Clock: Difference between revisions

A '''clock''' or '''chronometer'''<!--not timepiece--> is a device that measures and displays [[time]]. The clock is one of the oldest [[Invention|human inventions]], meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the [[day]], the [[lunar month]], and the<!-- Per WP:RETAIN and MOS:OXFORD, please do not remove comma without consensus on the talk page --> [[year]]. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the [[Millennium|millennia]].

}}, pp. 103–104.</ref><ref name="Marrison">{{cite journal|last=Marrison|first=Warren|title=The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock|journal=Bell System Technical Journal|year=1948|volume=27|issue=3|pages=510–588|url=http://timepieceperfection.com/THE-BELL-SYSTEM.pdf|access-date=10 November 2014|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110143908/http://timepieceperfection.com/THE-BELL-SYSTEM.pdf|archive-date=November 10, 2014 | issn = 0005-8580 }}</ref><ref name="Cipolla">{{cite book|last=Cipolla|first=Carlo M.|title=Clocks and Culture, 1300 to 1700|year=2004|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|isbn=978-0-393-32443-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSf9MVxa2JEC&q=verge+escapement+technology&pg=PA31|access-date=October 30, 2020|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112708/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSf9MVxa2JEC&q=verge+escapement+technology&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}, p. 31.</ref><ref name="White">{{cite book

The first known [[gear]]ed clock was invented by the great mathematician, physicist, and engineer [[Archimedes]] during the 3rd century BC. Archimedes created his astronomical clock,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moussas|first=Xenophon|title=The Antikythera Mechanism, the first mechanical cosmos (in Greek)|publisher=Canto Mediterraneo|year=2018|isbn=978-618-83695-0-4|location=Athens}}</ref>{{fact|reason=I can't find any record of this book, ISBN doesn't even seem to exist|date=April 2024}} which was also a cuckoo clock with birds singing and moving every hour. It is the first carillon clock as it plays music simultaneously with a person blinking his eyes, surprised by the singing birds. The Archimedes clock works with a system of four weights, counterweights, and strings regulated by a system of floats in a water container with siphons that regulate the automatic continuation of the clock. The principles of this type of clock are described by the mathematician and physicist Hero,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dasypodius|first=K.|title=Heron mechanicus.|year=1580}}</ref> who says that some of them work with a chain that turns a gear in the mechanism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hero|first=of Alexandria|title=see Hero's books: Pneumatica (Πνευματικά), Automata, Mechanica, Metrica, Dioptra|orig-date=1st century BC to 1st century AD|location=Alexandria}}</ref> Another Greek clock probably constructed at the time of Alexander was in Gaza, as described by Procopius.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Procopius of Caesarea|first=Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς|title=Περὶ Κτισμάτων, Perì Ktismáton; Latin: De Aedificiis, On Buildings|date=c. 500s }}</ref> The Gaza clock was probably a Meteoroskopeion, i.e., a building showing celestial phenomena and the time. It had a pointer for the time and some automations similar to the Archimedes clock. There were 12 doors opening one every hour, with Hercules performing his labors, the Lion at one o'clock, etc., and at night a lamp becomes visible every hour, with 12 windows opening to show the time.

In the 12th century, [[Al-Jazari]], an engineer from Mesopotamia (lived 1136–1206) who worked for the [[Artuqid]] king of Diyar-Bakr, [[Nasrudin|Nasir al-Din]], made numerous clocks of all shapes and sizes. The most reputed clocks included [[Elephant clock|the elephant]], scribe, and [[castle clock]]s, some of which have been successfully reconstructed. As well as telling the time, these grand clocks were symbols of the status, grandeur, and wealth of the Urtuq State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remaking History: Ismail al-Jazari and the Elephant Water Clock - Make |url=https://makezine.com/projects/remaking-history-ismail-al-jazari-and-the-elephant-water-clock/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers |date=May 7, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111190253/https://makezine.com/projects/remaking-history-ismail-al-jazari-and-the-elephant-water-clock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Knowledge of these mercury escapements may have spread through Europe with translations of Arabic and Spanish texts.<ref name="Hassan">[[Ahmad Y Hassan|Hassan, Ahmad Y]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.html Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030451/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.html |date=September 24, 2015 }}, ''History of Science and Technology in Islam''</ref><ref name=Ajram>{{Cite book|last=Ajram |first=K. |year=1992 |title=Miracle of Islamic Science |chapter=Appendix B |publisher=Knowledge House Publishers |isbn=0-911119-43-4}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px" caption="Examples of spring-driven clocks">

The [[piezoelectric]] properties of crystalline [[quartz]] were discovered by [[Jacques Curie|Jacques]] and [[Pierre Curie]] in 1880.<ref name=nistrevolution>{{cite web|url= http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/revol.html |title= A Revolution in Timekeeping |access-date= 30 April 2008 |publisher= NIST| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409174853/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/revol.html | archive-date = April 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/pierre.htm |title=Pierre Curie |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=[[American Institute of Physics]] |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216035509/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/pierre.htm  }}</ref> The first crystal oscillator was invented in 1917 by [[Alexander M. Nicholson]], after which the first quartz crystal oscillator was built by [[Walter Guyton Cady|Walter G. Cady]] in 1921.<ref name=Marrison /> In 1927 the first [[quartz clock]] was built by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] in Canada.<ref name="Marrison2">{{Cite journal|last=Marrison|first=W.A.|author2=Horton, J.W. |title=Precision determination of frequency|journal=I.R.E. Proc.|volume=16|pages=137–154|date=February 1928|doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1928.221372|issue=2|s2cid=51664900}}</ref><ref name="Marrison" /> The following decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time measurement devices in laboratory settings—the bulky and delicate counting electronics, built with [[vacuum tube]]s at the time, limited their practical use elsewhere. The National Bureau of Standards (now [[NIST]]) based the time standard of the United States on quartz clocks from late 1929 until the 1960s, when it changed to atomic clocks.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite web|last=Sullivan|first=D.B.|year=2001|title=Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100&nbsp;years|publisher=Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology|url=http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf|page=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062444/http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> In 1969, [[Seiko]] produced the world's first quartz [[Watch|wristwatch]], the [[Astron (wristwatch)|Astron]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = IEEE History Center | title = Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969 | url = http://ethw.org/Milestones:Electronic_Quartz_Wristwatch,_1969 | access-date = 11 July 2015 | archive-date = January 22, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122104239/http://ethw.org/Milestones:Electronic_Quartz_Wristwatch,_1969 | url-status = live }}</ref> Their inherent accuracy and low cost of production resulted in the subsequent proliferation of quartz clocks and watches.<ref name=nistrevolution />

Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and [[LCD]], [[LED]], or [[vacuum fluorescent display|VFD]] displays; many other display technologies are used as well ([[cathode-ray tube]]s, [[nixie tube]]s, etc.). After a reset, battery change or power failure, these clocks without a backup battery or [[capacitor]] either start counting from 12:00, or stay at 12:00, often with blinking digits indicating that the time needs to be set. Some newer clocks will reset themselves based on radio or Internet [[time server]]s that are tuned to national [[atomic clock]]s. Since the introduction of digital clocks in the 1960s, there has been a notable decline in the use of analog clocks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadraey |first1=Mohammad H. |title=Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-50870-0 |page=332}}</ref>

In Chinese culture, [[Homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese#Gifts|giving a clock]] ({{zh|t=送鐘|s=送钟|first=t|p=sòng zhōng}}) is often taboo, especially to the elderly, as it [[Faux pas derived from Chinese pronunciation#Clock|is a homophone]] of the act of attending another's funeral ({{zh|t={{linktext|送終}}|s={{linktext|送终}}|first=t|p=sòngzhōng}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Ju|title=China, Japan, Korea Culture and Customs|year=2006|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Seligman|first=Scott D.|title=Chinese business etiquette:: a guide to protocol, manners, and culture in the People's Republic of China|year=1999|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.}}</ref><ref>http://www.sohu.com/a/160882715_578225 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233649/http://www.sohu.com/a/160882715_578225 |date=January 5, 2018 }} 别人过节喜庆的时候, 不送钟表.送终和送钟谐音.</ref>

* {{Ill|Grand Prix d'Horlogerie de Genève|de|vertical-align=sup}} (GPHG)

* {{Ill|Goldene Unruh|de|vertical-align=sup}}