@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | image         = Konstantinos XI Palaiologos fresco (less edited).jpg
 | caption       = '''Last to reign'''<br/>'''[[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]]'''<br/>6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453
-| first_monarch = [[Constantine the Great]] (first Roman emperor in the east)
+| first_monarch = [[Constantine the Great]] (historiographical convention)
 | last_monarch  = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]]
 | residence     = [[Great Palace of Constantinople|Great Palace]], [[Blachernae Palace]]
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | began         = 11 May 330
 | ended         = 29 May 1453
-| pretender     = ''None''
 }}
-The foundation of [[Constantinople]] in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], which [[Fall of Constantinople|fell]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the [[List of Byzantine usurpers|various usurpers or rebels]] who claimed the imperial title.
+The foundation of [[Constantinople]] in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the [[Byzantine Empire]], which [[Fall of Constantinople|fell]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the [[List of Byzantine usurpers|various usurpers or rebels]] who claimed the imperial title.
-The following list starts with [[Constantine the Great]], the first [[Christian]] emperor, who rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin.
+The following list starts with [[Constantine the Great]], the first [[Christian]] emperor, who rebuilt the city of [[Byzantium]] as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the [[Roman Empire]] as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin.
-The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the [[Roman Empire]] following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to [[Theodosius I]] in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The [[Western Roman Empire]] continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from [[Augustus]];{{sfn|Hooker|2007}} the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western [[historiography]] in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the [[Pope|papal]] coronation of the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Charlemagne]] as [[Holy Roman emperor]] (25 December 800).
+The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to [[Theodosius I]] in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The [[Western Roman Empire]] continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from [[Augustus]];{{sfn|Hooker|2007}} the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western [[historiography]] in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the [[Pope|papal]] coronation of the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Charlemagne]] as [[Holy Roman emperor]] (25 December 800).
-The [[Style (manner of address)|title]] of all emperors preceding [[Heraclius]] was officially "''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]''"{{efn|Somtimes the Greek-language equivalent "''[[Sebastos]]''" was used instead}}, although other titles such as ''[[Dominus (title)|Dominus]]'' were also used. Their names were preceded by ''[[Imperator]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]'' and followed by ''Augustus''. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek ''[[Basileus]]'' (Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant [[Monarch|sovereign]], though ''Augustus'' continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival [[Holy Roman Empire]] in Western Europe, the title "''[[Autokrator]]''" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was "[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. [[Names of the Greeks#Romans (Ῥωμαῖοι)|Ῥωμαῖοι]] and [[Rûm]]).{{sfn|Morrisson|2013|p=72}}
+The [[Style (manner of address)|title]] of all emperors preceding [[Heraclius]] was officially "''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]''"{{efn|Sometimes the Greek-language equivalent "''[[Sebastos]]''" was used instead}}, although other titles such as ''[[Dominus (title)|Dominus]]'' were also used. Their names were preceded by ''[[Imperator]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]'' and followed by ''Augustus''. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek ''[[Basileus]]'' (Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant [[Monarch|sovereign]], though ''Augustus'' continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival [[Holy Roman Empire]] in Western Europe, the title "''[[Autokrator]]''" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was "[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. [[Names of the Greeks#Romans (Ῥωμαῖοι)|Ῥωμαῖοι]] and [[Rûm]]).{{sfn|Morrisson|2013|p=72}}
 [[Dynasties]] were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirement for [[hereditary succession]] was not a part of the Empire's governance;{{sfn|Karayannopoulous|2000|p=183}} hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable requirement for office at the time.{{sfn|Nicol|1993|p=72}}
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Constantine Chiaramonti Inv1749 (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]'''<br/ >"the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]'''<br/ >"the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''<br>Φλάουιος Οὐαλέριος Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | 25 July 306 – 22 May 337<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|306|7|25|337|5|22}})<br/>'''West'''; then '''whole'''}}
-| Born at [[Naissus]] {{c.}} 272 as the son of the ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]'' [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] and [[Helena of Constantinople|Helena]]. Proclaimed ''Augustus'' of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]] in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern ''Augustus'' [[Licinius]] and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under [[Diocletian]], who had begun ushering in the [[Dominate]] period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the [[First Ecumenical Council]] at [[Nicaea]]. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold ''[[Solidus (coin)|solidus]]'', and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", popularly known as [[Constantinople]]. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Constantine I the Great|pages=498–500}}</ref> His reign was marked by greater imperial control over the Eastern Church and the construction of new churches, especially at the holy places sacred to Christianity.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=25–26}} To this day, Constantine is venerated as a saint by the eastern Orthodox church.{{sfn|Pohlsander|1996|pp=92–93}}
+| Born at [[Naissus]] {{c.}} 272 as the son of the ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]'' [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] and [[Helena of Constantinople|Helena]]. Proclaimed ''Augustus'' of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]] in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern ''Augustus'' [[Licinius]] and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under [[Diocletian]], who had begun ushering in the [[Dominate]] period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the [[First Ecumenical Council]] at [[Nicaea]]. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold ''[[Solidus|solidus]]'', and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of [[Byzantium]] as "New Rome", popularly known as [[Constantinople]]. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Constantine I the Great|pages=498–500}}</ref> His reign was marked by greater imperial control over the Eastern Church and the construction of new churches, especially at the holy places sacred to Christianity.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=25–26}} To this day, Constantine is venerated as a saint by the eastern Orthodox church.{{sfn|Pohlsander|1996|pp=92–93}}
 |-
 | [[File:Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantius II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Julius Constantius''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantius II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Julius Constantius''<br>Φλάουιος Ἰούλιος ⁦  Κωνστάντιος}}
 | 9 September 337 – 3 November 361<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|337|9|9|361|11|3}})<br/>'''East'''; then '''whole'''}}
 | Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper [[Magnentius]]; after two years on the run, the latter committed suicide.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=28}} Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between [[Arianism]], favoured by the emperor, and the supporters of the [[Nicene Creed]]. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original [[Hagia Sophia]] was built. Constantius appointed [[Constantius Gallus]] and [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] as ''[[Caesar (title)|Caesares]]'', and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=Constantius II|page=524}}</ref>
 |-
-| [[File:Juliancng8851obverse.jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Chalcedony_bust_of_Julian_(1)_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]''' "the Apostate"<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Claudius Julianus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]''' "the Apostate"<br/>{{Small|''Flavius Claudius Julianus''<br>Φλάουιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανός }}
 | 3 November 361 – 26 June 363<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|361|11|3|363|6|26}})}}
-| Born in May 332 at Constantinople (the first emperor born there),{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=30}} Julian was the grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=30–31}} He was killed on campaign against [[Sassanid Persia]], despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=33}}
+| Born in May 332 at Constantinople (the first emperor born there),{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=30}} Julian was the grandson of Constantius I and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius II. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=30–31}} He was killed on campaign against [[Sassanid Persia]], despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=33}}
 |-
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Jovian2 (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Jovian2_(obverse)_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Jovianus''}}{{Efn|From the fourth century, emperors and other high-profile men of non-aristocratic birth often bore the name "Flavius", the family name of the Constantinian dynasty. Because it was often used as a status marker rather than personal name,{{Sfn|Cameron|1988|pp=26, 28, 33}} "Flavius" will generally be omitted in the following entries for simplicity.}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Jovianus'', Ἰοβιανός}}{{Efn|From the fourth century, emperors and other high-profile men of non-aristocratic birth often bore the name "Flavius", the family name of the Constantinian dynasty. Because it was often used as a status marker rather than personal name,{{Sfn|Cameron|1988|pp=26, 28, 33}} "Flavius" will generally be omitted in the following entries for simplicity.}}
 | 27 June 363 – 17 February 364<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|363|6|27|364|2|17}})}}
 | Born in {{Circa|332}}, Jovian hailed from a military family and was captain of the guards (''protector domesticus'') under both Constantius II and Julian.{{sfn|Elton|2018|p=119}} He was elected by the army upon Julian's death. After assuming power, Jovian withdrew Roman forces from Persia and made an unpopular peace with them, which lasted until the early sixth-century.{{sfn|Elton|2018|p=120}} Following an autumn spent in Antioch, he died of natural causes in central Anatolia and was buried in Constantinople.{{sfn|Elton|2018|p=120}}
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Restored head of Valentinian I (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Valentinian I]]''' "the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Valentinianus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Valentinian I]]''' "the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Valentinianus'', Οὐαλεντινιανὸς}}
 | 25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|364|2|25|375|11|17}})<br/>'''Whole'''; then '''West'''}}
 | Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of [[cerebral haemorrhage]] in 375.
 |-
-| [[File:INC-1867-a Солид. Валент II. Ок. 375—378 гг. (аверс).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:INC-1867-a_Солид._Валент_II._Ок._375—378_гг._(аверс)_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Valens]]'''
+{{Small|Ουάλης}}
 | 28 March 364 – 9 August 378<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|364|3|28|378|8|9}}; '''East''')}}
-| Born in 328, Valens was not especially fit for the imperial office if Ammianus can be believed, but he was appointed Emperor of the East in 364 by his elder brother Valentinian I, who wanted a malleable colleague in the other half of the Empire.{{sfn|Lee|2013|pp=21–22}}{{efn|While some historians attribute the division of the Roman Empire into East and West after Theodosius the Great split the throne between his sons, the year 364 probably more accurately marks the point at which the Empire was actually divided.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=23}} }} Following Valentinians's death in 375, his son Gratian succeeded him. Meanwhile, Valens faced the challenge of the invading Huns, whose ferocity pushed the Gothic tribes to seek refuge within the Empire; Valens allowed them to settle on the condition that they become allies to the Empire.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=42–43}} When the Goths were mistreated at Roman hands and rebelled, Valens proceeded to face them without awaiting assistance from Gratian's armies and was killed at the [[Battle of Adrianople]].{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=43–45}}
+| Born in 328, Valens was not especially fit for the imperial office if Ammianus can be believed, but he was appointed Emperor of the East in 364 by his elder brother Valentinian I, who wanted a malleable colleague in the other half of the Empire.{{sfn|Lee|2013|pp=21–22}}{{efn|While some historians attribute the division of the Roman Empire into East and West after Theodosius the Great split the throne between his sons, the year 364 probably more accurately marks the point at which the Empire was actually divided.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=23}} }} Following Valentinian's death in 375, his son Gratian succeeded him. Meanwhile, Valens faced the challenge of the invading Huns, whose ferocity pushed the Gothic tribes to seek refuge within the Empire; Valens allowed them to settle on the condition that they become allies to the Empire.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=42–43}} When the Goths were mistreated at Roman hands and rebelled, Valens proceeded to face them without awaiting assistance from Gratian's armies and was killed at the [[Battle of Adrianople]].{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=43–45}}
+|-
+! colspan=4 | &nbsp;
+|-
+| [[File:Gratian Trier enhanced.jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Gratian]]'''
+{{Small|''Gratianus'', Γρατιανός}}
+| 24 August 367 – 25 August 383<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|364|3|28|378|8|9}}; '''West''')}}
+| Born 18 April 359, Gratian was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 until his death in 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian was raised to the rank of Augustus as a child and inherited the West after his father's death in 375. Gratian led a campaign across the Rhine, attacked the Lentienses, and forcing tribe to surrender. That same year, the eastern emperor Valens was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople. Gratian then elevated Theodosius to replace him in 379. Gratian phrase out the title of Pontifex Maximus, replacing it with the Latin phrase: Pontifex Inclytus ("honourable pontiff").
 |-
@@ Line 94: / Line 105: @@
 |-
-| style="background:#EBEBEB" | [[File:INC-1866-a Солид. Прокопий. Ок. 365—366 гг. (аверс).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| style="background:#EBEBEB" | [[File:INC-1866-a_Солид._Прокопий._Ок._365—366_гг._(head).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB" | '''[[Procopius (usurper)|Procopius]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})
+{{Small|Προκόπιος}}
 | style="background:#EBEBEB" | 28 September 365 – 27 May 366<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|365|9|28|366|5|27}}; '''East''')}}
 | style="background:#EBEBEB" | Maternal cousin of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor. Deposed, captured and executed by Valens.{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol. I, pp. 742–743|2a1=Kienast|2a2=Eck|2a3=Heil|2p=318}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 127: @@
 | [[File:Bust of Theodosius I (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Theodosius I]]'''<br/ >"the Great"
+{{Small|Θεοδόσιος }}
 | 19 January 379 – 17 January 395<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|379|1|19|395|1|17}}) <br/>'''East'''; then '''whole'''}}
 | Born on 11 January 347 in Spain, Theodosius was an aristocrat and military leader, and later brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East in 379 and gave him charge of Macedonia and Dacia.{{sfn|Mitchell|2015|p=90}} During his reign, Theodosius made Nicene Christianity the official religion of the state.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=42}} He reunited the whole Empire after defeating [[Eugenius]] at the [[Battle of the Frigidus]], in September 394.{{sfn|Mitchell|2015|p=94}} Theodosius died of a fever at Milan in 395 and his two sons, Honorius and Arcadius, became the emperors of the West and East, splitting power between them.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=45}}
@@ Line 121: / Line 134: @@
 | [[File:Arcadius Istanbul Museum (cropped).JPG|100px|alt=bust]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Arcadius]]'''
+{{Small|Ἀρκάδιος }}
 | 17 January 395 – 1 May 408<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|395|1|17|408|5|1}}; '''East''')}}
 | Born in 377/378, Arcadius was the eldest son of Theodosius I and upon the latter's death in 395, the [[Roman Empire]] was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire—later referred to as the [[Byzantine Empire]]—and the [[Western Roman Empire]] with Arcadius becoming Byzantine emperor in the East while his younger brother [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] became emperor in the West; both were manipulated by court officials and did not possess their father's leadership abilities.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=45–46}} After contracting an illness, Arcadius died in 408.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=47–48}}
@@ Line 128: / Line 142: @@
 | [[File:Theodosius II Louvre Ma1036.jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Theodosius II]]'''<br/ >"the Calligrapher"
+{{Small|Θεοδόσιος }}
 | 1 May 408 – 28 July 450<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|408|5|1|450|7|28}}; '''East''')}}
 | Born on 10 April 401, he was the only son of Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. Theodosius II succeeded the throne in 408 upon the death of his father. Because he was a minor, the praetorian prefect [[Anthemius (praetorian prefect)|Anthemius]] was essentially regent from 408 to 414, but Theodosius II's elder sister Aelia [[Pulcheria]] played a critical role as regent and co-ruler during his early years. Pulcheria exerted considerable influence, shaping court policies and fostering Christian orthodoxy.{{sfn|Kulikowski|2019|pp=156–158}} Theodosius II was known for his mild and scholarly temperament. He had a keen interest in theology, astronomy, and calligraphy, and was reportedly well-educated, thanks to the influence of his sister Pulcheria. His long reign was marked by significant legal, administrative, and theological developments. One of the most enduring legacies of Theodosius II's reign was the construction of the [[Theodosian Walls]] of Constantinople.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=50}}  These massive fortifications protected the city for over a millennium and are regarded as one of the greatest defensive structures of antiquity.{{sfn|Mitchell|2015|pp=315–316}}  Theodosius II strongly supported Nicene Christianity and convened the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431 CE, which declared the [[Virgin Mary]] as ''[[Theotokos]]'' ("God-bearer") and condemned the theology of [[Nestorianism]].{{sfn|Kulikowski|2019|pp=177–179}} He also commissioned the [[Theodosian Code]], a comprehensive compilation of Roman laws published in 438; this codex organized and systematized the legal framework of the empire and influenced later European legal traditions.{{sfn|Kulikowski|2019|pp=179–181}} During his reign, he faced constant threats from the Huns of Attila and negotiated treaties with them, paying substantial tributes to prevent invasions.{{sfn|Kulikowski|2019|pp=181–182, 184–186}} He married [[Aelia Eudocia Augusta]], a learned woman of Greek descent, who, like the emperor's sister Pulcheria, became an influential figure in the court. Their marriage produced one daughter, [[Licinia Eudoxia]], who later married [[Valentinian III]], the Western Roman Emperor.{{sfn|Mitchell|2015|pp=104, 107–108}} Theodosius II died in 450 CE from injuries sustained after falling off his horse while hunting.{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|p=162}} His death marked the end of a relatively peaceful and prosperous reign, though it left unresolved issues such as rising threats from external enemies and religious divisions.
@@ Line 135: / Line 150: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Marcian.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Marcian_RIC_X_510_(portrait).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Marcian]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Marcianus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Marcian]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Marcianus'', Μαρκιανός }}
 | 25 August 450 – 27 January 457<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|450|8|25|457|1|27}}; '''East''')}}
 | Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the ''Augusta'' [[Pulcheria]], sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of [[gangrene]].
@@ Line 155: / Line 170: @@
 | [[File:Leo I Louvre Ma1012 n2 (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=bust]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]]''' "the Thracian"
+{{Small|Λέων}}
 | 7 February 457 – 18 January 474<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|457|2|7|474|1|18}})}}
 | Born in [[Dacia Aureliana|Dacia]] {{c.}} 400, and of [[Bessian]] origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic {{lang|la|[[magister militum]]}}, [[Aspar]], who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]], and the first one to legislate in Greek.{{sfn|Wickham|2009|p=90}} His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the [[Western Roman Empire|West]], supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an [[Battle of Cape Bon (468)|expedition]] to recover [[Carthage]] from the [[Vandals]] in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the [[Isaurians]] as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]] to the Isaurian leader [[Tarasicodissa]] (Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Leo I|pages=1206–1207}}</ref>
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Leo II.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Leo_II_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]]''' "the Younger"
+{{Small|Λέων}}
 | 18 January – November 474<br/>{{Small|(10 months)}}
 | Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to ''Augustus'' on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after.
 |-
-| [[File:Semissis of Zeno.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Semissis_of_Zeno_(cropped_4to3,_closeup).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]'''
+{{Small|Ζήνων}}
 | 29 January 474 – 9 January 475<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|474|1|29|475|1|9}})}}
 | Born {{c.}} 425 in [[Isauria]], originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to ''[[comes domesticorum]]'', married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of [[Aspar]] and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before [[Basiliscus]] in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the [[Vandals]], saw off challenges against him by [[Illus]] and [[Verina]], and secured peace in the [[Balkans]] by enticing the [[Ostrogoths]] under [[Theodoric the Great]] to migrate to Italy where the Gothic king ruled.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=62}} Convincing Theodoric to move his Goths westward into Italy allowed Zeno to reduce what had been a drain to imperial resources, since these Germanic warriors had been exacting payments from the Empire throughout the 470s and 480s and menacing Eastern territories.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=165}} As a consequence, Zeno's reign also saw the end of the [[Western Roman Empire|western line of emperors]]. His pro-[[Miaphysite]] stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the [[Henotikon]] resulted in the [[Acacian Schism]] with the papacy.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=Zeno|page=2223}}</ref>
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Basiliscus.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Basiliscus]]'''
+{{Small|Βασιλίσκος}}
 | 9 January 475 – August 476<br/>{{Small|(1 year and 7 months)<hr/>''with'' '''[[Marcus (son of Basiliscus)|Marcus]]''' (475–476)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor|Although they constitutionally held the same supreme power as their senior counterpart, it is customary among scholars of the later empire to only regard those who actually ruled as emperors, omitting junior co-emperors who only exercised power nominally and never governed in their own name.{{Sfn|Foss|2005|p=101}}{{Sfn|ODB|p=360}}}}
 | General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477
 |-
-| [[File:Semissis of Zeno.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Semissis_of_Zeno_(cropped_4to3,_closeup).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]''' <br/>{{Small|('''second reign''')}}
 | August 476 – 9 April 491<br/>{{Small|(14 years and 8 months)}}
@@ Line 185: / Line 204: @@
 | [[File:Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c (Anastasius I) (cropped).JPG|100px|alt=carved portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Anastasius I Dicorus|Anastasius I]]''' "Dicorus"
+{{Small|Ἀναστάσιος}}
 | 11 April 491 – 9 July 518<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|491|4|11|518|7|9}})}}
 | Born {{c.}} 430 at [[Dyrrhachium]], Anastasius was a palace official (''[[silentiarius]]'') when he was chosen as the husband and ultimately Emperor by Empress-dowager [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]]. He was nicknamed "''Dikoros''" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his [[Heterochromia iridum|heterochromia]]. Apparently, there was some insistence from the citizenry of Constantinople that Zeno's successor should be an "Orthodox" Christian, which caused Ariadne to turn to Anastasius in the first place.{{sfn|Ostrogorski|1969|p=59}} Anastasius reformed the tax system and the [[Byzantine coinage]] and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Miaphysitism led to widespread opposition, most notably the [[Revolt of Vitalian]] and the [[Acacian Schism]].{{sfn|Lygo|2022|pp=66–67}} His reign was also marked by the first [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] raids into the [[Balkans]] and by a [[Anastasian War|war]] with Persia over the foundation of [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]]. He died childless.<ref>{{ODB|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=Anastasios I}}</ref> Shortly before his death, he tried to devise a means for one of his three nephews to succeed him by placing a note that read ''Regnum'' under their beds, but when none of them chose that bed, he decided instead to name the first person he saw the following morning. Keeping true to his word, when Justin—commander of the imperial guards—entered his presence first that morning, he was pronounced as Anastasius's successor.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=67}}
@@ Line 201: / Line 221: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Justin I (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Justin_I_(obverse_cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin I]]''' "the Thracian"<br/>{{Small|''Justinus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin I]]''' "the Thracian"<br/>{{Small|''Justinus'', Ἰουστῖνος}}
 | 9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|518|7|9|527|8|1}})}}
-| Born {{Circa|450}} at Bederiana ([[Justiniana Prima]]), [[Dardani#Byzantine Dardania|Dardania]]. Officer and commander of the [[Excubitors]] bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.
+| Born {{Circa|450}} at Bederiana ([[Justiniana Prima]]), [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]]. Officer and commander of the [[Excubitors]] bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.
 |-
 | [[File:Mosaic of Justinianus I (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=mosaic]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justinian I]]''' "the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justinian I]]''' "the Great"<br/>{{Small|''Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus''<br>Ἰουστινιανός}}
 | 1 April 527 – 14 November 565<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|527|4|1|565|11|14}})}}
-| Born in 482/483 at [[Tauresium]] (Taor) [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], Justinian was the nephew of Justin I and was made ''consul'' in 521; he was elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527, when Justin fell ill.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=73}} He succeeded Justin I as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general [[Belisarius]], Justinian was able to regain North Africa, as well as much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous [[Hagia Sophia]] at Constantinople.{{sfn|Kaldellis|2024|pp=276–277}} Justinian was also responsible for the {{Lang|la|[[corpus juris civilis]]}}, or the "body of civil law", which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations.{{sfn|Sarris|2023|pp=122–124}}
+| Born in 482/483 at Tauresium, [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]], Justinian was the nephew of Justin I and was made ''consul'' in 521; he was elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527, when Justin fell ill.{{sfn|Lygo|2022|p=73}} He succeeded Justin I as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general [[Belisarius]], Justinian was able to regain North Africa, as well as much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous [[Hagia Sophia]] at Constantinople.{{sfn|Kaldellis|2024|pp=276–277}} Justinian was also responsible for the {{Lang|la|[[corpus juris civilis]]}}, or the "body of civil law", which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations.{{sfn|Sarris|2023|pp=122–124}}
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Justin II (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse)_(cropped_4to3_format).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Justinus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Justin II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Justinus'', Ἰουστῖνος}}
 | 14 November 565 – 5 October 578<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|565|11|14|578|10|5}})}}
-| Born {{Circa|520}}. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife [[Sophia (empress)|Sophia]], and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.
+| Born {{Circa|520}}. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. He restarted a war with [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Persia]] by refusing to pay the agreed tribute for peace. Due to Persian victories, he became insane, hence in 573–574 the empire was under the regency of his wife [[Sophia (empress)|Sophia]], and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.
 |-
-| [[File:Tiberios II (obverse).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Tiberios_II_(cropped_4to3,_closeup).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Tiberius II Constantine|'''Tiberius II''' Constantine]]<br/>{{Small|''Tiberius Constantinus''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Tiberius II Constantine|'''Tiberius II''' Constantine]]<br/>{{Small|''Tiberius Constantinus''<br>Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | 26 September 578 – 14 August 582<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|578|9|26|582|8|14}})}}
 | Born {{Circa|535}}, commander of the [[Excubitors]], friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named ''[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]'' and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death.
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Maurice (transitional issue).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue)_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Mauricius Tiberius''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Mauricius Tiberius''<br> Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος }}
 | 13 August 582 – 27 November 602<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|582|8|13|602|11|27}})<hr/>''with'' '''[[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]]''' (590–602)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
 | Born in 539 at [[Arabissus]], [[Cappadocia]]. Maurice became an official and later a general of the Byzantine army in the East under Tiberius II, achieving notable successes against the Sassanian Empire during the Byzantine–Sassanian War of 572–591.{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|pp=103, 222–223}} He married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582 after Tiberius II's death.{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|pp=223–224}} Maurice fought wars against the Sassanian kingdom on the eastern front of his empire, the Avars and Slavs for control over the Balkans, and reinforced Byzantine holdings in Ravenna and Carthage.{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|pp=224–232}} He is best remembered for his contributions to Byzantine military theory, notably his treatise [[Strategikon of Maurice|''Strategikon'']], a manual on warfare.{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|p=225}} Maurice named his son [[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]] as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by a centurion named Phocas, he was captured and executed on 27 November 602 along with his family at [[Chalcedon]].{{sfn|Stephenson|2022|pp=231, 236–238}}
@@ Line 235: / Line 255: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Phocas (cropped3to4).jpg|100px|alt=statue portrait]]
-! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Phocas]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Focas''}}
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Phocas]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Focas'', Φωκάς}}
 | 23 November 602 – 5 October 610<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|602|11|23|610|10|5}})}}
 | Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.
@@ Line 258: / Line 278: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus Heraclius Constantine Obverse.jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse_(cropped3to4).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Heraclius Constantine]]'''<br/>{{Small|('''Constantine III'''){{Efn|Heraclius Constantine is often enumerated as 'Constantine III',{{Sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol. IIIA, p. 349|2a1=Grierson|2y=1973|2p=385|3a1=Treadgold|3y=1997|3p=308ff|4a1=Kaegi|4y=2003|4p=112ff}} though this name is also often applied to the earlier [[Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)|western emperor]] and has also been used for Heraclius Constantine's son [[Constans II]] (who actually ruled under the name 'Constantine', 'Constans' being a nickname).{{Sfn|Foss|2005|pp=93–94}}}}<br/>''Heraclius Constantinus''<br/>Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | 11 February – 25 May 641<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|641|2|11|641|5|25}})}}
@@ Line 264: / Line 284: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Heraclius solidus sb 764 (obverse).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Heraclonas_(head).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Heraclonas]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Heraclius'', Ἡράκλειος}}
 | 25 May – 5 November (?) 641<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|641|5|25|641|11|5}})<hr/>''with'' [[David (son of Heraclius)|'''Tiberius'''-David, son of Heraclius]] (641)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
@@ Line 270: / Line 290: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus Constans II (transparent).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_Constans_II_(obverse)_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constans II]]''' "the Bearded"<br/>{{Small|''Constantinus'', Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | September 641 – 15 July 668<br/>{{Small|(26 years and 10 months)}}
@@ Line 300: / Line 320: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Leontius.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Leontius_sb1330_(obverse_cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leontius]]'''<br/>{{Small|Λέων(τιος)}}
 | 695 – 698<br/>{{Small|(3 years)}}
@@ Line 306: / Line 326: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Tiberius III Apsimar.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Tiberius_III_solidus-2_(cropped_4to3,_closeup).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Tiberius III]]'''{{Small|<br/>Τιβέριος}}
 | 698 – 21 August (?) 705<br/>{{Small|(7 years)}}
@@ Line 318: / Line 338: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Philippicus.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Fileppicus_(obverse_cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Philippicus]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Filepicus'', Φιλιππικός}}
 | 4 November 711 – 3 June 713<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|711|11|4|713|6|3}})}}
@@ Line 324: / Line 344: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Tremissis of Anastasius II.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Anastasius_II_sb1464_(obverse_cropped).jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Anastasius II (emperor)|Anastasius II]]'''<br/>{{Small|''Artemius Anastasius''<br/>Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος}}
 | 4 June 713 – fall 715<br/>{{Small|(less than 2 years)}}
@@ Line 330: / Line 350: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Coin of Theodosius III.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III_(cropped_4to3).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Theodosius III]]'''{{Small|<br/>Θεοδόσιος}}
 | Fall 715 – 25 March 717<br/>{{Small|(less than 2 years)}}
@@ Line 349: / Line 369: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Leo III sb1504.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]]''' "the Isaurian"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}{{Efn|Latin ceased being used in coin inscriptions under Leo III.{{Sfn|Grierson|1973|p=177}}}}
 | 25 March 717 – 18 June 741<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|717|3|25|741|6|18}})}}
@@ Line 355: / Line 375: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Constantine V (transparent background).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Constantine_V_(transparent_background)_(cropped_4to3).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine V]]''' "Copronymus"<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | 18 June 741 – 14 September 775<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|741|6|18|775|9|14}})}}
@@ Line 361: / Line 381: @@
 |-
-| style="background:#EBEBEB" | [[File:Solidus of Artabasdos.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| style="background:#EBEBEB" | [[File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB" | '''[[Artabasdos]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{Small|Ἀρτάβασδος}}
 | style="background:#EBEBEB" | June 741 – 2 November 743<br/>{{Small|(2 years and 5 months)<hr/>''with'' [[Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)|'''Nikephoros''', son of Artabasdos]] (741–743)}}
@@ Line 367: / Line 387: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Leo IV and Constantine VI.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI_(detail_Leo_IV).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Leo IV the Khazar|Leo IV]]''' "the Khazar"<br/>{{Small|Λέων}}
 | 14 September 775 – 8 September 780<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|775|9|14|780|9|8}})}}
@@ Line 373: / Line 393: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Constantine VI.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Constantine VI]]''' "the Blind"<br/>{{Small|Κωνσταντῖνος}}
 | 8 September 780 – 19 August 797<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|780|9|8|797|8|19}})}}
@@ Line 379: / Line 399: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Solidus of Irene.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Solidus_of_Irene_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Irene of Athens|Irene]]'''<br/>{{Small|Εἰρήνη}}
 | 19 August 797 – 31 October 802<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|797|8|19|802|10|31}})}}
@@ Line 403: / Line 423: @@
 |-
-| [[File:INC-1870-r Солид. Никифор I и его сын Ставракий. Ок. 803—811 гг. (реверс).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Emperor Staurakios.jpg|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | '''[[Staurakios]]'''<br/>{{Small|Σταυράκιος}}
 | 28 July – 2 October 811<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|811|7|28|811|10|2}})}}
@@ Line 409: / Line 429: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Byzantine co-emperor.jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Coronation_of_a_Byzantine_co-emperor_on_a_shield,_Madrid_Skylitzes_(Senior_Emperor).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael I Rangabe|'''Michael I''' Rangabe]]<br/>{{Small|Μιχαὴλ}}
 | 2 October 811 – 11 July 813<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|811|10|2|813|7|11}})<hr/>''with'' '''[[Theophylact (son of Michael I)|Theophylact]]''' and [[Staurakios (son of Michael I)|'''Staurakios''', sons of Michael I]] (811–813)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
@@ Line 508: / Line 528: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Nikephoros Phokas (cropped 1).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Nikephoros Phokas (cropped 1).jpg|95px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Nikephoros II Phokas|'''Nikephoros II''' Phokas]]<br/>{{Small|Νικηφόρος}}
 | 16 August 963 – 11 December 969<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|963|8|16|969|12|11}})}}
@@ Line 514: / Line 534: @@
 |-
-| [[File:John I in Madrid Skylitzes2.jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John I Tzimiskes|'''John I''' Tzimiskes]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης}}
 | 11 December 969 – 10 January 976<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|969|12|11|976|1|10}})}}
@@ Line 576: / Line 596: @@
 |-
-| [[File:132 - Michael VI Bringas (Mutinensis - color) (cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Tetarteron_of_Michael_VI_(reverse)_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Michael VI Bringas|'''Michael VI''' Bringas]] "Stratiotikos"<br/>{{Small|Μιχαήλ}}{{Efn||name=famnames}}
 | 22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1056|8|22|1057|8|30}})}}
@@ Line 582: / Line 602: @@
 |-
-| [[File:133 - Isaac I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Histamenon_of_Isaac_I_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Isaac I Komnenos|'''Isaac I''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός}}
 | 1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1057|9|1|1059|11|22}})}}
@@ Line 613: / Line 633: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Romanus IV coin crop.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[File:Romanus_IV_coin_crop_(cropped).png|100px|alt=coin]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Romanos IV Diogenes|'''Romanos IV''' Diogenes]]<br/>{{Small|Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης}}
 | 1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1068|1|1|1071|08|26}})<hr/>''with'' [[Leo Diogenes|'''Leo''']] and [[Nikephoros Diogenes|'''Nikephoros''' Diogenes]] ({{Circa}} 1070–71)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}{{Efn|Unattested in coinage; Leo is only called emperor in a singular letter, while his brother's status can only be deduced from the fact that he was [[born in the purple]] and that he also used the "imperial tokens".{{Sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/156691/ Leon 15005.]}}}}
@@ Line 670: / Line 690: @@
 |-
-| [[File:143 - Andronikos I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Hyperpyron_of_Andronikos_I_(reverse)_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos I Komnenos|'''Andronikos I''' Komnenos]] <br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός}}
 | c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185<br/>{{Small|(2 years)<hr/>''with'' [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|'''John''' Komnenos, son of Andronikos I]]<br/ >(1183–1185)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
@@ Line 679: / Line 699: @@
 == Angelos dynasty (1185–1204) ==
 {{Main|Angelos|Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty}}
+{{Legend|#F0FFFF|(§) – Varying ascribed status{{Efn|Some historians regard Kanabos as an emperor, while others consider him solely as an emperor elect.}}}}
 {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
@@ Line 688: / Line 709: @@
 |-
-| [[File:144 - Isaac II Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:IsaacIIAnge_(cropped2).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Isaac II Angelos|'''Isaac II''' Angelos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος}}
 | 12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1185|9|12|1195|4|8}})}}<br/>1 August 1203 –<br />27 January 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1203|8|1|1204|1|27}})}}
@@ Line 694: / Line 715: @@
 |-
-| [[File:145 - Alexios III Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Alexius-III_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios III Angelos|'''Alexios III''' Angelos]]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}}{{Efn|Alexios III used the name Alexios Komnenos Angelos (Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος) prior to his accession but reigned as Alexios Komnenos, dropping his own family name in order to stress his matrilineal descent from the Komnenos dynasty.{{Sfn|Cotsonis|2020|pp=260–261}}}}
 | 8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1195|4|8|1203|7|18}})}}
@@ Line 700: / Line 721: @@
 |-
-| [[File:146 - Alexios IV Angelos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Tetarteron_of_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(cropped).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios IV Angelos|'''Alexios IV''' Angelos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος}}
 | 19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1203|7|19|1204|1|27}})}}
@@ Line 706: / Line 727: @@
 |-
-! colspan=4 | &nbsp;
+| style="background:#F0FFFF"|No representations known.
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF" |[[Nicholas Kanabos]]<br/>{{Small|Νικόλαος Καναβός}} (§)
+| style="background:#F0FFFF" | 25 January 1204 – 28 January 1204<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1204|01|25|1204|1|28}})}}
+| Young noble elected Byzantine emperor during the Fourth Crusade on 25 January 1204 by an assembly of the Byzantine Senate, priests, and the mob of Constantinople in direct opposition to co-emperors [[Isaac II]] and [[Alexios IV]], never accepted imperial power, and took sanctuary in the bowels of Hagia Sophia.{{sfn|Choniates|1984|pp=307–309}} Executed by [[Alexios V]] in early February after his refusal to join his administration.{{sfn|Savignac|2020|pp=6}}
 |-
@@ Line 727: / Line 751: @@
 ! scope=col width="50%" | Notes
+|-
+| | [[File:Coin of Constantine XI Lascaris.png|100px|alt=coin]]
+| [[Constantine Laskaris|'''Constantine''' (XI) Laskaris]]<br/>{{Small|Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις}}
+| 13 April 1204 – 19 March 1205?<br/>{{Small|(11 months and 6 days)}}
+| Born {{Circa|1170}}, nominated emperor after the crusaders entered Constantinople in 1204, he marched out to make a final stand against the Latin Crusaders. However, not even the Varangian Guard could be inspired to prolong the fight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&dq=bl&pg=PA143|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations |year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-42894-1|page=143}}</ref> Seeing all was lost, he quickly fled the capital with his brother, Theodore, in the early hours of 13 April 1204 and the brothers, along with a crowd of refugees, sailed to the Asian side of Bosporus<ref name="Harry J. Magoulias 1984, pg 314">{{cite book |editor-last=Magoulias |editor-first=Harry J. |title=O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs |location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-8143-1764-8 |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8arrZPM8moC}}</ref><ref name=":0" />, possibly a founder with his brother of the [[Empire of Nicea]].
 |-
 | [[File:148 - Theodore I Laskaris (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
@@ Line 792: / Line 821: @@
 [[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
-|<br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1391|2|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
+|<br/>15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1376|8|12}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Assarion of Anna of Savoy.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''']] (1351–1365, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=Thessalonica|During the last years of the Empire, the territory of [[Thessalonica]] was effectively ruled as separate realm from Constantinople. Two empresses, [[Irene of Montferrat|Irene]] and [[Anna of Savoy|Anna]], took residence there, even having their own courts and ruling as ''de facto'' empresses regnant. Anna notably ruled in Thessalonica in opposition to [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who later recognized her portion of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Eugenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObCX9iXMp5kC&pg=PA17 |title=St. Demetrius of Thessalonica|date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-0181-7 |pages=17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Norman Douglas |title=Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1977_num_6_19_1764 |journal=Revue Numismatique |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.3406/numi.1977.1764}}</ref>}}
-| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
+| Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars
-| title = Details
+| 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|(aged 58)}}<hr/>Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Deposed by Andronikos III Palaiologos in 1376, later restored to the throne in 1379.
-| expand =
-| <hr/>
-* 15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1341|6|15|1376|8|12}})}}
-* 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1379|7|1|1390|4|14}})}}
-* 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|9|17|1391|2|16}})}}
-}}<hr/>''with'' [[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''']] (1351–1365, in [[Thessalonica]])}}
-| While the only son of Andronikos III, John V was not crowned or declared heir at his father's death—partly due to being only 10-years old at the time—which contributed to the outbreak of a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|destructive civil war]] between his regents and his father's closest aide, [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who was instead crowned co-emperor.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=265–267}} The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V during [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|another civil war]].{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=267–268}} After successful Turkish incursions and their seizure of Adrianople, John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, even going so far as to seek religious union and journeying to Rome to convert to Catholicism.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|p=269}} Despite his efforts otherwise, John V was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty in 1371.{{sfn|Reinert|2002|pp=269–270}}
 |-
 | [[File:Johannes VI. Cantacuzenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VI Kantakouzenos|'''John VI''' Kantakouzenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός}}
-| 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1347|2|8|1354|12|10}})<hr/>''with'' [[Matthew Kantakouzenos|'''Matthew''' Kantakouzenos]] (1353–1357)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
+| 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1347|2|8|1354|12|10}})<hr/>''with'' [[File:Matthew Kantakouzenos.png|28px|alt=coin]] [[Matthew Kantakouzenos|'''Matthew''' Kantakouzenos]] (1353–1357)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
-| A maternal relative of the [[Palaiologos|Palaiologoi]], he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|civil war]] on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.
+| Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|lengthy civil war]] with John&nbsp;V's mother, [[Anna of Savoy]]. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347
+|{{Circa}} 1295 – 15 June 1383<br/>{{Small|(aged approx. 88)}}<hr/>Deposed by John&nbsp;V in [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|another civil war]] and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1050–1051|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=252–288|3a1=PLP|3p=2046 (#10973)|4a1=Feiller|4y=1976}}
 |-
-| [[File:158 - Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:158 - Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]<br />{{Small|Non-contemporary}}
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|'''Andronikos IV''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος}}
 | 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1376|8|12|1379|7|1}})}}<br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/>{{Small|(4 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}
-| Son of John V and grandson of John&nbsp;VI, he was named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]] after a failed rebellion in May 1373. He rebelled again and successfully [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|deposed his father]] in 1376. [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|Deposed by John V]] in 1379, he fled to [[Galata]] in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over [[Selymbria]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|coast of Marmara]]. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Mladenov|2y=2003|2p=190|1p=95|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=312–321|4a1=PLP|4p=3893 (#21438)}}
+| Son of John V and grandson of John&nbsp;VI; named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]] after a failed rebellion in May 1373. Rebelled again and successfully [[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|deposed his father]] in 1376; not formally crowned until 18 October 1377
+| 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385<br/>{{Small|(aged 37)}}<hr/>[[Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379|Deposed by John V]] in 1379; fled to [[Galata]] in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over [[Selymbria]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|coast of Marmara]]. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Mladenov|2y=2003|2p=190|1p=95|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=312–321|4a1=PLP|4p=3893 (#21438)}}
+|-
+|
+[[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος<br/>('''second reign''')}}
+|<br/>1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/>{{Small|1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390
+<small>({{Age in years, months and days|1379|7|1|1390|4|14}})</small>
+| Restored by the Venetians after Andronikos III Palaiologos favored the Genoese.
+| 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|(aged 58)}}<hr/>Deposed by John VII Palaiologos in 1390{{Sfn|Leonte|2012|p=47}}. Restored later that year.{{Sfn|Leonte|2012|p=47}}{{Sfn|Oikonomides|1977|p=331}}{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica – Manuel II Palaeologus}}
 |-
-| [[File:159 - John VII Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+| [[File:Closeup_of_John_VII_Palaiologos_(cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John VII Palaiologos|'''John VII''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος}}
-| 1385 – 1403<br/>{{Small|(18 years, in [[Selymbria]])}}<br/>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|4|14|1390|9|17}})}}<br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])<hr/>''with'' [[Andronikos V Palaiologos|'''Andronikos V''' Palaiologos]] (1403–1407, in [[Thessalonica]])}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
+| June 1385 – April 1390<br/>{{Small|(4 years and 10 months, in [[Selymbria]])}}{{Efn|John VII inherited his father's lands around Selymbria and, as per a 1381 agreement with Andronikos IV that legitimized his role as co-emperor and heir. He ruled there with the title of emperor (''basileus''), although he ruled heavily influenced by the Ottomans and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Leonte|first=Florin|title=Rhetoric in Purple|date=2012|degree=PhD|publisher=[[Central European University]]|url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf|pages=46–47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422174706/https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/leonte_florin.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref>}}<br/>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1390|4|14|1390|9|17}})}}<br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])<hr/>''with'' [[Andronikos V Palaiologos|'''Andronikos V''' Palaiologos]] (1403–1407)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}}
-| Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given [[Thessalonica]] as an [[appanage]], which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.
+| Son of Andronikos IV, co-emperor since 1377; usurped the throne from John&nbsp;V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]] by [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel&nbsp;II]] in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death
+| 1370 – 22 September 1408<br/>{{Small|(aged 38)}}<hr/>Ruled Constantinople as regent in [[Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)|1399–1403]] during Manuel&nbsp;II's absence. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Oikonomides|2y=1977|2p=331|1p=1052|3a1=Schreiner|3pp=340–343|4a1=PLP|4p=3908 (#21480)}}
+|-
+|
+[[File:Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos (head cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]]
+! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John V Palaiologos|'''John V''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος<br/>('''third reign''')}}
+|<br/>17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391
+<small>({{Age in years, months and days|1390|9|17|1391|2|16}})</small><br />
+| Restored after Manuel II Palaiologos returned from campaign.{{Sfn|Leonte|2012|p=47}}{{Sfn|Oikonomides|1977|p=331}}{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica – Manuel II Palaeologus}}
+| 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/>{{Small|(aged 58)}}<hr/>Reigned breifly after restoration, dying of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1050|2a1=Schreiner|2pp=253, 345|3a1=PLP|3p=3912 (#21485)}} less than one year after. Only emperor to have reigned three separate times.
 |-
@@ Line 826: / Line 869: @@
 ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel II Palaiologos|'''Manuel II''' Palaiologos]]<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος}}
 | 1382 – 1387<br/>{{Small|(5 years, in [[Thessalonica]])}}<br/>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1391|2|16|1425|6|21}})}}
-| Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the [[Battle of Ankara]]—thanks largely to the fact that Timur and the Tartars attacked the Turks when they were besieging Constantinople, which forced the Turks' retreat—to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=121–122}} Manuel II died in 1425 and was succeeded by his son, John VIII.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=122}}
+| Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the [[Battle of Ankara]]—thanks largely to the fact that Timur and the Tatars attacked the Turks when they were besieging Constantinople, which forced the Turks' retreat—to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|pp=121–122}} Manuel II died in 1425 and was succeeded by his son, John VIII.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=122}}
 |-
@@ Line 852: / Line 895: @@
 * [[List of Byzantine usurpers]]
 * [[Succession to the Byzantine Empire]]
+* [[Ottoman claim to Roman succession]]
 * [[List of Roman and Byzantine empresses]]
 * [[List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin]]
@@ Line 870: / Line 914: @@
 * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scJJDAAAQBAJ |title=John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium |publisher=Routledge |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-4724-6024-0 |editor-last=Bucossi |editor-first=Alessandra |location=London |editor-last2=Rodriguez Suarez |editor-first2=Alex}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Alan |date=1988 |title=Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol |journal=Latomus |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=26–33 |jstor=41540754}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Niketas|url=https://archive.org/details/o-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984/page/n341|title=Annals of Niketas Choniates|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|year=1984|translator-last=Harry J. Magoulias|author-link=Niketas Choniates|orig-year=1207}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Cotsonis |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCrXDwAAQBAJ |title=The Religious Figural Imagery of Byzantine Lead Seals I |publisher=Routledge |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-3673-4696-6 |location=Oxford}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Croke |first=Brian |date=2004 |title=The Imperial Reigns of Leo II |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/BYZS.2003.559/html |journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.1515/BYZS.2003.559 |s2cid=191460505|url-access=subscription }}
@@ Line 884: / Line 929: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/docoins-3 |title=Catalogue of Byzantine Coins, vol. 3: Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717-1081 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |date=1973 |isbn=0-8840-2012-6 |location=Washington D.C.}}
 * {{cite web |last=Hooker |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224072609/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM |archive-date=24 February 1999 |access-date=25 August 2015 |website=[[Washington State University]]}}
-* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire |title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1971–1992 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=A. H. M. |editor-link=A. H. M. Jones |location=Cambridge |ref=CITEREFPLRE |editor-last2=Martindale |editor-first2=J. R. |editor-link2=John Robert Martindale |editor-last3=Morris |editor-first3=John |editor-link3=John Morris (historian)}} {{Link note|note=see [[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire|'''PLRE''']]}}
+* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1971–1992 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=A. H. M. |editor-link=A. H. M. Jones |location=Cambridge |ref=CITEREFPLRE |editor-last2=Martindale |editor-first2=J. R. |editor-link2=John Robert Martindale |editor-last3=Morris |editor-first3=John |editor-link3=John Morris (historian)}} {{Link note|note=see [[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire|'''PLRE''']]}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Kaegi |first=Walter E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC |title=Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-5218-1459-6 |location=Cambridge}}
 * {{cite book | last=Kaldellis | first=Anthony | year=2024 | title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium | location=Oxford and New York | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19754-932-2}}
 * {{cite book | last=Karayannopoulous | first=Yanis | year=2000 | chapter=State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce| title=History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries | editor1=M.A. Al-Bakhit | editor2=L. Bazin | editor3=S.M. Cissoko | editor4=M.S. Asimov | volume=IV | location=Paris| publisher=UNESCO | isbn=978-9-23102-813-7}}
 * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-1950-4652-6 |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan |location=Oxford |ref=CITEREFODB}} {{Link note|note=see [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|'''ODB''']]}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Kienast |first=Dietmar |url=https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle |title=Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie |last2=Werner Eck |author-link2=Werner Eck |last3=Matthäus Heil |publisher=[[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|WBG]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-5342-6724-8 |edition=6th |location=Darmstadt |language=de |trans-title=Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology |ref={{SfnRef|Kienast|Eck|Heil}} |orig-date=1990 |name-list-style=amp}}
+* {{Cite book |last1=Kienast |first1=Dietmar |url=https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle |title=Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie |last2=Werner Eck |author-link2=Werner Eck |last3=Matthäus Heil |publisher=[[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|WBG]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-5342-6724-8 |edition=6th |location=Darmstadt |language=de |trans-title=Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology |ref={{SfnRef|Kienast|Eck|Heil}} |orig-date=1990 |name-list-style=amp}}
 * {{cite book | last=Kulikowski | first=Michael | year=2019 | title=The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-67466-013-7}}
-* {{Citation |last=Lascaratos |first=J. |title=The fatal disease of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (1328-1341 A.D.) |work=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=106–109 |date=1997 |doi=10.1177/014107689709000215 |pmc=1296151 |pmid=9068444 |last2=Marketos |first2=S.}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Lascaratos |first1=J. |title=The fatal disease of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (1328-1341 A.D.) |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=106–109 |date=1997 |doi=10.1177/014107689709000215 |pmc=1296151 |pmid=9068444 |last2=Marketos |first2=S.}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Lascaratos |first=J. |date=1999 |title="Eyes" on the Thrones: Imperial Ophthalmologic Nicknames |url=https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(99)00039-9/abstract |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |language=English |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |doi=10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00039-9 |issn=0039-6257 |pmid=10466590|url-access=subscription }}
 * {{cite book | last=Lee | first=A.D. | year=2013 | title=From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome | location=Edinburgh | publisher= Edinburgh University Press | isbn=978-0-74862-790-5}}
@@ Line 915: / Line 960: @@
 * {{Cite journal |last=Salway |first=Benet |author-link=Benet Salway |date=1994 |title=What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700 |journal=[[Journal of Roman Studies]] |volume=84 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.2307/300873 |jstor=300873 |s2cid=162435434}}
 * {{cite book | last=Sarris | first=Peter | year=2023 | title=Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint | location=New York | publisher=Basic Books | isbn=978-0-213-76478-4}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31064036 |first=David |last=Savignac|year=2020|title=The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Schreiner |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/kleinchroniken2 |title=Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken II: Historischer Kommentar |publisher=[[ÖAW]] |date=1977 |isbn=978-3-7001-0206-9 |series=[[Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae|CFHB]] |location=Vienna |language=German |trans-title=Byzantine small chronicles 2: Historical commentary |ref={{SfnRef|Schreiner}}}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Seibt |first=Werner |date=2018 |title=Wer war Niketas Nobellisimos und Komes von Opsikion (8. Jahrhundert)? |trans-title=Who was Niketas Nobellisimos and Komes of Opsikion (8th century)? |url=http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x00390f8b.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik |language=German |volume=67 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1553/joeb67s213}}

List of Byzantine emperors: Difference between revisions

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