Francesco Cossiga: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name | | name = Francesco Cossiga | ||
| honorific_prefix | | honorific_prefix = [[Senator for life]]<br />[[Lieutenant Colonel]]<ref>According to the presidential decree of 14 February 1972 issued by [[Giovanni Leone]], which appointed Cossiga as a reserve officer</ref> | ||
| | | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]]|size=100%}} | ||
| image | | image = Cossiga Francesco.jpg | ||
| caption | | caption = Official portrait, {{c.}} 1985 | ||
| office | | office = [[President of Italy]] | ||
| | | prime_minister = [[Bettino Craxi]]<br />[[Amintore Fanfani]]<br />[[Giovanni Goria]]<br />[[Ciriaco De Mita]]<br />[[Giulio Andreotti]] | ||
| term_start | | term_start = 3 July 1985 | ||
| term_end | | term_end = 28 April 1992{{efn|Acting: 29 June 1985 – 3 July 1985}} | ||
| predecessor | | predecessor = [[Sandro Pertini]] | ||
| successor | | successor = [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]] | ||
| office2 | | office2 = [[List of presidents of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)|President of the Senate of the Republic]] | ||
| term_start2 | | term_start2 = 12 July 1983 | ||
| term_end2 | | term_end2 = 3 July 1985 | ||
| predecessor2 | | predecessor2 = Vittorino Colombo | ||
| successor2 | | successor2 = Amintore Fanfani | ||
| office3 | | office3 = [[Prime Minister of Italy]] | ||
| president3 | | president3 = Sandro Pertini | ||
| term_start3 | | term_start3 = 5 August 1979 | ||
| term_end3 | | term_end3 = 18 October 1980 | ||
| predecessor3 | | predecessor3 = Giulio Andreotti | ||
| successor3 | | successor3 = [[Arnaldo Forlani]] | ||
| office5 | | office5 = [[Italian Minister of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] | ||
| | | prime_minister5 = [[Aldo Moro]]<br />Giulio Andreotti | ||
| term_start5 | | term_start5 = 12 February 1976 | ||
| term_end5 | | term_end5 = 11 May 1978 | ||
| predecessor5 | | predecessor5 = [[Luigi Gui]] | ||
| successor5 | | successor5 = [[Virginio Rognoni]] | ||
| office6 | | office6 = [[Italian Minister of Public Administration|Minister for Public Administration]] | ||
| | | prime_minister6 = Aldo Moro | ||
| term_start6 | | term_start6 = 23 November 1974 | ||
| term_end6 | | term_end6 = 12 February 1976 | ||
| predecessor6 | | predecessor6 = Luigi Gui | ||
| successor6 | | successor6 = Tommaso Morlino | ||
| office7 | | office7 = Member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] | ||
| term_label7 | | term_label7 = [[Senators for life in Italy|Life tenure]] | ||
| term_start7 | | term_start7 = 28 April 1992 | ||
| term_end7 | | term_end7 = 17 August 2010 | ||
| status7 | | status7 = ''[[Ex officio]]'' | ||
| term_start8 | | term_start8 = 12 July 1983 | ||
| term_end8 | | term_end8 = 3 July 1985 | ||
| constituency8 | | constituency8 = [[List of Italian constituencies|Sardinia]] | ||
| office9 | | office9 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] | ||
| term_start9 | | term_start9 = 12 June 1958 | ||
| term_end9 | | term_end9 = 11 July 1983 | ||
| constituency9 | | constituency9 = [[List of Italian constituencies#Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano|Cagliari–Sassari]] | ||
| birth_name | | birth_name = Francesco Maurizio Cossiga | ||
| birth_date | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place | | birth_place = [[Sassari]], [[Kingdom of Italy]] | ||
| death_date | | death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|8|17|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place | | death_place = [[Rome]], Italy | ||
| party | | party = [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]] {{small|(1945–1992)}}<br />[[Democratic Union for the Republic|UDR]] {{small|(1998–1999)}}<br />[[Union for the Republic (Italy)|UpR]] {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br />[[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(2001–2010)}} | ||
| height | | height = {{convert|1.82|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | ||
| spouse | | spouse = {{marriage|Giuseppa Sigurani|1960|1998|end=divorced}} | ||
| children | | children = 2, including [[Giuseppe Cossiga|Giuseppe]] | ||
| alma_mater | | alma_mater = [[University of Sassari]] | ||
| occupation | | occupation = Politician | ||
| signature | | signature = Francesco Cossiga signature.svg | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Francesco Maurizio Cossiga''' {{ | '''Francesco Maurizio Cossiga'''{{efn|{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko kosˈsiːɡa|lang|It-Francesco Cossiga.ogg}}; {{langx|sc|Frantziscu Maurìtziu Còssiga}}, {{IPA|sc|ˈkosiɣa|IPA}}}} ({{Nowrap|26 July}} 1928 – {{Nowrap|17 August}} 2010)<ref name=Sen>[http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00000698.htm Page at Senate website] {{in lang|it}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8Uoxr2NtY8oC&dq=Francesco+Cossiga+2010&pg=PA179 Profile of Francesco Cossiga]</ref> was an Italian politician who served as the [[president of Italy]] from 1985 to 1992. A member of [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]], he was [[Prime Minister of Italy]] from 1979 to 1980.<ref>[http://presidenti.quirinale.it/Cossiga/cos-biografia.htm Biografia – Francesco Cossiga]</ref> Cossiga is widely considered one of the most prominent and influential politicians of the [[First Italian Republic]]. | ||
Cossiga served as a minister on several occasions, most notably as [[Italian Minister of the Interior]]. In that position, he re-structured the Italian police, civil protection and [[secret services]]. Due to his repressive approach to public protests, he was described as a [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] and labelled "Iron Minister".<ref name="prima una vittima">[http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/scuola_e_universita/servizi/scuola-2009-6/cossiga-consigli/cossiga-consigli.html I consigli di Cossiga alla Polizia "Prima una vittima, poi mano dura"]</ref> He was in office at the time of the [[kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro]] by the [[Red Brigades]], and resigned as the interior minister when [[Aldo Moro]] was found dead in May 1978.<ref name="Sassoon">{{Cite journal|title=Francesco Cossiga obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=18 August 2010|first=Donald|last=Sassoon}}</ref> Cossiga was the prime minister during the [[1980 Bologna station massacre]]. Before his political career, he was also a professor of [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Sassari]]. | Cossiga served as a minister on several occasions, most notably as [[Italian Minister of the Interior]]. In that position, he re-structured the Italian police, civil protection and [[secret services]]. Due to his repressive approach to public protests, he was described as a [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] and labelled "Iron Minister".<ref name="prima una vittima">[http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/scuola_e_universita/servizi/scuola-2009-6/cossiga-consigli/cossiga-consigli.html I consigli di Cossiga alla Polizia "Prima una vittima, poi mano dura"]</ref> He was in office at the time of the [[kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro]] by the [[Red Brigades]], and resigned as the interior minister when [[Aldo Moro]] was found dead in May 1978.<ref name="Sassoon">{{Cite journal|title=Francesco Cossiga obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=18 August 2010|first=Donald|last=Sassoon}}</ref> Cossiga was the prime minister during the [[1980 Bologna station massacre]]. Before his political career, he was also a professor of [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Sassari]]. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Francesco Cossiga was born in [[Sassari]] on 26 July 1928, to a republican and anti-fascist middle-bourgeois family. His parents were Giuseppe Cossiga and Maria "Mariuccia" Zanfarino. He was the second-degree cousin of brothers [[Enrico Berlinguer|Enrico]] and [[Giovanni Berlinguer]] (whose parents were Mario Berlinguer and Maria "Mariuccia" Loriga) because their respective maternal grandfathers, Antonio Zanfarino and Giovanni Loriga, were half-brothers on their mother's side.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/giugno/10/mio_cugino_Berlinguer_Cossiga_racconta_co_0_94061015242.shtml Mio cugino Berlinguer: Cossiga racconta un leader] (Cossiga talking about [[Enrico Berlinguer]] in an interview to Gian Antonio Stella – ''Corriere della Sera'', 10 June 2004) {{in lang|it}}</ref> Although his last name is commonly pronounced {{IPA|it|kosˈsiːɡa|}} (with the stress falling on the second syllable), the original pronunciation is {{IPA|sc|ˈkosiɣa|}} (with the stress falling on the first syllable), italianized as {{IPA|it|ˈkɔssiɡa|}}.<ref>{{ | Francesco Cossiga was born in [[Sassari]] on 26 July 1928, to a republican and anti-fascist middle-bourgeois family. His parents were Giuseppe Cossiga and Maria "Mariuccia" Zanfarino. He was the second-degree cousin of brothers [[Enrico Berlinguer|Enrico]] and [[Giovanni Berlinguer]] (whose parents were Mario Berlinguer and Maria "Mariuccia" Loriga) because their respective maternal grandfathers, Antonio Zanfarino and Giovanni Loriga, were half-brothers on their mother's side.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/giugno/10/mio_cugino_Berlinguer_Cossiga_racconta_co_0_94061015242.shtml Mio cugino Berlinguer: Cossiga racconta un leader] (Cossiga talking about [[Enrico Berlinguer]] in an interview to Gian Antonio Stella – ''Corriere della Sera'', 10 June 2004) {{in lang|it}}</ref> Although his last name is commonly pronounced {{IPA|it|kosˈsiːɡa|}} (with the stress falling on the second syllable), the original pronunciation is {{IPA|sc|ˈkosiɣa|}} (with the stress falling on the first syllable), italianized as {{IPA|it|ˈkɔssiɡa|}}.<ref>{{DOP|lemma=Cossiga|id=1038989}}</ref> His surname in [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] and [[Sassarese language|Sassarese]] means "[[Corsica]]", likely pointing to the family's origin.<ref>{{cite web|last=De Gregorio|first=Concita|author-link=Concita De Gregorio|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2003/i/sezioni/politica/gelli/cossiga/cossiga.html|title=Le confessioni di Cossiga: 'Io, Gelli e la massoneria'|language=it|work=[[la Repubblica]]|date=11 October 2003|access-date=22 October 2008}}</ref> | ||
At the age of sixteen, he graduated, three years in advance, at the classical lyceum [[Domenico Alberto Azuni]]. The following year he joined in the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]], and three years later, at only 19 years old, he graduated in [[law]] and started a university career as a professor of [[constitutional law]] at the faculty of jurisprudence of the [[University of Sassari]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/cossiga.htm |title=Da Presidente notaio a picconatore |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224094527/https://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/cossiga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | At the age of sixteen, he graduated, three years in advance, at the classical lyceum [[Domenico Alberto Azuni]]. The following year he joined in the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]], and three years later, at only 19 years old, he graduated in [[law]] and started a university career as a professor of [[constitutional law]] at the faculty of jurisprudence of the [[University of Sassari]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/cossiga.htm |title=Da Presidente notaio a picconatore |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224094527/https://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/cossiga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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{{main|Movement of 1977}} | {{main|Movement of 1977}} | ||
[[File:Bologna riots in 1977.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Armoured personnel carrier|Armored vehicle]] in the university area of [[Bologna]].]] | [[File:Bologna riots in 1977.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Armoured personnel carrier|Armored vehicle]] in the university area of [[Bologna]].]] | ||
In 1977 the city of [[Bologna]] was the scene of violent street clashes. In particular, on 11 March a militant of the far-left organization ''[[Lotta Continua]]'', [[Francesco Lorusso]], was killed by a gunshot to the back (probably fired by a policeman), when police dispersed protesters against a mass meeting of [[Communion and Liberation]], which was being held that morning at [[University of Bologna|the university]]. This event served as a detonator for a long series of clashes with [[Polizia di Stato|security forces]] for two days, which affected the entire city of Bologna.<ref>Gino Moliterno, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6vVS_Y1mcIEC&pg=PA800 Encyclopedia of contemporary Italian culture]'' (annotated), CRC Press, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-415-14584-8}}, p 800</ref> Cossiga sent [[Armoured personnel carrier| armoured vehicle]]s into the university area and other hot spots of the city to quell what he perceived as [[guerrilla warfare]]. Clashes with the police caused numerous casualties among people who got caught up in the riots, including uninvolved locals. No old leftist party, except the Youth Socialist Federation, led by local secretary Emilio Lonardo, participated at the funeral of the student Lorusso, showing the dramatic split between the movement and the historical left parties. | In 1977, the city of [[Bologna]] was the scene of violent street clashes. In particular, on 11 March a militant of the far-left organization ''[[Lotta Continua]]'', [[Francesco Lorusso]], was killed by a gunshot to the back (probably fired by a policeman), when police dispersed protesters against a mass meeting of [[Communion and Liberation]], which was being held that morning at [[University of Bologna|the university]]. This event served as a detonator for a long series of clashes with [[Polizia di Stato|security forces]] for two days, which affected the entire city of Bologna.<ref>Gino Moliterno, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6vVS_Y1mcIEC&pg=PA800 Encyclopedia of contemporary Italian culture]'' (annotated), CRC Press, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-415-14584-8}}, p 800</ref> Cossiga sent [[Armoured personnel carrier|armoured vehicle]]s into the university area and other hot spots of the city to quell what he perceived as [[guerrilla warfare]]. Clashes with the police caused numerous casualties among people who got caught up in the riots, including uninvolved locals. No old leftist party, except the Youth Socialist Federation, led by local secretary Emilio Lonardo, participated at the funeral of the student Lorusso, showing the dramatic split between the movement and the historical left parties. <sup>'''[Source?]'''</sup> | ||
[[Turin]] was also the scene of bloody clashes and attacks. On 1 October 1977, after a procession had started with an attack on the headquarters of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), a group of militants of ''Lotta Continua'' reached a downtown bar, ''L'angelo azzurro'' (The Blue Angel), frequented by young right-wing activists. They threw two [[Molotov cocktail]]s, and Roberto Crescenzio, a totally apolitical student, died of burns. The perpetrators of the murder were never identified. ''Lotta Continua'' leader Silvio Viale called it a "tragic accident". | [[Turin]] was also the scene of bloody clashes and attacks. On 1 October 1977, after a procession had started with an attack on the headquarters of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), a group of militants of ''Lotta Continua'' reached a downtown bar, ''L'angelo azzurro'' (The Blue Angel), frequented by young right-wing activists. They threw two [[Molotov cocktail]]s, and Roberto Crescenzio, a totally apolitical student, died of burns. The perpetrators of the murder were never identified. ''Lotta Continua'' leader Silvio Viale called it a "tragic accident". <sup>'''[Source?]'''</sup> | ||
Another innocent victim of the riots of that year was [[Death of Giorgiana Masi|Giorgiana Masi]], who was killed in [[Rome]] by a gunshot during an event organized by the [[Radical Party (Italy)|Radical Party]] to celebrate the third anniversary of the victory in the referendum on divorce. As the perpetrators of the murder remained unknown, the movement attributed the responsibility of the crime to police officers in plain clothes, who were immortalized at that time dressed in clothing of the style of young people of the movement. | Another innocent victim of the riots of that year was [[Death of Giorgiana Masi|Giorgiana Masi]], who was killed in [[Rome]] by a gunshot during an event organized by the [[Radical Party (Italy)|Radical Party]] to celebrate the third anniversary of the victory in the referendum on divorce. As the perpetrators of the murder remained unknown, the movement attributed the responsibility of the crime to police officers in plain clothes, who were immortalized at that time dressed in clothing of the style of young people of the movement. <sup>'''[Source?]'''</sup> | ||
===Kidnapping of Aldo Moro=== | ===Kidnapping of Aldo Moro=== | ||
{{main|Kidnapping of Aldo Moro}} | {{main|Kidnapping of Aldo Moro}} | ||
[[File:Moro Cossiga.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Cossiga with [[Aldo Moro]].]] | [[File:Moro Cossiga.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Cossiga with [[Aldo Moro]].]] | ||
Cossiga was in office at the time of the [[Kidnapping of Aldo Moro|kidnapping]] and murder of the Christian Democratic leader [[Aldo Moro]] by the [[Marxist-Leninist]] extreme-left terrorist group [[Red Brigades]]. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new cabinet led by [[Giulio Andreotti]] was supposed to have undergone a [[confidence and supply|confidence]] vote in the [[Italian Parliament]], the car of Moro, former prime minister and then president of DC, was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades [[terrorists]] in Via Fani in [[Rome]]. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards, (two [[Carabinieri]] in Moro's car and three [[Italian police|policemen]] in the following car) and kidnapped him. | Cossiga was in office at the time of the [[Kidnapping of Aldo Moro|kidnapping]] and murder of the Christian Democratic leader [[Aldo Moro]] by the [[Marxist-Leninist]] extreme-left terrorist group [[Red Brigades]]. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new cabinet led by [[Giulio Andreotti]] was supposed to have undergone a [[confidence and supply|confidence]] vote in the [[Italian Parliament]], the car of Moro, former prime minister and then president of DC, was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades [[terrorists]] in Via Fani in [[Rome]]. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards, (two [[Carabinieri]] in Moro's car and three [[Italian police|policemen]] in the following car) and kidnapped him. <sup>'''[Source?]'''</sup> | ||
Cossiga formed immediately two "crisis committees". The first one was a technical-operational-political committee, chaired by Cossiga himself and, in his absence, by undersecretary Nicola Lettieri. Other members included the supreme commanders of the Italian Police Forces, of the Carabinieri, the [[Guardia di Finanza]], the recently named directors of [[SISMI]] and [[SISDE]] (respectively, Italy's military and civil intelligence services), the national secretary of [[CESIS]] (a secret information agency), the director of UCIGOS and the police prefect of Rome. The second one was an information committee, including members of CESIS, SISDE, SISMI and [[SIOS]], another military intelligence office. | Cossiga formed immediately two "crisis committees". The first one was a technical-operational-political committee, chaired by Cossiga himself and, in his absence, by undersecretary Nicola Lettieri. Other members included the supreme commanders of the Italian Police Forces, of the Carabinieri, the [[Guardia di Finanza]], the recently named directors of [[SISMI]] and [[SISDE]] (respectively, Italy's military and civil intelligence services), the national secretary of [[CESIS]] (a secret information agency), the director of UCIGOS and the police prefect of Rome. The second one was an information committee, including members of CESIS, SISDE, SISMI and [[SIOS]], another military intelligence office. | ||
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In the [[1985 Italian presidential election|1985 presidential election]], Cossiga was elected as [[President of Italy]] with 752 votes out of 977. His candidacy was endorsed by the Christian Democracy but supported also by communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals and republicans. This was the first time an Italian presidential candidate had won the election on the first ballot, where a two-thirds majority is necessary. He took office on 29 June 1985 on an interim basis after the resignation of Outgoing President [[Sandro Pertini]], but was not sworn in until a few days later, on 3 July. | In the [[1985 Italian presidential election|1985 presidential election]], Cossiga was elected as [[President of Italy]] with 752 votes out of 977. His candidacy was endorsed by the Christian Democracy but supported also by communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals and republicans. This was the first time an Italian presidential candidate had won the election on the first ballot, where a two-thirds majority is necessary. He took office on 29 June 1985 on an interim basis after the resignation of Outgoing President [[Sandro Pertini]], but was not sworn in until a few days later, on 3 July. | ||
The Cossiga presidency was essentially divided into two phases related to the attitudes of the head of state. In the first five years, Cossiga played its role in a traditional way, caring for the role of the republican institutions under the Constitution, which makes the | The Cossiga presidency was essentially divided into two phases related to the attitudes of the head of state. In the first five years, Cossiga played its role in a traditional way, caring for the role of the republican institutions under the Constitution, which makes the president of the republic a kind of arbitrator in relations between the powers of the state. | ||
==="Pickaxe-wielder" president=== | ==="Pickaxe-wielder" president=== | ||
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Thus, a period of conflict and political controversy began, often provocative and deliberately excessive, and with very strong media exposure. These statements, soon dubbed "''esternazioni''", or "[[mattock]] blows" (''picconate''), were considered by many to be inappropriate for a President,<ref>[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/11/28/bobbio-restera-sotto-le-macerie.html Bobbio: "Cossiga resterà sotto le macerie"]</ref> and often beyond his constitutional powers; also, his mental health was doubted and Cossiga had to declare "I am the fake madman who speaks the truth."<ref name=washingtonpost /> Cossiga suffered from [[bipolar disorder]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in the last years of his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/10_agosto_19/cossiga-medici-da-pasqua-smise-di-giocarci_441afb3e-ab71-11df-94af-00144f02aabe.shtml|title=I medici: da Pasqua smise di curarsi|work=corriere.it|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> | Thus, a period of conflict and political controversy began, often provocative and deliberately excessive, and with very strong media exposure. These statements, soon dubbed "''esternazioni''", or "[[mattock]] blows" (''picconate''), were considered by many to be inappropriate for a President,<ref>[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/11/28/bobbio-restera-sotto-le-macerie.html Bobbio: "Cossiga resterà sotto le macerie"]</ref> and often beyond his constitutional powers; also, his mental health was doubted and Cossiga had to declare "I am the fake madman who speaks the truth."<ref name=washingtonpost /> Cossiga suffered from [[bipolar disorder]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in the last years of his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/10_agosto_19/cossiga-medici-da-pasqua-smise-di-giocarci_441afb3e-ab71-11df-94af-00144f02aabe.shtml|title=I medici: da Pasqua smise di curarsi|work=corriere.it|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> | ||
Among the statements of the | Among the statements of the president, there were also allegations of excessive politicization of the [[judiciary system]], and the stigmatization of the fact that young magistrates, who just came into service, were immediately destined for the Sicilian prosecutor to carry out [[Sicilian Mafia|mafia]] proceedings.<ref>''Storia della Prima Repubblica'', parte VI, di Paolo Mieli, 3D produzioni video.</ref> | ||
For his changed attitude, Cossiga received various criticisms from almost every party, with the exception of the [[Italian Social Movement]], which stood beside him in defence of the "picconate". He will, amongst other things, be considered one of the first "cleansers" of MSI, who recognized it as a constitutional and democratic force.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atuttadestra.net/index.php/archives/24821 |title=Cossiga, Storace: "E' stato il primo sdoganatore del Msi" |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202174514/http://www.atuttadestra.net/index.php/archives/24821 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | For his changed attitude, Cossiga received various criticisms from almost every party, with the exception of the [[Italian Social Movement]], which stood beside him in defence of the "picconate". He will, amongst other things, be considered one of the first "cleansers" of MSI, who recognized it as a constitutional and democratic force.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atuttadestra.net/index.php/archives/24821 |title=Cossiga, Storace: "E' stato il primo sdoganatore del Msi" |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202174514/http://www.atuttadestra.net/index.php/archives/24821 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
===Revelation of Gladio and resignation=== | ===Revelation of Gladio and resignation=== | ||
[[File:Cossiga Yeltsin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Francesco Cossiga with Russian | [[File:Cossiga Yeltsin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Francesco Cossiga with Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]], in 1992.]] | ||
Tension developed between Cossiga and Prime Minister [[Giulio Andreotti]]. This tension emerged when Andreotti revealed the existence of [[Gladio]], a [[stay-behind]] organization with the official aim of countering a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. Cossiga acknowledged his involvement in the establishment of the organization.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-17/francesco-cossiga-italy-s-combative-former-president-dies-at-age-82.html Bloomberg: Francesco Cossiga, Italy's Combative Former President, Dies at Age 82]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Politics/?id=3.1.835114672|title=Italy: Former president Francesco Cossiga dies at 82 - Adnkronos Politics|work=adnkronos.com|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (successor to the Communist Party) started the procedure of [[impeachment]] (Presidents of Italy can be impeached only for [[high treason]] against the state or for an [[attempt]] to overthrow the [[Constitution of Italy|Constitution]]).<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2010-08-18/occhetto-strappo-ricucito-gladio-080415.shtml?uuid=AYS4LiHC Il Sole 24 ore: Occhetto, lo strappo mai ricucito su Gladio]</ref><ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/12/04/il-pds-vota-impeachment-di-cossiga.html La Repubblica: Il PDS vota l'impeachment di Cossiga] (4 December 1991)</ref> Although he threatened to prevent the impeachment procedure by dissolving Parliament, the impeachment request was ultimately dismissed. | Tension developed between Cossiga and Prime Minister [[Giulio Andreotti]]. This tension emerged when Andreotti revealed the existence of [[Gladio]], a [[stay-behind]] organization with the official aim of countering a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. Cossiga acknowledged his involvement in the establishment of the organization.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-17/francesco-cossiga-italy-s-combative-former-president-dies-at-age-82.html Bloomberg: Francesco Cossiga, Italy's Combative Former President, Dies at Age 82]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Politics/?id=3.1.835114672|title=Italy: Former president Francesco Cossiga dies at 82 - Adnkronos Politics|work=adnkronos.com|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (successor to the Communist Party) started the procedure of [[impeachment]] (Presidents of Italy can be impeached only for [[high treason]] against the state or for an [[attempt]] to overthrow the [[Constitution of Italy|Constitution]]).<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2010-08-18/occhetto-strappo-ricucito-gladio-080415.shtml?uuid=AYS4LiHC Il Sole 24 ore: Occhetto, lo strappo mai ricucito su Gladio]</ref><ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/12/04/il-pds-vota-impeachment-di-cossiga.html La Repubblica: Il PDS vota l'impeachment di Cossiga] (4 December 1991)</ref> Although he threatened to prevent the impeachment procedure by dissolving Parliament, the impeachment request was ultimately dismissed. | ||
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==Honours and awards== | ==Honours and awards== | ||
{{More citations needed | {{More citations needed section|date=June 2019}} | ||
As President of the Republic, Cossiga was Head (and also Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon) of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (from 3 July 1985 to 28 April 1992), [[Military Order of Italy]], [[Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity]], [[Order of Merit for Labour]] and [[Order of Vittorio Veneto]] and Grand Cross of Merit of the [[Italian Red Cross]]. He has also been given honours and awards by other countries. | As President of the Republic, Cossiga was Head (and also Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon) of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (from 3 July 1985 to 28 April 1992), [[Military Order of Italy]], [[Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity]], [[Order of Merit for Labour]] and [[Order of Vittorio Veneto]] and Grand Cross of Merit of the [[Italian Red Cross]]. He has also been given honours and awards by other countries. | ||
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[[Category:Senators of Legislature XVI of Italy]] | [[Category:Senators of Legislature XVI of Italy]] | ||
[[Category:Italian life senators]] | [[Category:Italian life senators]] | ||
[[Category:Politicians | [[Category:Politicians from Sardinia]] | ||
[[Category:European amateur radio | [[Category:European amateur radio people]] | ||
[[Category:University of Sassari alumni]] | [[Category:University of Sassari alumni]] | ||
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sassari]] | [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sassari]] | ||
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[[Category:Italian conspiracy theorists]] | [[Category:Italian conspiracy theorists]] | ||
[[Category:Acting presidents of Italy]] | [[Category:Acting presidents of Italy]] | ||
[[Category:Berlinguer family|Francesco Cossiga]] | |||