hundred Days|departure of Napoleon from Elba to his final defeat at Waterloo]] are not included.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frenchmoments.eu/arc-de-triomphe-paris/ |title=Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris |website=French Monuments |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115444/http://frenchmoments.eu/arc-de-triomphe-paris/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The main sculptures are not integral [[frieze]]s but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast [[ashlar]] masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze [[appliqué]]s on [[Empire style|Empire furniture]]. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are ''The Triumph of 1810'' (by Jean-Pierre Cortot), ''The Resistance of 1814'' and ''The Peace of 1815'' (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, ''The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792'', commonly called ''[[La Marseillaise]]'' (by François Rude). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of [[Marshal of France]]. The sculptures representing ''Triumph'', ''Resistance'' and ''Peace'' commemorate [[Napoleon]]'s victories, the [[Campaign in north-east France (1814)|invasion of France in 1814]], and the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|end of hostilities in 1815]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ackland.emuseum.com/objects/1640/sculpture-on-the-arc-de-triomphe-the-peace-of-1815-by-antoi;jsessionid=365026D7EE7878A64647A53F71EC0076 |title=Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex |publisher=Ackland Art Museum |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200248/http://ackland.emuseum.com/objects/1640/sculpture-on-the-arc-de-triomphe-the-peace-of-1815-by-antoi;jsessionid=365026D7EE7878A64647A53F71EC0076 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-For four years from 1882 to 1886, a monumental sculpture by [[Alexandre Falguière]] topped the arch. Titled ''Le triomphe de la Révolution'' ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), it depicted a chariot drawn by horses preparing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA318 |title=L'Art moderne |page=318 |year=1882 |publisher=Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120085155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA318 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the [[Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe|names of major French victories]] in the [[Wars of the French Revolution|French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic wars]].<ref>The [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw and strategic defeat that it actually was.</ref> The inside walls of the monument list the [[Names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe|names of 660 officers]], among which are 558 French generals of the [[First French Empire]];<ref>Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan [[Francisco de Miranda]] and German-born [[Nicolas Luckner]].</ref> the names of those killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. Battles that took place during the [[Hundred Days]] are not included.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frenchmoments.eu/arc-de-triomphe-paris/ |title=Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris |website=French Monuments |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115444/http://frenchmoments.eu/arc-de-triomphe-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist [[Maurice Benayoun]] and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arc-de-triomphe.org/ |title=Between War and Peace |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216184504/http://arc-de-triomphe.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>
+Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist [[Maurice Benayoun]] and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arc-de-triomphe.org/ |title=Between War and Peace |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216184504/http://arc-de-triomphe.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>
 === Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ===
-[[File:Paris Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile Grabmal des Unbekannten Soldaten 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] beneath the Arc de Triomphe.]]
+Beneath the Arc is the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] from [[World War I]]. Interred on [[Armistice Day]] 1920,<ref name="NaourAllen2005">{{Cite book |last1=Naour |first1=Jean-Yves Le |last2=Allen |first2=Penny |title=The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E3PRfQdBosC&pg=PA78 |access-date=28 July 2011 |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8050-7937-1 |page=74}}</ref> an [[eternal flame]] burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).<ref name=granfield>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw9Cw3Khj68C&pg=PP15 |title=The Unknown Soldier |publisher=North Winds Press |first=Linda |last=Granfield |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-4399-3558-6 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120085157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw9Cw3Khj68C&pg=PP15 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Beneath the Arc is the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] from [[World War I]]. Interred on [[Armistice Day]] 1920,<ref name="NaourAllen2005">{{cite book |last1=Naour |first1=Jean-Yves Le |last2=Allen |first2=Penny |title=The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E3PRfQdBosC&pg=PA78 |access-date=28 July 2011 |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8050-7937-1 |page=74}}</ref> an [[eternal flame]] burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).<ref name=granfield>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw9Cw3Khj68C&pg=PP15 |title=The Unknown Soldier |publisher=North Winds Press |first=Linda |last=Granfield |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-4399-3558-6 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120085157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw9Cw3Khj68C&pg=PP15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+[[File:Paris Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile Grabmal des Unbekannten Soldaten 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] beneath the Arc de Triomphe]]
-A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] signed by the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] and [[German Reich|Germany]] in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the [[Panthéon]], but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921.<ref name=granfield/> The slab on top bears the inscription: ''Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918'' ("Here rests a French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918").<ref name=granfield/>
+A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] signed by the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] and [[German Reich|Germany]] in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the [[Panthéon]], but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921.<ref name=granfield/> The slab on top bears the inscription: ''Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918'' ("{{lang|en|Here rests a French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918}}").<ref name=granfield/>
-In 1961, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President [[Charles de Gaulle]]. After the 1963 [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President Kennedy]], Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in Virginia.<ref>{{cite book| last=Gormley| first=Beatrice| author2=Meryl Henderson| title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F03mk7v-QxUC&q=eternal+flame| pages=142–43| date=11 May 2010| publisher=Simon and Schuster| location=New York| isbn=978-1-4391-1358-5| access-date=1 August 2024| url-access=subscription}}</ref>
+In 1961, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President [[Charles de Gaulle]]. After the 1963 [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President Kennedy]], Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Gormley| first=Beatrice| author2=Meryl Henderson| title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F03mk7v-QxUC&q=eternal+flame| pages=142–43| date=11 May 2010| publisher=Simon and Schuster| location=New York| isbn=978-1-4391-1358-5| access-date=1 August 2024| url-access=subscription}}</ref>
 == Details ==
 * The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:
-** ''Le Départ de 1792'' (or ''[[La Marseillaise]]''), by [[François Rude]]. The sculptural group celebrates the cause of the [[French First Republic]] during the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of [[Liberty (personification)|Liberty]]. This group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of [[World War I]] and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–1916.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Alan |title=The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars |date=28 May 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=38 |isbn=978-1-1394-8924-9}}</ref>
+** ''The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792'', also called ''[[La Marseillaise]]'', by [[François Rude]] (southern façade, right). This sculptural group celebrates the cause of the [[French First Republic]] during the [[Battle of Valmy]]. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of [[Liberty (personification)|Liberty]]. The group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of [[World War I]] and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–1916.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=Alan |title=The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars |date=28 May 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=38 |isbn=978-1-1394-8924-9}}</ref>
-** ''Le Triomphe de 1810'', by [[Jean-Pierre Cortot]] celebrates the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]]. This group features [[Napoleon]], crowned by the [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of Victory]].
+** ''The Triumph of 1810'', by [[Jean-Pierre Cortot]] (southern façade, left). This group celebrates the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] and features [[Napoleon]], crowned by the [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of Victory]].
-** ''La Résistance de 1814'', by [[Antoine Étex]] commemorates the French Resistance to the Allied Armies during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]].
+** ''The Resistance of 1814'', by [[Antoine Étex]] (northern façade, right). This group commemorates the French Resistance to the Allied Armies during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]].
-** ''La Paix de 1815'', by [[Antoine Étex]] commemorates the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]], concluded in that year.
+** ''The Peace of 1815'', by [[Antoine Étex]] (northern façade, left). This group commemorates the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]], concluded in that year.
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="240">
-File:Paris July 2011-16a.jpg|''Le Départ de 1792'' <br /> (''[[La Marseillaise]]'').
+File:Paris July 2011-16a.jpg|''The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792'' (''[[La Marseillaise]]'')
-File:Paris July 2011-17a.jpg|''Le Triomphe de 1810''.
+File:Paris July 2011-17a.jpg|''The Triumph of 1810''
-File:Paris July 2011-15a.jpg|''La Résistance de 1814''.
+File:Paris July 2011-15a.jpg|''The Resistance of 1814''
-File:Antoine Étex, Der Friede von 1815, Halbrelief, Arc de Triomphe, Paris.jpg|''La Paix de 1815''.
+File:Antoine Étex, Der Friede von 1815, Halbrelief, Arc de Triomphe, Paris.jpg|''The Peace of 1815''
 </gallery>
 * Six [[relief]]s sculpted on the façades of the arch, representing important moments of the [[French Revolution]] and of the [[First French Empire|Napoleonic era]] include:
-** ''Les funérailles du général Marceau'' ([[François Séverin Marceau|General Marceau]]'s burial), by [[Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire|Henri Lemaire]] (Southern façade, right).
+** ''The [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Aboukir]], 25 July 1799'', by [[Bernard Seurre]] (southern façade, left).
-** ''La bataille d'Aboukir'' (The [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Aboukir]]), by [[Bernard Seurre]] (Southern façade, left).
+** ''The Funeral of [[François Séverin Marceau|General Marceau]], 21 September 1796'', by [[Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire|Henri Lemaire]] (southern façade, right).
-** ''La bataille de Jemappes'' (The [[Battle of Jemappes]]), by [[Carlo Marochetti]] (Eastern façade).
+** ''The [[Battle of Jemappes]], 6 November 1792'', by [[Carlo Marochetti]] (eastern façade).
-** ''Le passage du pont d'Arcole'' (The [[Battle of Arcole]]), by [[Jean-Jacques Feuchère]] (Northern façade, right).
+** ''The [[Capture of Alexandria (1798)|Capture of Alexandria]], 3 July 1798'', by [[John-Étienne Chaponnière]] (northern façade, left).
-** ''La prise d'Alexandrie'' (The [[Capture of Alexandria|Fall of Alexandria]]), by [[John-Étienne Chaponnière]] (Northern façade, left).
+** ''The [[Battle of Arcole|Crossing of the Arcole Bridge]], 15 November 1796'', by [[Jean-Jacques Feuchère]] (northern façade, right).
-** ''La bataille d'Austerlitz'' (The [[Battle of Austerlitz]]), by [[Jean-François-Théodore Gechter|Théodore Gechter]] (Western façade).
+** ''The [[Battle of Austerlitz]], 2 December 1805'', by [[Jean-François-Théodore Gechter|Théodore Gechter]] (western façade).
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="110">
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille de Jemmappes.jpg|''La [[Battle of Jemappes|bataille de Jemmappes]]'',<br /> 6 November 1792.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille de Jemmappes.jpg|''The [[Battle of Jemappes]], {{nowrap|6 November 1792}}''
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille d'Austerlitz.jpg|''La [[Battle of Austerlitz|bataille d'Austerlitz]]'',<br /> 2 December 1805.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille d'Austerlitz.jpg|''The [[Battle of Austerlitz]], {{nowrap|2 December 1805}}''
 </gallery>
 <gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Mort de Marceau 2.jpg|''Les funérailles du [[François Séverin Marceau|général Marceau]]'',<br /> 21 September 1796.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille d'Aboukir.jpg|''The [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Aboukir]], {{nowrap|25 July 1799}}''
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Bataille d'Aboukir.jpg|''La [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|bataille d'Aboukir]]'',<br />25 July 1799.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe Mort de Marceau 2.jpg|''The Funeral of [[François Séverin Marceau|General Marceau]], {{nowrap|21 September 1796}}''
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe passage du pont d'Arcole.jpg|''Le passage du [[Battle of Arcole|pont d'Arcole]]'',<br /> 15 November 1796.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe prise d'Alexandrie.jpg|''The [[Capture of Alexandria (1798)|Capture of Alexandria]], {{nowrap|3 July 1798}}''
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe prise d'Alexandrie.jpg|''La [[Capture of Alexandria|prise d'Alexandrie]]'',<br /> 3 July 1798.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe passage du pont d'Arcole.jpg|''The [[Battle of Arcole|Crossing of the Arcole Bridge]], {{nowrap|15 November 1796}}''
 </gallery>
@@ Line 166: / Line 167: @@
 </gallery>
-* The [[Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe|names of 660 military leaders]] who served during the [[French First Republic]] and the [[First French Empire]] are engraved on the inner façades of the small arches.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arnauld |last=Divry |year=2023 |title=Les 660 noms inscrits sur l'Arc de Triomphe de Paris |url= https://arnauld-divry.ovh/arc_de_triomphe.htm |website=arnauld-divry.ovh |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Baedeker |first=Karl |date=1860 |title=Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91 |location=Paris |publisher=A. Bohné |page=91 |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200300/https://books.google.com/books?id=QQY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> Underlined names signify those who died on the battlefield:
+* The [[Names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe|names of 660 military leaders]] who served during the [[French First Republic]] and the [[First French Empire]] are engraved on the inner façades of the small arches.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Arnauld |last=Divry |year=2023 |title=Les 660 noms inscrits sur l'Arc de Triomphe de Paris |url= https://arnauld-divry.ovh/arc_de_triomphe.htm |website=arnauld-divry.ovh |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baedeker |first=Karl |date=1860 |title=Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91 |location=Paris |publisher=A. Bohné |page=91 |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200300/https://books.google.com/books?id=QQY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live}}</ref> Underlined names signify those who died on the battlefield:
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 2.jpg|Northern pillar.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 2.jpg|Northern pillar
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 3.jpg|Eastern pillar.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 3.jpg|Eastern pillar
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 7.jpg|Southern pillar.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 7.jpg|Southern pillar
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 6.jpg|Western pillar.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe inscriptions 6.jpg|Western pillar
 </gallery>
@@ Line 178: / Line 179: @@
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe 06.jpg|Figure of [[Pheme]] (Northern façade, left spandrel).
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe 06.jpg|Figure of [[Pheme]] (northern façade, left spandrel)
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe 07B.jpg|Figure of [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] (Northern façade, right spandrel).
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe 07B.jpg|Figure of [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] (northern façade, right spandrel)
-File:Figure allégorique 2 grande arche.jpg|Figure of Pheme (Southern façade, left spandrel).
+File:Figure allégorique 2 grande arche.jpg|Figure of Pheme (southern façade, left spandrel)
-File:Figure allégorique 1 grande arche.jpg|Figure of Pheme (Southern façade, right spandrel).
+File:Figure allégorique 1 grande arche.jpg|Figure of Pheme (southern façade, right spandrel)
 </gallery>
@@ Line 187: / Line 188: @@
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Arc de triomphee.jpg|Ceilings of the great and small archways.
+File:Arc de triomphee.jpg|Ceilings of the great and small archways
-File:French Flag Flying.jpg|[[Flag of France|French flag]] suspended from the vault of the great archway.
+File:French Flag Flying.jpg|[[Flag of France|French flag]] suspended from the vault of the great archway
-File:Paris Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile Bogen 3.jpg|Ceiling of the great archway.
+File:Paris Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile Bogen 3.jpg|Ceiling of the great archway
-File:Arc de Triomphe May 7, 2008.jpg|Ceilings of the great and small archways.
+File:Arc de Triomphe May 7, 2008.jpg|Ceilings of the great and small archways
 </gallery>
@@ Line 196: / Line 197: @@
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Stairs of Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (49652636762).jpg|Stairway with 284 steps leading to the [[Observation deck|rooftop terrace]] at the top of the&nbsp;arch.
+File:Stairs of Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (49652636762).jpg|Spiral stairways located in the pillars of the arch
-File:Interior of the Arc de Triomphe (22265695019).jpg|Permanent exhibition in the attic room below the terrace.
+File:Interior of the Arc de Triomphe (22265695019).jpg|Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace
-File:Arc de Triomphe statue.jpg|[[First World War]] monument.
+File:Arc de Triomphe statue.jpg|[[First World War]] statue
-File:DecorSculpteMB.jpg|Permanent exhibition in the attic room below the terrace.
+File:Interior of the Arc de Triomphe (21831396113).jpg|Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace
 </gallery>
@@ Line 205: / Line 206: @@
 <br><gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Placa.004 - Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile.jpg|Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the [[French Third Republic|Republic]], 4&nbsp;September&nbsp;1870.
+File:Placa.004 - Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile.jpg|Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the [[French Third Republic|Republic]], 4 September 1870
-File:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris (4077371144).jpg|Plaque in memory of the return of the regions [[Alsace]] and [[Lorraine]] to France, 11&nbsp;November&nbsp;1918.
+File:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris (4077371144).jpg|Plaque in memory of the return of the regions [[Alsace]] and [[Lorraine]] to France, 11 November 1918
-File:Placa.003 - Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile.jpg|Plaque in memory of the fighters of the [[French Liberation Army|Armies]] and the [[French Resistance|Resistance]] who died for France, 1939–1945.
+File:Placa.003 - Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile.jpg|Plaque in memory of the fighters of the [[French Liberation Army|Armies]] and the [[French Resistance|Resistance]] who died for France, 1939–1945
-File:De Gaulle speech plaque in Arc de Triomphe.jpg|Plaque in memory of [[Charles de Gaulle|de&nbsp;Gaulle]]'s speech, 18&nbsp;June&nbsp;1940.
+File:De Gaulle speech plaque in Arc de Triomphe.jpg|Plaque in memory of [[Appeal of 18 June|General de Gaulle's appeal]], 18 June 1940
 </gallery>
 == Access ==
-The ''Arc de Triomphe'' is accessible by the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] and [[Paris Métro|Métro]], with exit at the [[Charles de Gaulle–Étoile]] station. Because of heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, pedestrians use the two underpasses located at the ''Champs-Élysées'' and the ''[[Avenue de la Grande Armée]]''. A lift will take visitors almost to the top – to the attic, where a small museum contains large models of the Arc and tells its story from the time of its construction. Another 40 steps remain to climb to reach the top, the ''[[Observation deck|terrasse]]'', from where one can enjoy a panoramic view of Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en/discover/the-panorama |title=The panorama |website=Centre des Monuments Nationaux |access-date=4 January 2025 }}</ref>
+The Arc de Triomphe is accessible by the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] and [[Paris Metro|Metro]], with the closest stop being the [[Charles de Gaulle–Étoile station|Charles de Gaulle–Étoile]]. Due to heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, pedestrians use two underpasses accessible from the [[Champs-Élysées]] and the [[Avenue de la Grande Armée|Grande Armée]] avenues. A spiral stairway with 240 steps leads visitors to the museum level in the [[attic]] of the monument, where large models of the Arc and interactive exhibits on its history, construction, and cultural significance are displayed. Another 40 steps lead to the [[Observation deck|rooftop terrace]], offering a panoramic view of Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en/discover/the-panorama |title=The panorama |website=Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux) |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Elevators providing access to the museum and rooftop terrace are available.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en/visit/practical-information |title=Practical information |website=Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux) |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
-The location of the arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]], [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th]] (south and west), [[17th arrondissement of Paris|17th]] (north), and [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th]] (east).
+The location of the Arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]: the [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th]] (to the south and west), the [[17th arrondissement of Paris|17th]] (to the north), and the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th]] (to the east).
-<br><gallery mode="packed" heights="240">
+<br><gallery mode="packed" heights="110">
-File:ArcTriompheParis.jpg|Paris seen from the top of the Arc de Triomphe.
+File:ArcTriompheParis.jpg|Paris seen from the [[Observation deck|rooftop terrace]] of the Arc de Triomphe
 </gallery>
 == Replicas ==
-While many structures around the world resemble the ''Arc de Triomphe'', some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as a model include the [[Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch]] in Kansas City, US (1924); the [[Arcul de Triumf]] in Bucharest, Romania (1936); the [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph]] in Pyongyang, North Korea (1982); and a miniature version at the [[Paris Las Vegas|Paris Casino]] in Las Vegas, US (1999).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lacomediedevanneau.com/arc-de-triomphe-montpellier/ |title=These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier? |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421182520/https://www.lacomediedevanneau.com/arc-de-triomphe-montpellier/ |website=La Comédie de Vanneau}}</ref>
+While many structures around the world resemble the Arc de Triomphe, some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as a model include the [[Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch]] in Kansas City, United States (1924); the [[Arcul de Triumf]] in Bucharest, Romania (1936); the [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph]] in Pyongyang, North Korea (1982); a miniature version at the [[Paris Las Vegas|Paris Casino]] in Las Vegas, United States (1999); and the [[Simpang Lima Gumul Monument]] in Kediri, Indonesia (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lacomediedevanneau.com/arc-de-triomphe-montpellier/ |title=These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier? |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421182520/https://www.lacomediedevanneau.com/arc-de-triomphe-montpellier/ |website=La Comédie de Vanneau}}</ref>
 <br><gallery mode="packed">
-File:Memorial arch - panoramio.jpg|[[Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch]] in Kansas City, US.
+File:Memorial arch - panoramio.jpg|[[Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch|Rosedale Arch]] in Kansas City, United States
-File:Triumphal Arch Bucharest 1.jpg|[[Arcul de Triumf]] in Bucharest, Romania.
+File:Triumphal Arch Bucharest 1.jpg|[[Arcul de Triumf]] in Bucharest, Romania
-File:Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang) 05.JPG|[[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph]] in Pyongyang, North Korea.
+File:Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang) 05.JPG|[[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph]] in Pyongyang, North Korea
-File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas) Arc de Triomphe.JPG|[[Paris Las Vegas|Paris Casino]] in Las Vegas, US.
+File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas) Arc de Triomphe.JPG|[[Paris Las Vegas|Paris Casino]] in Las Vegas, United States
+File:Kediri East Java.jpg|[[Simpang Lima Gumul Monument]] in Kediri, Indonesia
 </gallery>
 == See also ==
 {{Portal|France}}
-* [[Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe]]
+* [[Names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe]]
 * [[Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe]]
 * [[List of works by James Pradier]]
@@ Line 241: / Line 243: @@
 * [[List of tourist attractions in Paris]]
 * [[List of post-Roman triumphal arches]]
-== Notes ==
-{{notelist}}
 == References ==
@@ Line 251: / Line 250: @@
 {{Sister project links|d=Q64436|c=Category:Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile|s=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|q=no|n=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|voy=Paris/8th_arrondissement}}
+* [https://www.paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr/en Official website of the Arc de Triomphe]
+* [http://www.laflammesouslarcdetriomphe.org/ Official website of the association ''La Flamme sous l'Arc de Triomphe''] {{in lang|fr}}
+* [https://www.france.fr/en/article/arc-de-triomphe/ Unveiling the Majesty of the Arc de Triomphe: A Symbol of Parisian Grandeur]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306125604/http://www.parisrama.com/thematiques/thematique_arcdetriomphe.htm Inscriptions on the Arc de Triomphe]
 * [http://arcdetriompheparis.com/history Clarification of history of Arc de Triomphe]
-* [http://www.arc-de-triomphe.org/ The permanent exhibition inside the Arc de Triomphe]
+* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.873796,2.294780&spn=0.006620,0.010214&t=k&hl=en Satellite view of the Arc de Triomphe] on Google Maps
-* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_wyyfmCZuo View from the Arc de Triomphe]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k26q-36IQNM View from the rooftop terrace of the Arc de Triomphe] on YouTube
 {{8th arrondissement of Paris}}
@@ Line 276: / Line 278: @@
 [[Category:Terminating vistas in Paris]]
 [[Category:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux]]
+[[Category:Jean-François Chalgrin buildings]]
 <!-- [[Category:Tombs in France]] and [[Category:Tombs of Unknown Soldiers]] not needed, due to new redirect ([[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)]] -->

Arc de Triomphe: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:48, 28 April 2026

History

Construction and late 19th century

20th century

21st century

Design

Monument

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

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