First aid: Difference between revisions
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imported>Justjourney →Infarction of the heart: fixed spelling error |
imported>TheRealGenete m Fixed the capitalization in an image's caption. |
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{{short description|Emergency first response medical treatment}} | {{short description|Emergency first response medical treatment}} | ||
{{About|general first aid for humans|other uses}} | {{About|general first aid for humans|other uses}} | ||
[[File:ISO 7010 E003 - First aid sign.svg|The universal first aid symbol|thumb]] | [[File:ISO 7010 E003 - First aid sign.svg|The universal first aid symbol|thumb]] | ||
[[File:A skateborder falls off his board and cuts his hand.jpg|alt=A close-up image of a bleeding hand wound caused by a skateboard fall, showing an open cut with visible blood.|thumb|Skateboard fall resulting in a hand wound]] | |||
[[File:US Navy 030322-M-6270B-010 A U.S. Navy Corpsman assigned to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.jpg|thumb|A [[US Navy]] corpsman gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.]] | [[File:US Navy 030322-M-6270B-010 A U.S. Navy Corpsman assigned to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.jpg|thumb|A [[US Navy]] corpsman gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.]] | ||
{{Portal|Medical}} | {{Portal|Medical}} | ||
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{{Main|Management of acute coronary syndrome#Patient-dependent initial measures}} | {{Main|Management of acute coronary syndrome#Patient-dependent initial measures}} | ||
A '''myocardial infarction''', commonly known as a '''heart attack''', is the sudden reduction in or lack of blood flow in one of the coronary arteries in the heart, causing [[infarction]] (tissue death due to inadequate blood supply). Risk factors for myocardial infarctions include living a [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] lifestyle, age (being over 45 for men and 55 for women), tobacco and alcohol use, stress, obesity, high | A '''myocardial infarction''', commonly known as a '''heart attack''', is the sudden reduction in or lack of blood flow in one of the coronary arteries in the heart, causing [[infarction]] (tissue death due to inadequate blood supply). Risk factors for myocardial infarctions include living a [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] lifestyle, age (being over 45 for men and 55 for women), tobacco and alcohol use, stress, obesity, high cholesterol, family history, and diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heart attack-Heart attack - Symptoms & causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Stroke === | === Stroke === | ||
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=== ABCDE and csABCDE general protocol === | === ABCDE and csABCDE general protocol === | ||
The '''ABCDE''' method is the general protocol of first aid and implies a quite general view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thim |first1=Troels |last2=Krarup |first2=Niels Henrik Vinther |last3=Grove |first3=Erik Lerkevang |last4=Rohde |first4=Claus Valter |last5=Løfgren |first5=Bo |date=2012-01-31 |title=Initial assessment and treatment with the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |language=English |volume=5 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.2147/IJGM.S28478 |pmc=3273374 |pmid=22319249 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | The '''[[ABC (medicine)|ABCDE]]''' method is the general protocol of first aid and implies a quite general view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thim |first1=Troels |last2=Krarup |first2=Niels Henrik Vinther |last3=Grove |first3=Erik Lerkevang |last4=Rohde |first4=Claus Valter |last5=Løfgren |first5=Bo |date=2012-01-31 |title=Initial assessment and treatment with the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |language=English |volume=5 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.2147/IJGM.S28478 |pmc=3273374 |pmid=22319249 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
It was initially developed by Dr Peter Safar in the 1950s. But it has received some modifications, improvements and variations that were intended for more specific contexts. For example: it has been completed with improvements from the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) version of the American College of Surgeons<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Oliver I. |last2=Gahr |first2=Ralf H. |last3=Gosse |first3=Andreas |last4=Heyde |first4=Christoph E. |date=2009-03-03 |title=ATLS(R) and damage control in spine trauma |journal=World Journal of Emergency Surgery |volume=4 | | It was initially developed by Dr Peter Safar in the 1950s. But it has received some modifications, improvements and variations that were intended for more specific contexts. For example: it has been completed with improvements from the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) version of the American College of Surgeons<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Oliver I. |last2=Gahr |first2=Ralf H. |last3=Gosse |first3=Andreas |last4=Heyde |first4=Christoph E. |date=2009-03-03 |title=ATLS(R) and damage control in spine trauma |journal=World Journal of Emergency Surgery |volume=4 |article-number=9 |doi=10.1186/1749-7922-4-9 |issn=1749-7922 |pmc=2660300 |pmid=19257904 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and the BATLS (Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) version of the British Army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hodgetts |first1=T. J. |last2=Mahoney |first2=P. F. |last3=Russell |first3=M. Q. |last4=Byers |first4=M. |date=October 2006 |title=ABC to ABC: redefining the military trauma paradigm |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=745–746 |doi=10.1136/emj.2006.039610 |issn=1472-0213 |pmc=2579588 |pmid=16988297}}</ref> | ||
As a result, the mnemonic of the steps of this protocol is '''ABCDE''', or its improved version '''(cs)ABCDE''' (sometimes called '''xABCDE''', the words in the mnemonic may vary), which represent:<ref>{{Cite web |last=NotSan |title=xABCDE untersuchung Rettungsdienst |url=https://notsan.info/index.php?content_id=8 |website=notsan.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120112312/https://notsan.info/index.php?content_id=8 |archive-date=November 20, 2024 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Certain |first1=Lucas |last2=Rostirola |first2=João Vitor Cerávolo |last3=Pereira |first3=Juliana Silva |last4=Rostirola |first4=Gabriela Cerávolo |last5=Estevam |first5=Barbara Canto |last6=Vieira |first6=Carla Caroline Aguiar |last7=da Silva |first7=Israel |last8=da Silva |first8=Jussara Aparecida Rodrigues |last9=Schevenin |first9=Juliana de Cássia |last10=de Oliveira |first10=Ana Barbara Regiani |last11=Franceli |first11=Amanda Bonamichi |last12=Lisboa |first12=Camila Emanuele Camargo |last13=Benites |first13=Bruno Deltreggia |date=2023-07-01 |title=First immediate transfusion at a prehospital environment in Latin America: A case report |journal=Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy |series=Diversity in Classical Hematology Research |volume=45 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S153–S156 |doi=10.1016/j.htct.2021.08.007 |issn=2531-1379 |pmc=10433293 |pmid=34862155}}</ref><br/> | As a result, the mnemonic of the steps of this protocol is '''ABCDE''', or its improved version '''(cs)ABCDE''' (sometimes called '''xABCDE''', the words in the mnemonic may vary), which represent:<ref>{{Cite web |last=NotSan |title=xABCDE untersuchung Rettungsdienst |url=https://notsan.info/index.php?content_id=8 |website=notsan.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120112312/https://notsan.info/index.php?content_id=8 |archive-date=November 20, 2024 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Certain |first1=Lucas |last2=Rostirola |first2=João Vitor Cerávolo |last3=Pereira |first3=Juliana Silva |last4=Rostirola |first4=Gabriela Cerávolo |last5=Estevam |first5=Barbara Canto |last6=Vieira |first6=Carla Caroline Aguiar |last7=da Silva |first7=Israel |last8=da Silva |first8=Jussara Aparecida Rodrigues |last9=Schevenin |first9=Juliana de Cássia |last10=de Oliveira |first10=Ana Barbara Regiani |last11=Franceli |first11=Amanda Bonamichi |last12=Lisboa |first12=Camila Emanuele Camargo |last13=Benites |first13=Bruno Deltreggia |date=2023-07-01 |title=First immediate transfusion at a prehospital environment in Latin America: A case report |journal=Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy |series=Diversity in Classical Hematology Research |volume=45 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S153–S156 |doi=10.1016/j.htct.2021.08.007 |issn=2531-1379 |pmc=10433293 |pmid=34862155}}</ref><br/> | ||
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=== Airway, Breathing, and Circulation skills === | === Airway, Breathing, and Circulation skills === | ||
[[File:Tongue blocking airway.svg | [[File:Tongue blocking airway.svg|thumb|In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway.]]<!-- Before editing this section to change circulation to Compressions, please read the article at ABC (medicine) --> | ||
ABC method stands for ''Airway'', ''Breathing'', and ''Circulation''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eisenburger |first1=Philip |last2=Safar |first2=Peter |year=1999 |title=Life supporting first aid training of the public—review and recommendations |journal=Resuscitation |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9572(99)00034-9 |pmid=10459587}}</ref><!-- Before editing this section to change Circulation to Compressions, please read the article at ABC (medicine) --> The same [[mnemonic]] is used by [[emergency medicine|emergency health professionals]]. | ABC method stands for ''Airway'', ''Breathing'', and ''Circulation''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eisenburger |first1=Philip |last2=Safar |first2=Peter |year=1999 |title=Life supporting first aid training of the public—review and recommendations |journal=Resuscitation |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9572(99)00034-9 |pmid=10459587}}</ref><!-- Before editing this section to change Circulation to Compressions, please read the article at ABC (medicine) --> The same [[mnemonic]] is used by [[emergency medicine|emergency health professionals]]. | ||
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If the choking person is an infant, the first aider may use [[Choking#Infants|anti-choking methods for babies.]] During that procedure, series of five strong blows are delivered on the infant's upper back after placing the infant's face in the aider's forearm. If the infant is able to cough or cry, no breathing assistance should be given. Chest thrusts can also be applied with two fingers on the lower half of the middle of the chest. Coughing and crying indicate the airway is open and the foreign object will likely to come out from the force the coughing or crying produces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000048.htm|title=Choking - infant under 1 year: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> | If the choking person is an infant, the first aider may use [[Choking#Infants|anti-choking methods for babies.]] During that procedure, series of five strong blows are delivered on the infant's upper back after placing the infant's face in the aider's forearm. If the infant is able to cough or cry, no breathing assistance should be given. Chest thrusts can also be applied with two fingers on the lower half of the middle of the chest. Coughing and crying indicate the airway is open and the foreign object will likely to come out from the force the coughing or crying produces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000048.htm|title=Choking - infant under 1 year: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> | ||
A first responder should know how to use an [[Automated external defibrillator|Automatic External Defibrillator]] (AED) in the case of a person having a sudden cardiac arrest. The survival rate of those who have a cardiac arrest outside of the hospital is low. Permanent brain damage sets in after five minutes of no oxygen delivery, so rapid action on the part of the rescuer is necessary. An AED is a device that can examine a heartbeat and produce electric shocks to restart the heart.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nessel |first=Edward H. |date=2012 |title=Treating Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Use of Automated External Defibrillators in the Community Setting |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Treating+sudden+cardiac+arrest+and+the+use+of+automated+external...-a0285436339 |journal= | A first responder should know how to use an [[Automated external defibrillator|Automatic External Defibrillator]] (AED) in the case of a person having a sudden cardiac arrest. The survival rate of those who have a cardiac arrest outside of the hospital is low. Permanent brain damage sets in after five minutes of no oxygen delivery, so rapid action on the part of the rescuer is necessary. An AED is a device that can examine a heartbeat and produce electric shocks to restart the heart.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nessel |first=Edward H. |date=2012 |title=Treating Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Use of Automated External Defibrillators in the Community Setting |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Treating+sudden+cardiac+arrest+and+the+use+of+automated+external...-a0285436339 |journal=AMAA Journal |volume=25 |page=9}}</ref> | ||
A first aider should be prepared to quickly deal with less severe problems such as [[wounds|cuts]], [[Abrasion (medical)|grazes]] or [[bone fracture]]. They may be able to completely resolve a situation if they have the proper training and equipment. For situations that are more severe, complex or dangerous, a first aider might need to do the best they can with the equipment they have, and wait for an ambulance to arrive at the scene. | A first aider should be prepared to quickly deal with less severe problems such as [[wounds|cuts]], [[Abrasion (medical)|grazes]] or [[bone fracture]]. They may be able to completely resolve a situation if they have the proper training and equipment. For situations that are more severe, complex or dangerous, a first aider might need to do the best they can with the equipment they have, and wait for an ambulance to arrive at the scene. | ||
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==Symbols== | ==Symbols== | ||
{{further|Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems}} | {{further|Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems}} | ||
Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the [[Red Cross]]. According to the [[Geneva Conventions]] and other international laws, the use of this and [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement#Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems|similar symbols]] is reserved for official agencies of the '''[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent]]''', and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution. | Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the [[Red Cross]]. According to the [[Geneva Conventions]] and other international laws, the use of this and [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement#Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems|similar symbols]] is reserved for official agencies of the '''[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent]]''', and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution. | ||
The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown below. | The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown below. | ||