Duesberg hypothesis: Difference between revisions

Line 2:

The '''Duesberg hypothesis''' is the claim that [[AIDS]] is not caused by [[HIV]], but instead that AIDS is caused by noninfectious factors such as [[recreational drug|recreational]] and pharmaceutical drug use and that HIV is merely a harmless passenger virus.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> The hypothesis was popularized by [[Peter Duesberg]], a professor of biology at [[University of California, Berkeley]], from whom the hypothesis gets its name. The [[scientific consensus]] is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid">{{cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |title=National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease Fact Sheet: The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924081245/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |archive-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/en/ World Health Organization HIV and AIDS Programme], from the [[World Health Organization]] website. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> ~~The most prominent supporters of the hypothesis are Duesberg himself, [[biochemist]] and vitamin proponent [[David Rasnick]], and journalist [[Celia Farber]].~~ The [[scientific community]] generally contends that Duesberg's arguments in favor of the hypothesis are the result of [[cherry picking (fallacy)|cherry-picking]] predominantly outdated scientific data<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Galea P, Chermann JC | title = HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases | journal = Genetica | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–142 | year = 1998 | pmid = 10220906 | doi = 10.1023/A:1003432603348| s2cid = 10793378 }}</ref> and selectively ignoring evidence that demonstrates HIV's role in causing AIDS.<ref name="phenom">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.7992043 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J. | year = 1994 | title = The Duesberg phenomenon | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5191| pages = 1642–1644 | pmid = 7992043 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref>

The '''Duesberg hypothesis''' is the claim that [[AIDS]] is not caused by [[HIV]], but instead that AIDS is caused by noninfectious factors such as [[recreational drug|recreational]] and pharmaceutical drug use and that HIV is merely a harmless passenger virus.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> The hypothesis was popularized by [[Peter Duesberg]], a professor of biology at [[University of California, Berkeley]], from whom the hypothesis gets its name. The [[scientific consensus]] is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid">{{cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |title=National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease Fact Sheet: The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924081245/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |archive-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/en/ World Health Organization HIV and AIDS Programme], from the [[World Health Organization]] website. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> The [[scientific community]] generally contends that Duesberg's arguments in favor of the hypothesis are the result of [[cherry picking (fallacy)|cherry-picking]] predominantly outdated scientific data<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Galea P, Chermann JC | title = HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases | journal = Genetica | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–142 | year = 1998 | pmid = 10220906 | doi = 10.1023/A:1003432603348| s2cid = 10793378 }}</ref> and selectively ignoring evidence that demonstrates HIV's role in causing AIDS.<ref name="phenom">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.7992043 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J. | year = 1994 | title = The Duesberg phenomenon | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5191| pages = 1642–1644 | pmid = 7992043 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref>

==Role of legal and illegal drug use==

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical [[correlation]] between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Rasnick D |title=The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus |journal=Genetica |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=85–132 |year=1998 |pmid=10220905 |doi=10.1023/A:1003405220186|s2cid=30201649 }}</ref> He argues that the [[AIDS epidemic|epidemic]] of AIDS cases in the 1980s corresponds to a supposed epidemic of recreational drug use in the United States and Europe during the same time frame.

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical [[correlation]] between trends in [[recreational drug use]] and trends in AIDS cases.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Rasnick D |title=The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus |journal=Genetica |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=85–132 |year=1998 |pmid=10220905 |doi=10.1023/A:1003405220186|s2cid=30201649 }}</ref> He argues that the [[AIDS epidemic|epidemic]] of AIDS cases in the 1980s corresponds to a supposed epidemic of recreational drug use in the United States and Europe during the same time frame.

These claims are not supported by [[epidemiology|epidemiologic data]]. The average yearly increase in [[opioid]]-related deaths from 1990 to 2002 was nearly three times the yearly increase from 1979 to 1990, with the greatest increase in 2000–2002, yet AIDS cases and deaths fell dramatically during the mid-to-late-1990s.<ref name="drugusepharmaco">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Yongli X |title=Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=618–27 |year=2006 |pmid=16862602 |doi=10.1002/pds.1276|s2cid=16121594 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229306 }}</ref> Duesberg's claim that recreational drug use, rather than HIV, was the cause of AIDS has been specifically examined and found to be false. Cohort studies have found that only HIV-positive drug users develop [[opportunistic infection]]s; HIV-negative drug users do not develop such infections, indicating that HIV rather than drug use is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid"/><ref name="drugusenature">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ascher MS, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W, Vittinghoff E |title=Does drug use cause AIDS? |journal=Nature |volume=362 |issue=6416 |pages=103–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8095697 |doi=10.1038/362103a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..103A|s2cid=42128974 }}</ref>

Line 32:

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are "a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias "slim disease," diarrhea, and tuberculosis"<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D |title=The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition |journal=J Biosci |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |year=2003 |pmid=12799487 |doi=10.1007/BF02705115|citeseerx=10.1.1.610.3380 |s2cid=56553 }}</ref> that result from [[malnutrition]] and poor sanitation. African AIDS cases, though, have increased in the last three decades as HIV's prevalence has increased<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boerma | first1 = JT | last2 = Nunn | first2 = AJ | last3 = Whitworth | first3 = JA | title = Mortality impact of the AIDS epidemic: evidence from community studies in less developed countries | journal = AIDS | volume = 12 | pages = S3–14 | year = 1998 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 9677185 }}</ref> but as malnutrition percentages<ref>[http://www.ony.unu.edu/unu-africa/presentations/pinstrup-andersen-watson.ppt#27 Figure of malnutrition percentage decreases]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</ref> and poor sanitation have declined in many African regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/giving_sanitation_the_green_light.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002144535/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/giving_sanitation_the_green_light.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-02 |url-status=live |title=Publications | WASH Matters |website=www.wateraid.org |access-date=2 May 2008}}</ref> In addition, while HIV and AIDS are more prevalent in urban than in rural settings in Africa,<ref>[http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006GlobalReportSlide008.ppt#8 "HIV prevalence (%) by gender and urban/rural residence, selected sub-Saharan African countries, 2001-2005] From UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</ref> malnutrition and poor sanitation are found more commonly in rural than in urban settings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fotso JC |title=Urban-rural differentials in child malnutrition: trends and socioeconomic correlates in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Health Place |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=205–23 |year=2006 |pmid=16563851 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.01.004|url=http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/20110401110551working-paper-no-32.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812170327/http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/20110401110551working-paper-no-32.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=live |citeseerx=10.1.1.308.8910 }}</ref>

According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because "the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary" and does not include HIV testing.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> A definition of AIDS agreed upon in 1985 by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Bangui]] did not require a positive HIV test, but since 1985, many African countries have added positive HIV tests to the Bangui criteria for AIDS or changed their definitions to match those of the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/en/use_aids_def.xls] From the [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz T |title=New strategies for HIV surveillance in resource-constrained settings: an overview |journal=AIDS |volume=19 |issue=Suppl2 |pages=S1–S8 |year=2005 |pmid=15930836 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000172871.80723.3e |author2=De Cock K |last3=Brown |first3=Tim |last4=Ghys |first4=Peter D |last5=Boerma |first5=J Ties|s2cid=11796402 |display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because "the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary" and does not include HIV testing.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> A [[1985 World Health Organization AIDS surveillance case definition|definition of AIDS agreed upon in 1985]] by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Bangui]] did not require a positive HIV test, but since 1985, many African countries have added positive HIV tests to the Bangui criteria for AIDS or changed their definitions to match those of the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/en/use_aids_def.xls] From the [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz T |title=New strategies for HIV surveillance in resource-constrained settings: an overview |journal=AIDS |volume=19 |issue=Suppl2 |pages=S1–S8 |year=2005 |pmid=15930836 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000172871.80723.3e |author2=De Cock K |last3=Brown |first3=Tim |last4=Ghys |first4=Peter D |last5=Boerma |first5=J Ties|s2cid=11796402 |display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Duesberg notes that diseases associated with AIDS differ between African and Western populations, concluding that the causes of immunodeficiency must be different. [[Tuberculosis]] is much more commonly diagnosed among AIDS patients in Africa than in Western countries, while [[Pneumocystis pneumonia|PCP]] conforms to the opposite pattern.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | title = Is AIDS in Africa a distinct disease? | journal = Science | volume = 288 | issue = 5474 | pages = 2153–5 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10896593 | doi = 10.1126/science.288.5474.2153 | s2cid = 10365177 }}</ref> Tuberculosis, though, had higher prevalence in Africa than in the West before the spread of HIV. In Africa and the United States, HIV has spurred a similar percentage increase in tuberculosis cases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Corbett EL |title=The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=163 |issue=9 |pages=1009–21 |year=2003 |pmid=12742798 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.9.1009 |author2=Watt CJ |last3=Walker |first3=N |last4=Maher |first4=D |last5=Williams |first5=BG |last6=Raviglione |first6=MC |last7=Dye |first7=C|display-authors=2 |url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/17507/1/The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Tuberculosis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720124238/http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/17507/1/The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Tuberculosis.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-20 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> PCP may be underestimated in Africa: since machinery "required for accurate testing is relatively rare in many resource-poor areas, including large parts of Africa, PCP is likely to be underdiagnosed in Africa. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods"<ref>[http://www.aidstruth.org/science-sold-out.pdf Science Outsold? Correcting the Falsehoods of "Science Sold Out: Does HIV Really Cause AIDS?"] Page 15. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> Duesberg also claims that [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] is "exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs",<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chokunonga | first1 = E | last2 = Levy | first2 = LM | last3 = Bassett | first3 = MT | last4 = Borok | first4 = MZ | last5 = Mauchaza | first5 = BG | last6 = Chirenje | first6 = MZ | last7 = Parkin | first7 = DM | title = Aids and cancer in Africa: the evolving epidemic in Zimbabwe | journal = AIDS | volume = 13 | issue = 18 | pages = 2583–8 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10630528 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199912240-00012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hiatt KM |title=Classic Kaposi Sarcoma in the United States over the last two decades: A clinicopathologic and molecular study of 438 non-HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma patients with comparison to HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma |journal=Modern Pathology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=572–82 |year=2008 |pmid=18376387 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2008.15 |author2=Nelson AM |last3=Lichy |first3=Jack H |last4=Fanburg-Smith |first4=Julie C|display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
 {{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}}
-The '''Duesberg hypothesis''' is the claim that [[AIDS]] is not caused by [[HIV]], but instead that AIDS is caused by noninfectious factors such as [[recreational drug|recreational]] and pharmaceutical drug use and that HIV is merely a harmless passenger virus.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> The hypothesis was popularized by [[Peter Duesberg]], a professor of biology at [[University of California, Berkeley]], from whom the hypothesis gets its name. The [[scientific consensus]] is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid">{{cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |title=National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease Fact Sheet: The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924081245/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |archive-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/en/ World Health Organization HIV and AIDS Programme], from the [[World Health Organization]] website. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> The most prominent supporters of the hypothesis are Duesberg himself, [[biochemist]] and vitamin proponent [[David Rasnick]], and journalist [[Celia Farber]]. The [[scientific community]] generally contends that Duesberg's arguments in favor of the hypothesis are the result of [[cherry picking (fallacy)|cherry-picking]] predominantly outdated scientific data<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Galea P, Chermann JC | title = HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases | journal = Genetica | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–142 | year = 1998 | pmid = 10220906 | doi = 10.1023/A:1003432603348| s2cid = 10793378 }}</ref> and selectively ignoring evidence that demonstrates HIV's role in causing AIDS.<ref name="phenom">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.7992043 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J. | year = 1994 | title = The Duesberg phenomenon | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5191| pages = 1642–1644 | pmid = 7992043 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref>
+The '''Duesberg hypothesis''' is the claim that [[AIDS]] is not caused by [[HIV]], but instead that AIDS is caused by noninfectious factors such as [[recreational drug|recreational]] and pharmaceutical drug use and that HIV is merely a harmless passenger virus.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> The hypothesis was popularized by [[Peter Duesberg]], a professor of biology at [[University of California, Berkeley]], from whom the hypothesis gets its name. The [[scientific consensus]] is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid">{{cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |title=National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease Fact Sheet: The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924081245/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm |archive-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/en/ World Health Organization HIV and AIDS Programme], from the [[World Health Organization]] website. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> The [[scientific community]] generally contends that Duesberg's arguments in favor of the hypothesis are the result of [[cherry picking (fallacy)|cherry-picking]] predominantly outdated scientific data<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Galea P, Chermann JC | title = HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases | journal = Genetica | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–142 | year = 1998 | pmid = 10220906 | doi = 10.1023/A:1003432603348| s2cid = 10793378 }}</ref> and selectively ignoring evidence that demonstrates HIV's role in causing AIDS.<ref name="phenom">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.7992043 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J. | year = 1994 | title = The Duesberg phenomenon | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5191| pages = 1642–1644 | pmid = 7992043 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref>
 ==Role of legal and illegal drug use==
-Duesberg argues that there is a statistical [[correlation]] between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Rasnick D |title=The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus |journal=Genetica |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=85–132 |year=1998 |pmid=10220905 |doi=10.1023/A:1003405220186|s2cid=30201649 }}</ref> He argues that the [[AIDS epidemic|epidemic]] of AIDS cases in the 1980s corresponds to a supposed epidemic of recreational drug use in the United States and Europe during the same time frame.
+Duesberg argues that there is a statistical [[correlation]] between trends in [[recreational drug use]] and trends in AIDS cases.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Rasnick D |title=The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus |journal=Genetica |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=85–132 |year=1998 |pmid=10220905 |doi=10.1023/A:1003405220186|s2cid=30201649 }}</ref> He argues that the [[AIDS epidemic|epidemic]] of AIDS cases in the 1980s corresponds to a supposed epidemic of recreational drug use in the United States and Europe during the same time frame.
 These claims are not supported by [[epidemiology|epidemiologic data]]. The average yearly increase in [[opioid]]-related deaths from 1990 to 2002 was nearly three times the yearly increase from 1979 to 1990, with the greatest increase in 2000–2002, yet AIDS cases and deaths fell dramatically during the mid-to-late-1990s.<ref name="drugusepharmaco">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Yongli X |title=Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=618–27 |year=2006 |pmid=16862602 |doi=10.1002/pds.1276|s2cid=16121594 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229306 }}</ref> Duesberg's claim that recreational drug use, rather than HIV, was the cause of AIDS has been specifically examined and found to be false. Cohort studies have found that only HIV-positive drug users develop [[opportunistic infection]]s; HIV-negative drug users do not develop such infections, indicating that HIV rather than drug use is the cause of AIDS.<ref name="niaid"/><ref name="drugusenature">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ascher MS, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W, Vittinghoff E |title=Does drug use cause AIDS? |journal=Nature |volume=362 |issue=6416 |pages=103–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8095697 |doi=10.1038/362103a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.362..103A|s2cid=42128974 }}</ref>
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are "a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias "slim disease," diarrhea, and tuberculosis"<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D |title=The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition |journal=J Biosci |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |year=2003 |pmid=12799487 |doi=10.1007/BF02705115|citeseerx=10.1.1.610.3380 |s2cid=56553 }}</ref> that result from [[malnutrition]] and poor sanitation. African AIDS cases, though, have increased in the last three decades as HIV's prevalence has increased<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boerma | first1 = JT | last2 = Nunn | first2 = AJ | last3 = Whitworth | first3 = JA | title = Mortality impact of the AIDS epidemic: evidence from community studies in less developed countries | journal = AIDS | volume = 12 | pages = S3–14 | year = 1998 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 9677185 }}</ref> but as malnutrition percentages<ref>[http://www.ony.unu.edu/unu-africa/presentations/pinstrup-andersen-watson.ppt#27 Figure of malnutrition percentage decreases]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</ref> and poor sanitation have declined in many African regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/giving_sanitation_the_green_light.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002144535/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/giving_sanitation_the_green_light.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-02 |url-status=live |title=Publications &#124; WASH Matters |website=www.wateraid.org |access-date=2 May 2008}}</ref> In addition, while HIV and AIDS are more prevalent in urban than in rural settings in Africa,<ref>[http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006GlobalReportSlide008.ppt#8 "HIV prevalence (%) by gender and urban/rural residence, selected sub-Saharan African countries, 2001-2005] From UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</ref> malnutrition and poor sanitation are found more commonly in rural than in urban settings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fotso JC |title=Urban-rural differentials in child malnutrition: trends and socioeconomic correlates in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Health Place |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=205–23 |year=2006 |pmid=16563851 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.01.004|url=http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/20110401110551working-paper-no-32.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812170327/http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/20110401110551working-paper-no-32.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=live |citeseerx=10.1.1.308.8910 }}</ref>
-According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because "the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary" and does not include HIV testing.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> A definition of AIDS agreed upon in 1985 by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Bangui]] did not require a positive HIV test, but since 1985, many African countries have added positive HIV tests to the Bangui criteria for AIDS or changed their definitions to match those of the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/en/use_aids_def.xls] From the [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz T |title=New strategies for HIV surveillance in resource-constrained settings: an overview |journal=AIDS |volume=19 |issue=Suppl2 |pages=S1–S8 |year=2005 |pmid=15930836 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000172871.80723.3e |author2=De Cock K |last3=Brown |first3=Tim |last4=Ghys |first4=Peter D |last5=Boerma |first5=J Ties|s2cid=11796402 |display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because "the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary" and does not include HIV testing.<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> A [[1985 World Health Organization AIDS surveillance case definition|definition of AIDS agreed upon in 1985]] by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Bangui]] did not require a positive HIV test, but since 1985, many African countries have added positive HIV tests to the Bangui criteria for AIDS or changed their definitions to match those of the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]].<ref>[https://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/en/use_aids_def.xls] From the [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz T |title=New strategies for HIV surveillance in resource-constrained settings: an overview |journal=AIDS |volume=19 |issue=Suppl2 |pages=S1–S8 |year=2005 |pmid=15930836 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000172871.80723.3e |author2=De Cock K |last3=Brown |first3=Tim |last4=Ghys |first4=Peter D |last5=Boerma |first5=J Ties|s2cid=11796402 |display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 Duesberg notes that diseases associated with AIDS differ between African and Western populations, concluding that the causes of immunodeficiency must be different. [[Tuberculosis]] is much more commonly diagnosed among AIDS patients in Africa than in Western countries, while [[Pneumocystis pneumonia|PCP]] conforms to the opposite pattern.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | title = Is AIDS in Africa a distinct disease? | journal = Science | volume = 288 | issue = 5474 | pages = 2153–5 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10896593 | doi = 10.1126/science.288.5474.2153 | s2cid = 10365177 }}</ref> Tuberculosis, though, had higher prevalence in Africa than in the West before the spread of HIV. In Africa and the United States, HIV has spurred a similar percentage increase in tuberculosis cases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Corbett EL |title=The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=163 |issue=9 |pages=1009–21 |year=2003 |pmid=12742798 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.9.1009 |author2=Watt CJ |last3=Walker |first3=N |last4=Maher |first4=D |last5=Williams |first5=BG |last6=Raviglione |first6=MC |last7=Dye |first7=C|display-authors=2 |url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/17507/1/The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Tuberculosis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720124238/http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/17507/1/The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Tuberculosis.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-20 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> PCP may be underestimated in Africa: since machinery "required for accurate testing is relatively rare in many resource-poor areas, including large parts of Africa, PCP is likely to be underdiagnosed in Africa. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods"<ref>[http://www.aidstruth.org/science-sold-out.pdf Science Outsold? Correcting the Falsehoods of "Science Sold Out: Does HIV Really Cause AIDS?"] Page 15. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref> Duesberg also claims that [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] is "exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs",<ref name="DuesbergJBiosci"/> but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chokunonga | first1 = E | last2 = Levy | first2 = LM | last3 = Bassett | first3 = MT | last4 = Borok | first4 = MZ | last5 = Mauchaza | first5 = BG | last6 = Chirenje | first6 = MZ | last7 = Parkin | first7 = DM | title = Aids and cancer in Africa: the evolving epidemic in Zimbabwe | journal = AIDS | volume = 13 | issue = 18 | pages = 2583–8 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10630528 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199912240-00012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hiatt KM |title=Classic Kaposi Sarcoma in the United States over the last two decades: A clinicopathologic and molecular study of 438 non-HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma patients with comparison to HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma |journal=Modern Pathology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=572–82 |year=2008 |pmid=18376387 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2008.15 |author2=Nelson AM |last3=Lichy |first3=Jack H |last4=Fanburg-Smith |first4=Julie C|display-authors=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Duesberg hypothesis: Difference between revisions

Navigation menu

Search