Politics of Brazil: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| | {{Short description|none}} | ||
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{{Infobox political system | {{Infobox political system | ||
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| legislature_speaker_title = | | legislature_speaker_title = | ||
| upperhouse = [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] | | upperhouse = [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] | ||
| upperhouse_speaker = [[ | | upperhouse_speaker = [[Davi Alcolumbre]] | ||
| upperhouse_speaker_title = [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|President of the Federal Senate]] | | upperhouse_speaker_title = [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|President of the Federal Senate]] | ||
| upperhouse_appointer = | | upperhouse_appointer = | ||
| lowerhouse = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] | | lowerhouse = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] | ||
| lowerhouse_speaker = [[ | | lowerhouse_speaker = [[Hugo Motta]] | ||
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | | lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | ||
| lowerhouse_appointer = | | lowerhouse_appointer = | ||
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| courts = [[Federal courts of Brazil]] | | courts = [[Federal courts of Brazil]] | ||
| court = [[Supreme Federal Court]] | | court = [[Supreme Federal Court]] | ||
| chief_judge = [[ | | chief_judge = [[Edson Fachin]] | ||
| court_seat = | | court_seat = | ||
| court1 = [[Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)|Superior Court of Justice]] | | court1 = [[Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)|Superior Court of Justice]] | ||
| chief_judge1 = | | chief_judge1 = Herman Benjamin | ||
| court_seat1 = | | court_seat1 = | ||
}} | }} | ||
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The federal government exercises control over the [[central government]] and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the President, advised by a [[Cabinet of Brazil|cabinet]]. [[Legislative power]] is vested upon the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]], a two-chamber legislature comprising the [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]]. [[Judicial power]] is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the [[Supreme Federal Court]], the [[Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)|Superior Court of Justice]] and other [[Federal courts of Brazil|Superior Courts]], the [[National Justice Council]] and the [[Regional Federal Courts]]. | The federal government exercises control over the [[central government]] and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the President, advised by a [[Cabinet of Brazil|cabinet]]. [[Legislative power]] is vested upon the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]], a two-chamber legislature comprising the [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]]. [[Judicial power]] is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the [[Supreme Federal Court]], the [[Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)|Superior Court of Justice]] and other [[Federal courts of Brazil|Superior Courts]], the [[National Justice Council]] and the [[Regional Federal Courts]]. | ||
The states are [[Autonomy|autonomous]] [[Administrative division|sub-national entities]] with their own governments that, together with the other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a [[governor]] elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral [[legislature]] with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil | The states are [[Autonomy|autonomous]] [[Administrative division|sub-national entities]] with their own governments that, together with the other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a [[governor]] elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral [[legislature]] with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil also contains two elements of [[direct democracy]], stated in Article 14.<ref name="DD-Navi">{{Cite web |title=Legal Designs in Brazil - Direct Democracy Navigator |url=http://direct-democracy-navigator.org/countries/brazil/legal_designs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120035432/http://direct-democracy-navigator.org/countries/brazil/legal_designs |archive-date=20 November 2012 |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=direct-democracy-navigator.org}}</ref> The legislative assemblies supervise the activities of the Executive power of the states and municipalities. | ||
The [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous [[local government]], comprising a [[mayor]], directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a [[Câmara Municipal|legislative body]], also directly elected by the people. | The [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous [[local government]], comprising a [[mayor]], directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a [[Câmara Municipal|legislative body]], also directly elected by the people. | ||
Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as [[Sérgio Abranches#Coalition presidentialism|coalition presidentialism]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2021 |website=Freedom House |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidencialismo de coalizão: qual sua relação com a crise brasileira? |url=https://www.politize.com.br/presidencialismo-de-coalizao-e-atual-crise-brasileira/ |website=Politize! |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=pt-BR |date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Couto |first1=Lucas |last2=Soares |first2=Andéliton |last3=Livramento |first3=Bernardo |title=Presidencialismo de coalizão: conceito e aplicação |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política |date=12 March 2021 |issue=34 | | Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as [[Sérgio Abranches#Coalition presidentialism|coalition presidentialism]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2021 |website=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidencialismo de coalizão: qual sua relação com a crise brasileira? |url=https://www.politize.com.br/presidencialismo-de-coalizao-e-atual-crise-brasileira/ |website=Politize! |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=pt-BR |date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128201519/https://www.politize.com.br/presidencialismo-de-coalizao-e-atual-crise-brasileira/|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Couto |first1=Lucas |last2=Soares |first2=Andéliton |last3=Livramento |first3=Bernardo |title=Presidencialismo de coalizão: conceito e aplicação |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política |date=12 March 2021 |issue=34 |article-number=e241841 |doi=10.1590/0103-3352.2021.34.241841 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcpol/a/fmVjS6nMXFZHFYBJ9jpwH9g/?lang=pt |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=pt-BR|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]] rated Brazil as a "flawed democracy" in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |page=3 |language=en-GB|access-date=19 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202080900/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> Brazil was 2023 the 13th most electoral [[Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean|democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean]] according to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> | ||
==Constitution== | ==Constitution== | ||
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[[File:Palacio do Planalto.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palácio do Planalto]], the seat of the [[executive power]]]] | [[File:Palacio do Planalto.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palácio do Planalto]], the seat of the [[executive power]]]] | ||
According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided between internationalist [[liberalism|liberal]]s and [[Statism|statist]] nationalists.<ref name="Barr">{{ | According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided between internationalist [[liberalism|liberal]]s and [[Statism|statist]] nationalists.<ref name="Barr">{{Cite web |title=PT ainda pode ser chamado de esquerda, afirma sociólogo |url=http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI4683023-EI6578,00-PT+ainda+e+esquerda+no+Brasil+analisa+sociologo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610210222/http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI4683023-EI6578,00-PT+ainda+e+esquerda+no+Brasil+analisa+sociologo.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=terramagazine.terra.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> The first group consists of politicians arguing that internationalization of the [[economy of Brazil|economy]] is essential for the development of the country, while the latter rely on [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]], and protection of [[Government-owned corporation|state enterprise]]s.<ref name="Barr" /> According to Ridenti, who cites the [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] administration as an example of the first group and the [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] administration as an example of the second, "we have it cyclically".<ref name="Barr" /> | ||
Lula's [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] tended to the statist nationalist side, although there are [[privatization|privatizing]] forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's [[Brazilian Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] tended to favor the international private market side by taking [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies as with the global [[Third Way | Lula's [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] tended to the statist nationalist side, although there are [[privatization|privatizing]] forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's [[Brazilian Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] tended to favor the international private market side by taking [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies as with the global [[Third Way in Brazil|Third Way]].<ref name="Barr" /> Lula compares himself with [[Getúlio Vargas]], [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] and [[João Goulart]], presidents seen as statist nationalists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes/2010/noticias/0,,OI4676356-EI15315,00-Lula+Os+Bornhausen+nao+podem+se+disfarcar+de+cordeiros.html |title=Lula diz que o DEM precisa ser extirpado da política brasileira - Terra Brasil<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917162534/http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes/2010/noticias/0,,OI4676356-EI15315,00-Lula+Os+Bornhausen+nao+podem+se+disfarcar+de+cordeiros.html |archive-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=live |website=Terra Brasil}}</ref> | ||
As of May 2017, 16,668,589 Brazilians were affiliated with a [[political party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados|title=Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados|website=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral|access-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709134245/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest parties are [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]] (which accounts for 14.4% of affiliated voters), the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]] (9.5% of affiliated voters), and [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] (8.7% of affiliated voters).<ref name=":0" /> | As of May 2017, 16,668,589 Brazilians were affiliated with a [[political party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados|title=Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados|website=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral|access-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709134245/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest parties are [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]] (which accounts for 14.4% of affiliated voters), the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]] (9.5% of affiliated voters), and [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] (8.7% of affiliated voters).<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In 2020, the scenario is that the country has more than 30 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party ([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]]), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]], [[Workers' Cause Party|PCO]], [[United Socialist Workers' Party|PSTU]], [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]], [[Popular Unity (Brazil)|UP]], [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]], left parties like [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]], [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]], [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]], [[Sustainability Network|Rede]] and [[Solidariedade]] and center-left like [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]], [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]] and [[Cidadania]]. Ten parties declare themselves as the center: [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]], [[Act (Brazil)|Agir]], [[Christian Democracy (Brazil)|DC]], [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]], [[Avante (political party)|Avante]], [[Patriota]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] and [[Brazilian Woman's Party|PMB]]. Five parties declare themselves as center-right: [[Brazil Union]], [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]], [[Progressistas]], [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]], [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|PRTB]] and [[Republicans (Brazil)|Republicanos]]. The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is [[New Party (Brazil)|Novo]]. When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on the subject.<ref> | In 2020, the scenario is that the country has more than 30 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party ([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]]), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]], [[Workers' Cause Party|PCO]], [[United Socialist Workers' Party|PSTU]], [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]], [[Popular Unity (Brazil)|UP]], [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]], left parties like [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]], [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]], [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]], [[Sustainability Network|Rede]] and [[Solidariedade]] and center-left like [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]], [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]] and [[Cidadania]]. Ten parties declare themselves as the center: [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]], [[Act (Brazil)|Agir]], [[Christian Democracy (Brazil)|DC]], [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]], [[Avante (political party)|Avante]], [[Patriota]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] and [[Brazilian Woman's Party|PMB]]. Five parties declare themselves as center-right: [[Brazil Union]], [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]], [[Progressistas]], [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]], [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|PRTB]] and [[Republicans (Brazil)|Republicanos]]. The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is [[New Party (Brazil)|Novo]]. When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on the subject.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2019 |title=Apenas um partido se define como de direita no Brasil; Esquerda tem sete |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/apenas-um-partido-se-define-como-de-direita-no-brasil-esquerda-tem-sete/ |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=[[Gazeta do Povo]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> | ||
==Government== | ==Government== | ||
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=== Second Lula government (2023–present) === | === Second Lula government (2023–present) === | ||
{{Main|Second presidency of Lula da Silva}} | {{Main|Second presidency of Lula da Silva}} | ||
The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th [[President of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-brasilia-inaugurations-c6d222207d7a5bcbb71e2b6950514a9a|title=Lula sworn in as president to lead polarized Brazil|first1=Mauricio|last1=Savavrese|first2=Carla|last2=Bridi|publisher=Associated Press|date=1 January 2022|accessdate=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/world/americas/lula-election-results-brazil-bolsonaro.html|title=Brazil Ejects Bolsonaro and Brings Back Former Leader Lula|website=The New York Times|first=Jack|last=Nicas|date=30 October 2022|accessdate=31 October 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> he was elected for a third term as [[President of Brazil]] on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the [[2022 Brazilian general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/30/americas/brazil-election-polls-open-intl/index.html|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote|website=CNN|date=31 October 2022|accessdate=31 October 2022}}</ref> | The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th [[President of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-brasilia-inaugurations-c6d222207d7a5bcbb71e2b6950514a9a|title=Lula sworn in as president to lead polarized Brazil|first1=Mauricio|last1=Savavrese|first2=Carla|last2=Bridi|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=1 January 2022|accessdate=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/world/americas/lula-election-results-brazil-bolsonaro.html|title=Brazil Ejects Bolsonaro and Brings Back Former Leader Lula|website=The New York Times|first=Jack|last=Nicas|date=30 October 2022|accessdate=31 October 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> he was elected for a third term as [[President of Brazil]] on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the [[2022 Brazilian general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/30/americas/brazil-election-polls-open-intl/index.html|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote|website=CNN|date=31 October 2022|accessdate=31 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
==== 2023 Brazilian Congress attack ==== | ==== 2023 Brazilian Congress attack ==== | ||
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This was a set of investigations carried out by the [[Federal Police of Brazil]], aimed at investigating a money laundering scheme that involved billions of reals in bribes. It resulted in more than a thousand search and seizure warrants, temporary arrests, preventive detentions and bench warrants. The operation started on March 17, 2014, and had 71 operational phases authorized, among others, by the then judge Sérgio Moro, during which more than one hundred people were arrested and convicted. It investigated crimes of active and passive corruption, fraudulent management, money laundering, criminal organization, obstruction of justice, fraudulent exchange operation and receipt of undue advantage. According to investigations and awarded claims, administrative members of the state-owned oil company Petrobras, politicians from the largest parties in Brazil, including presidents of the Republic, presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and state governors, as well as businessmen from large Brazilian companies, were involved. The Federal Police considers it the largest corruption investigation in the country's history. | This was a set of investigations carried out by the [[Federal Police of Brazil]], aimed at investigating a money laundering scheme that involved billions of reals in bribes. It resulted in more than a thousand search and seizure warrants, temporary arrests, preventive detentions and bench warrants. The operation started on March 17, 2014, and had 71 operational phases authorized, among others, by the then judge Sérgio Moro, during which more than one hundred people were arrested and convicted. It investigated crimes of active and passive corruption, fraudulent management, money laundering, criminal organization, obstruction of justice, fraudulent exchange operation and receipt of undue advantage. According to investigations and awarded claims, administrative members of the state-owned oil company Petrobras, politicians from the largest parties in Brazil, including presidents of the Republic, presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and state governors, as well as businessmen from large Brazilian companies, were involved. The Federal Police considers it the largest corruption investigation in the country's history. | ||
==Political | ==Political issues== | ||
An opinion poll found the most important political issues in 2026 were [[health care]], [[public security]], [[economy]], [[corruption]] and [[education]].<ref name="g455">{{cite web | title=Saúde (21%) e segurança pública (19%) são áreas de responsabilidade federal mais problemáticas | website=Datafolha | date=2026-03-12 | url=https://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao-e-sociedade/2026/03/saude-21-e-seguranca-publica-19-sao-areas-de-responsabilidade-federal-mais-problematicas.shtml | language=pt | access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> | |||
Brazil is one of the most dangerous countries for militant farmworkers, with sixty-five murders of farmworkers engaged in conflicts over the right to land in 2017 alone. Between 1985 and 2017, 1,722 activists of the [[Landless Workers' Movement]] were murdered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et |title=Le Brésil risque de subir l'une des plus grandes régressions écologiques et sociales de son histoire - Basta ! |date=29 June 2017 |access-date=2019-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730210840/https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et |archive-date=2017-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Brazil is one of the most dangerous countries for militant farmworkers, with sixty-five murders of farmworkers engaged in conflicts over the right to land in 2017 alone. Between 1985 and 2017, 1,722 activists of the [[Landless Workers' Movement]] were murdered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et |title=Le Brésil risque de subir l'une des plus grandes régressions écologiques et sociales de son histoire - Basta ! |date=29 June 2017 |access-date=2019-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730210840/https://www.bastamag.net/Le-Bresil-risque-de-subir-l-une-des-plus-grandes-regressions-ecologiques-et |archive-date=2017-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In 2016, at least 49 people were murdered in Brazil defending the environment against companies or landowners.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=2017 | In 2016, at least 49 people were murdered in Brazil defending the environment against companies or landowners.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=13 July 2017|title=Au moins 200 personnes tuées en 2016 pour avoir voulu protéger l'environnement|url=https://www.geo.fr/environnement/au-moins-200-personnes-tuees-en-2016-pour-avoir-voulu-proteger-l-environnement-176677|access-date=31 December 2021|website=Geo.fr|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818092545/https://www.geo.fr/environnement/au-moins-200-personnes-tuees-en-2016-pour-avoir-voulu-proteger-l-environnement-176677|archive-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> | ||
==International organization participation== | ==International organization participation== | ||