Cushitic languages: Difference between revisions
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imported>Landroving Linguist according to the newest edition of the cited source |
imported>Mathglot Undid revision 1352109425 by ~2026-26636-89 (talk) Unsourced. |
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{{Short description|Branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa}} | {{Short description|Branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa}} | ||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| name = Cushitic | | name = Cushitic | ||
| region = [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Horn of Africa]], [[East Africa]] | | region = [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Horn of Africa]], [[East Africa]] | ||
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic | | familycolor = Afro-Asiatic | ||
| iso2 = cus | | iso2 = cus | ||
| protoname = [[Proto-Cushitic language|Proto-Cushitic]] | | protoname = [[Proto-Cushitic language|Proto-Cushitic]] | ||
| child1 = [[North Cushitic languages|North]] | | child1 = [[North Cushitic languages|North]] | ||
| child2 = [[Agaw languages|Central]] | | child2 = [[Agaw languages|Central]] | ||
| child3 = [[East Cushitic languages|East]] | | child3 = [[East Cushitic languages|East]] | ||
| child4 = [[South Cushitic languages|South]] | | child4 = [[South Cushitic languages|South]] | ||
| child5 = ? [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] | | child5 = ? [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] | ||
| iso5 = cus | | iso5 = cus | ||
| glotto = cush1243 | | glotto = cush1243 | ||
| glottorefname = Cushitic | | glottorefname = Cushitic | ||
| map = Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg | | map = Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg | ||
| ancestor = | | ancestor = | ||
| glottoname = | | glottoname = | ||
| notes = | | notes = | ||
| map2 = Cushitic map.svg | | map2 = Cushitic map.svg | ||
| mapcaption = Distribution of the Cushitic languages in Africa | | mapcaption = Distribution of the Cushitic languages in Africa | ||
| mapcaption2 = Map of the Cushitic languages | | mapcaption2 = Map of the Cushitic languages | ||
| speakers = {{c.|85 million}} | |||
| ethnicity = [[Cushitic-speaking peoples|Cushites]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
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{{See also|Proto-Afroasiatic homeland#Northeast African homeland theory}} | {{See also|Proto-Afroasiatic homeland#Northeast African homeland theory}} | ||
[[Christopher Ehret]] argues for a unified Proto-Cushitic language in the Red Sea Hills as far back as the Early Holocene.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |title=Archaeology of African Plant Use|last1=Stevens|first1=Chris J.|last2=Nixon|first2=Sam|last3=Murray|first3=Mary Anne|last4=Fuller|first4=Dorian Q.|date=July 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-43400-1|page=239|language=en}}</ref> The expansion of Cushitic languages of the Southern Cushitic branch into the Rift Valley is associated with the [[Savanna Pastoral Neolithic]].{{sfnp|Ambrose|1984|p=234}} | [[Christopher Ehret]] argues for a unified Proto-Cushitic language in the Red Sea Hills as far back as the Early [[Holocene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |title=Archaeology of African Plant Use|last1=Stevens|first1=Chris J.|last2=Nixon|first2=Sam|last3=Murray|first3=Mary Anne|last4=Fuller|first4=Dorian Q.|date=July 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-43400-1|page=239|language=en}}</ref> The expansion of Cushitic languages of the Southern Cushitic branch into the Rift Valley is associated with the [[Savanna Pastoral Neolithic]].{{sfnp|Ambrose|1984|p=234}} | ||
==Typological characteristics== | ==Typological characteristics== | ||
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==Hypothesized Cushitic substrate languages== | ==Hypothesized Cushitic substrate languages== | ||
Some of the ancient peoples of [[Nubia]] are hypothesized to have spoken languages belonging to the Cushitic group, especially the people of the [[C-Group culture]]. It has been speculated that these people left a substratum of Cushitic words in the modern Nubian languages. Given the scarcity of data (all | Some of the ancient peoples of [[Nubia]] are hypothesized to have spoken languages belonging to the Cushitic group, especially the people of the [[C-Group culture]]. It has been speculated that these people left a substratum of Cushitic words in the modern Nubian languages. Given the scarcity of data (all onomastic or [[toponym]]ic), however, it remains unclear if the C-Group culture in fact spoke a Cushitic language.{{sfnp|Rilly|2019|pp=134–137}} | ||
[[Christopher Ehret]] (1998) proposed on the basis of loanwords that South Cushitic languages (called "Tale" and "Bisha" by Ehret) were spoken in an area closer to Lake Victoria than are found today.<ref name="Mous">{{cite book |last1=Kießling |first1=Roland |first2=Maarten |last2=Mous |first3=Derek |last3=Nurse |year=2007 |chapter=The Tanzanian Rift Valley area |title=A Linguistic Geography of Africa |editor=Bernd Heine |editor2=Derek Nurse |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/825370 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 183030|title = We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes|last1 = Schoenbrun|first1 = David L.|journal = The Journal of African History|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 1–31|doi = 10.1017/S0021853700032989|s2cid = 162660041}}</ref> | [[Christopher Ehret]] (1998) proposed on the basis of loanwords that South Cushitic languages (called "Tale" and "Bisha" by Ehret) were spoken in an area closer to Lake Victoria than are found today, and that these people were ancestral to today linguistically integrated groups like the [[Tutsi]].<ref name="Mous">{{cite book |last1=Kießling |first1=Roland |first2=Maarten |last2=Mous |first3=Derek |last3=Nurse |year=2007 |chapter=The Tanzanian Rift Valley area |title=A Linguistic Geography of Africa |editor=Bernd Heine |editor2=Derek Nurse |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/825370 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 183030|title = We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes|last1 = Schoenbrun|first1 = David L.|journal = The Journal of African History|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 1–31|doi = 10.1017/S0021853700032989|s2cid = 162660041}}</ref> | ||
Also, historically, the [[Southern Nilotic languages]] have undergone extensive contact with a "missing" branch of [[East Cushitic languages|East Cushitic]] that Heine (1979) refers to as ''Baz''.{{sfnp|Güldemann|2018}}<ref>Heine, Bernd, Franz Rottland & Rainer Voßen. 1979. Proto-Baz: Some aspects of early Nilotic-Cushitic contacts. ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 1. 75‒92.</ref> | Also, historically, the [[Southern Nilotic languages]] have undergone extensive contact with a "missing" branch of [[East Cushitic languages|East Cushitic]] that Heine (1979) refers to as ''Baz''.{{sfnp|Güldemann|2018}}<ref>Heine, Bernd, Franz Rottland & Rainer Voßen. 1979. Proto-Baz: Some aspects of early Nilotic-Cushitic contacts. ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 1. 75‒92.</ref> Mous and Rapold (2025) instead attribute these loans to various stages of other, already attested Cushitic languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Maarten|last1=Mous|first2=Christian|last2=Rapold|title=Cushitic loans in South Nilotic revisited. A deconstruction of Proto Baz|journal=Afrika und Übersee|year=2025|volume=98|issue=1|pages=239-289|doi=10.15460/auue.2025.98.1.368|url=https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/hup1/afrikaunduebersee/article/view/368|doi-access=free|hdl=1887/4285798|hdl-access=free}}</ref> | ||
==Reconstruction== <!---[[Proto-Cushitic]] redirects here---> | ==Reconstruction== <!---[[Proto-Cushitic]] redirects here---> | ||
{{Main|Proto-Cushitic language}} | {{Main|Proto-Cushitic language}} | ||
[[Christopher Ehret]] proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Cushitic in 1987, but did not base this on individual branch reconstructions.<ref>Ehret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction. In ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 8: 7–180. University of Cologne.</ref> [[Grover Hudson]] (1989) has done some preliminary work on Highland East Cushitic,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Grover |title=Highland East Cushitic Dictionary |date=1989 |publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag |location=Hamburg |isbn=3-87118-947-2}}</ref> David Appleyard (2006) has proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Agaw,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appleyard |first1=David |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages |date=2006 |publisher=Rüdiger Köppe |location=Köln |isbn=3-89645-481-1}}</ref> and Roland Kießling and Maarten Mous (2003) have jointly proposed a reconstruction of West Rift Southern Cushitic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kießling |first1=Roland |last2=Mous |first2=Maarten |title=The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic |date=2003 |publisher=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag |location=Köln |isbn=3-89645-068-9}}</ref> No reconstruction has been published for Lowland East Cushitic, though Paul D. Black wrote his (unpublished) dissertation on the topic in 1974.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Black |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=Lowland East Cushitic: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |type=PhD |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Hans-Jürgen Sasse (1979) proposed a reconstruction of the consonants of Proto-East Cushitic.<ref name="Sasse79">{{cite journal |last1=Sasse |first1=Hans-Jürgen |title=Consonant Phonemes of Proto East Cushitic |journal=Afro-Asiatic Linguistics |date=1979 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–57}}</ref> No comparative work has yet brought these branch reconstructions together. | [[Christopher Ehret]] proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Cushitic in 1987, but did not base this on individual branch reconstructions.<ref>Ehret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction. In ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 8: 7–180. University of Cologne.</ref> [[Grover Hudson]] (1989) has done some preliminary work on Highland East Cushitic,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Grover |title=Highland East Cushitic Dictionary |date=1989 |publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag |location=Hamburg |isbn=3-87118-947-2}}</ref> David Appleyard (2006) has proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Agaw,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appleyard |first1=David |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages |date=2006 |publisher=Rüdiger Köppe |location=Köln |isbn=3-89645-481-1}}</ref> and Roland Kießling and Maarten Mous (2003) have jointly proposed a reconstruction of West Rift Southern Cushitic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kießling |first1=Roland |last2=Mous |first2=Maarten |title=The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic |date=2003 |publisher=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag |location=Köln |isbn=3-89645-068-9}}</ref> No reconstruction has been published for Lowland East Cushitic, though Paul D. Black wrote his (unpublished) dissertation on the topic in 1974.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Black |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=Lowland East Cushitic: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |type=PhD |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Hans-Jürgen Sasse (1979) proposed a reconstruction of the consonants of Proto-East Cushitic.<ref name="Sasse79">{{cite journal |last1=Sasse |first1=Hans-Jürgen |title=Consonant Phonemes of Proto East Cushitic |journal=Afro-Asiatic Linguistics |date=1979 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–57}}</ref> No comparative work has yet brought these branch reconstructions together. | ||
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| East, Somali || [[ISO 639:gex|Garre (Karre)]] || kow || lamma || siddeh || afar || ʃan || liʔ || toddobe || siyeed || saɡaal || tommon | | East, Somali || [[ISO 639:gex|Garre (Karre)]] || kow || lamma || siddeh || afar || ʃan || liʔ || toddobe || siyeed || saɡaal || tommon | ||
|- | |- | ||
| East, Somali || [[ISO 639:som|Somali]] || ków || labá || | | East, Somali || [[ISO 639:som|Somali]] || ków || labá || sáddex || áfar || shán || lix || toddobá || sideed || sagaal || toban | ||
|- | |- | ||
| East, Somali || [[ISO 639:tqq|Tunni (Af-Tunni)]] || ków || lámma || síddiʔ || áfar || ʃán || líʔ || toddóbo || siyéed || saɡáal || tómon | | East, Somali || [[ISO 639:tqq|Tunni (Af-Tunni)]] || ków || lámma || síddiʔ || áfar || ʃán || líʔ || toddóbo || siyéed || saɡáal || tómon | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Cushitic speaking peoples]] | *[[Cushitic-speaking peoples]] | ||
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions|List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions]] (Wiktionary) | *[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions|List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions]] (Wiktionary) | ||
*[[Meroitic language]] | *[[Meroitic language]] | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{Cite journal|last1=Skoglund|first1=Pontus|last2=Thompson|first2=Jessica C.|last3=Prendergast|first3=Mary E.|last4=Mittnik|first4=Alissa|last5=Sirak|first5=Kendra|last6=Hajdinjak|first6=Mateja|last7=Salie|first7=Tasneem|last8=Rohland|first8=Nadin|last9=Mallick|first9=Swapan|date=2017-09-21|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url= |journal=Cell|language=en|volume=171|issue=1|pages=59–71.e21|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049|issn=0092-8674|pmid=28938123|pmc=5679310}} | * {{Cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |last2=Thompson |first2=Jessica C. |last3=Prendergast |first3=Mary E. |last4=Mittnik |first4=Alissa |last5=Sirak |first5=Kendra |last6=Hajdinjak |first6=Mateja |last7=Salie |first7=Tasneem |last8=Rohland |first8=Nadin |last9=Mallick |first9=Swapan |date=2017-09-21 |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |url= |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 |issn=0092-8674 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||