Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow: Difference between revisions
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'''Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow''' ({{langx|fr|'''Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme'''}}, '''CRESU''') is an [[experiment]] investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low [[temperature]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sims |first1=Ian R. |last2=Smith |first2=Ian W. M. |title=Gas-Phase Reactions and Energy Transfer at Very Low Temperatures |journal=Annual Review of Physical Chemistry |date=October 1995 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=109–138 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.000545 |pmid=24329120 |bibcode=1995ARPC...46..109S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Ian W. M. |title=Reactions at Very Low Temperatures: Gas Kinetics at a New Frontier |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |date=28 April 2006 |volume=45 |issue=18 |pages=2842–2861 |doi=10.1002/anie.200502747 |pmid=16628767}}</ref><ref name="SmithRowe2000">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Ian W. M. |last2=Rowe |first2=Bertrand R. |title=Reaction Kinetics at Very Low Temperatures: Laboratory Studies and Interstellar Chemistry |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |volume=33 |issue=5 |year=2000 |pages=261–268 |issn=0001-4842 |doi=10.1021/ar990099i}}</ref> | '''Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow''' ({{langx|fr|'''Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme'''}}, '''CRESU''') is an [[experiment]] investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low [[temperature]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sims |first1=Ian R. |last2=Smith |first2=Ian W. M. |title=Gas-Phase Reactions and Energy Transfer at Very Low Temperatures |journal=Annual Review of Physical Chemistry |date=October 1995 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=109–138 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.000545 |pmid=24329120 |bibcode=1995ARPC...46..109S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Ian W. M. |title=Reactions at Very Low Temperatures: Gas Kinetics at a New Frontier |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |date=28 April 2006 |volume=45 |issue=18 |pages=2842–2861 |doi=10.1002/anie.200502747 |pmid=16628767 |bibcode=2006ACIE...45.2842S }}</ref><ref name="SmithRowe2000">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Ian W. M. |last2=Rowe |first2=Bertrand R. |title=Reaction Kinetics at Very Low Temperatures: Laboratory Studies and Interstellar Chemistry |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |volume=33 |issue=5 |year=2000 |pages=261–268 |issn=0001-4842 |doi=10.1021/ar990099i |pmid=10813870 }}</ref> | ||
The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a [[de Laval nozzle]] from a high-pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform [[supersonic]] beam, which is essentially collision-free and has a temperature that, in the centre-of-mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas. Each nozzle produces a characteristic temperature. This way, any temperature between room temperature and about 10 K can be achieved. | The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a [[de Laval nozzle]] from a high-pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform [[supersonic]] beam, which is essentially collision-free and has a temperature that, in the centre-of-mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas. Each nozzle produces a characteristic temperature. This way, any temperature between room temperature and about 10 K can be achieved. | ||
==Apparatus== | ==Apparatus== | ||
There are relatively few CRESU<ref>{{cite journal |title=Uniform Supersonic Chemical Reactors: 30 Years of Astrochemical History and Future Challenges |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=56 |issue=30 |pages=8618–8640 |doi=10.1002/anie.201611240 |pmid=28608975 |year=2017 |last1=Potapov |first1=Alexey |last2=Canosa |first2=André |last3=Jiménez |first3=Elena |last4=Rowe |first4=Bertrand}}</ref> apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the [[University of Rennes]] (France) and the [[University of Birmingham]] (UK). A more recent development has been a pulsed version of the CRESU,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Speck |first1=Thomas |last2=Mostefaoui |first2=Toufik I. |last3=Travers |first3=Daniel |last4=Rowe |first4=Bertrand R. |title=Pulsed injection of ions into the CRESU experiment |journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry |date=July 2001 |volume=208 |issue=1–3 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00383-9 |bibcode=2001IJMSp.208...73S}}</ref> which requires far less gas and therefore smaller pumps. | There are relatively few CRESU<ref>{{cite journal |title=Uniform Supersonic Chemical Reactors: 30 Years of Astrochemical History and Future Challenges |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=56 |issue=30 |pages=8618–8640 |doi=10.1002/anie.201611240 |pmid=28608975 |year=2017 |last1=Potapov |first1=Alexey |last2=Canosa |first2=André |last3=Jiménez |first3=Elena |last4=Rowe |first4=Bertrand |bibcode=2017ACIE...56.8618P }}</ref> apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the [[University of Rennes]] (France) and the [[University of Birmingham]] (UK). A more recent development has been a pulsed version of the CRESU,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Speck |first1=Thomas |last2=Mostefaoui |first2=Toufik I. |last3=Travers |first3=Daniel |last4=Rowe |first4=Bertrand R. |title=Pulsed injection of ions into the CRESU experiment |journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry |date=July 2001 |volume=208 |issue=1–3 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00383-9 |bibcode=2001IJMSp.208...73S}}</ref> which requires far less gas and therefore smaller pumps. | ||
==Kinetics== | ==Kinetics== | ||