Chadic languages: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Branch of the Afroasiatic languages}}
{{Short description|Branch of the Afroasiatic languages}}
{{cleanup lang|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Chadic
| name          = Chadic
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| map2          = Chadic languages map.svg
| map2          = Chadic languages map.svg
| mapcaption2  = Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa
| mapcaption2  = Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa
| speakers      = {{c.|80 million}}
}}
}}
The '''Chadic languages''' form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They are spoken in parts of the [[Sahel]]. They include 196 languages<ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/|title=Chadic Languages; Ethnologue}}</ref> spoken across northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], southern [[Chad]], and northern [[Cameroon]]. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a [[lingua franca]] of much of inland Eastern [[West Africa]], particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
The '''Chadic languages''' form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They are spoken in parts of the [[Sahel]]. They include 196 languages<ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/|title=Chadic Languages; Ethnologue}}</ref> spoken across northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], southern [[Chad]], and northern [[Cameroon]]. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a [[lingua franca]] of much of inland Eastern [[West Africa]], particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
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{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}


[[File:Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb|left|700px|A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.]]
[[File:Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb|left|700px|A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.|class=skin-invert-image]]
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Pronoun !! Proto-Chadic !! [[Proto-Afroasiatic]]
! Pronoun !! Proto-Chadic !! [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]]
|-
|-
| 1 || *ní || *i ~ *yi
| 1 || {{lang|cdc|ní|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|i|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|yi|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| 2M || *ka || *ku, *ka
| 2M || {{lang|cdc|ka|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|ku|proto=yes}}, {{lang|afa|ka|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| 2F || *ki(m) || *kim
| 2F || {{lang|cdc|ki(m)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|kim|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| 3M || *nì || *si, *isi
| 3M || {{lang|cdc|nì|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|si|proto=yes}}, {{lang|afa|isi|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| 3F || *ta ||  
| 3F || {{lang|cdc|ta|proto=yes}} ||  
|-
|-
| 1PL || *mun (incl.), *na (excl.) || (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ?
| 1PL || {{lang|cdc|mun|proto=yes}} (incl.), {{lang|cdc|na|proto=yes}} (excl.) || ({{lang|afa|-na|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|-nu|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|-ni|proto=yes}}) ?
|-
|-
| 2PL || *kun || *kuuna
| 2PL || {{lang|cdc|kun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|kuuna|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| 3PL || *sun || *su ~ *usu
| 3PL || {{lang|cdc|sun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|su|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|usu|proto=yes}}
|}
|}


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! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name
! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name
|-
|-
| Proto-Chadic<ref>Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). ''Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</ref> ||{{Lang|cdc|*ydn}} || {{Lang|cdc|*km/*ɬm }} || {{Lang|cdc|*ntn}} || {{Lang|cdc|*s₃n; *ƙ-d}} || {{Lang|cdc|*ls₃-}} || {{Lang|cdc|*bk}} || {{Lang|cdc|*br}} || {{Lang|cdc|*ƙs₃}} ||  || {{Lang|cdc|*ymn }}|| {{Lang|cdc|*hrɗ}} (hard); {{Lang|cdc|*twy}} (soft) || {{Lang|cdc|*s₃m}}
| Proto-Chadic<ref>Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). ''Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</ref> ||{{lang|cdc|ydn|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|km|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cdc|ɬm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ntn|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|s₃n|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|ƙ-d|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ls₃-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|bk|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|br|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ƙs₃|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|cdc|ymn|proto=yes}}|| {{lang|cdc|hrɗ|proto=yes}} (hard); {{lang|cdc|twy|proto=yes}} (soft) || {{lang|cdc|s₃m|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || ido || kunne || hanci || haƙori || harshe || baki || jini || ƙashi || itaci; bishiya || ruwa || ci || suna
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ido}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|kunne}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|hanci}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|haƙori}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|harshe}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|baki}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|jini}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ƙashi}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|itaci}}; {{lang|cdc-Latn|bishiya}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ruwa}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ci}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|suna}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Ron languages|Ron]]<ref>Blench, Roger. no date. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf Ron comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}.</ref> ||  || *kumu || **atin || *haŋgor || *liʃ || *fo || ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ || *kaʃ ||  ||  ||  || *sum
| Proto-[[Ron languages|Ron]]<ref>Blench, Roger. no date. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf Ron comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}.</ref> ||  || {{lang|cdc|kumu|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|*atin|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|haŋgor|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|liʃ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|fo|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɟɑ̄lɑ̄}}, {{lang|cdc|tɾɔ̃̄}} || {{lang|cdc|kaʃ|proto=yes}} ||  ||  ||  || {{lang|cdc|sum|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]<ref>Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. ''The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report''. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</ref> || *(gwà)yìr(-ŋ) || *kə̂m(-si) ||  ||  ||  || *bʸak(-ì) || *bìràm || *gu(ŋ)ul || *pit-ə̀ ||  ||  || *(yì)sûm(-s₃)
| Proto-[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]<ref>Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. ''The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report''. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</ref> || {{lang|cdc|(gwà)yìr(-ŋ)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|kə̂m(-si)|proto=yes}} ||  ||  ||  || {{lang|cdc|bʸak(-ì)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|bìràm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|gu(ŋ)ul|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|pit-ə̀|proto=yes}} ||  ||  || {{lang|cdc|(yì)sûm(-s₃)|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| [[Polci language|Polci]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || yiir || kəəm || cin || haƙori || shen || bii || buran; bəran || gooloo || pət || maa || ci || suŋ
| [[Polci language|Polci]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || {{lang|cdc|yiir}} || {{lang|cdc|kəəm}} || {{lang|cdc|cin}} || {{lang|cdc|haƙori}} || {{lang|cdc|shen}} || {{lang|cdc|bii}} || {{lang|cdc|buran}}; {{lang|cdc|bəran}} || {{lang|cdc|gooloo}} || {{lang|cdc|pət}} || {{lang|cdc|maa}} || {{lang|cdc|ci}} || {{lang|cdc|suŋ}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Biu–Mandara languages|Central Chadic]]<ref>Gravina, Richard. 2014. ''[https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}''. Webonary.</ref> || *hadaj; *tsɨʸ || *ɬɨmɨɗʸ || *hʷɨtsɨnʸ || *ɬɨɗɨnʸ || *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj ||  || *maj || *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ || *hʷɨp || *ɗɨjɨm || *zɨm || *ɬɨmɨɗʸ
| Proto-[[Biu–Mandara languages|Central Chadic]]<ref>Gravina, Richard. 2014. ''[https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}''. Webonary.</ref> || {{lang|cdc|hadaj|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|tsɨʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨmɨɗʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hʷɨtsɨnʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨɗɨnʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|ɣanaɗʸ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|naɬɨj|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|cdc|maj|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗiɬ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|kɨrakaɬʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hʷɨp|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗɨjɨm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|zɨm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨmɨɗʸ|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Masa languages|Masa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shryock |first1=Aaron |title=The classification of the Masa group of languages |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=30–62 |doi=10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396 |s2cid=185914860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || *ir || *hum || *cin || *s- || *si || *vun || *vuzur || *sok || *gu || *mb- || *ti || *sem
| Proto-[[Masa languages|Masa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shryock |first1=Aaron |title=The classification of the Masa group of languages |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=30–62 |doi=10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396 |s2cid=185914860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{lang|cdc|ir|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hum|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|cin|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|s-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|si|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|vun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|vuzur|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|sok|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|gu|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|mb-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ti|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|sem|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| [[Kujarge language|Kujarge]]<ref>Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</ref> || kunɟu || kumayo ~ kime || kaata || kiya || aliŋati || apa || ɪbɪrí || (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya || kaʃíè || ʃia || (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] || rúwà
| [[Kujarge language|Kujarge]]<ref>Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</ref> || {{lang|vkj|kunɟu}} || {{lang|vkj|kumayo}} ~ {{lang|vkj|kime}} || {{lang|vkj|kaata}} || {{lang|vkj|kiya}} || {{lang|vkj|aliŋati}} || {{lang|vkj|apa}} || {{lang|vkj|ɪbɪrí}} || ({{lang|vkj|kaɟeɟa}}), {{lang|vkj|kàyɛ́ya}} || {{lang|vkj|kaʃíè}} || {{lang|vkj|ʃia}} || ({{lang|vkj|tona}}), {{lang|vkj|tuye}} [imp. sg.]; {{lang|vkj|tuwona}} [imp. pl.] || {{lang|vkj|rúwà}}
|-
|-
| colspan = "13" | '''Other Afroasiatic branches'''
| colspan = "13" | '''Other Afroasiatic branches'''
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |date=1987 |volume=8 |pages=7–180 }}</ref> || *ʔil- ||  || *ʔisŋʷ- || *ʔiɬkʷ- || *caanrab- || *ʔaf-/*yaf- ||  || *mikʷ’-; *moc’- ||  ||  || *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- || *sim-/*sum-
| Proto-[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |date=1987 |volume=8 |pages=7–180 }}</ref> || {{lang|cus|ʔil-|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|cus|ʔisŋʷ-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|ʔiɬkʷ-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|caanrab-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|ʔaf-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|yaf-|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|cus|mikʷ’-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cus|moc’-|proto=yes}} ||  ||  || {{lang|cus|-aħm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|-uħm-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cus|ɬaam-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|sim-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|sum-|proto=yes}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aklilu |first1=Yilma |date=2003 |title=Comparative phonology of the Maji languages |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=36 |pages=59–88 }}</ref> || *ʔaːb || *háːy ||  || *aːç’u ||  || *eːdu ||  || *uːs || *inču || *haːy || *um ||  
| Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aklilu |first1=Yilma |date=2003 |title=Comparative phonology of the Maji languages |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=36 |pages=59–88 }}</ref> || {{lang|omv|ʔaːb|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|háːy|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|omv|aːç’u|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|omv|eːdu|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|omv|uːs|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|inču|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|haːy|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|um|proto=yes}} ||  
|-
|-
| [[Riffian language|Tarifiyt Berber]]<ref>Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 |date=2024-05-26 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> || ŧit’t’ || aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ || ŧinzā || ŧiɣməsŧ || iřəs || aqəmmum || iđammən || iɣəss ||  || aman || šš || isəm
| [[Riffian language|Tarifiyt Berber]]<ref>Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 |date=2024-05-26 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧit’t’}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|aməžžun}}, {{lang|rif-Latn|aməz’z’uɣ}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧinzā}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧiɣməsŧ}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iřəs}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|aqəmmum}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iđammən}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iɣəss}} ||  || {{lang|rif-Latn|aman}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|šš}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|isəm}}
|-
|-
| [[Coptic language|Coptic]] || ia || ma'aje || ša || šol, najhe || las || ro || snof || kas || šēn || mou || wōm || ran
| [[Coptic language|Coptic]] || {{lang|cop-Latn|ia}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ma'aje}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ša}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|šol}}, {{lang|cop-Latn|najhe}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|las}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ro}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|snof}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|kas}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|šēn}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|mou}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|wōm}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ran}}
|-
|-
| Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]<ref>Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). ''The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook''. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. {{ISBN|978-3-11-025158-6}}.</ref> || *ʕayn- || *ʔuḏn- || *ʔanp- || *šinn- || *lišān- ||  || *dam- || *ʕaṯ̣m- || *ʕiṣ̂- || *mā̆y- || *ʔ-k-l || (*šim-)
| Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]<ref>Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). ''The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook''. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. {{ISBN|978-3-11-025158-6}}.</ref> || {{lang|sem|ʕayn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔuḏn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔanp-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|šinn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|lišān-|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|sem|dam-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʕaṯ̣m-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʕiṣ̂-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|mā̆y-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔ-k-l|proto=yes}} || ({{lang|sem|šim-|proto=yes}})
|-
|-
| [[Proto-Afroasiatic]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Ehret|author-link = Christopher Ehret|first = Christopher|title = Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1995|isbn = 0-520-09799-8}}</ref> || *ʔǐl- || *-ʔânxʷ- ||  || *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' || *-lis’- 'to lick' || *âf- || *dîm-/*dâm- || *k’os- || *ɣǎ || *âm-; *akʷ’- || *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ || *sǔm-/*sǐm-
| [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Ehret|author-link = Christopher Ehret|first = Christopher|title = Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1995|isbn = 0-520-09799-8}}</ref> || {{lang|afa|ʔǐl-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|-ʔânxʷ-|proto=yes}} ||  || {{lang|afa|sǐn-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|sǎn-|proto=yes}} 'tip, point' || {{lang|afa|-lis’-|proto=yes}} 'to lick' || {{lang|afa|âf-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|dîm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|dâm-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|k’os-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|ɣǎ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|âm-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|akʷ’-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|-mǎaʕ-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|-iit-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|-kʷ’-̌|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|sǔm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|sǐm-|proto=yes}}
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 18:41, 13 May 2026

Template:Infobox language family The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages[1] spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.[citation needed]

Composition

Paul Newman (1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust; Roger Blench (2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.[2] Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including the language isolate Kujargé as an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).[3]

File:Chadic Languages.jpg
A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.

Loanwords

Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either the Songhay or Maban branches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.[4]

Although Adamawa languages are spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.[5]

Pronouns

Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):[6]

Pronoun Proto-Chadic Proto-Afroasiatic
1 *ní *i ~ *yi
2M *ka *ku, *ka
2F *ki(m) *kim
3M *nì *si, *isi
3F *ta
1PL *mun (incl.), *na (excl.) (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ?
2PL *kun *kuuna
3PL *sun *su ~ *usu

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:

Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat name
Proto-Chadic[7] *ydn *km/*ɬm *ntn *s₃n; *ƙ-d *ls₃- *bk *br *ƙs₃ *ymn *hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft) *s₃m
Hausa[8] ido kunne hanci haƙori harshe baki jini ƙashi itaci; bishiya ruwa ci suna
Proto-Ron[9] *kumu *atin *haŋgor *liʃ *fo ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ *kaʃ *sum
Proto-South Bauchi[10] *(gwà)yìr(-ŋ) *kə̂m(-si) *bʸak(-ì) *bìràm *gu(ŋ)ul *pit-ə̀ *(yì)sûm(-s₃)
Polci[11] yiir kəəm cin haƙori shen bii buran; bəran gooloo pət maa ci suŋ
Proto-Central Chadic[12] *hadaj; *tsɨʸ *ɬɨmɨɗʸ *hʷɨtsɨnʸ *ɬɨɗɨnʸ *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj *maj *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ *hʷɨp *ɗɨjɨm *zɨm *ɬɨmɨɗʸ
Proto-Masa[13] *ir *hum *cin *s- *si *vun *vuzur *sok *gu *mb- *ti *sem
Kujarge[14] kunɟu kumayo ~ kime kaata kiya aliŋati apa ɪbɪrí (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya kaʃíè ʃia (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] rúwà
Other Afroasiatic branches
Proto-Cushitic[15] *ʔil- *ʔisŋʷ- *ʔiɬkʷ- *caanrab- *ʔaf-/*yaf- *mikʷ’-; *moc’- *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- *sim-/*sum-
Proto-Maji[16] *ʔaːb *háːy *aːç’u *eːdu *uːs *inču *haːy *um
Tarifiyt Berber[17] ŧit’t’ aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ ŧinzā ŧiɣməsŧ iřəs aqəmmum iđammən iɣəss aman šš isəm
Coptic ia ma'aje ša šol, najhe las ro snof kas šēn mou wōm ran
Proto-Semitic[18] *ʕayn- *ʔuḏn- *ʔanp- *šinn- *lišān- *dam- *ʕaṯ̣m- *ʕiṣ̂- *mā̆y- *ʔ-k-l (*šim-)
Proto-Afroasiatic[19] *ʔǐl- *-ʔânxʷ- *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' *-lis’- 'to lick' *âf- *dîm-/*dâm- *k’os- *ɣǎ *âm-; *akʷ’- *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ *sǔm-/*sǐm-

Bibliography

  • Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
  • Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
  • Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
  • Newman, Paul; Ma, Roxana (1966). "Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon". Journal of African Languages. 5: 218–251. hdl:2022/21342.
  • Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
  • Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
  • Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
  • Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Chadic lexical roots. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
  • Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Chadic lexical roots. 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
  • Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.
Data sets
  • Kraft, Charles H. (1981). "CLDF:Wordlist". CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981. Geneva. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chadic Languages; Ethnologue".
  2. ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine (ms)
  3. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
  4. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (5 December 2006). "The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic". Studies in African Linguistics. 35: 56–66. doi:10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316. S2CID 195404449.
  5. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
  6. ↑ Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
  8. ↑ Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
  9. ↑ Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist Archived 2015-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.
  11. ↑ Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
  12. ↑ Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Webonary.
  13. ↑ Shryock, Aaron (June 1997). "The classification of the Masa group of languages". Studies in African Linguistics. 26 (1): 30–62. doi:10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396. S2CID 185914860.
  14. ↑ Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
  15. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. 8: 7–180.
  16. ↑ Aklilu, Yilma (2003). "Comparative phonology of the Maji languages". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 36: 59–88.
  17. ↑ Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary Archived 2024-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  18. ↑ Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
  19. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09799-8.
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