Computer mouse: Difference between revisions

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{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer}}

{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|the animal|Mouse}}

[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse with ~~the most common features:~~ two buttons (left and right) ~~and~~ a scroll wheel (which ~~can also function~~ as a button when pressed ~~inwards~~)]]

[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|alt=wired computer mouse|A wired computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed) and a USB-A cable (commonly) to plug into the computer for the mouse to work]]

[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|A ~~typical~~ wireless computer mouse]]

[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|alt=wireless computer mouse|A [[wireless]] computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed), a USB-A plug (usually stored on the bottom) that gets plugged in the computer to communicate with the mouse wirelessly and uses a USB-C cable (commonly) to charge or the use of batteries]]

A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; ~~also~~ '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].

A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; rarely '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].

The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[~~Doug~~ Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ | title=Computer Mouse: Complete History | date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Douglas Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ | title=Computer Mouse: Complete History | date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

In addition to moving a [[cursor (user interface)|cursor]], computer mice have one or more [[mouse button|buttons]] to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and [[scroll wheel]]s, which enable additional control and dimensional input.

== Etymology ==

[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse|rodent]].]]

[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|alt=House mouse (Mus musculus)|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse|rodent]].]]

The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.

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The [[trackball]], a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by [[Ralph Benjamin]] as part of a post-[[World War II]]-era [[fire-control system|fire-control]] [[radar]] plotting system called the [[Comprehensive Display System]] (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British [[Royal Navy]] Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used [[analog computer]]s to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a [[joystick]]. Benjamin felt that a more elegant [[input device]] was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin" /><ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin" />

The device was patented in 1947,<ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill |editor-first=Peter C. J. |editor-last=Hill |publisher=IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |date=2005-09-16 |type=Interview |series=Interview #465 |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Ralph_Benjamin |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans' |author-first=Jasper |author-last=Copping |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |date=2013-07-11 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>

The device was patented in 1947,<ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill |editor-first=Peter C. J. |editor-last=Hill |publisher=IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |date=2005-09-16 |type=Interview |series=Interview #465 |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Ralph_Benjamin |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans' |author-first=Jasper |author-last=Copping |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |date=2013-07-11 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2013-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714164020/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another early trackball was built by [[Kenyon Taylor]], a British [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original [[Ferranti Canada]], working on the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s [[DATAR]] (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<ref name="Vardalas_1994_DATAR">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/85.279228 |title=From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context |date=1994 |author-last=Vardalas |author-first=J. |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=20–30 |s2cid=15277748 |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html| issn = 1058-6180|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Another early trackball was built by [[Kenyon Taylor]], a British [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original [[Ferranti Canada]], working on the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s [[DATAR]] (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<ref name="Vardalas_1994_DATAR">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/85.279228 |title=From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context |date=1994 |author-last=Vardalas |author-first=J. |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=20–30 |s2cid=15277748 |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |issn=1058-6180 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2019-04-04 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A [[computer#Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits|digital computer]] calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using [[pulse-code modulation]] radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian [[five-pin bowling]] ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrzgS5SoMzcC&q=intitle:%22Pioneers+in+Canadian+Electrical+Manufacturing%22 |title=Ferranti-Packard: Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing |author-first1=Norman R. |author-last1=Ball |author-first2=John N. |author-last2=Vardalas |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7735-0983-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |title=FP-6000 -- From DATAR To The FP-6000 |work=ieee.ca |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Engelbart's first "mouse" ===

{{anchor|Engelbart}}[[File:firstmouseunderside.jpg|thumb|Inventor [[Douglas Engelbart]] holding the first computer mouse,<ref>{{cite web |title=First mouse – CERN Courier |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |website=cerncourier.com |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface]]

{{anchor|Engelbart}}[[File:firstmouseunderside.jpg|thumb|Inventor [[Douglas Engelbart]] holding the first computer mouse,<ref>{{cite web |title=First mouse – CERN Courier |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |website=cerncourier.com |access-date=2015-06-24 |archive-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624144901/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |url-status=live }}</ref> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface]]

[[Douglas Engelbart]] of the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]) has been credited in published books by [[Thierry Bardini]],<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> [[Paul Ceruzzi]],<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012" /> [[Howard Rheingold]],<ref name="Rheingold_2000" /> and several others<ref name="Lyon_1998" /><ref name="Hey">{{cite book |author-last1=Hey |author-first1=Tony |author-last2=Pápay |author-first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite book |author-last=Atkinson |author-first=Paul |title=Computer |date=2010 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-737-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<ref name="Khazan">{{cite news |author-last=Khazan |author-first=Olga |title=Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP Company |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The New York Times |date=2013-07-03 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Arnold">{{cite news |author-last=Arnold |author-first=Laurence |title=Douglas Engelbart, Computer Mouse Creator, Visionary, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-03/douglas-engelbart-computer-mouse-creator-visionary-dies-at-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |author-last=Chappell |author-first=Bill |title=Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies; Doug Engelbart Was 88 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The Two Way: Breaking News from NPR |publisher=NPR |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

[[Douglas Engelbart]] of the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]) has been credited in published books by [[Thierry Bardini]],<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> [[Paul Ceruzzi]],<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012" /> [[Howard Rheingold]],<ref name="Rheingold_2000" /> and several others<ref name="Lyon_1998" /><ref name="Hey">{{cite book |author-last1=Hey |author-first1=Tony |author-last2=Pápay |author-first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite book |author-last=Atkinson |author-first=Paul |title=Computer |date=2010 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-737-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<ref name="Khazan">{{cite news |author-last=Khazan |author-first=Olga |title=Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP Company |date=2013-07-03 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132618/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The New York Times |date=2013-07-03 |location=New York |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615064745/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Arnold">{{cite news |author-last=Arnold |author-first=Laurence |title=Douglas Engelbart, Computer Mouse Creator, Visionary, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-03/douglas-engelbart-computer-mouse-creator-visionary-dies-at-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |author-last=Chappell |author-first=Bill |title=Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies; Doug Engelbart Was 88 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The Two Way: Breaking News from NPR |publisher=NPR |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118140549/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in [[Reno, Nevada]], Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the [[planimeter]] to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "[[bug (computer mouse)|bug]]", which is a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" />

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[[File:Computer mouse prototype bottom.jpg|left|thumb|Bottom view of a replica of the Engelbart mouse]]

In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2020-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430143607/https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=~~http~~://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>

As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>

[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png|thumb|right|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent|3987685}}]]

Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose~~ – but ultimately~~ the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{citation |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Douglas C. |author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |~~publisher~~=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics |pages=5–15 |date=March 1967 |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system|axis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Christina |website=dougengelbart.org |access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.

Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose. One early version was a knee operated device placed under the desk, which kept both hands free for typing. Ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Floridi |first=Luciano |title=The Fourth Revolution |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom |year=2014 |isbn=978-01996-0672-6 |page=97}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Douglas C. |author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics |pages=5–15 |date=March 1967 |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 |bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system|axis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Christina |website=dougengelbart.org |access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.

=== First rolling-ball mouse ===

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[[File:Hil-mouse.jpg|right|thumb|HP-HIL Mouse from 1984]]

{{anchor|Xerox Alto}}The [[Xerox Alto]] was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Gold |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref> [[Alan Kay]] designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |url=https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |language=en}}</ref>{{anchor|Lilith}}Inspired by [[Palo Alto Research Center|PARC]]'s Alto, the [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]], a computer which had been developed by a team around [[Niklaus Wirth]] at [[ETH Zürich]] between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. {{anchor|Xerox Star}}The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the [[Xerox Star|Xerox 8010 Star]] in 1981.

{{anchor|Xerox Alto}}The [[Xerox Alto]] was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Gold |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref> [[Alan Kay]] designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |url=https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204193841/https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |url-status=live }}</ref>{{anchor|Lilith}}Inspired by [[Palo Alto Research Center|PARC]]'s Alto, the [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]], a computer which had been developed by a team around [[Niklaus Wirth]] at [[ETH Zürich]] between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. {{anchor|Xerox Star}}The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the [[Xerox Star|Xerox 8010 Star]] in 1981.

By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The [[Sun-1]] also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming [[Apple Lisa]] was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold [[laboratory mouse|lab mice]]. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-05-10 |access-date=2015-08-26 |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |pages=10–11}}</ref> In 1982, [[Logitech]] introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logitech History, March 2007 |url=https://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120203/http://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-date=2008~~-12-21~~ |url-status=~~live~~ |publisher=Logitech |access-date=~~24 April 2019~~}}</ref> That same year [[Microsoft]] made the decision to make the [[MS-DOS]] program [[Microsoft Word]] mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The [[Microsoft Mouse]] shipped in 1983, thus beginning the [[Microsoft hardware|Microsoft Hardware]] division of the company.<ref name="mshw">{{cite web |title=30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/30-years-of-hardware |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the [[Macintosh 128K]] (which included an updated version of the single-button<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tekla S. Perry |title=Of Modes and Men |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |publisher=IEEE |language=en |date=2005-08-01}}</ref> [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|Lisa Mouse]]) in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |author-first=John C. |author-last=Dvorak |author-link=John C. Dvorak |work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]] |title=The Mac Meets the Press |date=1984-02-19 |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA119}}</ref> and of the [[Amiga 1000]] and the [[Atari ST]] in 1985. Aftermarket mice were offered, from the mid 1980s, for many 8-bit home computers, the like of the [[Commodore 1351]] being offered for the Commodore 64 and 128, as was the NEOS Mouse that was also offered for the [[MSX]] range, while the [[AMX Mouse]] was offered for the Acorn BBC Micro and Electron, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefan |title=AMX Mouse - Classic Computer Brochures |url=https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=classic.technology |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris's Acorns: Advanced Memory Systems AMX Mouse |url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ~~book~~ |url=~~https~~://archive.org/details/ElectronUserVolume4~~/Electron-User-04-03/page/n3/mode/1up~~ |title=Electron User Volume 4 1986-1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRASH 27 - AMX Mouse |url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/amxmouse.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>

By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The [[Sun-1]] also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming [[Apple Lisa]] was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold [[laboratory mouse|lab mice]]. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-05-10 |access-date=2015-08-26 |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |pages=10–11}}</ref> In 1982, [[Logitech]] introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logitech History, March 2007 |url=https://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120203/http://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Logitech |access-date=February 22, 2026}}</ref> That same year [[Microsoft]] made the decision to make the [[MS-DOS]] program [[Microsoft Word]] mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The [[Microsoft Mouse]] shipped in 1983, thus beginning the [[Microsoft hardware|Microsoft Hardware]] division of the company.<ref name="mshw">{{cite web |title=30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/30-years-of-hardware |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the [[Macintosh 128K]] (which included an updated version of the single-button<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tekla S. Perry |title=Of Modes and Men |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |publisher=IEEE |language=en |date=2005-08-01 |access-date=2024-07-30 |archive-date=2025-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727075207/https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|Lisa Mouse]]) in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |author-first=John C. |author-last=Dvorak |author-link=John C. Dvorak |work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]] |title=The Mac Meets the Press |date=1984-02-19 |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA119}}</ref> and of the [[Amiga 1000]] and the [[Atari ST]] in 1985. Aftermarket mice were offered, from the mid 1980s, for many 8-bit home computers, the like of the [[Commodore 1351]] being offered for the Commodore 64 and 128, as was the NEOS Mouse that was also offered for the [[MSX]] range, while the [[AMX Mouse]] was offered for the Acorn BBC Micro and Electron, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefan |title=AMX Mouse - Classic Computer Brochures |url=https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=classic.technology |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514122511/https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris's Acorns: Advanced Memory Systems AMX Mouse |url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060355/http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ElectronUserVolume4|title=Electron User Volume 4 1986-1987|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRASH 27 - AMX Mouse |url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/amxmouse.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>

== Operation ==

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A mouse typically controls the motion of a [[pointer (user interface)|pointer]] in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.

The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.<ref name="dummies">{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |title=How to Use Your Computer Mouse |publisher=[[For Dummies]] |access-date=2013-12-11}}</ref> Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.

The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.<ref name="dummies">{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |title=How to Use Your Computer Mouse |publisher=[[For Dummies]] |access-date=2013-12-11 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144119/https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.

Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:<ref name="dummies" />

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** (left) [[Double-click]]: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.

** (left) [[Triple-click]]: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.

** [[Right-click]]: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a [[context menu]].

** Right-click: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a [[context menu]].

** Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button. In most cases, this is also the scroll wheel.

** Clicking the fourth button.

** Clicking the fifth button.

** The USB standard defines up to 65535 distinct buttons for mice and other such devices,<ref>https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf (Button Page, 0x09)</ref> although in practice buttons above 3 are rarely implemented.

** The USB standard defines up to 65535 distinct buttons for mice and other such devices,<ref>https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416201342/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf |date=2020-04-16 }} (Button Page, 0x09)</ref> although in practice buttons above 3 are rarely implemented.

* Drag: pressing and holding a button, and moving the mouse before releasing the button. This is frequently used to move or copy files or other objects via [[drag and drop]]; other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications.

* [[Mouse chording|Mouse button chording]] or chord clicking:

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=== Gestures ===

{{Main|Pointing device gesture}}Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.

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== Types ==

=== Mechanical mice ===

{{Infobox|imagestyle = text-align: left

{{Infobox

| imagestyle = text-align: left

| image = [[File:Mouse mechanism diagram.svg|frameless]]

| caption = Operating an opto-mechanical mouse

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# Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.

}}

The German company [[Telefunken]] published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /> Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. [[William English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], builder of Engelbart's original mouse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |title=Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse (interview) |access-date=2007-09-08}}</ref> created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Wadlow |author-first=Thomas A. |title=The Xerox Alto Computer |journal=[[BYTE]] |date=September 1981 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=58–68 |url=}}</ref>

The German company [[Telefunken]] published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /> Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. [[William English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], builder of Engelbart's original mouse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |title=Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse (interview) |access-date=2007-09-08 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702162333/http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref> created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Wadlow |author-first=Thomas A. |title=The Xerox Alto Computer |journal=[[BYTE]] |date=September 1981 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=58–68 |url=}}</ref>

The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the [[Xerox Alto]] computer. Perpendicular [[optical chopper|chopper wheels]] housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted [[trackball]] and became the predominant form used with [[personal computer]]s throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.

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[[File:HawleyMarkIImice.jpg|thumb|left|Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House]]

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<ref name="hawley">{{cite web |url=http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |title=The Xerox Mouse Commercialized |work=Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013847/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |archive-date=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405164040/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2005 |title=Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses |work=oldmouse.com}}</ref> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, [[Honeywell]] produced another type of mechanical mouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell |title=Honeywell mechanical mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428032201/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell  |archive-date=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4628755.PN.&OS=PN/4628755&RS=PN/4628755 |title=Honeywell mouse patent |access-date=2007-09-11}}</ref> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. [[Key Tronic]] later produced a similar product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |title=Keytronic 2HW73-1ES Mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092356/http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<ref name="hawley">{{cite web |url=http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |title=The Xerox Mouse Commercialized |work=Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013847/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |archive-date=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405164040/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2005 |title=Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses |work=oldmouse.com}}</ref> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, [[Honeywell]] produced another type of mechanical mouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell |title=Honeywell mechanical mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428032201/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell  |archive-date=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4628755.PN.&OS=PN/4628755&RS=PN/4628755 |title=Honeywell mouse patent |access-date=2007-09-11 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. [[Key Tronic]] later produced a similar product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |title=Keytronic 2HW73-1ES Mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092356/http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>

Modern computer mice took form at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor [[Jean-Daniel Nicoud]] and at the hands of [[engineer]] and [[watchmaker]] [[André Guignard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |title=Of Mice and Men... and PCs|publisher=News.softpedia.com |date=1970-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |title=Inventions, computer mouse – the CNN site |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424150438/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |archive-date=2005-04-24}}</ref> In 1985, [[René Sommer]] added a [[microprocessor]] to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<ref name="wrs">{{cite news |title=Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud |url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |work=[[World Radio Switzerland]] |date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010602/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<ref name="wrs" /> though optical mice from [[Mouse Systems]] had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |title=People |author-first=Denise |author-last=Caruso |volume=6 |issue=20 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.]] |page=16 |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-05-14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>

Modern computer mice took form at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor [[Jean-Daniel Nicoud]] and at the hands of [[engineer]] and [[watchmaker]] [[André Guignard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |title=Of Mice and Men... and PCs |publisher=News.softpedia.com |date=1970-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-27 |archive-date=2017-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082849/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |title=Inventions, computer mouse – the CNN site |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424150438/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |archive-date=2005-04-24}}</ref> In 1985, [[René Sommer]] added a [[microprocessor]] to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<ref name="wrs">{{cite news |title=Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud |url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |work=[[World Radio Switzerland]] |date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010602/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<ref name="wrs" /> though optical mice from [[Mouse Systems]] had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |title=People |author-first=Denise |author-last=Caruso |volume=6 |issue=20 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.]] |page=16 |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-05-14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>

Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses [[potentiometer]]s rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be [[plug compatible]] with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by [[RadioShack]] for their [[TRS-80 Color Computer|Color Computer]] (but also usable on [[MS-DOS]] machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example.

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=== Tactile mice ===

In 2000, [[Logitech]] introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by [[Immersion Corporation]] that contained a small [[actuator]] to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Anne |date=1999-02-25 |title=WHAT'S NEXT; Snuggling Up to Touchy-Feely Mice (Published 1999) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/25/technology/what-s-next-snuggling-up-to-touchy-feely-mice.html |access-date=2020-12-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yoshida |first=Junko |date=2000-08-23 |title=Immersion tech adds tactile feedback to PC interface |work=EE Times |url=https://www.eetimes.com/immersion-tech-adds-tactile-feedback-to-pc-interface/}}</ref> Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]], such as giving feedback when crossing a [[window (computing)|window]] boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=|title=Method and Apparatus for Providing Force Feedback Over a Computer Network (US Patent 5,956,484)|status=|pubdate=|gdate=1996-08-01|invent1=|inventor1-first=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5956484A/en}}</ref> and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 8, 1999 |title=Mousing with Good Vibrations |language=en-us |work=Wired Magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Heckner |author-first1=T. |author-first2=C. |author-last2=Kessler |author-first3=S. |author-last3=Egersdörfer |author-first4=G. J. |author-last4=Monkman |title=Computer based platform for tactile actuator analysis |journal=Actuator'06 |location=Bremen |date=14–16 June 2006}}</ref> but never marketed.

In 2000, [[Logitech]] introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by [[Immersion Corporation]] that contained a small [[actuator]] to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Anne |date=1999-02-25 |title=WHAT'S NEXT; Snuggling Up to Touchy-Feely Mice (Published 1999) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/25/technology/what-s-next-snuggling-up-to-touchy-feely-mice.html |access-date=2020-12-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yoshida |first=Junko |date=2000-08-23 |title=Immersion tech adds tactile feedback to PC interface |work=EE Times |url=https://www.eetimes.com/immersion-tech-adds-tactile-feedback-to-pc-interface/}}</ref> Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]], such as giving feedback when crossing a [[window (computing)|window]] boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=|title=Method and Apparatus for Providing Force Feedback Over a Computer Network (US Patent 5,956,484)|status=|pubdate=|gdate=1996-08-01|invent1=|inventor1-first=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5956484A/en}}</ref> and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 8, 1999 |title=Mousing with Good Vibrations |language=en-us |work=Wired Magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405121752/https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Heckner |author-first1=T. |author-first2=C. |author-last2=Kessler |author-first3=S. |author-last3=Egersdörfer |author-first4=G. J. |author-last4=Monkman |title=Computer based platform for tactile actuator analysis |journal=Actuator'06 |location=Bremen |date=14–16 June 2006}}</ref> but never marketed.

=== Pucks ===

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=== Ergonomic mice ===

{{Multiple image

| image1 = Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg

| caption1 = A vertical mouse

| image2 = Thumb type trackballs.jpg

| caption2 = Two thumb-type [[trackball]] mice

}}

As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[arthritis]], and other [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain injuries]]. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.

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When holding a typical mouse, the [[ulna]] and [[radius (bone)|radius]] bones on the [[arm]] are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://evoluent.com/products/vm4r/ |title=Evoluent VerticalMouse Vertical Mouse ergonomic mouse ergonomic computer mouse carpal tunnel syndrome repetitive stress disorder RSI |work=evoluent.com}}</ref>

Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odell |first1=Dan |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |date=2015 |title=Evaluation of flat, angled, and vertical computer mice and their effects on wrist posture, pointing performance, and preference |journal=Work (Reading, Mass.) |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.3233/WOR-152167 |issn=1875-9270 |pmid=26444940}}</ref> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |title=Handshoe Mouse (Original) |author=Product Specialists |work=ergocanada.com |access-date=2014-07-04 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145735/http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<ref name="Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User">{{cite magazine |author-last=McCracken |author-first=Harry |title=Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/27/left-handed-technology/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>

Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odell |first1=Dan |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |date=2015 |title=Evaluation of flat, angled, and vertical computer mice and their effects on wrist posture, pointing performance, and preference |journal=Work (Reading, Mass.) |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.3233/WOR-152167 |issn=1875-9270 |pmid=26444940}}</ref> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |title=Handshoe Mouse (Original) |author=Product Specialists |work=ergocanada.com |access-date=2014-07-04 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145735/http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<ref name="Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User">{{cite magazine |author-last=McCracken |author-first=Harry |title=Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/27/left-handed-technology/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

[[File:Roller bar mouse.JPG|thumb|Keyboard with roller bar mouse]]

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[[File:Mouse quadrature encoding Lyon 1980.png|thumb|Signals XA and XB in [[quadrature phase|quadrature]] convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.]]

Because the IBM PC did not have a [[quadrature decoder]] built in, early PC mice used the [[RS-232C]] serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The [[Mouse Systems Corporation]] (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<ref name="Paul_2002">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Isaja_2003">{{cite web |title=FreeDOS-32 – Serial Mouse driver |author-first=Salvatore |author-last=Isaja |date=2003-09-03 |url=~~http~~://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |archive-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>

Because the IBM PC did not have a [[quadrature decoder]] built in, early PC mice used the [[RS-232C]] serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The [[Mouse Systems Corporation]] (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<ref name="Paul_2002">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Isaja_2003">{{cite web |title=FreeDOS-32 – Serial Mouse driver |author-first=Salvatore |author-last=Isaja |date=2003-09-03 |url=https://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |archive-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>

=== Apple Desktop Bus ===

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[[File:ps-2-ports.jpg|thumb|Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse]]

With the arrival of the [[IBM Personal System/2|IBM PS/2]] personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the [[eponym]]ous [[PS/2 port]] for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin [[mini-DIN connector|mini-DIN]], in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized [[DIN 41524]] connector. In default mode (called ''stream mode'') a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Adam |author-last=Chapweske |url=http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/ |title=Computer Engineering Tips – PS/2 Mouse Interface |publisher=Computer-engineering.org |date=2003-04-01 |access-date=2013-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916065845/http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/}}</ref> For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:

{|class="wikitable"

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Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via [[radio]]. Some mice connect to the computer through [[Bluetooth]] or [[Wi-Fi]], while others use a receiver that plugs into the computer, for example through a USB port.

Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Lisa |author-last=Johnston |url=http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |title=What Is a Nano Wireless Receiver? |access-date=2010-09-03 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924003656/http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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== Operating system support ==

MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a [[Microsoft Mouse]] via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, [[Bus mouse|Bus (InPort)]], [[Serial port]] or PS/2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| title = Features and Benefits of Version 8.0-Series Mouse Drivers}}</ref>

MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a [[Microsoft Mouse]] via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, [[Bus mouse|Bus (InPort)]], [[Serial port]] or PS/2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| title = Features and Benefits of Version 8.0-Series Mouse Drivers| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200915000348/https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Windows 98 added built-in support for [[USB Human Interface Device class]] (USB HID),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |title=Human Interface Devices Design Guide |publisher=Microsoft |work=microsoft.com |access-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201727/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref> with native vertical scrolling support.<ref name="MSWheel">{{cite web| url = http://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| title = Enhanced Wheel Support in Windows}}</ref> Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |title=Windows and the 5-Button Wheel Mouse |date=December 4, 2001 |website=[[Microsoft Developer Network]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314033300/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>

Windows 98 added built-in support for [[USB Human Interface Device class]] (USB HID),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |title=Human Interface Devices Design Guide |publisher=Microsoft |work=microsoft.com |access-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201727/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref> with native vertical scrolling support.<ref name="MSWheel">{{cite web| url = http://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| title = Enhanced Wheel Support in Windows| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-07-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728115008/https://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| url-status = live}}</ref> Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |title=Windows and the 5-Button Wheel Mouse |date=December 4, 2001 |website=[[Microsoft Developer Network]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314033300/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>

Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| title = Connect a Bluetooth device that does not have or require a transceiver}}</ref> Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.<ref name="MSWheel" />

Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| title = Connect a Bluetooth device that does not have or require a transceiver| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-09-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918061623/https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| url-status = live}}</ref> Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.<ref name="MSWheel" />

[[Windows 8]] introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/[[list of Bluetooth profiles#Human Interface Device Profile (HID)|HID]] support.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| title = Bluetooth Low Energy Overview| date = 29 September 2023}}</ref>

[[Windows 8]] introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/[[list of Bluetooth profiles#Human Interface Device Profile (HID)|HID]] support.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| title = Bluetooth Low Energy Overview| date = 29 September 2023| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201003054910/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Multiple-mouse systems ==

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== Buttons ==

[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg|thumb|[[Razer ~~Inc.|Razer~~]] ~~Mouse~~ with additional buttons]]

[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg|thumb|alt=Razer Naga 2014 mouse|[[Razer Naga]] mouse with additional buttons]]

Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.

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Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features| work = Lifewire}}</ref>

Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features| work = Lifewire| access-date = 2020-08-02 | archive-date = 2020-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200815000859/https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Speed ==

~~== Speed ==~~

[[Mickey (unit)|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].

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Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad, the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to detect movement (e.g. [[Mouse Systems]]). Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or reflective surface, such as glass.

Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sam |first1=Raymond |title=Mouse Feet Replacement Guide – Are Hyperglides worth it? |url=https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |website=thegamingsetup |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sam |first1=Raymond |title=Mouse Feet Replacement Guide – Are Hyperglides worth it? |url=https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |website=thegamingsetup |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124114929/https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In the marketplace ==

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Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its [[Xerox Star]], based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]. [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Symbolics]], [[Lisp Machines]] Inc., and [[Tektronix]] also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] released the [[Apple Lisa]], which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-scale success. Only with the release of the [[Macintosh 128K|Apple Macintosh]] in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=HWM |title=The Macintosh Phenomenon: Celebrating Twenty Years of the World's Most Adored Desktop Computers |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Chan |pages=74–77 |date=November 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-oDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76}}</ref>

The Macintosh design,<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Gladwell |author-first=Malcolm |title=Creation Myth – Xerox PARC, Apple, and the truth about innovation |magazine=The New Yorker |date=2011-05-16 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |access-date=2011-08-31 |quote=The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple}}</ref> commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, [[Atari ST]], [[Amiga]], [[Windows 1.0]], [[GEOS (8-bit operating system)|GEOS]] for the [[Commodore 64]], and the [[Apple IIGS]]).<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Popular Mechanics |title=Colorful New Apple |author-first=Stephen A. |author-last=Booth |volume=164 |issue=1 |page=16 |issn=0032-4558 |date=January 1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>

The Macintosh design,<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Gladwell |author-first=Malcolm |title=Creation Myth – Xerox PARC, Apple, and the truth about innovation |magazine=The New Yorker |date=2011-05-16 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |access-date=2011-08-31 |quote=The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple |archive-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205055506/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref> commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, [[Atari ST]], [[Amiga]], [[Windows 1.0]], [[GEOS (8-bit operating system)|GEOS]] for the [[Commodore 64]], and the [[Apple IIGS]]).<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Popular Mechanics |title=Colorful New Apple |author-first=Stephen A. |author-last=Booth |volume=164 |issue=1 |page=16 |issn=0032-4558 |date=January 1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>

The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, [[Logitech]] built their billionth mouse.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Shiels |author-first=Maggie |url=~~http~~://news.bbc.co.uk/1/~~low~~/technology/7751627.stm |title=Logitech's billionth mouse |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2010-05-29}}</ref>

The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, [[Logitech]] built their billionth mouse.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Shiels |author-first=Maggie |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7751627.stm |title=Logitech's billionth mouse |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2010-05-29}}</ref>

== Use in games ==

[[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|[[Logitech G5]] [[laser mouse]] designed for games, with adjustable weights (on left)]]

The device often functions as an interface for PC-based [[video game|computer games]] and sometimes for [[video game console]]s. The [[Classic Mac OS]] [[Desk Accessory]] ''Puzzle'' in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.<ref name="mace19840507">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=In Praise of Classics |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1984-05-07 |access-date=2015-02-06 |author-last=Mace |author-first=Scott |page=56}}</ref>

The device often functions as an interface for PC-based [[video game|computer games]] and sometimes for [[video game console]]s. The [[Classic Mac OS]] [[Desk Accessory]] {{visible anchor|Puzzle (Mac OS)|text=''Puzzle''}} in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.<ref name="mace19840507">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=In Praise of Classics |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1984-05-07 |access-date=2015-02-06 |author-last=Mace |author-first=Scott |page=56}}</ref>

=== First-person shooters ===

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[[First-person shooter|FPSs]] naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs.

Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a [[gamepad]] [[analog stick]] because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.<ref name="gi2006">Chris Klochek and I. Scott MacKenzie (2006). ''[http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf Performance measures of game controllers in a three-dimensional environment]''. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 73–79. Canadian Information Processing Society. {{ISBN|1-56881-308-2}}</ref> This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as [[third-person shooter]]s.

Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a [[gamepad]] [[analog stick]] because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.<ref name="gi2006">Chris Klochek and I. Scott MacKenzie (2006). ''[http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf Performance measures of game controllers in a three-dimensional environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233510/http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf |date=2020-11-11 }}''. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 73–79. Canadian Information Processing Society. {{ISBN|1-56881-308-2}}</ref> This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as [[third-person shooter]]s.

Some incorrectly [[porting|ported]] games or [[game engine]]s have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive, irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it. Individual [[game engine]]s will also have their own sensitivities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} This often restricts one from taking a game's existing sensitivity, transferring it to another, and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements. A sensitivity converter is the preferred tool that FPS gamers use to translate correctly the rotational movements between different mice and between different games. Calculating the conversion values manually is also possible but it is more time-consuming and requires performing complex mathematical calculations, while using a sensitivity converter is a lot faster and easier for gamers.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Sensitivity Converter & Calculator – 3D Aim Trainer |url=https://www.3daimtrainer.com/mouse-sensitivity-converter/ |website=3DAimTrainer}}</ref>

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Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button inversion", sometimes performed by [[handedness|left-handed]] users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer [[joystick]]s also typically emulate this control-configuration.

After [[id Software]]'s commercial hit of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'', which did not support vertical aiming, competitor [[Bungie]]'s ''[[Marathon (video game)|Marathon]]'' became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |title=First Use of Freelook in a FPS |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=2015-10-17}}</ref> Games using the [[Build engine]] had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users {{As of|2006|alt=now}} regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', which introduced the invert feature as users {{As of|2007|alt=now}} know it.

After [[id Software]]'s commercial hit of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'', which did not support vertical aiming, competitor [[Bungie]]'s ''[[Marathon (1994 video game)|Marathon]]'' became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |title=First Use of Freelook in a FPS |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=2015-10-17 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165050/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |url-status=live }}</ref> Games using the [[Build engine]] had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users {{As of|2006|alt=now}} regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', which introduced the invert feature as users {{As of|2007|alt=now}} know it.

=== Home consoles ===

[[File:Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg|thumb|[[Dreamcast]] mouse]]

In 1988, the [[VTech Socrates]] educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] video game system featured a [[SNES Mouse|mouse]] in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the [[Nintendo 64]], although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game ''[[Mario Paint]]'' in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |title=Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary |author-first=Casey |author-last=Phillips |newspaper=[[Times Free Press]] |date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> as did its Japanese-only successor ''[[Mario Artist]]'' on the N64 for its [[64DD]] disk drive peripheral in 1999. [[Sega]] released official mice for their [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]] consoles. [[NEC]] sold official mice for its [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[PC-FX]] consoles. [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] released an official mouse product for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console, included one along with the [[Linux for PlayStation 2]] kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] mouse with the [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]. Nintendo's [[Wii]] also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the [[Wii U]]. [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Xbox]] line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of [[Windows NT]]) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.

In 1988, the [[VTech Socrates]] educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] video game system featured a [[SNES Mouse|mouse]] in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the [[Nintendo 64]], although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game ''[[Mario Paint]]'' in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |title=Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary |author-first=Casey |author-last=Phillips |newspaper=[[Times Free Press]] |date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123212508/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as did its Japanese-only successor ''[[Mario Artist]]'' on the N64 for its [[64DD]] disk drive peripheral in 1999. [[Sega]] released official mice for their [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]] consoles. [[NEC]] sold official mice for its [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[PC-FX]] consoles. [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] released an official mouse product for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console, included one along with the [[Linux for PlayStation 2]] kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] mouse with the [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]. Nintendo's [[Wii]] also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the [[Wii U]]. [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Xbox]] line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of [[Windows NT]]) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.

On June 5, 2025, Nintendo released the [[Joy-Con|Joy-Con 2]] controller, a gaming controller with mouse control for the [[Nintendo Switch 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nintendo Switch 2: System Features and Play Modes - Nintendo US |url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/gaming-systems/switch-2/features/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.nintendo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

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== Notes ==

{{Reflist|group="nb"|refs=

<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural">General dictionaries usually mention ''mouses'' as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. [https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.html Webopedia], [https://foldoc.org/mouse FOLDOC], [https://www.netlingo.com/word/mouse.php Netlingo].</ref>

<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural">General dictionaries usually mention ''mouses'' as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. [https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.html Webopedia]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [https://foldoc.org/mouse FOLDOC], [https://www.netlingo.com/word/mouse.php Netlingo].</ref>

<ref group="nb" name="NB_Rollkugel_Encoder">{{anchor|NB-Encoder}}The 4-bit{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}}{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}} [[rotary encoder]]s (MCB CC27E08{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}}{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}}) used in the [[Telefunken]] {{lang|de|[[#Rollkugel|Rollkugel]]}} RKS 100-86 provide 14 states repeated either 4{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}} or 5{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}} times per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of {{circa}}{{sp}}35.6 [[dpi]]{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}} or {{circa}}{{sp}}43.5 dpi{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}}, respectively. Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5-bit encoders.{{citeref|Mallebrein|2018|C}} The 14-cyclic [[unit-distance code]]s described in the first two sources are identical to a 4-bit [[Gray code]] with the two outmost states (0, 15) eliminated. At first glance the documented codes seem to differ between the two sources; in fact they are identical, but use inverted definitions of the 0/1 states and the direction of rotation:<small>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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<ref name="English_1965">{{cite book |author-last1=English |author-first1=William Kirk |author-link1=William Kirk English |author-last2=Engelbart |author-first2=Douglas C. |author-link2=Douglas Carl Engelbart |author-last3=Huddart |author-first3=Bonnie |title=Computer-Aided Display Control |date=July 1965 |publisher=[[Stanford Research Institute]] |location=Menlo Park |page=[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914/page/n59 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914 |access-date=2017-01-03 |format=Final Report}}</ref>

<ref name="Bardini_2000_2">{{cite book |author-last=Bardini |author-first=Thierry |title=Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |date=2000 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/95 95] |url=https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie |url-access=registration}}</ref>

<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |title=Computing: A Concise History |date=2012 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-31039-0 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121}}</ref>

<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |title=Computing: A Concise History |date=2012 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-31039-0 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121 |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Rheingold_2000">{{cite book |author-last=Rheingold |author-first=Howard |title=The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier |date=2000 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-26110-4 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr8bdUDisqAC&q=engelbart%20mouse&pg=PA64}}</ref>

<ref name="Lyon_1998">{{cite book |author-last1=Lyon |author-first1=Matthew |author-last2=Hafner |author-first2=Katie |title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet |date=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-87216-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC&pg=PA78}}</ref>

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<ref name="Neubauer_1968">{{cite periodical |title=Sichtgeräte in elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen |language=de |author-first=Günter |author-last=Neubauer |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]] |id=DK 621.385.832: 681.325 |location=Berlin, Germany |volume=1 |number=2 |date=1968-10-02 |periodical=Technische Mitteilungen: Beiheft Datenverarbeitung |pages=15–18 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044022/http://e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-21}} (1+4 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Telefunken_1966">{{cite book |title=Telefunken TR440 |language=de |chapter=Technische Angaben |publisher=[[Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft]], Fachbereich Anlagen Informationstechnik |publication-place=Ulm, Germany |edition= |id=AH 5.2 WB 160/1 |date=May 1966 |pages=19–20 [20] |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193401/ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-28 |quote-page=20 |quote=Peripheriegeräte […] Bildschirmarbeitsplatz […] Steuermöglichkeiten […] Eingabetastatur, Funktionstastatur, Rollkugelsteuerung […]}} (22 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Telefunken_1971">{{cite book |title=Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG 100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP 301 |language=de |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]], Fachbereich Informationstechnik |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0671 |id=MPN N31,A2.10 |date=June 1971 |pages=1–4 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […]}} (4 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Telefunken_1971">{{cite book |title=Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG 100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP 301 |language=de |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]], Fachbereich Informationstechnik |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0671 |id=MPN N31,A2.10 |date=June 1971 |pages=1–4 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} (4 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Telefunken_1972">{{cite book |title=Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG 100, SIG 50 – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Datenstation DAS 3200 |language=de |series=System TR 440 |publisher=[[Telefunken Computer GmbH]] |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0372 |id=MPN N31.A2.10 |date=March 1972 |pages=1–2 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf |access-date=2020-07-13 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […]}} (6 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Telefunken_1972">{{cite book |title=Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG 100, SIG 50 – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Datenstation DAS 3200 |language=de |series=System TR 440 |publisher=[[Telefunken Computer GmbH]] |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0372 |id=MPN N31.A2.10 |date=March 1972 |pages=1–2 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf |access-date=2020-07-13 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} (6 pages)</ref>

<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel">{{cite web |author-first=Ralf |author-last=Bulow |title=Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus |trans-title=In the footsteps of the German computer mouse |language=de |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |date=2009-04-28 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |access-date=2013-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823232003/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |archive-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>

<ref name="Mueller_2018">{{cite web |title=The first rolling-ball mouse |author-first=Jürgen |author-last=Müller |location=Hamburg, Germany |work=e-basteln – Solving yesterday's problems today |date=2021 |orig-date=2018 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162131/http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |quote=[…] The encoders are made by MCB in France, „codeur à contacts“ type CC27E08. […] The encoders produce a 4-bit [[Gray code]] (only a single bit will change between adjacent states) with 14 states. Also, each individual output maintains its value for at least two successive states; that allows for a somewhat slower time constant on de-bouncing the contacts. […] This sequence is repeated 5 times for a full revolution of the encoder. Since the rubber O-ring on the encoder wheel has a diameter of {{cvt|13|mm|disp=sqbr}}, that makes for a resolution of 5*14 counts / (π*13 mm) = 1.7 counts/mm = 43.5 counts/inch. […] }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210823201846/http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/rks_encoder.c] (NB. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>

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* [https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/162/000/ Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page] includes stories and links

* The video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY&t=33m37s segment] of [[The Mother of All Demos]] with [[Doug Engelbart]] showing the device from 1968

* [https://www.darpa.mil/about/innovation-timeline/first-computer-mouse The first computer mouse] at darpa.mil

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[[Category:American inventions]]

[[Category:Computer mice| ]]

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]

[[Category:Computing input devices]]

[[Category:History of human–computer interaction]]

[[Category:Pointing devices]]

~~[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Pointing device used to control a computer}}
-{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer}}
+{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|the animal|Mouse}}
 {{protection padlock|small=yes}}
 {{pp-move|small=yes}}
 {{original research|date=December 2024}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=August 2021|cs1-dates=y}}
-[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which can also function as a button when pressed inwards)]]
+[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|alt=wired computer mouse|A wired computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed) and a USB-A cable (commonly) to plug into the computer for the mouse to work]]
-[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|A typical wireless computer mouse]]
+[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|alt=wireless computer mouse|A [[wireless]] computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed), a USB-A plug (usually stored on the bottom) that gets plugged in the computer to communicate with the mouse wirelessly and uses a USB-C cable (commonly) to charge or the use of batteries]]
-A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].
+A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; rarely '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].
-The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ | title=Computer Mouse: Complete History | date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
+The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Douglas Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ | title=Computer Mouse: Complete History | date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
 In addition to moving a [[cursor (user interface)|cursor]], computer mice have one or more [[mouse button|buttons]] to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and [[scroll wheel]]s, which enable additional control and dimensional input.
 == Etymology ==
-[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse|rodent]].]]
+[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|alt=House mouse (Mus musculus)|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse|rodent]].]]
 The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 The [[trackball]], a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by [[Ralph Benjamin]] as part of a post-[[World War II]]-era [[fire-control system|fire-control]] [[radar]] plotting system called the [[Comprehensive Display System]] (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British [[Royal Navy]] Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used [[analog computer]]s to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a [[joystick]]. Benjamin felt that a more elegant [[input device]] was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin" /><ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin" />
-The device was patented in 1947,<ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill |editor-first=Peter C. J. |editor-last=Hill |publisher=IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |date=2005-09-16 |type=Interview |series=Interview #465 |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Ralph_Benjamin |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans' |author-first=Jasper |author-last=Copping |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |date=2013-07-11 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>
+The device was patented in 1947,<ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill |editor-first=Peter C. J. |editor-last=Hill |publisher=IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |date=2005-09-16 |type=Interview |series=Interview #465 |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Ralph_Benjamin |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans' |author-first=Jasper |author-last=Copping |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |date=2013-07-11 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2013-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714164020/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Another early trackball was built by [[Kenyon Taylor]], a British [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original [[Ferranti Canada]], working on the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s [[DATAR]] (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<ref name="Vardalas_1994_DATAR">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/85.279228 |title=From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context |date=1994 |author-last=Vardalas |author-first=J. |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=20–30 |s2cid=15277748 |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html| issn = 1058-6180|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+Another early trackball was built by [[Kenyon Taylor]], a British [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original [[Ferranti Canada]], working on the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s [[DATAR]] (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<ref name="Vardalas_1994_DATAR">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/85.279228 |title=From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context |date=1994 |author-last=Vardalas |author-first=J. |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=20–30 |s2cid=15277748 |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |issn=1058-6180 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2019-04-04  |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A [[computer#Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits|digital computer]] calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using [[pulse-code modulation]] radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian [[five-pin bowling]] ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrzgS5SoMzcC&q=intitle:%22Pioneers+in+Canadian+Electrical+Manufacturing%22 |title=Ferranti-Packard: Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing |author-first1=Norman R. |author-last1=Ball |author-first2=John N. |author-last2=Vardalas |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7735-0983-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |title=FP-6000 -- From DATAR To The FP-6000 |work=ieee.ca |access-date=2021-06-28  |archive-date=2019-04-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A [[computer#Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits|digital computer]] calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using [[pulse-code modulation]] radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian [[five-pin bowling]] ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrzgS5SoMzcC&q=intitle:%22Pioneers+in+Canadian+Electrical+Manufacturing%22 |title=Ferranti-Packard: Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing |author-first1=Norman R. |author-last1=Ball |author-first2=John N. |author-last2=Vardalas |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7735-0983-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |title=FP-6000 -- From DATAR To The FP-6000 |work=ieee.ca |access-date=2021-06-28  |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 === Engelbart's first "mouse" ===
-{{anchor|Engelbart}}<!-- NOTE: Please see the discussion at File:firstmouseunderside.jpg before trying to replace this image with File: SRI Computer Mouse.jpg. The usage is not equivalent to the free image, as it illustrates the technical details and size of the device. -->[[File:firstmouseunderside.jpg|thumb|Inventor [[Douglas Engelbart]] holding the first computer mouse,<ref>{{cite web |title=First mouse – CERN Courier |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |website=cerncourier.com |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface]]
+{{anchor|Engelbart}}<!-- NOTE: Please see the discussion at File:firstmouseunderside.jpg before trying to replace this image with File: SRI Computer Mouse.jpg. The usage is not equivalent to the free image, as it illustrates the technical details and size of the device. -->[[File:firstmouseunderside.jpg|thumb|Inventor [[Douglas Engelbart]] holding the first computer mouse,<ref>{{cite web |title=First mouse – CERN Courier |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |website=cerncourier.com |access-date=2015-06-24 |archive-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624144901/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |url-status=live }}</ref> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface]]
-[[Douglas Engelbart]] of the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]) has been credited in published books by [[Thierry Bardini]],<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> [[Paul Ceruzzi]],<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012" /> [[Howard Rheingold]],<ref name="Rheingold_2000" /> and several others<ref name="Lyon_1998" /><ref name="Hey">{{cite book |author-last1=Hey |author-first1=Tony |author-last2=Pápay |author-first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite book |author-last=Atkinson |author-first=Paul |title=Computer |date=2010 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-737-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<ref name="Khazan">{{cite news |author-last=Khazan |author-first=Olga |title=Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP Company |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The New York Times |date=2013-07-03 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Arnold">{{cite news |author-last=Arnold |author-first=Laurence |title=Douglas Engelbart, Computer Mouse Creator, Visionary, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-03/douglas-engelbart-computer-mouse-creator-visionary-dies-at-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |author-last=Chappell |author-first=Bill |title=Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies; Doug Engelbart Was 88 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The Two Way: Breaking News from NPR |publisher=NPR |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
+[[Douglas Engelbart]] of the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]) has been credited in published books by [[Thierry Bardini]],<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> [[Paul Ceruzzi]],<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012" /> [[Howard Rheingold]],<ref name="Rheingold_2000" /> and several others<ref name="Lyon_1998" /><ref name="Hey">{{cite book |author-last1=Hey |author-first1=Tony |author-last2=Pápay |author-first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite book |author-last=Atkinson |author-first=Paul |title=Computer |date=2010 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-737-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<ref name="Khazan">{{cite news |author-last=Khazan |author-first=Olga |title=Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP Company |date=2013-07-03 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132618/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The New York Times |date=2013-07-03 |location=New York |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615064745/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Arnold">{{cite news |author-last=Arnold |author-first=Laurence |title=Douglas Engelbart, Computer Mouse Creator, Visionary, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-03/douglas-engelbart-computer-mouse-creator-visionary-dies-at-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |author-last=Chappell |author-first=Bill |title=Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies; Doug Engelbart Was 88 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The Two Way: Breaking News from NPR |publisher=NPR |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118140549/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in [[Reno, Nevada]], Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the [[planimeter]] to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "[[bug (computer mouse)|bug]]", which is a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" />
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 [[File:Computer mouse prototype bottom.jpg|left|thumb|Bottom view of a replica of the Engelbart mouse]]
-In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />
+In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2020-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430143607/https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />
-As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>
+As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>
 [[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png|thumb|right|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent|3987685}}]]
-Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]) exploited different body movements –&nbsp;for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose&nbsp;– but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{citation |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Douglas C. |author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |publisher=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics |pages=5–15 |date=March 1967 |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system|axis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Christina |website=dougengelbart.org |access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.
+Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]) exploited different body movements –&nbsp;for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose. One early version was a knee operated device placed under the desk, which kept both hands free for typing. Ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Floridi |first=Luciano |title=The Fourth Revolution |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom |year=2014 |isbn=978-01996-0672-6 |page=97}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Douglas C. |author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics |pages=5–15 |date=March 1967 |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 |bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system|axis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Christina |website=dougengelbart.org |access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.
 === First rolling-ball mouse ===
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 [[File:Hil-mouse.jpg|right|thumb|HP-HIL Mouse from 1984]]
-{{anchor|Xerox Alto}}The [[Xerox Alto]] was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Gold |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref> [[Alan Kay]] designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |url=https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |language=en}}</ref>{{anchor|Lilith}}Inspired by [[Palo Alto Research Center|PARC]]'s Alto, the [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]], a computer which had been developed by a team around [[Niklaus Wirth]] at [[ETH Zürich]] between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. {{anchor|Xerox Star}}The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the [[Xerox Star|Xerox 8010 Star]] in 1981.
+{{anchor|Xerox Alto}}The [[Xerox Alto]] was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Gold |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref> [[Alan Kay]] designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |url=https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204193841/https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |url-status=live }}</ref>{{anchor|Lilith}}Inspired by [[Palo Alto Research Center|PARC]]'s Alto, the [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]], a computer which had been developed by a team around [[Niklaus Wirth]] at [[ETH Zürich]] between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. {{anchor|Xerox Star}}The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the [[Xerox Star|Xerox 8010 Star]] in 1981.
-By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The [[Sun-1]] also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming [[Apple Lisa]] was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold [[laboratory mouse|lab mice]]. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-05-10 |access-date=2015-08-26 |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |pages=10–11}}</ref> In 1982, [[Logitech]] introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logitech History, March 2007 |url=https://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120203/http://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Logitech |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> That same year [[Microsoft]] made the decision to make the [[MS-DOS]] program [[Microsoft Word]] mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The [[Microsoft Mouse]] shipped in 1983, thus beginning the [[Microsoft hardware|Microsoft Hardware]] division of the company.<ref name="mshw">{{cite web |title=30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/30-years-of-hardware |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the [[Macintosh 128K]] (which included an updated version of the single-button<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tekla S. Perry |title=Of Modes and Men |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |publisher=IEEE |language=en |date=2005-08-01}}</ref> [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|Lisa Mouse]]) in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |author-first=John C. |author-last=Dvorak |author-link=John C. Dvorak |work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]] |title=The Mac Meets the Press |date=1984-02-19 |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA119}}</ref> and of the [[Amiga 1000]] and the [[Atari ST]] in 1985. Aftermarket mice were offered, from the mid 1980s, for many 8-bit home computers, the like of the [[Commodore 1351]] being offered for the Commodore 64 and 128, as was the NEOS Mouse that was also offered for the [[MSX]] range, while the [[AMX Mouse]] was offered for the Acorn BBC Micro and Electron, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefan |title=AMX Mouse - Classic Computer Brochures |url=https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=classic.technology |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris's Acorns: Advanced Memory Systems AMX Mouse |url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronUserVolume4/Electron-User-04-03/page/n3/mode/1up |title=Electron User Volume 4 1986-1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRASH 27 - AMX Mouse |url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/amxmouse.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>
+By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The [[Sun-1]] also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming [[Apple Lisa]] was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold [[laboratory mouse|lab mice]]. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-05-10 |access-date=2015-08-26 |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |pages=10–11}}</ref> In 1982, [[Logitech]] introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logitech History, March 2007 |url=https://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120203/http://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Logitech |access-date=February 22, 2026}}</ref> That same year [[Microsoft]] made the decision to make the [[MS-DOS]] program [[Microsoft Word]] mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The [[Microsoft Mouse]] shipped in 1983, thus beginning the [[Microsoft hardware|Microsoft Hardware]] division of the company.<ref name="mshw">{{cite web |title=30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/30-years-of-hardware |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the [[Macintosh 128K]] (which included an updated version of the single-button<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tekla S. Perry |title=Of Modes and Men |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |publisher=IEEE |language=en |date=2005-08-01 |access-date=2024-07-30  |archive-date=2025-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727075207/https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|Lisa Mouse]]) in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |author-first=John C. |author-last=Dvorak |author-link=John C. Dvorak |work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]] |title=The Mac Meets the Press |date=1984-02-19 |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA119}}</ref> and of the [[Amiga 1000]] and the [[Atari ST]] in 1985. Aftermarket mice were offered, from the mid 1980s, for many 8-bit home computers, the like of the [[Commodore 1351]] being offered for the Commodore 64 and 128, as was the NEOS Mouse that was also offered for the [[MSX]] range, while the [[AMX Mouse]] was offered for the Acorn BBC Micro and Electron, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefan |title=AMX Mouse - Classic Computer Brochures |url=https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=classic.technology |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-05-14  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514122511/https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris's Acorns: Advanced Memory Systems AMX Mouse |url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk |archive-date=2016-03-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060355/http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ElectronUserVolume4|title=Electron User Volume 4 1986-1987|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRASH 27 - AMX Mouse |url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/amxmouse.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>
 == Operation ==
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 A mouse typically controls the motion of a [[pointer (user interface)|pointer]] in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.
-The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.<ref name="dummies">{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |title=How to Use Your Computer Mouse |publisher=[[For Dummies]] |access-date=2013-12-11}}</ref> Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.
+The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.<ref name="dummies">{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |title=How to Use Your Computer Mouse |publisher=[[For Dummies]] |access-date=2013-12-11 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144119/https://www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/networking-components/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.
 Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:<ref name="dummies" />
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 ** (left) [[Double-click]]: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.
 ** (left) [[Triple-click]]: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.
-** [[Right-click]]: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a [[context menu]].
+** Right-click: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a [[context menu]].
 ** Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button. In most cases, this is also the scroll wheel.
 ** Clicking the fourth button.
 ** Clicking the fifth button.
-** The USB standard defines up to 65535 distinct buttons for mice and other such devices,<ref>https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf (Button Page, 0x09)</ref> although in practice buttons above 3 are rarely implemented.
+** The USB standard defines up to 65535 distinct buttons for mice and other such devices,<ref>https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416201342/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf |date=2020-04-16  }} (Button Page, 0x09)</ref> although in practice buttons above 3 are rarely implemented.
 * Drag: pressing and holding a button, and moving the mouse before releasing the button. This is frequently used to move or copy files or other objects via [[drag and drop]]; other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications.
 * [[Mouse chording|Mouse button chording]] or chord clicking:
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 === Gestures ===
-{{Main|Pointing device gesture}}Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.
+{{Main|Pointing device gesture}}
+Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.
 To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.
@@ Line 130: / Line 132: @@
 == Types ==
 === Mechanical mice ===
-{{Infobox|imagestyle = text-align: left
+{{Infobox
+| imagestyle = text-align: left
 | image = [[File:Mouse mechanism diagram.svg|frameless]]
 | caption = Operating an opto-mechanical mouse
@@ Line 139: / Line 142: @@
 # Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.
 }}
-The German company [[Telefunken]] published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /> Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. [[William English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], builder of Engelbart's original mouse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |title=Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse (interview) |access-date=2007-09-08}}</ref> created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Wadlow |author-first=Thomas A. |title=The Xerox Alto Computer |journal=[[BYTE]] |date=September 1981 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=58–68 |url=<!-- https://guidebookgallery.org/articles/thexeroxaltocomputer -->}}</ref>
+The German company [[Telefunken]] published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /> Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. [[William English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], builder of Engelbart's original mouse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |title=Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse (interview) |access-date=2007-09-08 |archive-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702162333/http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref> created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Wadlow |author-first=Thomas A. |title=The Xerox Alto Computer |journal=[[BYTE]] |date=September 1981 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=58–68 |url=<!-- https://guidebookgallery.org/articles/thexeroxaltocomputer -->}}</ref>
 The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the [[Xerox Alto]] computer. Perpendicular [[optical chopper|chopper wheels]] housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted [[trackball]] and became the predominant form used with [[personal computer]]s throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.
@@ Line 151: / Line 154: @@
 [[File:HawleyMarkIImice.jpg|thumb|left|Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House]]
-The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<ref name="hawley">{{cite web |url=http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |title=The Xerox Mouse Commercialized |work=Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013847/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |archive-date=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405164040/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2005 |title=Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses |work=oldmouse.com}}</ref> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, [[Honeywell]] produced another type of mechanical mouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell |title=Honeywell mechanical mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428032201/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4628755.PN.&OS=PN/4628755&RS=PN/4628755 |title=Honeywell mouse patent |access-date=2007-09-11}}</ref> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. [[Key Tronic]] later produced a similar product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |title=Keytronic 2HW73-1ES Mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092356/http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>
+The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<ref name="hawley">{{cite web |url=http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |title=The Xerox Mouse Commercialized |work=Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013847/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |archive-date=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405164040/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2005 |title=Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses |work=oldmouse.com}}</ref> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, [[Honeywell]] produced another type of mechanical mouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell |title=Honeywell mechanical mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428032201/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4628755.PN.&OS=PN/4628755&RS=PN/4628755 |title=Honeywell mouse patent |access-date=2007-09-11 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. [[Key Tronic]] later produced a similar product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |title=Keytronic 2HW73-1ES Mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092356/http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>
-Modern computer mice took form at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor [[Jean-Daniel Nicoud]] and at the hands of [[engineer]] and [[watchmaker]] [[André Guignard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |title=Of Mice and Men... and PCs|publisher=News.softpedia.com |date=1970-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |title=Inventions, computer mouse – the CNN site |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424150438/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |archive-date=2005-04-24}}</ref> In 1985, [[René Sommer]] added a [[microprocessor]] to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<ref name="wrs">{{cite news |title=Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud |url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |work=[[World Radio Switzerland]] |date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010602/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<ref name="wrs" /> though optical mice from [[Mouse Systems]] had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |title=People |author-first=Denise |author-last=Caruso |volume=6 |issue=20 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.]] |page=16 |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-05-14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>
+Modern computer mice took form at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor [[Jean-Daniel Nicoud]] and at the hands of [[engineer]] and [[watchmaker]] [[André Guignard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |title=Of Mice and Men... and PCs |publisher=News.softpedia.com |date=1970-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-27 |archive-date=2017-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082849/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |title=Inventions, computer mouse – the CNN site |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424150438/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |archive-date=2005-04-24}}</ref> In 1985, [[René Sommer]] added a [[microprocessor]] to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<ref name="wrs">{{cite news |title=Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud |url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |work=[[World Radio Switzerland]] |date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010602/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<ref name="wrs" /> though optical mice from [[Mouse Systems]] had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |title=People |author-first=Denise |author-last=Caruso |volume=6 |issue=20 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.]] |page=16 |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-05-14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>
 Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses [[potentiometer]]s rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be [[plug compatible]] with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by [[RadioShack]] for their [[TRS-80 Color Computer|Color Computer]] (but also usable on [[MS-DOS]] machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example.
@@ Line 218: / Line 221: @@
 === Tactile mice ===
-In 2000, [[Logitech]] introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by [[Immersion Corporation]] that contained a small [[actuator]] to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Anne |date=1999-02-25 |title=WHAT'S NEXT; Snuggling Up to Touchy-Feely Mice (Published 1999) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/25/technology/what-s-next-snuggling-up-to-touchy-feely-mice.html |access-date=2020-12-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yoshida |first=Junko |date=2000-08-23 |title=Immersion tech adds tactile feedback to PC interface |work=EE Times |url=https://www.eetimes.com/immersion-tech-adds-tactile-feedback-to-pc-interface/}}</ref> Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]], such as giving feedback when crossing a [[window (computing)|window]] boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=|title=Method and Apparatus for Providing Force Feedback Over a Computer Network (US Patent 5,956,484)|status=|pubdate=|gdate=1996-08-01|invent1=|inventor1-first=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5956484A/en}}</ref> and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 8, 1999 |title=Mousing with Good Vibrations |language=en-us |work=Wired Magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Heckner |author-first1=T. |author-first2=C. |author-last2=Kessler |author-first3=S. |author-last3=Egersdörfer |author-first4=G. J. |author-last4=Monkman |title=Computer based platform for tactile actuator analysis |journal=Actuator'06 |location=Bremen |date=14–16 June 2006}}</ref> but never marketed.
+In 2000, [[Logitech]] introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by [[Immersion Corporation]] that contained a small [[actuator]] to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Anne |date=1999-02-25 |title=WHAT'S NEXT; Snuggling Up to Touchy-Feely Mice (Published 1999) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/25/technology/what-s-next-snuggling-up-to-touchy-feely-mice.html |access-date=2020-12-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yoshida |first=Junko |date=2000-08-23 |title=Immersion tech adds tactile feedback to PC interface |work=EE Times |url=https://www.eetimes.com/immersion-tech-adds-tactile-feedback-to-pc-interface/}}</ref> Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]], such as giving feedback when crossing a [[window (computing)|window]] boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=|title=Method and Apparatus for Providing Force Feedback Over a Computer Network (US Patent 5,956,484)|status=|pubdate=|gdate=1996-08-01|invent1=|inventor1-first=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5956484A/en}}</ref> and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 8, 1999 |title=Mousing with Good Vibrations |language=en-us |work=Wired Magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=2023-04-05  |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405121752/https://www.wired.com/1999/08/mousing-with-good-vibrations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Heckner |author-first1=T. |author-first2=C. |author-last2=Kessler |author-first3=S. |author-last3=Egersdörfer |author-first4=G. J. |author-last4=Monkman |title=Computer based platform for tactile actuator analysis |journal=Actuator'06 |location=Bremen |date=14–16 June 2006}}</ref> but never marketed.
 === Pucks ===
@@ Line 225: / Line 228: @@
 === Ergonomic mice ===
 {{Multiple image
-| image1            = Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg
+| image1   = Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg
-| caption1          = A vertical mouse
+| caption1 = A vertical mouse
-| image2            = Thumb type trackballs.jpg
+| image2   = Thumb type trackballs.jpg
-| caption2          = Two thumb-type [[trackball]] mice
+| caption2 = Two thumb-type [[trackball]] mice
 }}
 As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[arthritis]], and other [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain injuries]]. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.
@@ Line 234: / Line 237: @@
 When holding a typical mouse, the [[ulna]] and [[radius (bone)|radius]] bones on the [[arm]] are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://evoluent.com/products/vm4r/ |title=Evoluent VerticalMouse Vertical Mouse ergonomic mouse ergonomic computer mouse carpal tunnel syndrome repetitive stress disorder RSI |work=evoluent.com}}</ref>
-Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odell |first1=Dan |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |date=2015 |title=Evaluation of flat, angled, and vertical computer mice and their effects on wrist posture, pointing performance, and preference |journal=Work (Reading, Mass.) |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.3233/WOR-152167 |issn=1875-9270 |pmid=26444940}}</ref> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |title=Handshoe Mouse (Original) |author=Product Specialists |work=ergocanada.com |access-date=2014-07-04  |archive-date=2014-07-14  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145735/http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<ref name="Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User">{{cite magazine |author-last=McCracken |author-first=Harry |title=Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/27/left-handed-technology/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>
+Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odell |first1=Dan |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |date=2015 |title=Evaluation of flat, angled, and vertical computer mice and their effects on wrist posture, pointing performance, and preference |journal=Work (Reading, Mass.) |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.3233/WOR-152167 |issn=1875-9270 |pmid=26444940}}</ref> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |title=Handshoe Mouse (Original) |author=Product Specialists |work=ergocanada.com |access-date=2014-07-04  |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145735/http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<ref name="Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User">{{cite magazine |author-last=McCracken |author-first=Harry |title=Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/27/left-handed-technology/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
 [[File:Roller bar mouse.JPG|thumb|Keyboard with roller bar mouse]]
@@ Line 273: / Line 276: @@
 [[File:Mouse quadrature encoding Lyon 1980.png|thumb|Signals XA and XB in [[quadrature phase|quadrature]] convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.]]
-Because the IBM PC did not have a [[quadrature decoder]] built in, early PC mice used the [[RS-232C]] serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The [[Mouse Systems Corporation]] (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<ref name="Paul_2002">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Isaja_2003">{{cite web |title=FreeDOS-32&nbsp;– Serial Mouse driver |author-first=Salvatore |author-last=Isaja |date=2003-09-03 |url=http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |archive-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>
+Because the IBM PC did not have a [[quadrature decoder]] built in, early PC mice used the [[RS-232C]] serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The [[Mouse Systems Corporation]] (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<ref name="Paul_2002">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Isaja_2003">{{cite web |title=FreeDOS-32&nbsp;– Serial Mouse driver |author-first=Salvatore |author-last=Isaja |date=2003-09-03 |url=https://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |archive-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>
 === Apple Desktop Bus ===
@@ Line 284: / Line 287: @@
 [[File:ps-2-ports.jpg|thumb|Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse]]
-With the arrival of the [[IBM Personal System/2|IBM PS/2]] personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the [[eponym]]ous [[PS/2 port]] for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin [[mini-DIN connector|mini-DIN]], in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized [[DIN 41524]] connector. In default mode (called ''stream mode'') a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Adam |author-last=Chapweske |url=http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/ |title=Computer Engineering Tips – PS/2 Mouse Interface |publisher=Computer-engineering.org |date=2003-04-01 |access-date=2013-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-16  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916065845/http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/}}</ref> For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:
+With the arrival of the [[IBM Personal System/2|IBM PS/2]] personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the [[eponym]]ous [[PS/2 port]] for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin [[mini-DIN connector|mini-DIN]], in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized [[DIN 41524]] connector. In default mode (called ''stream mode'') a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Adam |author-last=Chapweske |url=http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/ |title=Computer Engineering Tips – PS/2 Mouse Interface |publisher=Computer-engineering.org |date=2003-04-01 |access-date=2013-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916065845/http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/}}</ref> For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:
 {|class="wikitable"
@@ Line 314: / Line 317: @@
 Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via [[radio]]. Some mice connect to the computer through [[Bluetooth]] or [[Wi-Fi]], while others use a receiver that plugs into the computer, for example through a USB port.
-Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Lisa |author-last=Johnston |url=http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |title=What Is a Nano Wireless Receiver? |access-date=2010-09-03 |archive-date=2010-09-24  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924003656/http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Lisa |author-last=Johnston |url=http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |title=What Is a Nano Wireless Receiver? |access-date=2010-09-03 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924003656/http://peripherals.about.com/od/glossaryofpcterms/g/WhatIsANanoReceiver.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
@@ Line 323: / Line 326: @@
 == Operating system support ==
-MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a [[Microsoft Mouse]] via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, [[Bus mouse|Bus (InPort)]], [[Serial port]] or PS/2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| title = Features and Benefits of Version 8.0-Series Mouse Drivers}}</ref>
+MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a [[Microsoft Mouse]] via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, [[Bus mouse|Bus (InPort)]], [[Serial port]] or PS/2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| title = Features and Benefits of Version 8.0-Series Mouse Drivers| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200915000348/https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/71663| url-status = dead}}</ref>
-Windows 98 added built-in support for [[USB Human Interface Device class]] (USB HID),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |title=Human Interface Devices Design Guide |publisher=Microsoft |work=microsoft.com |access-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201727/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref> with native vertical scrolling support.<ref name="MSWheel">{{cite web| url = http://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| title = Enhanced Wheel Support in Windows}}</ref> Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |title=Windows and the 5-Button Wheel Mouse |date=December 4, 2001 |website=[[Microsoft Developer Network]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314033300/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>
+Windows 98 added built-in support for [[USB Human Interface Device class]] (USB HID),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |title=Human Interface Devices Design Guide |publisher=Microsoft |work=microsoft.com |access-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201727/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/w2kbd.mspx |archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref> with native vertical scrolling support.<ref name="MSWheel">{{cite web| url = http://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| title = Enhanced Wheel Support in Windows| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-07-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728115008/https://download.microsoft.com/download/b/d/1/bd1f7ef4-7d72-419e-bc5c-9f79ad7bb66e/wheel.docx| url-status = live}}</ref> Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |title=Windows and the 5-Button Wheel Mouse |date=December 4, 2001 |website=[[Microsoft Developer Network]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314033300/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/gg454511.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>
-Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| title = Connect a Bluetooth device that does not have or require a transceiver}}</ref> Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.<ref name="MSWheel" />
+Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| title = Connect a Bluetooth device that does not have or require a transceiver| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-09-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918061623/https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/952818/connect-a-bluetooth-device-that-does-not-have-or-require-a-transceiver| url-status = live}}</ref> Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.<ref name="MSWheel" />
-[[Windows 8]] introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/[[list of Bluetooth profiles#Human Interface Device Profile (HID)|HID]] support.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| title = Bluetooth Low Energy Overview| date = 29 September 2023}}</ref>
+[[Windows 8]] introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/[[list of Bluetooth profiles#Human Interface Device Profile (HID)|HID]] support.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| title = Bluetooth Low Energy Overview| date = 29 September 2023| access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2020-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201003054910/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bluetooth/bluetooth-low-energy-overview| url-status = live}}</ref>
 == Multiple-mouse systems ==
@@ Line 350: / Line 353: @@
 == Buttons ==
 {{Main|Mouse button}}
-[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg|thumb|[[Razer Inc.|Razer]] Mouse with additional buttons]]
+[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg|thumb|alt=Razer Naga 2014 mouse|[[Razer Naga]] mouse with additional buttons]]
 Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.
@@ Line 359: / Line 363: @@
 {{Main|Scroll wheel}}
-Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features| work = Lifewire}}</ref>
+Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features| work = Lifewire| access-date = 2020-08-02 | archive-date = 2020-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200815000859/https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| url-status = live}}</ref>
+== Speed ==
 {{anchor|Mouse speed}}
-== Speed ==
 [[Mickey (unit)|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].
@@ Line 380: / Line 384: @@
 Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad, the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to detect movement (e.g. [[Mouse Systems]]). Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or reflective surface, such as glass.
-Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sam |first1=Raymond |title=Mouse Feet Replacement Guide – Are Hyperglides worth it? |url=https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |website=thegamingsetup |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
+Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sam |first1=Raymond |title=Mouse Feet Replacement Guide – Are Hyperglides worth it? |url=https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |website=thegamingsetup |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124114929/https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == In the marketplace ==
@@ Line 387: / Line 391: @@
 Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its [[Xerox Star]], based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]. [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Symbolics]], [[Lisp Machines]] Inc., and [[Tektronix]] also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] released the [[Apple Lisa]], which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-scale success. Only with the release of the [[Macintosh 128K|Apple Macintosh]] in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=HWM |title=The Macintosh Phenomenon: Celebrating Twenty Years of the World's Most Adored Desktop Computers |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Chan |pages=74–77 |date=November 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-oDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76}}</ref>
-The Macintosh design,<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Gladwell |author-first=Malcolm |title=Creation Myth – Xerox PARC, Apple, and the truth about innovation |magazine=The New Yorker |date=2011-05-16 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |access-date=2011-08-31 |quote=The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple}}</ref> commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, [[Atari ST]], [[Amiga]], [[Windows 1.0]], [[GEOS (8-bit operating system)|GEOS]] for the [[Commodore 64]], and the [[Apple IIGS]]).<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Popular Mechanics |title=Colorful New Apple |author-first=Stephen A. |author-last=Booth |volume=164 |issue=1 |page=16 |issn=0032-4558 |date=January 1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>
+The Macintosh design,<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Gladwell |author-first=Malcolm |title=Creation Myth – Xerox PARC, Apple, and the truth about innovation |magazine=The New Yorker |date=2011-05-16 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |access-date=2011-08-31 |quote=The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple |archive-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205055506/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref> commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, [[Atari ST]], [[Amiga]], [[Windows 1.0]], [[GEOS (8-bit operating system)|GEOS]] for the [[Commodore 64]], and the [[Apple IIGS]]).<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Popular Mechanics |title=Colorful New Apple |author-first=Stephen A. |author-last=Booth |volume=164 |issue=1 |page=16 |issn=0032-4558 |date=January 1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>
-The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, [[Logitech]] built their billionth mouse.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Shiels |author-first=Maggie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/technology/7751627.stm |title=Logitech's billionth mouse |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2010-05-29}}</ref>
+The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, [[Logitech]] built their billionth mouse.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Shiels |author-first=Maggie |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7751627.stm |title=Logitech's billionth mouse |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2010-05-29}}</ref>
 == Use in games ==
 [[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|[[Logitech G5]] [[laser mouse]] designed for games, with adjustable weights (on left)]]
-The device often functions as an interface for PC-based [[video game|computer games]] and sometimes for [[video game console]]s. The [[Classic Mac OS]] [[Desk Accessory]] ''Puzzle'' in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.<ref name="mace19840507">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=In Praise of Classics |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1984-05-07 |access-date=2015-02-06 |author-last=Mace |author-first=Scott |page=56}}</ref>
+The device often functions as an interface for PC-based [[video game|computer games]] and sometimes for [[video game console]]s. The [[Classic Mac OS]] [[Desk Accessory]] {{visible anchor|Puzzle (Mac OS)|text=''Puzzle''}} in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.<ref name="mace19840507">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=In Praise of Classics |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1984-05-07 |access-date=2015-02-06 |author-last=Mace |author-first=Scott |page=56}}</ref>
 === First-person shooters ===
@@ Line 401: / Line 405: @@
 [[First-person shooter|FPSs]] naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs.
-Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a [[gamepad]] [[analog stick]] because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.<ref name="gi2006">Chris Klochek and I. Scott MacKenzie (2006). ''[http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf Performance measures of game controllers in a three-dimensional environment]''. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 73–79. Canadian Information Processing Society. {{ISBN|1-56881-308-2}}</ref> This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as [[third-person shooter]]s.
+Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a [[gamepad]] [[analog stick]] because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.<ref name="gi2006">Chris Klochek and I. Scott MacKenzie (2006). ''[http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf Performance measures of game controllers in a three-dimensional environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233510/http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf |date=2020-11-11  }}''. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 73–79. Canadian Information Processing Society. {{ISBN|1-56881-308-2}}</ref> This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as [[third-person shooter]]s.
 Some incorrectly [[porting|ported]] games or [[game engine]]s have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive, irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it. Individual [[game engine]]s will also have their own sensitivities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} This often restricts one from taking a game's existing sensitivity, transferring it to another, and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements. A sensitivity converter is the preferred tool that FPS gamers use to translate correctly the rotational movements between different mice and between different games. Calculating the conversion values manually is also possible but it is more time-consuming and requires performing complex mathematical calculations, while using a sensitivity converter is a lot faster and easier for gamers.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Sensitivity Converter & Calculator – 3D Aim Trainer |url=https://www.3daimtrainer.com/mouse-sensitivity-converter/ |website=3DAimTrainer}}</ref>
@@ Line 417: / Line 421: @@
 Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button inversion", sometimes performed by [[handedness|left-handed]] users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer [[joystick]]s also typically emulate this control-configuration.
-After [[id Software]]'s commercial hit of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'', which did not support vertical aiming, competitor [[Bungie]]'s ''[[Marathon (video game)|Marathon]]'' became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |title=First Use of Freelook in a FPS |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=2015-10-17}}</ref> Games using the [[Build engine]] had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users {{As of|2006|alt=now}} regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', which introduced the invert feature as users {{As of|2007|alt=now}} know it.
+After [[id Software]]'s commercial hit of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'', which did not support vertical aiming, competitor [[Bungie]]'s ''[[Marathon (1994 video game)|Marathon]]'' became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |title=First Use of Freelook in a FPS |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=2015-10-17 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165050/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps |url-status=live }}</ref> Games using the [[Build engine]] had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users {{As of|2006|alt=now}} regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', which introduced the invert feature as users {{As of|2007|alt=now}} know it.
 === Home consoles ===
 [[File:Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg|thumb|[[Dreamcast]] mouse]]
-In 1988, the [[VTech Socrates]] educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] video game system featured a [[SNES Mouse|mouse]] in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the [[Nintendo 64]], although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game ''[[Mario Paint]]'' in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |title=Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary |author-first=Casey |author-last=Phillips |newspaper=[[Times Free Press]] |date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> as did its Japanese-only successor ''[[Mario Artist]]'' on the N64 for its [[64DD]] disk drive peripheral in 1999. [[Sega]] released official mice for their [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]] consoles. [[NEC]] sold official mice for its [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[PC-FX]] consoles. [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] released an official mouse product for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console, included one along with the [[Linux for PlayStation 2]] kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] mouse with the [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]. Nintendo's [[Wii]] also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the [[Wii U]]. [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Xbox]] line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of [[Windows NT]]) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.
+In 1988, the [[VTech Socrates]] educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] video game system featured a [[SNES Mouse|mouse]] in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the [[Nintendo 64]], although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game ''[[Mario Paint]]'' in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |title=Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary |author-first=Casey |author-last=Phillips |newspaper=[[Times Free Press]] |date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123212508/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as did its Japanese-only successor ''[[Mario Artist]]'' on the N64 for its [[64DD]] disk drive peripheral in 1999. [[Sega]] released official mice for their [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]] consoles. [[NEC]] sold official mice for its [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[PC-FX]] consoles. [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] released an official mouse product for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console, included one along with the [[Linux for PlayStation 2]] kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] mouse with the [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]. Nintendo's [[Wii]] also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the [[Wii U]]. [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Xbox]] line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of [[Windows NT]]) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.
+On June 5, 2025, Nintendo released the [[Joy-Con|Joy-Con 2]] controller, a gaming controller with mouse control for the [[Nintendo Switch 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nintendo Switch 2: System Features and Play Modes - Nintendo US |url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/gaming-systems/switch-2/features/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.nintendo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 442: / Line 448: @@
 == Notes ==
 {{Reflist|group="nb"|refs=
-<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural">General dictionaries usually mention ''mouses'' as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. [https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.html Webopedia], [https://foldoc.org/mouse FOLDOC], [https://www.netlingo.com/word/mouse.php Netlingo].</ref>
+<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural">General dictionaries usually mention ''mouses'' as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. [https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.html Webopedia]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [https://foldoc.org/mouse FOLDOC], [https://www.netlingo.com/word/mouse.php Netlingo].</ref>
 <ref group="nb" name="NB_Rollkugel_Encoder">{{anchor|NB-Encoder}}The 4-bit{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}}{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}} [[rotary encoder]]s (MCB CC27E08{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}}{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}}) used in the [[Telefunken]] {{lang|de|[[#Rollkugel|Rollkugel]]}} RKS&nbsp;100-86 provide 14 states repeated either 4{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}} or 5{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}} times per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of {{circa}}{{sp}}35.6&nbsp;[[dpi]]<!-- not calculated in dpi but in mm in the source, hence converted into dpi for comparison -->{{citeref|Yacoub|Turfa|Maurer|2016|A}} or {{circa}}{{sp}}43.5&nbsp;dpi{{citeref|Müller|2021|B}}, respectively. Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5-bit encoders.{{citeref|Mallebrein|2018|C}} The 14-cyclic [[unit-distance code]]s described in the first two sources are identical to a 4-bit [[Gray code]] with the two outmost states (0, 15) eliminated. At first glance the documented codes seem to differ between the two sources; in fact they are identical, but use inverted definitions of the 0/1 states and the direction of rotation:<small>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 468: / Line 474: @@
 <ref name="English_1965">{{cite book |author-last1=English |author-first1=William Kirk |author-link1=William Kirk English |author-last2=Engelbart |author-first2=Douglas C. |author-link2=Douglas Carl Engelbart |author-last3=Huddart |author-first3=Bonnie |title=Computer-Aided Display Control |date=July 1965 |publisher=[[Stanford Research Institute]] |location=Menlo Park |page=[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914/page/n59 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914 |access-date=2017-01-03 |format=Final Report}}</ref>
 <ref name="Bardini_2000_2">{{cite book |author-last=Bardini |author-first=Thierry |title=Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |date=2000 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/95 95] |url=https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie |url-access=registration}}</ref>
-<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |title=Computing: A Concise History |date=2012 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-31039-0 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121}}</ref>
+<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |title=Computing: A Concise History |date=2012 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-31039-0 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121 |archive-date=2024-09-27  |access-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJZ_GsO8_sC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
 <ref name="Rheingold_2000">{{cite book |author-last=Rheingold |author-first=Howard |title=The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier |date=2000 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-26110-4 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr8bdUDisqAC&q=engelbart%20mouse&pg=PA64}}</ref>
 <ref name="Lyon_1998">{{cite book |author-last1=Lyon |author-first1=Matthew |author-last2=Hafner |author-first2=Katie |title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet |date=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-87216-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC&pg=PA78}}</ref>
@@ Line 475: / Line 481: @@
 <ref name="Neubauer_1968">{{cite periodical |title=Sichtgeräte in elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen |language=de |author-first=Günter |author-last=Neubauer |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]] |id=DK 621.385.832: 681.325 |location=Berlin, Germany |volume=1 |number=2 |date=1968-10-02 |periodical=Technische Mitteilungen: Beiheft Datenverarbeitung |pages=15–18 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044022/http://e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-21}} (1+4 pages)</ref>
 <ref name="Telefunken_1966">{{cite book |title=Telefunken TR440 |language=de |chapter=Technische Angaben |publisher=[[Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft]], Fachbereich Anlagen Informationstechnik |publication-place=Ulm, Germany |edition= |id=AH 5.2 WB 160/1 |date=May 1966 |pages=19–20 [20] |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193401/ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-28 |quote-page=20 |quote=Peripheriegeräte […] Bildschirmarbeitsplatz […] Steuermöglichkeiten […] Eingabetastatur, Funktionstastatur, Rollkugelsteuerung […]}} (22 pages)</ref>
-<ref name="Telefunken_1971">{{cite book |title=Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG&nbsp;100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP&nbsp;301 |language=de |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]], Fachbereich Informationstechnik |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0671 |id=MPN N31,A2.10 |date=June 1971 |pages=1–4 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […]}} (4 pages)</ref>
+<ref name="Telefunken_1971">{{cite book |title=Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG&nbsp;100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP&nbsp;301 |language=de |publisher=[[AEG-Telefunken]], Fachbereich Informationstechnik |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0671 |id=MPN N31,A2.10 |date=June 1971 |pages=1–4 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf |access-date=2021-08-24 |quote-page=2 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} (4 pages)</ref>
-<ref name="Telefunken_1972">{{cite book |title=Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG&nbsp;100, SIG&nbsp;50 – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Datenstation DAS&nbsp;3200 |language=de |series=System TR&nbsp;440 |publisher=[[Telefunken Computer GmbH]] |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0372 |id=MPN N31.A2.10 |date=March 1972 |pages=1–2 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf |access-date=2020-07-13 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […]}} (6 pages)</ref>
+<ref name="Telefunken_1972">{{cite book |title=Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG&nbsp;100, SIG&nbsp;50 – Fernschreiber FSR&nbsp;105 – Datenstation DAS&nbsp;3200 |language=de |series=System TR&nbsp;440 |publisher=[[Telefunken Computer GmbH]] |location=Konstanz, Germany |edition=0372 |id=MPN N31.A2.10 |date=March 1972 |pages=1–2 |url=ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf |access-date=2020-07-13 |quote=[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} (6 pages)</ref>
 <ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel">{{cite web |author-first=Ralf |author-last=Bulow |title=Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus |trans-title=In the footsteps of the German computer mouse |language=de |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |date=2009-04-28 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |access-date=2013-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823232003/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html |archive-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
 <ref name="Mueller_2018">{{cite web |title=The first rolling-ball mouse |author-first=Jürgen |author-last=Müller |location=Hamburg, Germany |work=e-basteln – Solving yesterday's problems today |date=2021 |orig-date=2018 |url=http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162131/http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |quote=[…] The encoders are made by MCB in France, „codeur à contacts“ type CC27E08. […] The encoders produce a 4-bit [[Gray code]] (only a single bit will change between adjacent states) with 14 states. Also, each individual output maintains its value for at least two successive states; that allows for a somewhat slower time constant on de-bouncing the contacts. […] This sequence is repeated 5 times for a full revolution of the encoder. Since the rubber O-ring on the encoder wheel has a diameter of {{cvt|13|mm|disp=sqbr}}, that makes for a resolution of 5*14 counts&nbsp;/ (π*13&nbsp;mm)&nbsp;= 1.7 counts/mm&nbsp;= 43.5 counts/inch. […] <!-- It was clear from earlier tests that the electro-mechanical contacts inside the encoders were quite worn and produced a lot of drop-outs; decent filtering and plausibility checks for the codes would be needed. […] microcontroller software looks for valid phase transitions which follow the expected Gray code pattern, and suppresses invalid states even if they last longer than 1&nbsp;ms […] -->}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210823201846/http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/rks_encoder.c] (NB. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>
@@ Line 502: / Line 508: @@
 * [https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/162/000/ Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page] includes stories and links
 * The video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY&t=33m37s segment] of [[The Mother of All Demos]] with [[Doug Engelbart]] showing the device from 1968
+* [https://www.darpa.mil/about/innovation-timeline/first-computer-mouse The first computer mouse] at darpa.mil
 {{Basic computer components}}
 {{Game controllers}}
@@ Line 509: / Line 515: @@
 [[Category:American inventions]]
 [[Category:Computer mice| ]]
+[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]
 [[Category:Computing input devices]]
 [[Category:History of human–computer interaction]]
 [[Category:Pointing devices]]
-[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]

Computer mouse: Difference between revisions

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