Cogito, ergo sum: Difference between revisions
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imported>Imaginatorium rv probably good faith, but makes no sense reading the next sentence |
imported>Corrector Problematum 3000 m Updated short description |
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{{short description| | {{short description|Phrase of the philosopher René Descartes}} | ||
{{Redirect|I think, therefore I am|the R. Dean Taylor album|I Think, Therefore I Am{{!}}''I Think, Therefore I Am''|the Billie Eilish song referencing Descartes' principle|Therefore I Am (song) | {{title language|la}} | ||
{{Redirect|I think, therefore I am|the R. Dean Taylor album|I Think, Therefore I Am{{!}}''I Think, Therefore I Am''|the Billie Eilish song referencing Descartes's principle|Therefore I Am (song)}} | |||
[[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|[[René Descartes]], who published the phrase in ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'', in 1637]] | [[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|[[René Descartes]], who published the phrase in ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'', in 1637]] | ||
{{Descartes}} | {{Descartes}} | ||
The | The Latin '''{{lang|la|cogito, ergo sum}}''', usually translated into English as "'''I think, therefore I am'''",{{efn|name="better translation" |Some sources offer "I am thinking, therefore I am" or "I think, therefore I exist" as better translations. (See [[#Translation|§ Translation]].)}} is the "[[first principle]]" of the philosophy of the French scientist and philosopher [[René Descartes]]. He originally published it in French as '''{{nowrap|{{lang|fr|je pense}}}}, {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|donc je suis}}}}''' in his 1637 ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'', so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burns |first=William E. |title=The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87436-875-8 |location=Santa Barbara, California |page=84}}</ref> It later appeared in Latin in his ''[[Principles of Philosophy]]'', and a similar phrase ({{Langx|la|Ego sum, ego existo|4=I am, I exist|label=none}}) also featured prominently in his ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]''. The [[dictum]] is also sometimes referred to as '''the cogito'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COGITO {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English {{!}} Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/cogito |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153135/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cogito |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |language=en}}</ref> As Descartes explained in a [[Marginalia|margin note]], "we cannot [[doubt]] of our [[existence]] while we doubt." In the posthumously published ''[[The Search for Truth by Natural Light]]'', he expressed this insight as {{lang|la|'''dubito, ergo sum''', vel, quod idem est, cogito, ergo sum}} ("I doubt, therefore I am—or what is the same—I think, therefore I am.").<ref name="AT">{{Citation |title=''Oeuvres de Descartes'' |volume=X |page=535 |year=1901 |editor-last1=Adam |editor-first1=Charles |contribution=La Recherche de la Vérité par La Lumiere Naturale |contribution-url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Descartes_-_Œuvres,_éd._Adam_et_Tannery,_X.djvu/535 |editor-last2=Tannery |editor-first2=Paul}}.</ref><ref name="Hintikka">{{Cite journal|last=Hintikka|first=Jaakko|date=1962|title=Cogito, Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183678|journal=The Philosophical Review|volume=71|issue=1|pages=3–32|doi=10.2307/2183678|jstor=2183678|issn=0031-8108|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Antoine Léonard Thomas]], in a 1765 essay in honor of Descartes, presented it as {{lang|la|dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum}} ("I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am.").{{efn|This expression is often mistakenly attributed to Descartes. (See [[Cogito ergo sum#Other forms|Other forms]].)}} | ||
Descartes's statement became a fundamental element of [[Western philosophy]], as it purported to provide a [[certainty|certain]] [[epistemology|foundation for knowledge]] in the face of [[Epistemological skepticism|radical doubt]]. While other knowledge could be a figment of imagination, deception, or mistake, Descartes asserted that the very act of doubting one's own existence served—at minimum—as proof of the reality of one's own mind; there must be a [[Consciousness|thinking entity]]—in this case the [[self]]—for there to be a thought. | Descartes's statement became a fundamental element of [[Western philosophy]], as it purported to provide a [[certainty|certain]] [[epistemology|foundation for knowledge]] in the face of [[Epistemological skepticism|radical doubt]]. While other knowledge could be a figment of imagination, deception, or mistake, Descartes asserted that the very act of doubting one's own existence served—at minimum—as proof of the reality of one's own mind; there must be a [[Consciousness|thinking entity]]—in this case the [[self]]—for there to be a thought. | ||
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=== Other forms === | === Other forms === | ||
The proposition is sometimes given as {{lang|la|dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum}}. This form was penned by the French literary critic, [[Antoine Léonard Thomas]],{{efn|Thomas was known in his time for his great eloquence especially for éloges in praise of past luminaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stephens|first=Henry Morse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlkyAQAAMAAJ|title=Mirabeau. Vergniaud. Gensonné. Guadet. Louvet. Cambon|date=1892|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=9|language=fr}}</ref>}} in an award-winning 1765 essay in praise of Descartes, where it appeared as "{{lang|fr|Puisque je doute, je pense; puisque je pense, j'existe}}" ('Since I doubt, I think; since I think, I exist'). With rearrangement and compaction, the passage translates to "I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am," or in Latin, "''dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum''."{{efn|The 1765 work, ''Éloge de René Descartes'',<ref name=Thomas1765 /> by Antoine Léonard Thomas, was awarded the 1765 Le Prix De L'académie Française and republished in the 1826 compilation of Descartes's work, ''Oeuvres de Descartes''<ref name=Cousin1824 /> by [[Victor Cousin]]. The French text is available in [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13846/13846-h/13846-h.htm more accessible format] at Project Gutenberg. The compilation by Cousin is credited with a revival of interest in Descartes.<ref name=Edinburgh1890 /><ref name=Descartes2007 />}} This aptly captures Descartes's intent as expressed in his posthumously published ''La Recherche de la Vérité par La Lumiere Naturale'' as noted above: '''''I doubt, therefore I am''''' | The proposition is sometimes given as {{lang|la|dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum}}. This form was penned by the French literary critic, [[Antoine Léonard Thomas]],{{efn|Thomas was known in his time for his great eloquence especially for éloges in praise of past luminaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stephens|first=Henry Morse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlkyAQAAMAAJ|title=Mirabeau. Vergniaud. Gensonné. Guadet. Louvet. Cambon|date=1892|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=9|language=fr}}</ref>}} in an award-winning 1765 essay in praise of Descartes, where it appeared as "{{lang|fr|Puisque je doute, je pense; puisque je pense, j'existe}}" ('Since I doubt, I think; since I think, I exist'). With rearrangement and compaction, the passage translates to "I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am," or in Latin, "''dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum''."{{efn|The 1765 work, ''Éloge de René Descartes'',<ref name=Thomas1765 /> by Antoine Léonard Thomas, was awarded the 1765 Le Prix De L'académie Française and republished in the 1826 compilation of Descartes's work, ''Oeuvres de Descartes''<ref name=Cousin1824 /> by [[Victor Cousin]]. The French text is available in [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13846/13846-h/13846-h.htm more accessible format] at Project Gutenberg. The compilation by Cousin is credited with a revival of interest in Descartes.<ref name=Edinburgh1890 /><ref name=Descartes2007 />}} This aptly captures Descartes's intent as expressed in his posthumously published ''La Recherche de la Vérité par La Lumiere Naturale'' as noted above: '''''I doubt, therefore I am''''' – or what is the same – '''''I think, therefore I am'''''. | ||
A further expansion, {{lang|la|dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum—res cogitans}} ("…—a thinking thing") extends the ''cogito'' with Descartes's statement in the subsequent ''Meditation'', {{lang|la|"Ego sum res cogitans, id est dubitans, affirmans, negans, pauca intelligens, multa ignorans, volens, nolens, imaginans etiam et sentiens…"}} ("I am a thinking [conscious] thing, that is, a being who doubts, affirms, denies, knows a few objects, and is ignorant of many, [who loves, hates,]{{Efn|the French adds "loves, hates"; hence Veitch's inclusion despite its absence from the Latin here. see Cottingham, J. (ed), 1986, "Meditations on First Philosophy, with selections from Objections and Replies", p.24fn1.}} wills, refuses, who imagines likewise, and perceives").{{efn | This translation by [[John Veitch (poet)|Veitch]]<ref name="Veitch1880">{{cite book | author=Veitch, John | title=The Method, Meditations and Selections from the Principles of René Descartes | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons | year=1880 | location=Edinburgh | edition=7th | pages=115 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TjYCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA115| author-link=John Veitch (poet) }}</ref> is the first English translation from Descartes as "I am a thinking thing".}} This has been referred to as "the expanded ''cogito''."<ref name=Kline1967 />{{efn|[[Martin Schoock]], in the 1642–43 controversy between Descartes and [[Gisbertus Voetius]], fiercely attacked Descartes and his philosophy in an essay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Schoockius | first = Martinus | title = Admiranda Methodus Novae Philosophiae Renati Des Cartes | year = 1643 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQGAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> | A further expansion, {{lang|la|dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum—res cogitans}} ("…—a thinking thing") extends the ''cogito'' with Descartes's statement in the subsequent ''Meditation'', {{lang|la|"Ego sum res cogitans, id est dubitans, affirmans, negans, pauca intelligens, multa ignorans, volens, nolens, imaginans etiam et sentiens…"}} ("I am a thinking [conscious] thing, that is, a being who doubts, affirms, denies, knows a few objects, and is ignorant of many, [who loves, hates,]{{Efn|the French adds "loves, hates"; hence Veitch's inclusion despite its absence from the Latin here. see Cottingham, J. (ed), 1986, "Meditations on First Philosophy, with selections from Objections and Replies", p.24fn1.}} wills, refuses, who imagines likewise, and perceives").{{efn | This translation by [[John Veitch (poet)|Veitch]]<ref name="Veitch1880">{{cite book | author=Veitch, John | title=The Method, Meditations and Selections from the Principles of René Descartes | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons | year=1880 | location=Edinburgh | edition=7th | pages=115 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TjYCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA115| author-link=John Veitch (poet) }}</ref> is the first English translation from Descartes as "I am a thinking thing".}} This has been referred to as "the expanded ''cogito''."<ref name=Kline1967 />{{efn|[[Martin Schoock]], in the 1642–43 controversy between Descartes and [[Gisbertus Voetius]], fiercely attacked Descartes and his philosophy in an essay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Schoockius | first = Martinus | title = Admiranda Methodus Novae Philosophiae Renati Des Cartes | year = 1643 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQGAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> | ||
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=== "I am thinking" vs. "I think" === | === "I am thinking" vs. "I think" === | ||
While the Latin ''cōgitō'' may be translated rather easily as "I think/ponder/visualize", {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|je pense}}}} does not indicate whether the verb form corresponds to the English [[simple | While the Latin ''cōgitō'' may be translated rather easily as "I think/ponder/visualize", {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|je pense}}}} does not indicate whether the verb form corresponds to the English [[present simple]] ("think") or [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect]] ("is thinking").<ref>{{cite book |last=Pope |first=Rob |date=2013 |title=Textual Intervention: Critical and Creative Strategies for Literary Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR7YAQAAQBAJ&q=%22I+think,+therefore+I+am%22+%22present+tense%22+descartes&pg=PA34 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |isbn=978-1-135-08328-1}}</ref> Following [[John Lyons (linguist)|John Lyons]] (1982),<ref>{{cite book |last1= Lyons|first1= J.|year= 1982|chapter= Deixis and subjectivity: Loquor, ergo sum? |editor1-last= Jarvella|editor1-first= Rovert J. |editor2-last= Klein|editor2-first= Wolfgang |title= Speech, place, and action: Studies in deixis and related topics |pages= 101–224}}</ref> Vladimir Žegarac notes, "The temptation to use the present simple is said to arise from the lack of progressive forms in Latin and French, and from a misinterpretation of the meaning of ''cogito'' as habitual or generic" (cf. [[gnomic aspect]]).<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Žegarac|first=Vladimir|date=1991|title=Tense, aspect and relevance|degree=PhD|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349786/1/363483.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113314/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349786/1/363483.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live|pages=84,85|institution=University of London}}</ref> Also following Lyons, [[Ann Banfield]] writes, "In order for the statement on which Descartes's argument depends to represent certain knowledge,… its tense must be a true present—in English, a progressive,… not as 'I think' but as 'I am thinking, in conformity with the general translation of the Latin or French present tense in such nongeneric, nonstative contexts."<ref>{{cite journal | last= Banfield|first= A. |date= 1998|title= The Name of the Subject: The "il"? | journal = Yale French Studies |issue= 93 | pages = 133–174 |doi= 10.2307/3040735 |jstor= 3040735 }}</ref> Or in the words of [[Simon Blackburn]], "Descartes's premise is not 'I think' in the sense of 'I ski', which can be true even if you are not at the moment skiing. It is supposed to be parallel to 'I am skiing'."<ref name=Blackburn1999>{{cite book | author=Simon Blackburn | title=Think: A compelling introduction to philosophy | year = 1999 | url=https://archive.org/details/thinkcompellingi00bla_kzi | url-access=registration | quote="am thinking, therefore". | publisher=Oxford University Press| author-link=Simon Blackburn | isbn=978-0-19-976984-1 }}</ref> | ||
The similar translation "I am thinking, therefore I exist" of Descartes's correspondence in French ("{{nowrap|{{lang|fr|je pense}}}}, {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|donc je suis}}}}") appears in ''The Philosophical Writings of Descartes'' by Cottingham et al. (1988).<ref name="CSMK III" />{{rp|247}} | The similar translation "I am thinking, therefore I exist" of Descartes's correspondence in French ("{{nowrap|{{lang|fr|je pense}}}}, {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|donc je suis}}}}") appears in ''The Philosophical Writings of Descartes'' by Cottingham et al. (1988).<ref name="CSMK III" />{{rp|247}} | ||
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== Predecessors == | == Predecessors == | ||
Although the idea expressed in ''cogito, ergo sum'' is widely attributed to Descartes, he was not the first to mention it. In the late sixth or early fifth century BC, [[Parmenides]] is quoted as saying "For to be aware and to be are the same". (Fragment B3) [[Plato]] spoke about the "knowledge of knowledge" ([[Greek language|Greek]]: νόησις νοήσεως, ''nóesis noéseos'') and [[Aristotle]] | Although the idea expressed in ''cogito, ergo sum'' is widely attributed to Descartes, he was not the first to mention it. In the late sixth or early fifth century BC, [[Parmenides]] is quoted as saying "For to be aware and to be are the same". (Fragment B3) [[Plato]] spoke about the "knowledge of knowledge" ([[Greek language|Greek]]: νόησις νοήσεως, ''nóesis noéseos'') and [[Aristotle]] explained the idea saying "whenever we perceive, we are conscious that we perceive, and whenever we think, we are conscious that we think, and to be conscious that we are perceiving or thinking is to be conscious that we exist" (''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'', 1170a 25 ff.) | ||
The Cartesian statement was interpreted to be an Aristotelian [[syllogism]] where the premise that all thinkers are also [[being]]s is not made explicit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://literarydevices.com/syllogism/|title=Definition of Syllogism|date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210506053835/https://literarydevices.com/syllogism/|archive-date=6 May 2021|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> | The Cartesian statement was interpreted to be an Aristotelian [[syllogism]] where the premise that all thinkers are also [[being]]s is not made explicit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://literarydevices.com/syllogism/|title=Definition of Syllogism|date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210506053835/https://literarydevices.com/syllogism/|archive-date=6 May 2021|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> | ||
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The Danish philosopher [[Søren Kierkegaard]] called the phrase a [[Tautology (logic)|tautology]] in his ''[[Concluding Unscientific Postscript]]''.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|38–42}} He argues that the ''cogito'' already presupposes the existence of "I", and therefore concluding with existence is logically trivial. Kierkegaard's argument can be made clearer if one extracts the premise "I think" into the premises "'x' thinks" and "I am that 'x'", where "x" is used as a placeholder in order to disambiguate the "I" from the thinking thing.<ref>Schönbaumsfeld, Genia. ''A Confusion of the Spheres''. Oxford, 2007. p. 168-170.</ref> | The Danish philosopher [[Søren Kierkegaard]] called the phrase a [[Tautology (logic)|tautology]] in his ''[[Concluding Unscientific Postscript]]''.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|38–42}} He argues that the ''cogito'' already presupposes the existence of "I", and therefore concluding with existence is logically trivial. Kierkegaard's argument can be made clearer if one extracts the premise "I think" into the premises "'x' thinks" and "I am that 'x'", where "x" is used as a placeholder in order to disambiguate the "I" from the thinking thing.<ref>Schönbaumsfeld, Genia. ''A Confusion of the Spheres''. Oxford, 2007. p. 168-170.</ref> | ||
Here, the ''cogito'' has already assumed the "I"'s existence as that which thinks. For Kierkegaard, Descartes is merely "developing the content of a concept", namely that the "I", which already exists, thinks.<ref name=":0">[[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Søren]]. [1844] 1985. ''[[Philosophical Fragments]]'', translated by P. Hong.</ref>{{Rp|40}} As Kierkegaard argues, the proper logical flow of argument is that existence is already assumed or presupposed in order for thinking to occur, not that existence is concluded from that thinking. | Here, the ''cogito'' has already assumed the "I"'s existence as that which thinks. For Kierkegaard, Descartes is merely "developing the content of a concept", namely that the "I", which already exists, thinks.<ref name=":0">[[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Søren]]. [1844] 1985. ''[[Philosophical Fragments]]'', translated by P. Hong.</ref>{{Rp|40}} As Kierkegaard argues, the proper logical flow of argument is that existence is already assumed or presupposed in order for thinking to occur, not that existence is concluded from that thinking. He writes, "If the I in cogito is understood to be an individual human being, then the statement demonstrates nothing: I ''am'' thinking ergo I am, but if I ''am'' thinking, no wonder, then, that I am; after all, it has already been said, and the first [sentence] consequently says even more than the last."<ref> Kierkegaard, Søren. [1846] 1985. Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments, translated by P. Hong.</ref> | ||
=== Bernard Williams === | === Bernard Williams === | ||
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In the [[short story]], ''[[I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream]],'' by [[Harlan Ellison]], Gorrister, when asked what 'AM' means, says "At first it meant Allied Mastercomputer, and then it meant Adaptive Manipulator, and later on it developed [[sentience]] and linked itself up and they called it an Aggressive Menace, but by then it was too late, and finally called ''itself'' AM, emerging intelligence, and what it meant was I am ... ''cogito ergo sum'' ... I think, therefore I am."<ref>{{Cite web |title=AM by Harlan Ellison from I Have No Mouth And I Must Scream |url=http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=2380 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.technovelgy.com}}</ref> | In the [[short story]], ''[[I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream]],'' by [[Harlan Ellison]], Gorrister, when asked what 'AM' means, says "At first it meant Allied Mastercomputer, and then it meant Adaptive Manipulator, and later on it developed [[sentience]] and linked itself up and they called it an Aggressive Menace, but by then it was too late, and finally called ''itself'' AM, emerging intelligence, and what it meant was I am ... ''cogito ergo sum'' ... I think, therefore I am."<ref>{{Cite web |title=AM by Harlan Ellison from I Have No Mouth And I Must Scream |url=http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=2380 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.technovelgy.com}}</ref> | ||
In the [[Anime|Japanese animated]] television series | In the [[Anime|Japanese animated]] television series [[Ergo Proxy]], a [[computer virus]] known as the Cogito virus begins infecting the autoreivs, the series' version of [[robot]]s. The virus is named such due to the fact that it makes the infected [[Consciousness|conscious]] and causes them to experience [[emotion]]s as a human would. | ||
In [[Monty Python]]'s [[Bruces' Philosophers Song]], one of the lyrics jokingly quotes [[René Descartes| | In [[Monty Python]]'s [[Bruces' Philosophers Song]], one of the lyrics jokingly quotes [[René Descartes|Descartes]]'s axiom as "I drink therefore I am."<ref>{{Citation |title=Monty Python – Bruces' Philosophers Song |url=https://genius.com/Monty-python-bruces-philosophers-song-lyrics |access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref> | ||
In the episode "[[Work Experience (The Office)|Work Experience]]" of ''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'', [[David Brent]] says, "We are the most efficient branch, cogito ergo sum, we'll be fine."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Office: Season 1, Episode 2 script {{!}} Subs like Script |url=https://subslikescript.com/series/The_Office-290978/season-1/episode-2-Work_Experience |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=subslikescript.com}}</ref> | In the episode "[[Work Experience (The Office)|Work Experience]]" of ''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'', [[David Brent]] says, "We are the most efficient branch, cogito ergo sum, we'll be fine."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Office: Season 1, Episode 2 script {{!}} Subs like Script |url=https://subslikescript.com/series/The_Office-290978/season-1/episode-2-Work_Experience |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=subslikescript.com}}</ref> | ||
In the video game [[Honkai: Star Rail]], Dr. Ratio (real name Veritas Ratio), a playable character and, according to in-game lore, a [[Philosophy|philosopher]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honkai: Star Rail official website {{!}} May this journey lead us starward |url=https://hsr.hoyoverse.com/en-us/character?worldIndex=2&charIndex=2 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=hsr.hoyoverse.com |language=en-us}}</ref> has a skill, named "Cogito, Ergo Sum". | In the video game [[Honkai: Star Rail]], Dr. Ratio (real name Veritas Ratio), a playable character and, according to in-game lore, a [[Philosophy|philosopher]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honkai: Star Rail official website {{!}} May this journey lead us starward |url=https://hsr.hoyoverse.com/en-us/character?worldIndex=2&charIndex=2 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=hsr.hoyoverse.com |language=en-us}}</ref> has a skill, named "Cogito, Ergo Sum". | ||
With the rise of artificial intelligence, artist Tanja Stark's contemporary religious poem ''Sanguino Ergo Sum'' (''I bleed therefore I am)'' posits perishable flesh as more valuable than virtual cognition. It serves as an embodied counterpoint to "Cogito, ergo sum", emphasizing physical existence, mortality, and the "visceral gospel" of blood and flesh over purely intellectual or digital existence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark |first=Tanja |date=2025-04-19 |title=Sanguino, Ergo Sum Tanja Stark |url=https://tanjastark.substack.com/p/sanguino-ergo-sum |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Sanguino Ergo Sum : Tanja Stark}}</ref><!-- | |||
u | |||
The lyrics and title of singer-songwriter [[Billie Eilish]]'s 2020 single ''[[Therefore I Am (song)|Therefore I Am]]'' references Descartes' dictum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/track/billie-eilishs-new-song-therefore-i-am-is-review-2815185|title=Billie Eilish's new song 'Therefore I Am' is an existential banger (and might boast her best chorus yet)|last=Smith |first=Thomas|website=[[NME]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/music/a34658382/billie-eilish-calls-out-body-shamers-new-song-therefore-i-am-lyrics/|title=Billie Eilish Calls Out Her Body Shamers in the Lyrics to Her New Song 'Therefore I Am'|last=Twersky|first=Carolyn|website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref> | The lyrics and title of singer-songwriter [[Billie Eilish]]'s 2020 single ''[[Therefore I Am (song)|Therefore I Am]]'' references Descartes' dictum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/track/billie-eilishs-new-song-therefore-i-am-is-review-2815185|title=Billie Eilish's new song 'Therefore I Am' is an existential banger (and might boast her best chorus yet)|last=Smith |first=Thomas|website=[[NME]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/music/a34658382/billie-eilish-calls-out-body-shamers-new-song-therefore-i-am-lyrics/|title=Billie Eilish Calls Out Her Body Shamers in the Lyrics to Her New Song 'Therefore I Am'|last=Twersky|first=Carolyn|website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2024}}</ref> | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|Philosophy}} | {{Portal|Philosophy}} | ||
* | * {{anl|Academic skepticism}} | ||
* | * {{anl|Apperception}} | ||
* {{anl|Be, and it is}} | |||
* | * {{anl|Brain in a vat}} | ||
* {{anl|Cartesian doubt}} | |||
* | * {{anl|Floating man}} | ||
* | * {{anl|I Am that I Am}} | ||
* [[Tat Tvam Asi]] | * [[Tat Tvam Asi]] – "You are that" | ||
* '' | * {{anl|The Animal That Therefore I Am|''The Animal That Therefore I Am''}} | ||
* | * {{anl|Vertiginous question}} | ||
* {{anl|I have no mouth and I must scream}} | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 198: | Line 201: | ||
[[Category:Latin philosophical phrases]] | [[Category:Latin philosophical phrases]] | ||
[[Category:Psychological concepts]] | [[Category:Psychological concepts]] | ||
[[Category:René Descartes]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century neologisms]] | [[Category:17th-century neologisms]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century quotations]] | [[Category:17th-century quotations]] | ||