List of cartographers: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Jessicapierce m finished cleanup |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|none}} | {{Short description|none}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | ||
[[Cartography]] is the study of map making and '''cartographers''' are map makers. | [[Cartography]] is the study of map making and, '''cartographers''' are map makers. | ||
==Before 1400== | ==Before 1400== | ||
[[File:Anaximander world map (mul).svg|thumb|right|Modern rendering of [[Anaximander]]'s 6th century BC world map]] | [[File:Anaximander world map (mul).svg|thumb|right|Modern rendering of [[Anaximander]]'s 6th-century BC world map]] | ||
[[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy]]'s 150 CE world map (as redrawn in the 15th century)]] | [[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy]]'s 150 CE world map (as redrawn in the 15th century)]] | ||
*[[Anaximander]], Greek [[Anatolia]] (610 BC–546 BC), first to attempt making a map of the known world | *[[Anaximander]], Greek [[Anatolia]] (610 BC–546 BC), first to attempt making a map of the known world | ||
*[[Dicaearchus]], [[Magna Graecia]] (c. 350 BC–285 BC), philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician, author | *[[Dicaearchus]], [[Magna Graecia]] (c. 350 BC–285 BC), philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician, author | ||
*[[Angelino Dulcert]] (14th century), author of the earliest known [[Majorca]]n portolan charts of the Mediterranean | |||
*[[Ende (artist)|Ende]], Spain ({{Circa|1000 AD}}), illustrator, cartographer, nun | *[[Ende (artist)|Ende]], Spain ({{Circa|1000 AD}}), illustrator, cartographer, nun | ||
*[[Eratosthenes]], [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] (276 BC–194 BC), Greek scientist, mathematician, geographer, and cartographer | *[[Eratosthenes]], [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] (276 BC–194 BC), Greek scientist, mathematician, geographer, and cartographer | ||
*[[Gyōki]], Japan (668–749), Buddhist monk, cartographer, surveyor, and civil engineer, | *[[Gyōki]], Japan (668–749), Buddhist monk, cartographer, surveyor, and civil engineer, | ||
*[[Hecataeus of Miletus]], Greek [[Anatolia]] (550 BC–476 BC), geographer, cartographer, and early [[ethnographer]] | |||
*[[Hipparchus]], Greek [[Anatolia]] (190 BC–120 BC), astronomer, cartographer, geographer | *[[Hipparchus]], Greek [[Anatolia]] (190 BC–120 BC), astronomer, cartographer, geographer | ||
*[[al-Idrisi]], Sicily (1100–1166), [[medieval Arab cartographers|Arab cartographer]], geographer and traveller | |||
*[[Isidore of Seville]], [[Hispania]] (560–636) | |||
*[[al-Khwārazmī]], [[Caliphate]] (9th century), [[medieval Persian cartographers|Persian cartographer]], geographer, and polymath | |||
*[[Liu An]], China (179 BC–122 BC), geographer, cartographer, author of the ''[[Huainanzi]]'' | *[[Liu An]], China (179 BC–122 BC), geographer, cartographer, author of the ''[[Huainanzi]]'' | ||
*[[Marinus of Tyre]], [[Roman Syria]] (c. AD 70–130), Greek<ref>Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (ed.): "Marinus", ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', Brill, 2010: M. of Tyre (Μαρῖνος; Marînos), Greek geographer, 2nd century AD</ref> geographer, [[cartographer]] and [[mathematician]], who founded mathematical geography | *[[Marinus of Tyre]], [[Roman Syria]] (c. AD 70–130), Greek<ref>Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (ed.): "Marinus", ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', Brill, 2010: M. of Tyre (Μαρῖνος; Marînos), Greek geographer, 2nd century AD</ref> geographer, [[cartographer]] and [[mathematician]], who founded mathematical geography | ||
*[[Pei Xiu]] (224–271), Chinese geographer and cartographer | |||
*[[Maximus Planudes]], Byzantine Empire (13th century), monk credited with restoring the texts and maps of Ptolemy | |||
*[[Ptolemy]], [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] (c. 85–165), Greek astronomer, cartographer, and geographer | *[[Ptolemy]], [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] (c. 85–165), Greek astronomer, cartographer, and geographer | ||
*[[ | *[[Shen Kuo]], China (1031–1095), [[polymath]] scientist and statesman, author of the ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', which included a large [[atlas]] of China and foreign regions, and also made a [[three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] [[raised-relief map]] | ||
*[[Su Song]], China (1020–1101), [[horologist]] and engineer; as a [[Song dynasty]] diplomat, he used his knowledge of cartography and map-making to solve territorial border disputes with the rival [[Liao dynasty]] | *[[Su Song]], China (1020–1101), [[horologist]] and engineer; as a [[Song dynasty]] diplomat, he used his knowledge of cartography and map-making to solve territorial border disputes with the rival [[Liao dynasty]] | ||
*[[Pietro Vesconte]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] cartographer, author of the oldest signed [[Portolan chart]] (1311) | |||
*[[Pietro | |||
==15th century== | ==15th century== | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
*[[Jacobus Angelus]], [[Republic of Florence|Florence]], translated Ptolemy into Latin {{c.|lk=no|1406}} | *[[Jacobus Angelus]], [[Republic of Florence|Florence]], translated Ptolemy into Latin {{c.|lk=no|1406}} | ||
*[[Martin Behaim]] (Germany, 1436–1507) | *[[Martin Behaim]] (Germany, 1436–1507) | ||
*{{ill|Grazioso Benincasa|it|vertical-align=sup}} (15th century), from [[Ancona]], author of several portolan charts of the Mediterranean | |||
*[[Benedetto Bordone]] (Venetian Republic 1460–1551) | *[[Benedetto Bordone]] (Venetian Republic 1460–1551) | ||
*[[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] (1476–1557), [[Venetian Republic|Venetian]] explorer | *[[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] (1476–1557), [[Venetian Republic|Venetian]] explorer | ||
*[[Leonardo da Vinci]] (Italy, 1452–1519) | |||
*[[Gabriel de Valseca]] (15th century), Majorcan, author of several portolan charts of the Mediterranean | |||
*[[Erhard Etzlaub]] (1460–1532) | *[[Erhard Etzlaub]] (1460–1532) | ||
*[[ | *[[Donnus Nicholas Germanus]] (Germany, fl. 1460–1475) | ||
*[[Henricus Martellus Germanus]] (Germany, fl. 1480–1496) | *[[Henricus Martellus Germanus]] (Germany, fl. 1480–1496) | ||
*[[ | *[[Olaus Magnus]] (Olof Månsson) (Sweden, 1490–1557), published ''[[Carta Marina]]'' in 1539 | ||
*[[Fra Mauro]] (Venice, c. 1459) | *[[Fra Mauro]] (Venice, c. 1459) | ||
*[[Piri Reis]] (Dardanelles, Ottoman Empire, 1465–1554/1555), author of the ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'' | *[[Piri Reis]] (Dardanelles, Ottoman Empire, 1465–1554/1555), author of the ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'' | ||
*[[Johannes Ruysch]] (Netherlands, c. 1466–1530), explorer, cartographer, astronomer, manuscript illustrator and painter | *[[Johannes Ruysch]] (Netherlands, c. 1466–1530), explorer, cartographer, astronomer, manuscript illustrator and painter | ||
*[[Hartmann Schedel]] (Germany, 1440–1514) | *[[Hartmann Schedel]] (Germany, 1440–1514) | ||
*[[ | *[[Amerigo Vespucci]] ([[Republic of Florence]], 1454–1512) | ||
*[[Martin Waldseemüller]] (Germany, c. 1470–c. 1521/1522) | |||
*[[Johannes Werner]] (Germany, 1466–1528), refined and promoted the Werner [[map projection]] | *[[Johannes Werner]] (Germany, 1466–1528), refined and promoted the Werner [[map projection]] | ||
==16th century== | ==16th century== | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
[[File:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, by Abraham Ortelius, World, 1572.jpg|thumb|World map from the ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' by [[Abraham Ortelius]]]] | [[File:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, by Abraham Ortelius, World, 1572.jpg|thumb|World map from the ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' by [[Abraham Ortelius]]]] | ||
*[[Battista Agnese|Giovanni Battista Agnese]] (c. 1500–1564), [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]], cartographer, author of numerous [[Portolan|nautical atlases]] | *[[Battista Agnese|Giovanni Battista Agnese]] (c. 1500–1564), [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]], cartographer, author of numerous [[Portolan|nautical atlases]] | ||
*[[Hacı Ahmet]], [[Ottoman Tunisia]]n cartographer, translated 16th c. map into Turkish for the [[Ottoman Empire]] | *[[Hacı Ahmet]], [[Ottoman Tunisia]]n cartographer, translated 16th-c. map into Turkish for the [[Ottoman Empire]] | ||
*[[Peter Apian]] (1495–1552), also known as [[Peter Bienewitz]], German geographer and [[astronomer]], author of the [[Apianus projection]] | *[[Peter Apian]] (1495–1552), also known as [[Peter Bienewitz]], German geographer and [[astronomer]], author of the [[Apianus projection]] | ||
*[[Philipp Apian]] (1531–1589) | *[[Philipp Apian]] (1531–1589) | ||
*[[Joost Janszoon Bilhamer]] (Netherlands, 1541–1590) | *[[Joost Janszoon Bilhamer]] (Netherlands, 1541–1590) | ||
*[[Willem Blaeu|Willem Janszoon Blaeu]] (Netherlands, 1571–1638), father of [[Joan Blaeu]] | *[[Willem Blaeu|Willem Janszoon Blaeu]] (Netherlands, 1571–1638), father of [[Joan Blaeu]] | ||
*[[Giovanni Battista Boazio]], mapped Sir [[Francis Drake]]'s voyage to the West Indies and America | *[[Giovanni Battista Boazio]], mapped Sir [[Francis Drake]]'s voyage to the West Indies and America | ||
*[[Anders Bure]] (Sweden, | *[[Georg Braun]] (Germany, 1541–1622), [[cartographer]] | ||
*[[Anders Bure]] (Sweden, 1571–1646), founder of Swedish cartography | |||
*[[Hernando de los Ríos Coronel]] (1559–1621?), cosmographer and cartographer, mapped Taiwan (Isla Hermosa), Luzon and part of the Chinese coast | |||
*[[Jacob Roelofs van Deventer]] (Netherlands, c. 1510/15–1575) | *[[Jacob Roelofs van Deventer]] (Netherlands, c. 1510/15–1575) | ||
*[[Fernão Vaz Dourado]] (India, c. 1520–c. 1580), Portuguese cartographer of the school initiated by [[Lopo Homem]] | *[[Fernão Vaz Dourado]] (India, c. 1520–c. 1580), Portuguese cartographer of the school initiated by [[Lopo Homem]] | ||
*[[Oronce Finé]] (France, 1494–1555) | *[[Oronce Finé]] (France, 1494–1555) | ||
*[[Gemma Frisius]] (or Reiner Gemma) (Netherlands, 1508–1555) | *[[Gemma Frisius]] (or Reiner Gemma) (Netherlands, 1508–1555) | ||
*[[Diego Gutiérrez (cartographer)|Diego Gutiérrez]] (Spain, ?), published a map entitled ''[[Americae Sive Quartae Orbis Partis Nova Et Exactissima Descriptio]]'' with printer [[Hieronymus Cock]]; first map with [[toponym]] "[[California]]" and first appearance of a word for "[[Appalachia]]," as the term "Apalchen" | |||
*[[Jan Van Hanswijk]] (Netherlands, fl. 1594) | *[[Jan Van Hanswijk]] (Netherlands, fl. 1594) | ||
*[[Martin Helwig]] (Germany, 1516–1574) | *[[Martin Helwig]] (Germany, 1516–1574) | ||
*[[Augustin Hirschvogel]] (Germany, 1503–1553) | *[[Augustin Hirschvogel]] (Germany, 1503–1553) | ||
*[[Diogo Homem]] (Portugal 1521–1576), cartographer, son of [[Lopo Homem]] | *[[Diogo Homem]] (Portugal 1521–1576), cartographer, son of [[Lopo Homem]] | ||
*[[Lopo Homem]] (Portugal?–1565), co-author, with the Reinel family, of the well-known [[Miller Atlas]] | |||
*[[Jodocus Hondius]] (Netherlands, 1563–1612) | *[[Jodocus Hondius]] (Netherlands, 1563–1612) | ||
*[[Johannes Honterus]] (Transylvania, 1498–1549) | *[[Johannes Honterus]] (Transylvania, 1498–1549) | ||
*[[Gerard de Jode]] (Netherlands, 1509–1591) | *[[Gerard de Jode]] (Netherlands, 1509–1591) | ||
*[[Joan Martines]] (Messina, Sicily, died 1591) | |||
*[[Urbano Monti]] (Italy, 1544–1613) | *[[Urbano Monti]] (Italy, 1544–1613) | ||
*[[Jacques le Moyne]] (France, c. 1533–1588) | *[[Jacques le Moyne]] (France, c. 1533–1588) | ||
*[[Guillaume Le Testu]] (France, c. 1509–1573) | *[[Guillaume Le Testu]] (France, c. 1509–1573) | ||
*[[Gerardus Mercator]] (Netherlands, 1512–1594) | *[[Gerardus Mercator]] (Netherlands, 1512–1594) | ||
*[[Sebastian Münster]] (Germany, 1488–1552) | *[[Sebastian Münster]] (Germany, 1488–1552) | ||
*[[Abraham Ortelius]] (France, 1527–1598), generally recognized as the creator of the first modern [[atlas]] | *[[Abraham Ortelius]] (France, 1527–1598), generally recognized as the creator of the first modern [[atlas]] | ||
*[[Petrus Plancius]] (Netherlands, 1552–1622) | *[[Petrus Plancius]] (Netherlands, 1552–1622) | ||
*[[Timothy Pont]] (Scotland, 1565–1614) | *[[Timothy Pont]] (Scotland, 1565–1614) | ||
*[[Jorge Reinel]] (Portugal c. 1502–c. 1572), Portuguese cartographer, son of [[Pedro Reinel]] | |||
*[[Pedro Reinel]] (Portugal ?–c. 1542), author of the oldest signed Portuguese [[nautical chart]] | *[[Pedro Reinel]] (Portugal ?–c. 1542), author of the oldest signed Portuguese [[nautical chart]] | ||
*[[Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)|Diogo Ribeiro]] (Portugal, ?–Sevilha, 1533), author of the first known [[planisphere]] with a graduated [[Equator]] (1527) | *[[Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)|Diogo Ribeiro]] (Portugal, ?–Sevilha, 1533), author of the first known [[planisphere]] with a graduated [[Equator]] (1527) | ||
*[[Christopher Saxton]] (England, born c. 1540) | *[[Christopher Saxton]] (England, born c. 1540) | ||
*[[John Speed]] (England, 1542–1629) | *[[John Speed]] (England, 1542–1629) | ||
*[[Luís Teixeira]] (Portugal, ?–?), author of an important atlas of [[Brazil]] | |||
*[[Bartolomeu Velho]] (Portugal, ?–1568), [[cosmographer]] and cartographer | |||
*[[Luís Teixeira]] (Portugal ?–?), author of an important atlas of [[Brazil]] | |||
*[[Bartolomeu Velho]] (Portugal ?–1568), [[cosmographer]] and cartographer | |||
*[[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] (Netherlands, 1533/34–1605/06), driver, cartographer | *[[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] (Netherlands, 1533/34–1605/06), driver, cartographer | ||
*[[Edward Wright (mathematician)]] (England, 1561–1615), [[mathematician]] and cartographer | *[[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]] (England, 1561–1615), [[mathematician]] and cartographer | ||
==17th century== | ==17th century== | ||
| Line 104: | Line 101: | ||
*[[Pieter van der Aa]] (Netherlands, 1659–1733) | *[[Pieter van der Aa]] (Netherlands, 1659–1733) | ||
*[[João Teixeira Albernaz I]] (Portugal, died c. 1664), prolific cartographer, son of [[Luís Teixeira]] | *[[João Teixeira Albernaz I]] (Portugal, died c. 1664), prolific cartographer, son of [[Luís Teixeira]] | ||
*[[Pedro Teixeira Albernaz]] (Portugal, c. 1595–1662), Portuguese cartographer author of an important atlas of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and a map of Portugal (1656) | *[[Pedro Teixeira Albernaz]] (Portugal, c. 1595–1662), Portuguese cartographer author of an important atlas of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and a map of Portugal (1656) | ||
*[[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]] (France, c. 1600–1673), French cartographer who created first descriptive map of [[Ukraine]]<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=General Depiction of the Empty Plains (in Common Parlance, the Ukraine) Together with its Neighboring Provinces|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/79/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Borschak>{{cite web|last=Borschak|first=Elie|title=Beauplan, Guillaume Le Vasseur de|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBeauplanGuillaumeLeVasseurde.htm|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> | *[[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]] (France, c. 1600–1673), French cartographer who created first descriptive map of [[Ukraine]]<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=General Depiction of the Empty Plains (in Common Parlance, the Ukraine) Together with its Neighboring Provinces|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/79/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Borschak>{{cite web|last=Borschak|first=Elie|title=Beauplan, Guillaume Le Vasseur de|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBeauplanGuillaumeLeVasseurde.htm|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
| Line 110: | Line 106: | ||
*[[Johannes Blaeu]] (Netherlands, 1596–1673) | *[[Johannes Blaeu]] (Netherlands, 1596–1673) | ||
*[[Emanuel Bowen]] (1693/4–1767), engraver and map maker<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101003035/ Emanuel Bowen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | *[[Emanuel Bowen]] (1693/4–1767), engraver and map maker<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101003035/ Emanuel Bowen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | ||
*[[Giovanni Cassini]] ({{aka}} Cassini I, Italy & France, 1625–1712) | |||
*[[Jacques Cassini]] (a.k.a. Cassini II, France, 1677–1756) | |||
*[[Greenville Collins]] (British, 1643–1694) | *[[Greenville Collins]] (British, 1643–1694) | ||
*[[Vincenzo Coronelli]] (Venetian, 1650–1718) | *[[Vincenzo Coronelli]] (Venetian, 1650–1718) | ||
*[[Guillaume Delisle]] (French, 1675–1726) | *[[Guillaume Delisle]] (French, 1675–1726) | ||
*[[Hessel Gerritsz]] (Netherlands, 1581–1632), cartographer for the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] | *[[Hessel Gerritsz]] (Netherlands, 1581–1632), cartographer for the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] | ||
*[[Isaak de Graaff]] (Netherlands, 1668–1743), cartographer for the VOC | *[[Isaak de Graaff]] (Netherlands, 1668–1743), cartographer for the VOC | ||
| Line 132: | Line 129: | ||
*[[Jean-Baptiste Nolin]] (France, c.1657–1708) | *[[Jean-Baptiste Nolin]] (France, c.1657–1708) | ||
*[[John Ogilby]] (Scotland, 1600–1676) | *[[John Ogilby]] (Scotland, 1600–1676) | ||
*[[Nicolas Sanson]] (France, 1600–1667) | *[[Nicolas Sanson]] (France, 1600–1667) | ||
*[[Peter Schenk the Elder]] (Germany, 1660–1718/19) | *[[Peter Schenk the Elder]] (Germany, 1660–1718/19) | ||
| Line 139: | Line 135: | ||
*[[Claes Jansz Visscher]] (Netherlands, 1587–1652) | *[[Claes Jansz Visscher]] (Netherlands, 1587–1652) | ||
*[[Nicolaes Visscher I]] (Netherlands, 1618–1679) | *[[Nicolaes Visscher I]] (Netherlands, 1618–1679) | ||
*[[Anna van Westerstee Beek]] (Netherlands, 1657–1717), Dutch cartographer, produced city and battle maps | |||
*[[Frederik de Wit]] (Netherlands, 1610/16–1698) | *[[Frederik de Wit]] (Netherlands, 1610/16–1698) | ||
*[[Nicolaes Witsen]] (Netherlands, 1641–1717), diplomat, cartographer, writer and mayor of Amsterdam | *[[Nicolaes Witsen]] (Netherlands, 1641–1717), diplomat, cartographer, writer and mayor of Amsterdam | ||
==18th century== | ==18th century== | ||
| Line 153: | Line 148: | ||
*[[John Arrowsmith (cartographer)|John Arrowsmith]] (England, 1790–1873), member of the Arrowsmith family of geographers | *[[John Arrowsmith (cartographer)|John Arrowsmith]] (England, 1790–1873), member of the Arrowsmith family of geographers | ||
*[[Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe]] (France, 1761–1824), also artist and longtime strategic advisor to [[Napoleon]] | *[[Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe]] (France, 1761–1824), also artist and longtime strategic advisor to [[Napoleon]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Agostino Codazzi]] (Italy, 1793–1858) | ||
*[[John Lodge Cowley]], cartographer, mathematician and geographer | *[[John Lodge Cowley]], cartographer, mathematician and geographer | ||
* [[Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres]] (1721–1824), created [[Atlantic Neptune]] | * [[Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres]] (1721–1824), created [[Atlantic Neptune]] | ||
*[[ | *[[John Gibson (cartographer)|John Gibson]], map c. 1758<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prestwidge.com/river/jamaica1762gibson.html |title=A Correct Map of the Island of Jamaica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006204826/http://prestwidge.com/river/jamaica1762gibson.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 |first = John|last = Gibson}}</ref> | ||
*[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] (1703–1772), chief cartographer to the French navy | *[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] (1703–1772), chief cartographer to the French navy | ||
*[[William Bligh]] (England, 1754–57 December 1817), | *[[William Bligh]] (England, 1754–57 December 1817), Sship's master during the infamous Bounty mutiny and noted free-hand cartographer | ||
*[[Rigobert Bonne]] (France, 1727–1795), | *[[Rigobert Bonne]] (France, 1727–1795), royal cartographer to France in the office of the Hydrographer at Depot de la Marine | ||
*[[Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]] (France, 1697–1782) | *[[Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]] (France, 1697–1782) | ||
*[[Abel Buell]] (1742–1822), published the first map of the new United States created by an American | *[[Abel Buell]] (1742–1822), published the first map of the new United States created by an American | ||
*[[Catharina Buijs]] (1714–1781), Dutch [[Cartography|cartographer]] for the [[Dutch East India Company]] | *[[Catharina Buijs]] (1714–1781), Dutch [[Cartography|cartographer]] for the [[Dutch East India Company]] | ||
*[[Dimitrie Cantemir]] (Moldavia and Russia, 1673–1723) | *[[Dimitrie Cantemir]] (Moldavia and Russia, 1673–1723) | ||
*[[Dominique, comte de Cassini|Jean-Dominique Cassini]] (a.k.a. Cassini IV, France, 1748–1845) | |||
*[[César-François Cassini de Thury]] (a.k.a. Cassini III, France, 1714–1784) | *[[César-François Cassini de Thury]] (a.k.a. Cassini III, France, 1714–1784) | ||
*[[ | *[[Thomas Frederick Colby]] (England, 1784–1852) | ||
*[[James Cook]] (Captain [[Royal Navy|RN]]) (1728–1779), navigator and naval chart maker | *[[James Cook]] (Captain [[Royal Navy|RN]]) (1728–1779), navigator and naval chart maker | ||
*[[Simeon De Witt]] (1756–1834), successor to Robert Erskine and | *[[Simeon De Witt]] (1756–1834), successor to Robert Erskine and surveyor-general of the State of New York | ||
*[[Louis Isidore Duperrey]] (French, 1786–1865) | *[[Louis Isidore Duperrey]] (French, 1786–1865) | ||
*[[Johann Friedrich Endersch]] (Germany, fl. 1755) | *[[Johann Friedrich Endersch]] (Germany, fl. 1755) | ||
*[[Robert Erskine (inventor)|Colonel Robert Erskine]] (1735–1780), [[geographer]] and | *[[Robert Erskine (inventor)|Colonel Robert Erskine]] (1735–1780), [[geographer]] and surveyor-general of the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]] | ||
*[[William Faden]] (England, 1749–1836), successor to Thomas Jefferys | |||
*[[Joseph de Ferraris]] (1726–1814), Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands | *[[Joseph de Ferraris]] (1726–1814), Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands | ||
*[[Louis Feuillée]] (France, 1660–1732) | |||
*[[Matthew Flinders]] (British, 1774–1814), [[Royal Navy]] officer; circumnavigated Australia and made exploration of the Australian coastline | *[[Matthew Flinders]] (British, 1774–1814), [[Royal Navy]] officer; circumnavigated Australia and made exploration of the Australian coastline | ||
*[[Björn Gunnlaugsson]] (Iceland, 1788–1876) | *[[Björn Gunnlaugsson]] (Iceland, 1788–1876) | ||
*[[Samuel Gustaf Hermelin]] (Sweden, 1744–1820)<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Map of Sweden|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1225/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> | *[[Samuel Gustaf Hermelin]] (Sweden, 1744–1820)<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Map of Sweden|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1225/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
*[[Pierre Jacotin]] (France, 1765–1829) | |||
*[[Thomas Jefferys]] (England, c. 1710–1771), geographer of King [[George III of the United Kingdom]] | *[[Thomas Jefferys]] (England, c. 1710–1771), geographer of King [[George III of the United Kingdom]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Thomas Kitchin]] (1718–1784), London-based cartographer and engraver of maps of England, greater Europe, and parts of the British Empire; at one time held the titles "Senior Hydrographer to His Majesty" and "Senior Engraver to His Royal Highness the Duke of York"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/map/kitchenmap.html |title=Kitchen Map 1755<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092442/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/map/kitchenmap.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
*[[ | *[[Fielding Lucas, Jr.]] (c. 1781–1854), of the Lucas Brothers, [[Baltimore]], US | ||
*[[Murdoch Mackenzie (cartographer)|Murdoch McKenzie]] (Scotland, died 1797) | *[[Murdoch Mackenzie (cartographer)|Murdoch McKenzie]] (Scotland, died 1797) | ||
*[[Edme Mentelle]] (France, 1730–1816) | |||
*[[Henri Michelot]] (France, born c. 1664), Marseilles, France, hydrographer and pilot of the Royal Galley | |||
*[[John Mitchell (geographer)|John Mitchell]] (1711–1768), colonial British American mapmaker | *[[John Mitchell (geographer)|John Mitchell]] (1711–1768), colonial British American mapmaker | ||
*[[Thomas Livingstone Mitchell]] (England, 1792–1855) | *[[Thomas Livingstone Mitchell]] (England, 1792–1855) | ||
*[[Robert Moresby]] (England, 1794–1863) | *[[Robert Moresby]] (England, 1794–1863) | ||
*[[Thomas Moule]] (England, 1784–1851) | *[[Thomas Moule]] (England, 1784–1851) | ||
*[[William Mudge]] (England, 1762–1820) | |||
*[[Friedrich Christoph Müller]] (Germany, 1751–1808) | |||
*[[Carlton Osgood]] (United States, †1816) | *[[Carlton Osgood]] (United States, †1816) | ||
*[[Adriaan Reland]] (Netherlands, 1676–1718), linguist and cartographer | *[[Adriaan Reland]] (Netherlands, 1676–1718), linguist and cartographer | ||
*[[Thomas Richardson (cartographer)|Thomas Richardson]] (Scotland) | *[[Thomas Richardson (cartographer)|Thomas Richardson]] (Scotland) | ||
*[[John Rocque]] (England, 1709–1762) | *[[John Rocque]] (England, 1709–1762) | ||
*[[William Roy]] (England, 1726–1790) | *[[William Roy]] (England, 1726–1790) | ||
*[[ | *[[John Senex]] (1690–1740), engraver, publisher, surveyor and geographer to Queen Anne<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101025085/ John Senex<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | ||
*[[Matthäus Seutter]] (Germany, 1678–1757) | *[[Matthäus Seutter]] (Germany, 1678–1757) | ||
*[[ | *[[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg]] (1676–1747) | ||
*[[Inō Tadataka]] (Japan, 1745–1818), Surveyor and cartographer who completed the first surveyed map of Japan | *[[Inō Tadataka]] (Japan, 1745–1818), Surveyor and cartographer who completed the first surveyed map of Japan | ||
*[[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] (British–Canadian, 1770–1857) | *[[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] (British–Canadian, 1770–1857) | ||
*[[Daniel-Charles Trudaine]] (France, 1703–1769) | *[[Daniel-Charles Trudaine]] (France, 1703–1769) | ||
*[[Philippe Vandermaelen]] (Belgium, 1795–1869) | *[[Philippe Vandermaelen]] (Belgium, 1795–1869) | ||
*[[ | *[[Robert de Vaugondy|Dider Robert de Vaugondy]] (France, 1688–1766) | ||
*[[George Washington]] (United States, 1732–1799), first president of the U.S.; cartographer | |||
*[[Emma Willard]] (United States, 1787–1870), women's rights activist and education reformer | *[[Emma Willard]] (United States, 1787–1870), women's rights activist and education reformer | ||
*[[James Wilson (globe maker)|James Wilson]] (United States, 1763–1835), first maker of [[globe]]s in the United States | *[[James Wilson (globe maker)|James Wilson]] (United States, 1763–1835), first maker of [[globe]]s in the United States | ||
==19th century== | ==19th century== | ||
| Line 225: | Line 208: | ||
[[File:Russian Empire Map.jpg|thumb|200px|A 1912 map of the Russian Empire by [[Yuly Shokalsky]]]] | [[File:Russian Empire Map.jpg|thumb|200px|A 1912 map of the Russian Empire by [[Yuly Shokalsky]]]] | ||
*[[Robert Aitken's new Parish Atlas of Ayrshire. 1829.|Robert Aitken of Beith. born c. 1786]] | *[[Robert Aitken's new Parish Atlas of Ayrshire. 1829.|Robert Aitken of Beith. born c. 1786]] | ||
*[[John Bartholomew the elder]] (26 April 1805 – 8 April 1861), Scottish cartographer and engraver | |||
*[[John Bartholomew the elder]](26 April 1805 – 8 April 1861), Scottish cartographer and engraver | |||
*[[Henry Peter Bosse]] (Germany/United States, 1844–1903), also photographer and civil engineer | *[[Henry Peter Bosse]] (Germany/United States, 1844–1903), also photographer and civil engineer | ||
*[[Abraham Bradley Jr.]] (1767–1838), created first postal road maps of the United States | *[[Abraham Bradley Jr.]] (1767–1838), created first postal road maps of the United States | ||
*[[George Bradshaw]] (England, 1801–1853) | *[[George Bradshaw]] (England, 1801–1853) | ||
*[[Bernard J. S. Cahill]] (1867–1944), inventor of octahedral "Butterfly Map" of the world | *[[Bernard J. S. Cahill]] (1867–1944), inventor of octahedral "Butterfly Map" of the world | ||
*[[Ambrose F. Church]] (died 1920), mapmaker in Nova Scotia, Canada | |||
*[[J. H. Colton]] (United States, 1800–1893) | |||
*[[George Comer]] (1858–1937) | *[[George Comer]] (1858–1937) | ||
*[[ | *[[Emmor Cope]], [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] cartographer and first [[Gettysburg National Military Park]] superintendent | ||
*[[James Ireland Craig]] (1868–1952), inventor of the [[Craig retroazimuthal projection]], otherwise known as the ''Mecca projection'' | *[[James Ireland Craig]] (1868–1952), inventor of the [[Craig retroazimuthal projection]], otherwise known as the ''Mecca projection'' | ||
*[[Carl Diercke]] (1842–1913) | *[[Carl Diercke]] (1842–1913) | ||
*[[Max Eckert-Greifendorff]] (Germany, 1868–1938) | *[[Max Eckert-Greifendorff]] (Germany, 1868–1938) | ||
*[[Percy Fawcett]] (1867–1925), British explorer of South America | *[[Percy Fawcett]] (1867–1925), British explorer of South America | ||
*[[Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler]] (1842–1922), American producer of [[pictorial maps]]<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9575/ |title = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1902 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1902 |access-date = 2013-06-03 }}</ref> | *[[Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler]] (1842–1922), American producer of [[pictorial maps]]<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9575/ |title = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1902 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1902 |access-date = 2013-06-03 }}</ref> | ||
*[[James Gardner (surveyor)|James Gardner]] | |||
*[[Charles E. Goad]] (1848–1910), English Canadian cartographer and pioneer of [[Goad map|insurance maps]] | |||
*[[Eugenia Wheeler Goff]] (United States, 1844–1922), combined history, resources, and geography | |||
*[[John Paul Goode]] (1862–1932), created the "Evil Mercator" and ''Goode’s World Atlas'' | |||
*[[Hermann Haack]] (Germany, 1872–1966) | |||
*[[Charles F. Hoffmann]] (Germany/United States, 1838–1913) | *[[Charles F. Hoffmann]] (Germany/United States, 1838–1913) | ||
*[[ | *[[William Hughes (geographer)|William Hughes]] FRGS (1818 – 21 May 1876), English geographer, mapmaker, cartographer and author | ||
*[[Eduard Imhof]] (1895–1986), oversaw the Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas, the atlas used in [[Switzerland|Swiss]] | |||
*[[ | |||
*[[Florence Kelley]] (United States, 1859–1932), political reformer, director of the Chicago portion of the Hull House Maps and Papers | *[[Florence Kelley]] (United States, 1859–1932), political reformer, director of the Chicago portion of the Hull House Maps and Papers | ||
*[[Peter Kozler]] (Slovenia, 1824–1879), lawyer, geographer, politician, manufacturer | *[[Peter Kozler]] (Slovenia, 1824–1879), lawyer, geographer, politician, manufacturer | ||
*[[Lilian Lancaster (cartographer)|Lilian Lancaster]] (1852–1939), British creator of anthropomorphic maps | *[[Lilian Lancaster (cartographer)|Lilian Lancaster]] (1852–1939), British creator of anthropomorphic maps | ||
* [[Rudolf Leuzinger]] (Switzerland, 1826–1896), known for mountain landscapes and geologic forms and the first to produce terrain maps in color lithography | * [[Rudolf Leuzinger]] (Switzerland, 1826–1896), known for mountain landscapes and geologic forms and the first to produce terrain maps in color lithography | ||
*[[Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun]] (France, 1816–1889) | *[[Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun]] (France, 1816–1889) | ||
*[[Matsuura Takeshirō]] (Japan, 1818–1888), explorer, cartographer, writer, painter, priest, and antiquarian | |||
*[[Matthew Fontaine Maury]] (United States, 1806–1873), [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy officer]]; also oceanographer, meteorologist, cartographer, author, geologist, and educator | |||
*[[Heinrich Theodor Menke]] (Germany, 1819–1892) | *[[Heinrich Theodor Menke]] (Germany, 1819–1892) | ||
*[[August Heinrich Petermann]] (18 April 1822 – 25 September 1878), German cartographer | *[[August Heinrich Petermann]] (18 April 1822 – 25 September 1878), German cartographer | ||
*[[George Philip (cartographer)|George Philip]] (1800–1882), cartographer, map publisher and founder of the publishing house [[George Philip & Son Ltd.]] | *[[George Philip (cartographer)|George Philip]] (1800–1882), cartographer, map publisher and founder of the publishing house [[George Philip & Son Ltd.]] | ||
*[[Erwin Raisz]] (1893–1968) | *[[Erwin Raisz]] (1893–1968) | ||
*[[Nain Singh Rawat]] (India, 1830–1882), [[Cartography of India|cartographer and explorer]] | |||
*[[Daniel Alfred Sanborn]] (United States, 1827–1883), founder of the prolific insurance map provider [[Sanborn maps|Sanborn Map Company]] | *[[Daniel Alfred Sanborn]] (United States, 1827–1883), founder of the prolific insurance map provider [[Sanborn maps|Sanborn Map Company]] | ||
*[[William Schmollinger]] (''fl''. 1830s) | *[[William Schmollinger]] (''fl''. 1830s) | ||
*[[Shanawdithit]] (Canada, c. 1801–1829), created maps depicting the movement [[Beothuk]] people in Newfoundland | |||
*[[William R. Shepherd]] (1871–1934) | *[[William R. Shepherd]] (1871–1934) | ||
*[[Yuly Shokalsky]] (Russia, 1856–1940), also oceanographer and geographer | *[[Yuly Shokalsky]] (Russia, 1856–1940), also oceanographer and geographer | ||
*[[Karl Spruner von Merz]] (Germany, 1803–1892) | *[[Karl Spruner von Merz]] (Germany, 1803–1892) | ||
*[[John Tallis | *[[John Tallis]] (England, 1838–1851) | ||
*[[Nicolas Auguste Tissot]] (France, 1824–1897), devised [[Tissot's indicatrix]] | *[[Nicolas Auguste Tissot]] (France, 1824–1897), devised [[Tissot's indicatrix]] | ||
*[[Edward A. Vincent]] (England/United States, c. 1825–27 November 1856), [[cartographer]], [[civil engineer]], architect | *[[Edward A. Vincent]] (England/United States, c. 1825–27 November 1856), [[cartographer]], [[civil engineer]], architect | ||
*[[Alexandre Vuillemin]] (France, 1812–1880) | *[[Alexandre Vuillemin]] (France, 1812–1880) | ||
*[[John Francon Williams]] FRGS (1854–4 September 1911), editor, journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor | |||
*[[John Francon Williams]] FRGS (1854–4 September 1911), editor, journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor | |||
*[[Fanny Bullock Workman]] (United States, 1859–1925), geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer | *[[Fanny Bullock Workman]] (United States, 1859–1925), geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer | ||
*[[James Wyld]] (England, 1812–1887) | *[[James Wyld]] (England, 1812–1887) | ||
| Line 282: | Line 261: | ||
[[File:robinson-projection.jpg|thumb|175px|right|A [[Robinson projection]] of the [[Earth]]]] | [[File:robinson-projection.jpg|thumb|175px|right|A [[Robinson projection]] of the [[Earth]]]] | ||
*[[Jacques Bertin]] (France, 1918–2010) | *[[Jacques Bertin]] (France, 1918–2010) | ||
*[[Josef Breu]] (Austria, 1914–1998) | *[[Josef Breu]] (Austria, 1914–1998) | ||
*[[Cynthia Brewer]] (United States, 1957– ), developed [[ColorBrewer]], professor at [[Penn State University]] | *[[Cynthia Brewer]] (United States, 1957– ), developed [[ColorBrewer]], professor at [[Penn State University]] | ||
*[[Roger Brunet]] (1931– ) | *[[Roger Brunet]] (1931– ) | ||
*[[Eila Campbell]] (1915–1994), English geographer and cartographer | |||
*[[Emanuela Casti]] (1950– ), formalized a semiotic theory of geographic maps | *[[Emanuela Casti]] (1950– ), formalized a semiotic theory of geographic maps | ||
*[[Danny Dorling]] (1968– ), developed circular [[cartogram]]s | *[[Danny Dorling]] (1968– ), developed circular [[cartogram]]s | ||
*[[Marion A. Frieswyk]] (United States, 1922–2021), first female intelligence cartographer in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | *[[Marion A. Frieswyk]] (United States, 1922–2021), first female intelligence cartographer in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | ||
*[[Ruth Rhoads Lepper Gardner]] (United States, 1905–2011), cartographer of the Maine coast | *[[Ruth Rhoads Lepper Gardner]] (United States, 1905–2011), cartographer of the Maine coast | ||
*[[Richard Edes Harrison]] (1901–1994) | *[[Richard Edes Harrison]] (1901–1994) | ||
*[[Tom Harrisson]] (1911–1976) | *[[Tom Harrisson]] (1911–1976) | ||
| Line 298: | Line 275: | ||
*[[Elrey Borge Jeppesen]] (1907–1996) | *[[Elrey Borge Jeppesen]] (1907–1996) | ||
*[[Ingrid Kretschmer]] (1939–2011) | *[[Ingrid Kretschmer]] (1939–2011) | ||
*[[Samuel Herbert Maw]] (1881–1952), architect, [[architectural delineator|delineator]] and cartographer of [[Canada]] | *[[Samuel Herbert Maw]] (1881–1952), architect, [[architectural delineator|delineator]] and cartographer of [[Canada]] | ||
*[[Kate McLean]] (United Kingdom) | *[[Kate McLean]] (United Kingdom), known for creating olfactory maps of cities | ||
*[[Jess Miller]] (United States, 1988– ), artist, photographer, and cartographer of rural [[Arkansas]] | *[[Jess Miller]] (United States, 1988– ), artist, photographer, and cartographer of rural [[Arkansas]] | ||
*[[Mark Monmonier]] (United States, 1943– ), wrote ''How to Lie with Maps'' | *[[Mark Monmonier]] (United States, 1943– ), wrote ''How to Lie with Maps''; created the Monmonier Algorithm; Distinguished Professor Emeritus, [[Syracuse University]] | ||
*[[Mark Newman]] (1968– ), developed area contiguous cartograms using a diffusion-based method | *[[Mark Newman]] (1968– ), developed area-contiguous cartograms using a diffusion-based method | ||
*[[Rafael Palacios (artist)|Rafael Palacios]] (1905–1993), prolific map-drawer for major US publishers | *[[Rafael Palacios (artist)|Rafael Palacios]] (1905–1993), prolific map-drawer for major US publishers | ||
*[[Phyllis Pearsall]] (England, 1906–1996), creator of the [[Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas]] | *[[Phyllis Pearsall]] (England, 1906–1996), creator of the [[Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas]] | ||
*[[Jacques Pervititch]] (Turkey, 1877–1945), creator of series of insurance maps of [[Istanbul]] | *[[Jacques Pervititch]] (Turkey, 1877–1945), creator of series of insurance maps of [[Istanbul]] | ||
*[[Edward Ayearst Reeves]] (1862–1945), British geographer, astronomer, and cartographer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telescopic Alidade |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_765754 |access-date=2024-03-14 |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |language=en}}</ref> | *[[Edward Ayearst Reeves]] (1862–1945), British geographer, astronomer, and cartographer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telescopic Alidade |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_765754 |access-date=2024-03-14 |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |language=en}}</ref> | ||
*[[Arthur H. Robinson]] (1915–2004), wrote the influential textbook ''Elements of Cartography'' and developed the [[Robinson projection]] | *[[Arthur H. Robinson]] (1915–2004), wrote the influential textbook ''Elements of Cartography'' and developed the [[Robinson projection]] | ||
*[[Abbas Sahab]] (1921–2000), Iranian cartographer, produced the first atlas of the [[Persian Gulf]] | *[[Abbas Sahab]] (1921–2000), Iranian cartographer, produced the first atlas of the [[Persian Gulf]] | ||
*[[Paula Scher]] (United States, 1948– ), graphic designer, painter | *[[Paula Scher]] (United States, 1948– ), graphic designer, painter | ||
*[[Nikolas Schiller]] (1980– ), [[Arabesque (European art)|Arabesque]] maps composed of [[kaleidoscope|kaleidoscopic]] [[aerial photographs]] | *[[Nikolas Schiller]] (1980– ), [[Arabesque (European art)|Arabesque]] maps composed of [[kaleidoscope|kaleidoscopic]] [[aerial photographs]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Erwin Schneider]] (1906–1987), Austrian mountaineer and cartographer | ||
*[[Kira B. Shingareva]] (Russia, 1938–2013), first person to successfully map the dark side of the moon | |||
*[[Jessamine Shumate]] (1902–1990) | *[[Jessamine Shumate]] (1902–1990) | ||
*[[John P. Snyder]] (1926–1997), developed the [[space oblique mercator projection|space oblique Mercator projection]] | *[[John P. Snyder]] (1926–1997), developed the [[space oblique mercator projection|space oblique Mercator projection]] | ||
*[[Dr. E. Lee Spence]] (1947– ), pioneer underwater [[archaeologist]], decorative, historical maps showing shipwreck locations | *[[Dr. E. Lee Spence]] (1947– ), pioneer underwater [[archaeologist]], decorative, historical maps showing shipwreck locations | ||
| Line 324: | Line 296: | ||
*[[Norman J. W. Thrower]] (1919–2002), professor at [[UCLA]] and author who was known for work in geography, surveying practices, and history | *[[Norman J. W. Thrower]] (1919–2002), professor at [[UCLA]] and author who was known for work in geography, surveying practices, and history | ||
*[[Waldo R. Tobler]] (1930–2018), developed the [[first law of geography]] | *[[Waldo R. Tobler]] (1930–2018), developed the [[first law of geography]] | ||
*[[Bradford Washburn]] (1910–2007) | *[[Bradford Washburn]] (1910–2007) | ||
*[[Denis Wood]] (United States, 1945– ), artist, author, and former professor of design at [[North Carolina State University]] | *[[Denis Wood]] (United States, 1945– ), artist, author, and former professor of design at [[North Carolina State University]] | ||
*[[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]] (1942–2004) | *[[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]] (1942–2004) | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 343: | Line 310: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||