Behavior: Difference between revisions
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'''Behavior''' ([[American English]]) or '''behaviour''' ([[British English]]) is the range of actions of [[ | '''Behavior''' ([[American English]]) or '''behaviour''' ([[British English]]) is the range of actions of [[Organism|organisms]], [[Individual|individuals]], [[systems]] or [[Artificial intelligence|artificial entities]] in some environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=behavior |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behavior#dictionary-entry-1 |website=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, [[conscious]] or [[subconscious]], overt or covert, and [[voluntary action|voluntary]] or [[Volition (psychology)|involuntary]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth A. Minton, Lynn R. Khale|title=Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics|year=2014|location=New York|publisher=Business Expert Press LLC|isbn=978-1-60649-704-3}}</ref> While some behavior is produced in response to an organism's environment (extrinsic motivation), behavior can also be the product of intrinsic motivation, also referred to as "agency" or "free will". | ||
Taking a [[behavior informatics]] perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior [[Euclidean vector|vector]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Cao|first=Longbing|year=2010|title=In-depth Behavior Understanding and Use: the Behavior Informatics Approach|journal=Information Science|volume=180|issue=17|pages=3067–3085|doi=10.1016/j.ins.2010.03.025|arxiv=2007.15516|s2cid=7400761}}</ref> | Taking a [[behavior informatics]] perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior [[Euclidean vector|vector]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Cao|first=Longbing|year=2010|title=In-depth Behavior Understanding and Use: the Behavior Informatics Approach|journal=Information Science|volume=180|issue=17|pages=3067–3085|doi=10.1016/j.ins.2010.03.025|arxiv=2007.15516|s2cid=7400761}}</ref> | ||
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==== Definition ==== | ==== Definition ==== | ||
A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of [[phenotypic plasticity]]. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are a result of development ([[ontogeny]]).<ref>Karban, R. (2008). Plant behaviour and communication. ''Ecology Letters'' 11 (7): 727–739, [http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074635/http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf|date=4 October 2015}}.</ref><ref>Karban, R. (2015). Plant Behavior and Communication. In: ''Plant Sensing and Communication''. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-8, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ].</ref> | A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of [[phenotypic plasticity]]. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are a result of development ([[ontogeny]]).<ref>Karban, R. (2008). Plant behaviour and communication. ''Ecology Letters'' 11 (7): 727–739, [http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074635/http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf|date=4 October 2015}}.</ref><ref>Karban, R. (2015). Plant Behavior and Communication. In: ''Plant Sensing and Communication''. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-8, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ].</ref> | ||
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===Animal behavior=== | ===Animal behavior=== | ||
{{Main| | {{Main|Animal behavior}} | ||
Ethology is the [[Scientific method|scientific]] and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions, and viewing behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of ethology |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref> [[Behaviourism|Behaviorism]] is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioral responses in a [[laboratory]] context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of behaviorism |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120712173004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 July 2012 |title= Behaviourism |publisher= Oxford Dictionaries |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref> | Ethology is the [[Scientific method|scientific]] and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions, and viewing behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of ethology |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref> [[Behaviourism|Behaviorism]] is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioral responses in a [[laboratory]] context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of behaviorism |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120712173004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 July 2012 |title= Behaviourism |publisher= Oxford Dictionaries |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref> | ||
==In management== | ==In management== | ||
===Organizational=== | ===Organizational=== | ||
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===Social behavior=== | ===Social behavior=== | ||
{{Main|Social behavior}}Social behavior is behavior among two or more [[organism]]s within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an [[Social interaction|interaction]] among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when one gives, one will receive the same. This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in. | {{Main|Social behavior}} | ||
Social behavior is behavior among two or more [[organism]]s within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an [[Social interaction|interaction]] among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when one gives, one will receive the same. This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in. | |||
== Behavior informatics == | == Behavior informatics == | ||
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* Sleeping 7–8hrs per night | * Sleeping 7–8hrs per night | ||
Health behaviors impact upon individuals' quality of life, by delaying the onset of chronic disease and extending active lifespan. Smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, gaps in primary care services and low screening uptake are all significant determinants of poor health, and changing such behaviors should lead to improved health. | Health behaviors impact upon individuals' quality of life, by delaying the onset of chronic disease and extending active lifespan. Smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, diet, gaps in primary care services and low screening uptake are all significant determinants of poor health, and changing such behaviors should lead to improved health. | ||
For example, in US, Healthy People 2000, [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]], lists increased physical activity, changes in nutrition and reductions in tobacco, alcohol and drug use as important for health promotion and disease prevention. | For example, in US, Healthy People 2000, [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]], lists increased physical activity, changes in nutrition and reductions in tobacco, alcohol and drug use as important for health promotion and disease prevention. | ||
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[[Category:Psychological concepts]] | [[Category:Psychological concepts]] | ||
[[Category:Biological concepts]] | [[Category:Biological concepts]] | ||
[[Category:Broad-concept articles]] | |||
[[Category:Main topic articles]] | [[Category:Main topic articles]] | ||