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{{ | {{Short description|1941 goals articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | ||
{{About| Franklin D. Roosevelt's themes|other uses|Four Freedoms (disambiguation)}} | {{About| Franklin D. Roosevelt's themes|other uses|Four Freedoms (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{Distinguish|For Freedoms}} | {{Distinguish|For Freedoms}} | ||
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} | ||
[[File:FDR Memorial wall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] | [[File:Four-Freedoms-OWI-composite-poster-1943.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'', a series of 1943 paintings by [[Norman Rockwell]] honoring [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s Four Freedoms, meant to describe the freedoms for which allied nations fought in World War II.]][[File:FDR Memorial wall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] | ||
The '''Four Freedoms''' were goals articulated by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the [[s:The Four Freedoms speech|Four Freedoms speech]] (technically the '''1941 State of the Union address'''), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: | The '''Four Freedoms''' were goals articulated by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the [[s:The Four Freedoms speech|Four Freedoms speech]] (technically the '''1941 State of the Union address'''), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: | ||
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In the 1930s many Americans, arguing that the involvement in [[World War I]] had been a mistake, were adamantly against continued intervention in European affairs.<ref name="Bodnar, John 2010">Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 11.</ref> With the [[Neutrality Acts of the 1930s|Neutrality Acts]] established after 1935, U.S. law banned the sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions on travel with belligerent vessels.<ref>Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 393–94.</ref> | In the 1930s many Americans, arguing that the involvement in [[World War I]] had been a mistake, were adamantly against continued intervention in European affairs.<ref name="Bodnar, John 2010">Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 11.</ref> With the [[Neutrality Acts of the 1930s|Neutrality Acts]] established after 1935, U.S. law banned the sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions on travel with belligerent vessels.<ref>Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 393–94.</ref> | ||
When [[World War II]] began in September 1939, the neutrality laws were still in effect and ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and France. With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939, Roosevelt adopted a "methods-short-of-war policy" whereby supplies and armaments could be given to European Allies, provided no declaration of war could be made and no troops committed.<ref>Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (1999) 427–434.</ref> By December 1940, Europe was largely at the mercy of [[Adolf Hitler]] and Germany's [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]. With Germany's defeat of France in June 1940, Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Winston Churchill, as Prime Minister of Britain, called for Roosevelt and the United States to supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort.{{ | When [[World War II]] began in September 1939, the neutrality laws were still in effect and ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and France. With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939, Roosevelt adopted a "methods-short-of-war policy" whereby supplies and armaments could be given to European Allies, provided no declaration of war could be made and no troops committed.<ref>Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (1999) 427–434.</ref> By December 1940, Europe was largely at the mercy of [[Adolf Hitler]] and Germany's [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]. With Germany's defeat of France in June 1940, Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Winston Churchill, as Prime Minister of Britain, called for Roosevelt and the United States to supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort.<ref>{{cite web |title=HR 1776 | url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_20/65c.html | publisher=National Archives and Records Administration | access-date=2026-05-19}}</ref> | ||
The [[1939 New York World's Fair]] had celebrated Four Freedoms – religion, speech, press, and assembly – and commissioned [[Leo Friedlander]] to create sculptures representing them. [[Mayor of New York City]] [[Fiorello La Guardia]] described the resulting statues as the "heart of the fair". Later Roosevelt would declare his own "Four Essential Freedoms" and call on [[Walter Russell]] to create a ''[[Four Freedoms Monument]]'' that was eventually dedicated at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FD0Qfub9MC&q=%22norman+rockwell%22+%22freedom+of+speech%22+%22four+freedoms%22+%22Saturday+Evening+Post%22&pg=PP71|title=Liberty's Refuge: The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly|author=Inazu, John D.|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0300173154|year=2012}}</ref> | The [[1939 New York World's Fair]] had celebrated Four Freedoms – religion, speech, press, and assembly – and commissioned [[Leo Friedlander]] to create sculptures representing them. [[Mayor of New York City]] [[Fiorello La Guardia]] described the resulting statues as the "heart of the fair". Later Roosevelt would declare his own "Four Essential Freedoms" and call on [[Walter Russell]] to create a ''[[Four Freedoms Monument]]'' that was eventually dedicated at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FD0Qfub9MC&q=%22norman+rockwell%22+%22freedom+of+speech%22+%22four+freedoms%22+%22Saturday+Evening+Post%22&pg=PP71|title=Liberty's Refuge: The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly|author=Inazu, John D.|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0300173154|year=2012}}</ref> | ||
They also appeared on the reverse of the [[AM-lira]], the Allied Military Currency note issue that was issued in Italy during WWII, by the Americans, that was in effect occupation currency, guaranteed by the | They also appeared on the reverse of the [[AM-lira]], the Allied Military Currency note issue that was issued in Italy during WWII, by the Americans, that was in effect occupation currency, guaranteed by the U.S. dollar.{{citation needed|date = November 2025}} | ||
==Declarations== | ==Declarations== | ||
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|Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941<ref>See [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-congress-the-state-the-union online copy from the University of California at Santa Barbara]</ref> | |Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941<ref>See [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-congress-the-state-the-union online copy from the University of California at Santa Barbara]</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Four Freedoms Flag or United Nations Honour Flag ca 1943-1948.svg|thumb|220px|The | [[File:Four Freedoms Flag or United Nations Honour Flag ca 1943-1948.svg|thumb|220px|The Four Freedoms flag or "[[United Nations Honor Flag]]" {{circa}} 1943–1948]] | ||
Later in the same speech the president went on to specify six basic goals:<ref>Engel, p. 7.</ref> | Later in the same speech the president went on to specify six basic goals:<ref>Engel, p. 7.</ref> | ||
* Equality of opportunity for youth and for others. | * Equality of opportunity for youth and for others. | ||
* Jobs for those who can work. | * Jobs for those who can work. | ||
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==Opposition== | ==Opposition== | ||
The Four Freedoms Speech was popular, and the goals were influential in postwar politics. However, in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism from anti-war elements.<ref>David M. Kennedy, ''Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). pp. 470–476.</ref> Critics argued that the Four Freedoms were simply a charter for Roosevelt's [[New Deal]], social reforms that had already created sharp divisions within Congress. Conservatives who opposed social programs and increased government intervention argued against Roosevelt's attempt to justify and depict the war as necessary for the defense of lofty goals.<ref>John Bodnar, ''The "Good War" in American Memory'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 14–15.</ref> | |||
The Four Freedoms Speech was popular, and the goals were influential in postwar politics. However, in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism from anti-war elements.<ref>David M. Kennedy, '' Freedom | |||
While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American thought on the war, they were never the exclusive justification for the war. Polls and surveys conducted by the [[United States Office of War Information]] (OWI) revealed that self-defense and vengeance for the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] were still the most prevalent reasons for war.<ref>Bodnar, ''The "Good War" in American Memory'' p. 14.</ref> | While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American thought on the war, they were never the exclusive justification for the war. Polls and surveys conducted by the [[United States Office of War Information]] (OWI) revealed that self-defense and vengeance for the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] were still the most prevalent reasons for war.<ref>Bodnar, ''The "Good War" in American Memory'' p. 14.</ref> | ||
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==Violation== | ==Violation== | ||
In a 1942 radio address, President Roosevelt declared the Four Freedoms embodied "rights of men of every creed and every race, wherever they live."<ref>Eric Foner, ''The Story of American Freedom'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998) p. 223.</ref> On February 19, 1942, he authorized [[Japanese American internment]] with [[Executive Order 9066]]. It allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded". This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and much of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona, except for those in internment camps.<ref name=korematsu_roberts>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=323&page=214 ''Korematsu v. the United States''] dissent by Justice [[Owen Josephus Roberts]], reproduced at findlaw.com. Retrieved September 12, 2006.</ref> By 1946, the United States had incarcerated 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent, of whom about 80,000 had been born in the United States.<ref>Park, Yoosun, Facilitating Injustice: Tracing the Role of Social Workers in the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans. (Social Service Review 82.3, 2008) 448.</ref> | |||
African Americans also often experienced contradictions between the rhetoric of the Four Freedoms and harsh realities. "The politically exiled [[J.B. Martin]]," writes historian [[David T. Beito]], then living in Chicago, must have had mixed feelings if he listened to the president's speech. The Crump machine [then closely allied with FDR], after "policing" his drug store, had driven him [the black Republican leader] out of Memphis."<ref>{{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da4H0QEACAAJ|title=FDR: A New Political Life | edition=First | pages=145| location=Chicago | publisher=Carus Books | year=2025| isbn=978-1637700693}}</ref> | |||
==Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park== | ==Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park== | ||
{{ | {{Main article|Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park}} | ||
The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park]] is a park designed by the architect [[Louis Kahn]] for the south point of [[Roosevelt Island]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fdrfourfreedomspark.org/pages/about-the-park | title=About the Park | publisher=Four Freedoms Park Conservancy | access-date=July 23, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727123911/http://www.fdrfourfreedomspark.org/pages/about-the-park | archive-date=July 27, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The park celebrates the famous speech, and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the park. | |||
The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park]] is a park designed by the architect [[Louis Kahn]] for the south point of [[Roosevelt Island]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fdrfourfreedomspark.org/pages/about-the-park | title=About the Park | publisher=Four Freedoms Park Conservancy | access-date=July 23, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727123911/http://www.fdrfourfreedomspark.org/pages/about-the-park | archive-date=July 27, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The park celebrates the famous speech, and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the park. | |||
==Awards== | ==Awards== | ||
{{main article|Four Freedoms Award}} | {{main article|Four Freedoms Award}} | ||
The [[Roosevelt Institute]]<ref name = "Institute">{{citation | url = http://www.feri.org/ | author = Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute|title=Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute}}</ref> honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals. The [[Four Freedoms Award]] medals are awarded at ceremonies at [[Hyde Park, New York]] and [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]], | |||
The [[Roosevelt Institute]]<ref name = "Institute">{{citation | url = http://www.feri.org/ | author = Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute|title=Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute}}</ref> honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals. The [[Four Freedoms Award]] medals are awarded at ceremonies at [[Hyde Park, New York]] and [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]], Netherlands during alternate years. The awards were first presented in 1982 on the centenary of President Roosevelt's birth as well as the bicentenary of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands. | |||
Among the laureates have been: | Among the laureates have been: | ||
<!--PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> | <!--PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> | ||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} | {{div col|colwidth=20em}} | ||
* [[William J. Brennan | * [[William J. Brennan Jr.|William Brennan]] | ||
* | * King [[Juan Carlos]] of Spain | ||
* [[Jimmy Carter]] | * [[Jimmy Carter]] | ||
* [[Bill Clinton]] | * [[Bill Clinton]] | ||
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* [[Averell Harriman]] | * [[Averell Harriman]] | ||
* [[Václav Havel]] | * [[Václav Havel]] | ||
* | * [[Princess Juliana]] of the Netherlands | ||
* [[John F. Kennedy]] | * [[John F. Kennedy]] | ||
* [[Mike Mansfield]] | * [[Mike Mansfield]] | ||
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* In the early 1990s, artist David McDonald reproduced Rockwell's ''Four Freedoms'' paintings as four large murals on the side of an old grocery building in downtown [[Silverton, Oregon]].<ref name = "Silverton">{{cite web | url = http://www.silvertonor.com/murals/ | title = Silverton Mural Society }}</ref> | * In the early 1990s, artist David McDonald reproduced Rockwell's ''Four Freedoms'' paintings as four large murals on the side of an old grocery building in downtown [[Silverton, Oregon]].<ref name = "Silverton">{{cite web | url = http://www.silvertonor.com/murals/ | title = Silverton Mural Society }}</ref> | ||
* In 2008, [[Florida International University]]'s [[Wolfsonian]] museum hosted the ''Thoughts on Democracy'' exhibition that displayed posters created by 60 leading contemporary artists and designers, invited to create a new graphic design inspired by American illustrator Norman Rockwell's ''Four Freedoms'' posters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teenthoughtsondemocracy.wolfsonian.org/teachers/thoughts-on-democracy?page=1|title=Thoughts on Democracy|website=Wolfsonian FIU|date=2008|access-date=May 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052136/http://teenthoughtsondemocracy.wolfsonian.org/teachers/thoughts-on-democracy?page=1|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * In 2008, [[Florida International University]]'s [[Wolfsonian]] museum hosted the ''Thoughts on Democracy'' exhibition that displayed posters created by 60 leading contemporary artists and designers, invited to create a new graphic design inspired by American illustrator Norman Rockwell's ''Four Freedoms'' posters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teenthoughtsondemocracy.wolfsonian.org/teachers/thoughts-on-democracy?page=1|title=Thoughts on Democracy|website=Wolfsonian FIU|date=2008|access-date=May 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052136/http://teenthoughtsondemocracy.wolfsonian.org/teachers/thoughts-on-democracy?page=1|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
* Four Freedoms is the adopted title of a [[Well drink|bottom-shelf]] [[ | * Four Freedoms is the adopted title of a [[Well drink|bottom-shelf]] [[blended whiskey]] brand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Freedoms Whiskey |url=https://www.gotoliquorstore.com/p/four-freedoms-blended-whiskey/60731 |website=GoToLiquorStore |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> | ||
==Norman Rockwell's paintings== | ==Norman Rockwell's paintings== | ||
{{main article|Four Freedoms (Rockwell){{!}}''Four Freedoms'' (Rockwell)}} | {{main article|Four Freedoms (Rockwell){{!}}''Four Freedoms'' (Rockwell)}} | ||
Roosevelt's speech inspired a set of four paintings by [[Norman Rockwell]]. | Roosevelt's speech inspired a set of four paintings by [[Norman Rockwell]]. | ||
===Paintings=== | ===Paintings=== | ||
The members of the set, known collectively as ''[[Four Freedoms (Rockwell)|The Four Freedoms]]'', were published in four consecutive issues of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''.<ref>On February 20, 1943; February 27, 1943; March 6, 1943; and March 13, 1943.</ref> The four paintings subsequently were displayed around the US by the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]. | The members of the set, known collectively as ''[[Four Freedoms (Rockwell)|The Four Freedoms]]'', were published in four consecutive issues of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''.<ref>On February 20, 1943; February 27, 1943; March 6, 1943; and March 13, 1943.</ref> The four paintings subsequently were displayed around the US by the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]. | ||
<gallery widths="200px" heights="250px"> | <gallery widths="200px" heights="250px"> | ||
File:"Freedom of Speech" - NARA - 513536.jpg|''[[Freedom of Speech (painting)|Freedom of Speech]]'' (Saturday, February 20, 1943) – from the ''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'' series by [[Norman Rockwell]] | File:"Freedom of Speech" - NARA - 513536.jpg|''[[Freedom of Speech (painting)|Freedom of Speech]]'' (Saturday, February 20, 1943) – from the ''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'' series by [[Norman Rockwell]] | ||
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===Essays=== | ===Essays=== | ||
Each painting was published with a matching [[essay]] on that particular "Freedom":<ref>Perry, P. (2009a), [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/01/01/art-entertainment/norman-rockwell-art-entertainment/rockwells-four-freedoms.html "Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms"], ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009; Perry, P. (2009b). [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2018/01/05/in-the-magazine/rockwells-four-freedoms-2.html "Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms"], ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.</ref> | Each painting was published with a matching [[essay]] on that particular "Freedom":<ref>Perry, P. (2009a), [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/01/01/art-entertainment/norman-rockwell-art-entertainment/rockwells-four-freedoms.html "Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms"], ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009; Perry, P. (2009b). [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2018/01/05/in-the-magazine/rockwells-four-freedoms-2.html "Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms"], ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.</ref> | ||
* ''Freedom of Speech'', by [[Booth Tarkington]] (February 20, 1943).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/12/21/in-the-magazine/booth-tarkingtons-freedom-speech.html| title = Booth Tarkington's 'Freedom of Speech', ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.| date = December 21, 2017}}</ref> | * ''Freedom of Speech'', by [[Booth Tarkington]] (February 20, 1943).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/12/21/in-the-magazine/booth-tarkingtons-freedom-speech.html| title = Booth Tarkington's 'Freedom of Speech', ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.| date = December 21, 2017}}</ref> | ||
* ''Freedom of Worship'', by [[Will Durant]] (February 27, 1943).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/12/21/in-the-magazine/will-durants-freedom-worship.html| title = Will Durant's 'Freedom of Worship', ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.| date = December 21, 2017}}</ref> | * ''Freedom of Worship'', by [[Will Durant]] (February 27, 1943).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/12/21/in-the-magazine/will-durants-freedom-worship.html| title = Will Durant's 'Freedom of Worship', ''The Saturday Evening Post'', January/February 2009.| date = December 21, 2017}}</ref> | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Four boxes of liberty]] | * [[Four boxes of liberty]] | ||
* [[The Free Software Definition]] is often called "the four freedoms" within the [[free software community]] in reference to the speech and fundamental principles. | |||
* [[European Single Market|Four Freedoms (European Union)]] | * [[European Single Market|Four Freedoms (European Union)]] | ||
* ''[[Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945]]'', a Pulitzer-winning history of the era. | * ''[[Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945]]'', a Pulitzer-winning history of the era. | ||
* [[Liberalism in the United States]] | * [[Liberalism in the United States]] | ||
* [[Second Bill of Rights]], proposed by FDR in his 1944 State of the Union Address | * [[Second Bill of Rights]], proposed by FDR in his 1944 State of the Union Address | ||
* [[World War II Victory Medal (United States)]], which includes the Four Freedoms on its reverse. | * [[World War II Victory Medal (United States)]], which includes the Four Freedoms on its reverse. | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{Library resources box}} | |||
* Borgwardt, Elizabeth. "FDR's Four Freedoms as a Human Rights Instrument." ''OAH Magazine of History'' 22.2 (2008): 8–13. [https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/22/2/8/967562 extract] | * Borgwardt, Elizabeth. "FDR's Four Freedoms as a Human Rights Instrument." ''OAH Magazine of History'' 22.2 (2008): 8–13. [https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/22/2/8/967562 extract] | ||
* Crowell, Laura. "The building of the 'four freedoms' speech." ''Communications Monographs'' 22.5 (1955): 266–283. | * Crowell, Laura. "The building of the 'four freedoms' speech." ''Communications Monographs'' 22.5 (1955): 266–283. | ||
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===Rockwell's icons=== | ===Rockwell's icons=== | ||
* Kimble, James J. "The illustrated four freedoms: FDR, Rockwell, and the margins of the rhetorical presidency." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 45.1 (2015): 46–69. | * Kimble, James J. "The illustrated four freedoms: FDR, Rockwell, and the margins of the rhetorical presidency." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 45.1 (2015): 46–69. | ||
* Lynch | * Lynch, Sylvio III (2020). [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=5%2C27&sciodt=0%2C27&cites=13226409173930962162&scipsc=1&q=four&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1674538692333&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3A3qWWU7Ze5HsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D1%26hl%3Den ''Morality and Aspiration: Some Conditions of Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms''] (PhD Diss.) Bowling Green State University. | ||
* Murray, Stuart, James McCabe, and John Frohnmayer | * Murray, Stuart, James McCabe, and John Frohnmayer (1993). [https://www.academia.edu/download/64306953/A-Four%20Freedoms%20McCabe.pdf ''Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms: Images that Inspire a Nation'']. Berkshire House. | ||
* Olson, Lester G. "Portraits in | * Olson, Lester G. "Portraits in Praise of a People: A Rhetorical Analysis of Norman Rockwell's Icons in Franklin D. Roosevelt's 'Four Freedoms' Campaign". ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 69.1 (1983): 15–24. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | {{Wikisource|The Four Freedoms speech}} | ||
{{ | {{Commons category}} | ||
* [https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/fdrs-four-freedoms-speech-freedom-fireside "Four Freedoms"] Lesson plan for grades 9–12 from National Endowment for the Humanities | * [https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/fdrs-four-freedoms-speech-freedom-fireside "Four Freedoms"] Lesson plan for grades 9–12 from National Endowment for the Humanities | ||
* [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm As a delivered text, enhanced audio, video excerpt] at AmericanRhetoric.com. | * [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm As a delivered text, enhanced audio, video excerpt] at AmericanRhetoric.com. | ||
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years=1941}} | years=1941}} | ||
{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
{{State of the Union}} | {{State of the Union}} | ||
{{Franklin D. Roosevelt|state=expanded}} | {{Franklin D. Roosevelt|state=expanded}} | ||
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[[Category:Four Freedoms| ]] | [[Category:Four Freedoms| ]] | ||
[[Category:1940s State of the Union addresses]] | |||
[[Category:1941 in politics]] | [[Category:1941 in politics]] | ||
[[Category:1941 in the United States]] | [[Category:1941 in the United States]] | ||
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[[Category:1941 speeches]] | [[Category:1941 speeches]] | ||
[[Category:77th United States Congress]] | [[Category:77th United States Congress]] | ||
[[Category:January 1941 in the United States]] | |||
[[Category:History of human rights]] | [[Category:History of human rights]] | ||
[[Category:Politics of World War II]] | [[Category:Politics of World War II]] | ||
[[Category:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | [[Category:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | ||
[[Category:Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | [[Category:Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | ||
[[Category:Washington, D.C., in World War II]] | |||
[[Category:World War II speeches]] | [[Category:World War II speeches]] | ||