History of Chad: Difference between revisions
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[[Chad]] ({{langx|ar|تشاد}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Tchad}}), officially the ''Republic of Chad'', is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders [[Libya]] to the north, [[Sudan]] to the east, the [[Central African Republic]] to the south, [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]] to the southwest, and [[Niger]] to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely [[desert]] climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/features/199/swarms_at_the_border/|title=Swarms at the Border: The Dead Heart of Africa|date=July 10, 2006|website=Guernica Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720105047/http://www.guernicamag.com/features/199/swarms_at_the_border/|archive-date=2008-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
==Prehistory== | ==Prehistory== | ||
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Chad became an oil producer in 2003. To avoid [[resource curse]] and corruption, elaborate plans sponsored by World Bank were made. This plan ensured transparency in payments, as well as that 80% of money from oil exports would be spent on five priority development sectors, two most important of these being: education and healthcare. However money started getting diverted towards the military even before the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]] broke out. In 2006 when the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]] escalated, Chad abandoned previous economic plans sponsored by [[World Bank]] and added "national security" as priority development sector, money from this sector was used to improve the military. During the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]], more than 600 million dollars were used to buy fighter jets, attack helicopters, and armored personnel carriers. | Chad became an oil producer in 2003. To avoid [[resource curse]] and corruption, elaborate plans sponsored by World Bank were made. This plan ensured transparency in payments, as well as that 80% of money from oil exports would be spent on five priority development sectors, two most important of these being: education and healthcare. However money started getting diverted towards the military even before the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]] broke out. In 2006 when the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]] escalated, Chad abandoned previous economic plans sponsored by [[World Bank]] and added "national security" as priority development sector, money from this sector was used to improve the military. During the [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|civil war]], more than 600 million dollars were used to buy fighter jets, attack helicopters, and armored personnel carriers. | ||
Chad earned between 10 and 11 billion dollars from oil production, and estimated 4 billion dollars were invested in the army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite | Chad earned between 10 and 11 billion dollars from oil production, and estimated 4 billion dollars were invested in the army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hicks|first=Celeste|date=2015|title=Chad and the West: Shifting Security Burden?|chapter=Shifting Security Burden? |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06548|journal=Africa Policy Brief|volume=|pages=1–2|jstor=resrep06548}}</ref> | ||
===War in the east=== | ===War in the east=== | ||
{{main|Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)}} | {{main|Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)}} | ||
[[Image:Civil war in Chad.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Hot spots in the civil war]] | [[Image:Civil war in Chad.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Hot spots in the civil war]] | ||
The war started on December 23, 2005, when the [[Politics of Chad|government of Chad]] declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the "common enemy,"<ref>[ | The war started on December 23, 2005, when the [[Politics of Chad|government of Chad]] declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the "common enemy,"<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4556576.stm Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan] by Stephanie Hancock, BBC News.</ref> which the Chadian government sees as the [[Rally for Democracy and Liberty]] (RDL) militants, Chadian rebels, backed by the Sudanese government, and Sudanese militiamen. Militants have attacked villages and towns in eastern Chad, stealing cattle, murdering citizens, and burning houses. Over 200,000 refugees from the Darfur region of northwestern Sudan currently claim asylum in eastern Chad. Chadian president [[Idriss Déby]] accuses Sudanese President [[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] of trying to "destabilize our country, to drive our people into misery, to create disorder and export the war from Darfur to Chad." | ||
An attack on the Chadian town of [[Adre, Chad|Adre]] near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of either one hundred rebels, as every news source other than CNN has reported, or three hundred rebels. The Sudanese government was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days,<ref>[ | An attack on the Chadian town of [[Adre, Chad|Adre]] near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of either one hundred rebels, as every news source other than CNN has reported, or three hundred rebels. The Sudanese government was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4544352.stm Chad fightback 'kills 300 rebels'], BBC News</ref> but Sudanese foreign ministry spokesman [[Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim]] denies any Sudanese involvement, "We are not for any escalation with Chad. We technically deny involvement in Chadian internal affairs." This attack was the final straw that led to the declaration of war by Chad and the alleged deployment of the Chadian airforce into Sudanese airspace, which the Chadian government denies.<ref>Al Jazeera</ref> | ||
An attack on N'Djamena was defeated on April 13, 2006, in the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|Battle of N'Djamena]]. The President on national radio stated that the situation was under control, but residents, diplomats and journalists reportedly heard shots of weapons fire. | An attack on N'Djamena was defeated on April 13, 2006, in the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|Battle of N'Djamena]]. The President on national radio stated that the situation was under control, but residents, diplomats and journalists reportedly heard shots of weapons fire. | ||
On November 25, 2006, rebels captured the eastern town of [[Abeche]], capital of the [[Ouaddaï Region]] and center for humanitarian aid to the [[Darfur]] region in [[Sudan]]. On the same day, a separate rebel group [[Rally of Democratic Forces]] had captured [[Biltine, Chad|Biltine]]. On November 26, 2006, the Chadian government claimed to have recaptured both towns, although rebels still claimed control of Biltine. Government buildings and humanitarian aid offices in Abeche were said to have been looted. The Chadian government denied a warning issued by the French Embassy in [[N'Djamena]] that a group of rebels was making its way through the [[Batha Prefecture]] in central Chad. Chad insists that both rebel groups are supported by the Sudanese government.<ref>{{cite news | title= Chad denies rebel move on capital| date=November 26, 2006 | publisher=BBC | url= | On November 25, 2006, rebels captured the eastern town of [[Abeche]], capital of the [[Ouaddaï Region]] and center for humanitarian aid to the [[Darfur]] region in [[Sudan]]. On the same day, a separate rebel group [[Rally of Democratic Forces]] had captured [[Biltine, Chad|Biltine]]. On November 26, 2006, the Chadian government claimed to have recaptured both towns, although rebels still claimed control of Biltine. Government buildings and humanitarian aid offices in Abeche were said to have been looted. The Chadian government denied a warning issued by the French Embassy in [[N'Djamena]] that a group of rebels was making its way through the [[Batha Prefecture]] in central Chad. Chad insists that both rebel groups are supported by the Sudanese government.<ref>{{cite news | title= Chad denies rebel move on capital| date=November 26, 2006 | publisher=BBC | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6185074.stm }}</ref> | ||
===International orphanage scandal=== | ===International orphanage scandal=== | ||