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{{Redirect-multi|3|Shore|Shoreline|Seacoast|other uses|Shore (disambiguation)|and|Shoreline (disambiguation)|the specific area|Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)}} | {{Redirect-multi|3|Shore|Shoreline|Seacoast|other uses|Shore (disambiguation)|and|Shoreline (disambiguation)|the specific area|Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)}} | ||
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[[File:Spring Lake, New Jersey Beach at Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Sunrise]] on the [[Jersey Shore]] coastline at [[Spring Lake, New Jersey|Spring Lake]], [[New Jersey]], U.S.]] | |||
[[File:Knights Point - Tasmánské moře - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Rugged coastline of the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast Region]] of New Zealand]] | [[File:Knights Point - Tasmánské moře - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Rugged coastline of the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast Region]] of New Zealand]] | ||
A '''coast''' ('''coastline''', '''shoreline''', '''seashore''') is the [[land]] next to the [[sea]] or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the [[ocean]] or a [[lake]].<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|coast |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|coastline |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Coasts are influenced by the [[topography]] of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic [[erosion]], such as that caused by [[wind wave|waves]]. The [[geology|geological]] composition of [[rock (geology)|rock]] and [[soil]] dictates the type of shore that is created. [[Earth]] has about {{cvt|620,000|km|mi}} of coastline. | A '''coast''' (also called the '''coastline''', '''shoreline''', or '''seashore''') is the [[land]] next to the [[sea]] or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the [[ocean]] or a [[lake]].<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary |coast |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|coastline |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Coasts are influenced by the [[topography]] of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic [[erosion]], such as that caused by [[wind wave|waves]]. The [[geology|geological]] composition of [[rock (geology)|rock]] and [[soil]] dictates the type of shore that is created. [[Earth]] has about {{cvt|620,000.0|km|mi}} of coastline. | ||
Coasts are important zones in natural [[ecosystem]]s, often home to a wide range of [[biodiversity]]. On land, they harbor ecosystems, such as [[freshwater marsh|freshwater]] or [[estuary|estuarine]] [[wetland]]s, that are important for birds and other [[terrestrial animal]]s. In wave-protected areas, coasts harbor [[salt marsh]]es, [[mangrove]]s, and [[seagrass meadow|seagrasses]], all of which can provide [[nursery habitat]] for fin[[fish]], [[shellfish]], and other [[aquatic animal]]s.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0 |title=Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=978-90-481-2405-3 |editor-last=Nagelkerken |editor-first=Ivan |location=[[Dordrecht]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Nagelkerken|first1=I. |last2=Blaber|first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon|first3=S. |last4=Green|first4=P. |last5=Haywood|first5=M. |last6=Kirton|first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke|first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik|first8=J. |last9=Penrose|first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar|first10=A. |last11=Somerfield|first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2|pages=155–185 |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Rocky shore]]s are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of [[sessility (motility)|sessile animals]] (e.g. [[mussel]]s, [[starfish]], [[barnacle]]s) and various kinds of [[seaweed]]s. | Coasts are important zones in natural [[ecosystem]]s, often home to a wide range of [[biodiversity]]. On land, they harbor ecosystems, such as [[freshwater marsh|freshwater]] or [[estuary|estuarine]] [[wetland]]s, that are important for birds and other [[terrestrial animal]]s. In wave-protected areas, coasts harbor [[salt marsh]]es, [[mangrove]]s, and [[seagrass meadow|seagrasses]], all of which can provide [[nursery habitat]] for fin[[fish]], [[shellfish]], and other [[aquatic animal]]s.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0 |title=Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=978-90-481-2405-3 |editor-last=Nagelkerken |editor-first=Ivan |location=[[Dordrecht]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Nagelkerken|first1=I. |last2=Blaber|first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon|first3=S. |last4=Green|first4=P. |last5=Haywood|first5=M. |last6=Kirton|first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke|first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik|first8=J. |last9=Penrose|first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar|first10=A. |last11=Somerfield|first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2|pages=155–185 |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Rocky shore]]s are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of [[sessility (motility)|sessile animals]] (e.g. [[mussel]]s, [[starfish]], [[barnacle]]s) and various kinds of [[seaweed]]s. | ||
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However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities [[effects of climate change|vulnerable to climate change]], which causes increases in [[extreme weather]] and sea level rise, as well as related issues like [[coastal erosion]], [[saltwater intrusion]], and [[coastal flooding]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Climate change and the coasts |website=[[World Ocean Review]] |url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-5/climate-change-threats-and-natural-hazards/climate-change-and-the-coasts |access-date=2020-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Other coastal issues, such as [[marine pollution]], [[marine debris]], coastal development, and [[marine ecosystem]] destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.<ref name=":0" /> | However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities [[effects of climate change|vulnerable to climate change]], which causes increases in [[extreme weather]] and sea level rise, as well as related issues like [[coastal erosion]], [[saltwater intrusion]], and [[coastal flooding]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Climate change and the coasts |website=[[World Ocean Review]] |url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-5/climate-change-threats-and-natural-hazards/climate-change-and-the-coasts |access-date=2020-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Other coastal issues, such as [[marine pollution]], [[marine debris]], coastal development, and [[marine ecosystem]] destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The interactive effects of climate change, [[habitat destruction]], [[overfishing]], and [[water pollution]] (especially [[eutrophication]]) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, [[biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]], increased [[invasive species|invasion of alien species]], and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in [[Sustainable Development Goal 14]] "Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more [[sustainable development|sustainable economic practices]] for coastal communities.<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the [[UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration]], but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Waltham|first1=Nathan J.|last2=Elliott|first2=Michael|last3=Lee|first3=Shing Yip|last4=Lovelock|first4=Catherine|last5=Duarte|first5=Carlos M.|last6=Buelow|first6=Christina|last7=Simenstad|first7=Charles|last8=Nagelkerken|first8=Ivan|last9=Claassens|first9=Louw|last10=Wen|first10=Colin K-C|last11=Barletta|first11=Mario|date=2020|title=UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=7| | The interactive effects of climate change, [[habitat destruction]], [[overfishing]], and [[water pollution]] (especially [[eutrophication]]) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, [[biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]], increased [[invasive species|invasion of alien species]], and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in [[Sustainable Development Goal 14]] "Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more [[sustainable development|sustainable economic practices]] for coastal communities.<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the [[UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration]], but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Waltham|first1=Nathan J.|last2=Elliott|first2=Michael|last3=Lee|first3=Shing Yip|last4=Lovelock|first4=Catherine|last5=Duarte|first5=Carlos M.|last6=Buelow|first6=Christina|last7=Simenstad|first7=Charles|last8=Nagelkerken|first8=Ivan|last9=Claassens|first9=Louw|last10=Wen|first10=Colin K-C|last11=Barletta|first11=Mario|date=2020|title=UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=7|article-number=71|doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.00071|issn=2296-7745|hdl=2440/123896|hdl-access=free|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020FrMaS...7...71W }}</ref> | ||
Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact [[perimeter]] cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the [[coastline paradox]]. The term ''coastal zone'' is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nelson|first=Stephen A.|year=2007|title=Coastal Zones|url=http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085932/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm|archive-date=2013-03-16|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Both the terms ''coast'' and ''coastal'' are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's [[West Coast Region|West Coast]], or the [[East Coast of the United States|East]], [[West Coast of the United States|West]], and [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] of the [[United States]].) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called ''[[pelagic]]'' ''coast'', while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a [[gulf]] or [[bay]]. A [[shore]], on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). | Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact [[perimeter]] cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the [[coastline paradox]]. The term ''coastal zone'' is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nelson|first=Stephen A.|year=2007|title=Coastal Zones|url=http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085932/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm|archive-date=2013-03-16|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Both the terms ''coast'' and ''coastal'' are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's [[West Coast Region|West Coast]], or the [[East Coast of the United States|East]], [[West Coast of the United States|West]], and [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] of the [[United States]].) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called ''[[pelagic]]'' ''coast'', while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a [[gulf]] or [[bay]]. A [[shore]], on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). | ||
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The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]]) vegetated habitats as being [[Coastal ecosystem|coastal ecosystems]] (including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also [[Ecosystem service#Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services|estuaries and coastal ecosystems]]). | The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]]) vegetated habitats as being [[Coastal ecosystem|coastal ecosystems]] (including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also [[Ecosystem service#Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services|estuaries and coastal ecosystems]]). | ||
While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to [[jurisdiction]].{{ | While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to [[jurisdiction]].<ref>{{cite treaty |title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 |url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm |article=5, 7 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 October 2023 |quote=Article 5: "The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State." Article 7.1: "In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population |url=https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614012437/https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. | ||
===Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline=== | ===Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline=== | ||
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[[Growth management]] and [[coastal management]] can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like [[coastal erosion]] and [[sea level rise]]. In many of these communities, management practices such as [[beach nourishment]] or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable, [[managed retreat]] to remove communities from the coast.<gallery widths="220px" heights="160px" class="center" perrow="3" caption=""> | [[Growth management]] and [[coastal management]] can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like [[coastal erosion]] and [[sea level rise]]. In many of these communities, management practices such as [[beach nourishment]] or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable, [[managed retreat]] to remove communities from the coast.<gallery widths="220px" heights="160px" class="center" perrow="3" caption=""> | ||
File:Maarianhamina SNV10312 -2B.jpg| A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of [[Mariehamn]], [[Åland]]. | File:Maarianhamina SNV10312 -2B.jpg| A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of [[Mariehamn]], [[Åland]]. | ||
File:Amalfi Coast (Italy, October 2020) - 75 (50558355441).jpg|[[Amalfi Coast]], Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually<ref name="uniq">{{cite web |title = Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History |url = http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |work = Unique Costiera |access-date = 28 June 2011 | File:Amalfi Coast (Italy, October 2020) - 75 (50558355441).jpg|[[Amalfi Coast]], Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually<ref name="uniq">{{cite web |title = Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History |url = http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |work = Unique Costiera |access-date = 28 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111031120459/http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |archive-date = 31 October 2011 }}</ref> and is listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title = Costiera Amalfitana |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/830 |publisher = [[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |access-date = 14 September 2015}}</ref> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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{{See also|Eutrophication#Coastal waters}} | {{See also|Eutrophication#Coastal waters}} | ||
[[File:Transport of carbon across territorial boundaries in territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, continental shelf, high seas, and deep seabed.webp|thumb|upright=1.5|Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction: [[Territorial waters|territorial sea]], [[Exclusive economic zone|Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ), [[continental shelf]], [[high seas]] (international waters), and [[Marine sediment|deep seabed]].]] | [[File:Transport of carbon across territorial boundaries in territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, continental shelf, high seas, and deep seabed.webp|thumb|upright=1.5|Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction: [[Territorial waters|territorial sea]], [[Exclusive economic zone|Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ), [[continental shelf]], [[high seas]] (international waters), and [[Marine sediment|deep seabed]].]] | ||
"Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a term that carries different meanings depending upon the context, ranging from a geographic reference to the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, to describing the entire [[continental shelf]] that may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ocean margin processes in global change: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Berlin, 1990, March 18–23 |date=1991 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-92673-3 |editor-last=Mantoura |editor-first=R. F. C |location=Chichester, New York |language=en |oclc=22765791 |editor-last2=Martin |editor-first2=Jean-Marie |editor-last3=Wollast |editor-first3=R }}</ref> The term is used in a different manner when describing legal and economic boundaries, such as [[territorial waters]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Henry Campbell |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan Andrew |title=Black's law dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=West |location=St. Paul, Minn |isbn=978- | "Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a term that carries different meanings depending upon the context, ranging from a geographic reference to the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, to describing the entire [[continental shelf]] that may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ocean margin processes in global change: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Berlin, 1990, March 18–23 |date=1991 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-92673-3 |editor-last=Mantoura |editor-first=R. F. C |location=Chichester, New York |language=en |oclc=22765791 |editor-last2=Martin |editor-first2=Jean-Marie |editor-last3=Wollast |editor-first3=R }}</ref> The term is used in a different manner when describing legal and economic boundaries, such as [[territorial waters]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Henry Campbell |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan Andrew |title=Black's law dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=West |location=St. Paul, Minn |isbn=978-0-314-19949-2 |page=729 |edition=9th}}</ref> and [[international waters]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Henry Campbell |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan Andrew |title=Black's law dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=West |location=St. Paul, Minn |isbn=978-0-314-19949-2 |page=1128 |edition=9th}} (defining "navigable sea")</ref> or when describing the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf ([[marine coastal ecosystem]]s). | ||
The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=John H. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/introduction-to-the-physical-and-biological-oceanography-of-shelf-seas/D28A42640D9F3D5BADB6D9533D663ECD |title=Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas |last2=Sharples |first2=Jonathan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139034098 |isbn=978-0-521-87762-6 |edition=1}}</ref> The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide variety of different ways in different contexts. In [[European Union]] environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles<ref>{{Cite web |title=coastal waters — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.eea.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> while in the United States the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] considers this region to extend much further offshore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Coastal Waters |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>USEPA (2001) [https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/documents/nutrient-criteria-manual-estuarine-coastal.pdf Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</ref> | The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=John H. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/introduction-to-the-physical-and-biological-oceanography-of-shelf-seas/D28A42640D9F3D5BADB6D9533D663ECD |title=Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas |last2=Sharples |first2=Jonathan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139034098 |isbn=978-0-521-87762-6 |edition=1}}</ref> The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide variety of different ways in different contexts. In [[European Union]] environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles<ref>{{Cite web |title=coastal waters — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.eea.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> while in the United States the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] considers this region to extend much further offshore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Coastal Waters |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>USEPA (2001) [https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/documents/nutrient-criteria-manual-estuarine-coastal.pdf Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</ref> | ||
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"Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial [[Maritime transport|coastal shipping]], and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval [[littoral warfare]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} [[Oceanography|Oceanographers]] and [[Marine biology|marine biologists]] have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of [[marine habitats]] from enclosed [[Estuary|estuaries]] to the [[Pelagic zone|open waters]] of the continental shelf. | "Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial [[Maritime transport|coastal shipping]], and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval [[littoral warfare]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} [[Oceanography|Oceanographers]] and [[Marine biology|marine biologists]] have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of [[marine habitats]] from enclosed [[Estuary|estuaries]] to the [[Pelagic zone|open waters]] of the continental shelf. | ||
Similarly, the term [[littoral zone]] has no single definition. It is the part of a [[sea]], [[lake]], or [[river]] that is close to the [[shore]].<ref name="Seekell2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Seekell |first1=D. |last2=Cael |first2=B. |last3=Norman |first3=S. |last4=Byström |first4=P. |year=2021 |title=Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=48 |issue=20 | | Similarly, the term [[littoral zone]] has no single definition. It is the part of a [[sea]], [[lake]], or [[river]] that is close to the [[shore]].<ref name="Seekell2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Seekell |first1=D. |last2=Cael |first2=B. |last3=Norman |first3=S. |last4=Byström |first4=P. |year=2021 |title=Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=48 |issue=20 |article-number=e2021GL095046 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4895046S |doi=10.1029/2021GL095046 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=244253181|doi-access=free }}</ref> In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the [[high water mark]], which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently [[Underwater|submerged]]. | ||
Coastal waters can be threatened by [[coastal eutrophication]] and [[harmful algal blooms]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maúre |first1=Elígio de Raús |last2=Terauchi |first2=Genki |last3=Ishizaka |first3=Joji |last4=Clinton |first4=Nicholas |last5=DeWitt |first5=Michael |date=2021 |title=Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6142 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8536747 |pmid=34686688}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Jickells |first=T. D. |date=1998 |title=Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=281 |issue=5374 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9660744|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Glibert |first1=Patricia |last2=Burford |first2=Michele |date=2017 |title=Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges |url=https://tos.org/oceanography/article/globally-changing-nutrient-loads-and-harmful-algal-blooms-recent-advances-n |journal=Oceanography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2017.110|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Ocgpy..30a..58G |hdl=10072/377577 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | Coastal waters can be threatened by [[coastal eutrophication]] and [[harmful algal blooms]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maúre |first1=Elígio de Raús |last2=Terauchi |first2=Genki |last3=Ishizaka |first3=Joji |last4=Clinton |first4=Nicholas |last5=DeWitt |first5=Michael |date=2021 |title=Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6142 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8536747 |pmid=34686688}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Jickells |first=T. D. |date=1998 |title=Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=281 |issue=5374 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9660744|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Glibert |first1=Patricia |last2=Burford |first2=Michele |date=2017 |title=Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges |url=https://tos.org/oceanography/article/globally-changing-nutrient-loads-and-harmful-algal-blooms-recent-advances-n |journal=Oceanography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2017.110|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Ocgpy..30a..58G |hdl=10072/377577 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
<references> | |||
<ref name="BBC" >{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt6r82p/revision/1 |title=Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=13 April 2024 }}</ref> | <ref name="BBC" >{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt6r82p/revision/1 |title=Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=13 April 2024 }}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="field studies method" >{{cite web |url=https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/method/ |title=Method for high energy coasts |website=www.field-studies-council.org |access-date=13 April 2024 }}</ref> | <ref name="field studies method" >{{cite web |url=https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/method/ |title=Method for high energy coasts |website=www.field-studies-council.org |access-date=13 April 2024 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Guisado-Pintado and Jackson 2019" >{{cite journal|last1=Guisado-Pintado |first1=E |last2=Jackson |first2=D.W.T. |date=2019|title=Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland. |journal=Front. Earth Sci. |volume=7 |issue=190 |doi=10.3389/feart.2019.00190 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEaS...7..190G | <ref name="Guisado-Pintado and Jackson 2019" >{{cite journal|last1=Guisado-Pintado |first1=E |last2=Jackson |first2=D.W.T. |date=2019|title=Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland. |journal=Front. Earth Sci. |volume=7 |issue=190 |article-number=190 |doi=10.3389/feart.2019.00190 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEaS...7..190G }}</ref> | ||
}} | <ref name="Vaia" >{{cite web |url=https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/geography/coasts-geography/classification-of-coasts/ |title=Classification of Coasts |website=www.vaia.com |access-date=13 April 2024 }}</ref> | ||
</references> | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||