Ghana: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:40, 25 May 2026

Template:Use Ghanaian English Template:Infobox country

Ghana (/ˈɡɑːnə/ (Audio file "En-us-Ghana.ogg" not found) GAH-nə), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated with the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to the east. Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km² (92,497 sq mi), spanning diverse ecologies, from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With over 35 million inhabitants,^[1] Ghana is ranked thirteenth-most populous country in Africa, and the second-most populous country in West Africa. The capital and largest city is Accra.^[2]

The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were Bonoman in the south and the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.^[3] The Asante Empire and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries.^[4] Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by other European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century. Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the later borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland. These were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations. On 6 March 1957, Ghana became the first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty.^[5]^[6]^[7] Under President Kwame Nkrumah, it became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan-African movement.^[8]^[9]

Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with diverse linguistic and religious groups;^[10] while the Akan are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most Ghanaians are Christians (71.3%); almost a fifth are Muslims; a tenth practise traditional faiths or report no religion.^[11] Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is head of state and head of government.^[12] For political stability in Africa, Ghana ranked seventh in the 2022 Ibrahim Index of African Governance and fifth in the 2024 Fragile States Index.^[8]^[13] Ghana is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the African Union, and a member of the United Nations, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Economic Community of West African States, the Group of 24 and the Commonwealth of Nations.^[14]

Etymology

Empire of Ghana

The name Ghana comes from Wagadu, an empire in west Africa from the 3rd to 12th centuries; Wagadu was termed Ghana by Arab traders involved in the trans-Saharan trade. Ghana is thought to originate from the title Kaya Maghan of the rulers of Wagadu, which translates as ruler of gold.^[15]

Adoption in precolonial scholarship

The earliest attempt to associate the peoples of the Gold Coast with ancient Ghana had been made by Rev. J. B. Anaman around the turn of the 20th century. Anaman drew on D. W. Cooley's 19th-century interpretation of Arabic geographical sources to make an argument for a historical connection, suggesting an alternative derivation connecting the name to the Wangara. ^[16] Lady Flora Shaw later compiled both Arabic and European writings to create detailed narratives of the kingdom. She presented it as a major African power comparable to contemporary Western European states.^[17]

According to Jack Goody, the theory that the Akan peoples originated from the medieval Empire of Ghana was continuously promoted through the teachings of Rev. W. T. Balmer between 1907 and 1911, who instructed students that the Akan had migrated from the ancient kingdom located near the Upper Niger.^[18] Goody states that Balmer's hypothesis lacked linguistic and historical evidence, yet it later became influential among educated elites and nationalist intellectuals.^[19]

The hypothesis gained more popularity when it was introduced into educational institutions, primarily in Achimota, during the 1920s where it later spread to other schools.^[20] The theory was later publicized by J. B. Danquah's academic writings; he used Arabic and French translations to claim that the Akan migrated from the Upper Niger region. Danquah proposed that the term Ghana was a corruption of Akane or Akana and associated it with the ancient region of Akkad.^[21] Eva L. R. Meyerowitz expanded this rhetoric through a series of publications that sought to reconstruct early history. She claimed that Akan origins and culture came from areas in the Sahara and the Near East, and argued that Akan culture was not mainly black African, but could instead be considered Libya-Berber or connected to Mediterranean or Near Eastern cultures.^[22]

National acceptance and symbolic meaning

By the period leading to independence, the name "Ghana" was accepted and adopted as a symbol of precolonial prestige, cultural unity, and national legitimacy.^[15]

History

Medieval kingdoms

File:Guinea from Milner's Atlas.jpg

An 1850 map showing the Akan Kingdom of Ashanti within the Guinea region and surrounding regions in West Africa

The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were Bonoman in the south and the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.^[3]^[23] From the 17th century, different Akan states began to emerge from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, mainly based on gold trading.^[24] These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), Adansi and Asante (Ashanti Region), Denkyira (Western North region), Mankessim Kingdom (Central region), Akyem and Akwamu (Eastern region).^[23]^[25] By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the Asante Kingdom.^[23] The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of Kumasi.^[23] Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and gold bar precious metals, which were traded with other states in Africa.^[23]^[26]

The Ga-Dangme migrated westward from south-western Nigeria. The Ewe, formerly known as Dogbo, migrated from Ketu (Benin) area with their Gbe-speaking kinsmen (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera and Ogun/Gun) and, in transition, settled at Tado in Togo, and Dogbo Nyigbo in Benin Republic, with Nortsie (a walled town in present-day Togo) as their final dispersal point. Their dispersal from Nortsie was necessitated by the high-handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli), who was the reigning monarch of the tribe at that time. The Ewe in Ghana speak three principal dialects: Anlo (along the coast), Tongu (along the Volta River) and Ewedome (in the hill country side). The Ga-Dangme occupy the Greater Accra Region and parts of the Eastern Region, while the Ewe are found in the Volta Region as well as the neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria (around Badagry area).^{[citation needed]}^[27]

European contact and colonialism

File:Elmina Castle - Ghana.jpg

The Portuguese established the Portuguese Gold Coast with the construction of Elmina Castle (Castelo da Mina) by Diogo de Azambuja in 1482, making it the oldest European building in West Africa.

Akan trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century.^[28] European contact was by the Portuguese people, who came to the Gold Coast region in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the Portuguese Gold Coast (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold.^[29] The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah ("the perpetual drink"), which they renamed São Jorge da Mina.^[29] In 1481, King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Azambuja to build Elmina Castle, which was completed in three years.^[29] By 1598, the Dutch had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the Dutch Gold Coast (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea – "Dutch properties at the Guinea coast") and building forts at Fort Komenda and Kormantsi.^[30] In 1617, the Dutch captured Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and Axim in 1642 (Fort St Anthony).^[30]

European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the Swedes, establishing the Swedish Gold Coast (Svenska Guldkusten), and Denmark–Norway, establishing the Danish Gold Coast (Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea).^[31] European traders participated in the Atlantic slave trade in this area.^[32] More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the Brandenburger Gold Coast or Groß Friedrichsburg.^[33] In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the British Gold Coast.^[34] Military engagements occurred between the British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of Ashanti defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long Anglo-Ashanti wars and eventually lost with the War of the Golden Stool in 1900.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Transition to independence

Template:Multiple images In 1947, the newly formed United Gold Coast Convention led by "The Big Six" called for "self-government within the shortest possible time." Following the 1946 Gold Coast legislative election.^[31]^[38] Kwame Nkrumah, a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country's first prime minister and president, formed the Convention People's Party in 1949 with the motto "self-government now".^[31] The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to one year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's 1951 general election, he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison.^[31]

At midnight on 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland were unified as one single independent dominion within the British Commonwealth under the name Ghana. This was done under the Ghana Independence Act 1957. The current flag of Ghana, consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification.^[39] On 1 July 1960, following the Ghanaian constitutional referendum and Ghanaian presidential election, Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[31] The nation's Independence Day is 6 March, and 1 July is celebrated as Republic Day.^[40]^[41]

Nkrumah led an authoritarian regime in Ghana, repressing political opposition and conducting elections that were not free and fair.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] In 1964, a constitutional amendment made Ghana a one-party state, with Nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party.^[47] Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of Pan-Africanism, which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his "Back to Africa Movement".^[31] He merged the teachings of Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr. and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into the formation of 1960s Ghana.^[31] Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, and in establishing the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute to teach his ideologies of communism and socialism.^[48] His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a public holiday in Ghana (Founders' Day).^[49]

Operation Cold Chop and aftermath

The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown in a coup by the Ghana Armed Forces, codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to Hanoi, Vietnam, to help end the Vietnam War. The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The National Liberation Council was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General Joseph A. Ankrah.^[50]^[51]

A series of alternating military and civilian governments, often affected by economic instabilities,^[52] ruled Ghana from 1966, ending with the ascent to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of the Provisional National Defence Council in 1981.^[53] These changes resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political parties.^[54] The economy soon declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing many old economic policies, and growth recovered during the mid-1980s.^[54] A new constitution restoring multi-party system politics was promulgated in the presidential election of 1992, in which Rawlings was elected, and again in the general election of 1996.^[55]

In a tribal war in Northern Ghana in 1994, between the Konkomba and other ethnic groups, including the Nanumba, Dagomba and Gonja, between 1,000 and 2,000 people were killed and 150,000 people were displaced.^[56]

File:Kpetoee.jpg

Traditional chiefs in 2015

After the 2000 general election, John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party became president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and was re-elected in 2004, thus also serving two terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another.^[55]

Nana Akufo-Addo, the ruling party candidate, was defeated in a very close 2008 general election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress.^[57]^[58] Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President John Mahama on 24 July 2012.^[59] Following the 2012 general election, Mahama became president in his own right,^[60] and Ghana was described as a "stable democracy".^[61]^[62] As a result of the 2016 general election,^[63] Nana Akufo-Addo became president on 7 January 2017.^[64] He was re-elected after a tightly contested election in 2020.^[65] John Mahama is now the president after being elected again in 2024, by beating Mahamudu Bawumia by the 4th largest margin since 1992.^[66]

To combat deforestation, on 11 June 2021, Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day, with the aim of planting five million trees.^[67]

Geography

Template:Multiple images

Ghana lies on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, a few degrees north of the Equator. It covers 238,540 km² (92,101 sq mi) and has an Atlantic coastline of about 560 kilometres (350 miles).^[68] It is situated between latitudes 4°45′N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15′E and 3°15′W. The Prime Meridian passes through Tema, near Accra, making Ghana the country closest to the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator (0°, 0°), located offshore in the Atlantic.^[68]

Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana, with forest extending northward from the coast 320 kilometres (200 miles) and eastward for a maximum of about 270 kilometres (170 miles) with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber.^[68] Ghana is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, Central African mangroves, and Guinean mangroves.^[69]

The White Volta River and its tributary Black Volta, flow south through Ghana to Lake Volta, the world's third-largest reservoir by volume and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam,^[70] completed in 1965.^[71] The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the Gulf of Guinea.^[72] The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape Three Points.^[68]

File:Ghana Regions map.png

Map with national border, geographical regions and terrestrial plains colour-coded

Landmarks, borders and regions
Coastal Plain	Accra, Apam, Cape Coast, Elmina, Kakum National Park, Kokrobite, Nzulezo, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ada Foah	The Gulf of Guinea coastal plain with the seat of government and capital city, castles and forts and rainforest
Ashanti-Kwahu	Koforidua, Kumasi, Obuasi, Sunyani	Forested hills and the Kingdom of Ashanti
Volta Basin	Tamale	Lake Volta, the river system that feeds it and Ghana eastern border crossing
Northern Plains	Wa, Bolgatanga, Mole National Park	Savanna plains and north Ghana trade route and border crossing

Climate

The climate of Ghana is tropical, and there is wet season and dry season.^[73] Ghana sits at the intersection of three hydro-climatic zones.^[74] The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry, the south-west corner of Ghana is hot and humid, and the north of Ghana is hot and dry.^[75]

Climate change in Ghana is having significant impacts on the people of Ghana. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall, extreme weather, drought, wild fires, floods and sea-level rise^[76] are expected to negatively affect the country's infrastructure, hydropower production, food security, water supply, and coastal and agricultural livelihoods such as farming and fisheries.^[77]^[78]^[79] Ghana's economy will be impacted by climate change, due to its dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, energy, and forestry. Diseases like malaria, dengue fever and cholera are predicted to increase due to changes in water conditions.^[80] Ghana signed the Paris Agreement in 2016. Ghana aims to avoid 64 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to a business-as-usual scenario for 2020–2030. The country has committed to net zero by 2060.^[81]

Relief and regions

The country consists of low coastal plains, forested hills in the centre, and savanna in the north. Its main geographical units are:

the Coastal Plain along the Gulf of Guinea,
the Ashanti uplands in the centre,
the Volta Basin in the east, dominated by Lake Volta,
the Northern Plains stretching to Burkina Faso.^[68]

The highest point is Mount Afadja (885 m) in the Akwapim-Togo Range.^[68]

Hydrology

The Volta River system dominates Ghana. Its main tributaries, the White Volta and Black Volta, converge in the north and flow into Lake Volta, one of the world's largest artificial reservoirs, created by the Akosombo Dam in 1965.^[71]

The Volta exits into the Gulf of Guinea east of Accra. Other important rivers include the Pra River, Ankobra River, and Tano River.^[72]

Extremities

The northernmost settlement in Ghana is Pulmakong near the Burkina Faso border, while the southernmost point is Cape Three Points.^[68]

Politics

File:Ghana Parliament House – Ghana Supreme Court – Osu Castle.JPG

Parliament House of Ghana, the Supreme Court of Ghana, and Judiciary of Ghana buildings. Jubilee House is the presidential palace.

Ghana is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy with a parliamentary multi-party system that is dominated by two parties—the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP). Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993, when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after presidential and parliamentary elections in late 1992. The 1992 constitution of Ghana divides powers among a commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces (President of Ghana), parliament (Parliament of Ghana), cabinet (Cabinet of Ghana), council of state (Ghanaian Council of State), and an independent judiciary (Judiciary of Ghana). The government is elected by universal suffrage after every four years.^[82]

The 2012 Fragile States Index indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index.^[83] Ghana ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index.^[84]^[85] Ghana was ranked seventh in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables that reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.^[86] According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Ghana is ranked 67th electoral democracy worldwide and 10th electoral democracy in Africa.^[87]

Foreign relations

File:Kofi Annan at OYW.jpg

Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat and United Nations Secretary-General 1997–2006

Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Ghana favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the United Nations and the African Union.^[88]

Three U.S. presidents have made diplomatic trips to Ghana (Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama), along with a Vice President (Kamala Harris).^[89] Some Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, International Criminal Court Judge Akua Kuenyehia, and former President Jerry John Rawlings and former President John Agyekum Kufuor, who both served as diplomats of the United Nations.^[82]

In September 2010, President John Atta Mills visited China on an official visit. Mills and then-general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Hu Jintao marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two nations, at the Great Hall of the People.^[90] China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China, Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's president John Mahama.^[91] China became one of the top investing countries of Ghana, which predominantly focus on infrastructure, natural resources, and the manufacturing sector, have promoted economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in Ghana. Concerns regarding the sustainability of Chinese-financed projects, environmental impacts, and the lack of transparency in their investments call for a careful assessment of these collaborations.^[92] Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the Non-Aligned Movement and also co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian presidential palace Flagstaff House.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and the budget. According to reports, the SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows for stakeholders' participation, such as in UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others.^[98] The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them.^[99] According to the President Nana Akufo-Addo, Ghana was "the first Sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals".^[100]

Military

In 1957, the Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles.^[101] President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding the GAF to support the United States of Africa ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a parachute airborne unit originally raised in 1963.^[102] Today, Ghana is a regional power and regional hegemon.^[103] In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, Canadian Forces commander Roméo Dallaire highly rated the GAF soldiers and military personnel.^[101]

The military operations and military doctrine of the GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre agreements to which GAF is attestator.^[104]^[105]^[106] GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the Ministry of Defence.^[104]^[107] Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances.^[108]

Law enforcement

File:Ghana Police Service Motorbikes.jpg

Militarized police Unit of the Ghana Police Service

The Ghana Police Service and the Criminal Investigation Department are the main law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security.^[109] The Ghana Police Service has eleven specialised police units, including a Militarized police Rapid deployment force and Marine Police Unit.^[110]^[111] The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: ten covering the regions of Ghana, one assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of Tema, and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division.^[111] The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from the country's offshore oil and gas industry.^[111]

The Ghana Prisons Service and the sub-division Borstal Institute for Juveniles administers incarceration.^[112] The new sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels.^[113]

File:Drugtrade.png

Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by drug cartels and drug traffickers (shown in orange).

Ghana is used as a key narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, usually from South America and some from other African nations.^[114] In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from Colombia and Latin America have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe."^[115] The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana a more attractive country for the narcotics business.^[114]^[116] The Narcotics Control Board has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the Takoradi Harbour. These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of Ghana cedis. Drug seizures saw a decline in 2011.^[114]^[116] Drug cartels are using new methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies.^[114]^[116] Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana's position in the narcotics industry.^[114]^[116] President Mills initiated ongoing efforts to reduce the role of airports in Ghana's drug trade.^[114]

Human rights

Homosexual acts are prohibited by law in Ghana.^[117] According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.^[118] Sometimes elderly women in Ghana are accused of witchcraft, particularly in rural Ghana. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called witch camps. These are said to house a total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft.^[119] The Ghanaian government has announced that it intends to close the camps.^[119]^{[needs update]}

Economy

File:GDP per capita development development of Ghana.svg

Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

File:Ghana Export Trends.jpg

Ghana's petroleum, gold, and cocoa; exports in percentage^{[clarification needed]}

Ghana possesses industrial minerals, hydrocarbons and precious metals. It is an emerging designated digital economy with mixed economy hybridisation and an emerging market. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a developed country between 2020 and 2029 and a newly industrialised country between 2030 and 2039.^[120] This excludes fellow Group of 24 member and Sub-Saharan African country South Africa, which is a newly industrialised country.^[121]

Ghana's economy has ties to the Chinese yuan renminbi along with Ghana's gold reserves. In 2013, the Bank of Ghana began circulating the renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as hard currency along with the national Ghanaian cedi for second national trade currency.^[122]

Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas 11% of urban dwellers were.^[123] Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while 94% of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.^[124]

The Volta River Authority and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers.^[125] The Akosombo Dam, built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the Bui Dam, the Kpong Dam and other hydroelectric dams, provide hydropower.^[126]^[127]

The Ghana Stock Exchange is the fifth largest on continental Africa and third largest in sub-Saharan Africa, having a market capitalisation of GH¢ 57.2 billion or CN¥180.4 billion in 2012, with the South Africa JSE Limited ranked first.^[128] The Ghana Stock Exchange was the second best performing stock exchange in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013.^[129]

Ghana produces cocoa.^[130] It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its ICCO membership helps in its international cocoa trade.^[131] Ghana is classified as a middle-income country.^[132]^[133] Services account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), extractive industries (5%), and taxes (20.9%).^[125]

Ghana's economy is characterized by a growing manufacturing sector and the export of digital technology products. The country is also engaged in the assembly and export of automobiles and ships. Ghana's economy benefits from a range of resource-rich exports, including industrial minerals and agricultural products, with cocoa being a primary commodity. The nation is a producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas.^[134]

The information and communications technology (ICT) sector plays a role in Ghana's industrial landscape, with companies such as Rlg Communications, a state-affiliated digital technology corporation, leading in the production of tablet computers, smartphones, and consumer electronics.^[135]

Urban electric cars have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.^[136]^[137]

Ghana announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in autumn of 2021, making it the first African country to do so.^[138]^[139] The country, which was planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets,^[when?] would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, while having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.^[140]

File:Jubilee Oil Field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) and National Petroleum Authority.png

Jubilee Oil Field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation and National Petroleum Authority, located off the coast of the Western Region

Ghana produces and exports hydrocarbons such as sweet crude oil and natural gas.^[141]^[142] The 100%-state-owned filling station company, Ghana Oil Company, is the number one petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees hydrocarbon exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m³) per day and gas to 34,000,000 cubic metres (1.2×10^⁹ cu ft) per day.^[143] The Jubilee Oil Field, which contains up to 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m³) of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.^[144] Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m³) to 7 billion barrels (1.1×10⁹ m³) of petroleum in reserves,^[145] which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-largest proven reserves in the world. It also has up to 1.7×10¹¹ cubic metres (6×10^¹² cu ft) of natural gas in reserves.^[146] The government has drawn up plans to nationalise petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.^[147]

In 2015, Ghana produced 88 metric tonnes of gold as per the Our World in Data report.^[148] As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 tonnes that year.^[149] This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.^[150] In addition to gold, Ghana exports silver, timber, diamonds, bauxite, and manganese, and has other mineral deposits.^[151] Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.^[152] The government has drawn up plans to nationalize mining industry to increase government revenue.^[151]^[153]

"Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to dumsor ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),^[154] increasing the interest in renewables.^[155] As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.^[156]

The judicial system of Ghana deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency. According to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption.^[157]

Science and technology

Ghana launched a cellular mobile network in 1992. It was later connected to the Internet and introduced ADSL broadband services.^[158]

Ghana was ranked 101st in the Global Innovation Index in 2025.^[159]^[160]

The Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee space exploration and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a national security observational satellite launched into orbit in 2015.^[161]^[162] Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the South African National Space Agency.^[161]

Tourism

File:Surfers Surfing at Busua Beach in Western region, Ghana.jpg

Surfers at Busua Beach in the Western Region^[163]

In 2011, tourists visiting Ghana numbered 1,087,000,^[164] with arrivals including South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.^[165] Among the attractions and tourist destinations are waterfalls such as Kintampo waterfalls and the largest waterfall in west Africa, Wli waterfalls, the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as Lake Bosumtwi and the largest human-made lake in the world by surface area, Lake Volta, dozens of forts and castles, World Heritage Sites, nature reserves and national parks.^[165] Castles include Cape Coast Castle and the Elmina Castle.^[166] Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.^[167] The World Heritage Convention of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments: "The Castles and Forts of Ghana shaped not only Ghana's history but that of the world over four centuries as the focus of first the gold trade and then the slave trade. They are a significant and emotive symbol of European–African encounters and of the starting point of the African Diaspora."^[167]

The World Economic Forum statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.^[168] The country had moved two places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, Forbes magazine published that Ghana was ranked the 11th most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.^[168] Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.^[168] In 2024, Ghana ranked as the 55th most peaceful country in the world.^[169]

Up and down the coastline, surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals. Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves. Surfers carried their boards amid traditional fishing vessels.^[170]

According to Destination Pride,^[171] Ghana's Pride score is 22 (out of 100).^[172]

Demographics

Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent Template:Bar percent

Ethnic Groups in Ghana
Ethnic Groups			percent

As of 2024^[update], the United Nations reports Ghana has a population of 34,581,288.^[173] As of 2018^[update], around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.^[174] The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan (47.3%), the Mole-Dagbani (18.5%), the Ewe (13.9%), the Ga-Dangme (7.4%), the Gurma (5.7%) and the Guan (3.7%).^[175] As of 2024^[update], the United Nations reports the median age of Ghanaian citizens is 21 years old.^[176] Ghana contributes 0.42% to the total world population.^[173]

With recent legal immigration of skilled workers who possess Ghana Cards, there is a small but increasing population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern, American and European nationals and their descendants born in Ghana. In 2010, the Ghana Immigration Service reported many economic migrants and undocumented immigrants inhabiting Ghana: 14.6% (or 3.1 million) of Ghana's 2010 population (mostly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by then Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia,^[177] the Border Guard Unit deported more than 3,000,000 aliens and undocumented immigrants in three months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.^[177]^[178]^[179] In 2013, there was a mass deportation of undocumented miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals.^[180]^[181] Template:Largest cities

Languages

File:Predominant tribe in the area - (Ghana) LOC 88692692.jpg

Map of Ghana's ethno-linguistic areas

English is the official language of Ghana.^[182]^[183] Additionally, there are 11 languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages:

Akan languages (Asante Twi, Akuapem Twi, Fante, Bono which have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, and Nzema, which is less intelligible with the above)
Dangme
Ewe
Ga
Guan
Kasem
Mole–Dagbani languages (Dagaare and Dagbanli)^[184]^[185]

Of these, Asante Twi is the most widely spoken.^[186]

Because Ghana is surrounded by French-speaking countries, French is widely taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Hausa is also widely spoken in the northern part of Ghana especially among the Muslim communities. Since 2005, Ghana has been an associate member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie,^[187] the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on six continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,^[188] and it is in the process of becoming an official language.^[189]^[190]

Ghanaian Pidgin English, also known as Kru English (or in Akan, kroo brofo), is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Accra and in the southern towns.^[191] It can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities.^[192]

Religion

Christianity is the largest religion in Ghana, with 71.3% of the population being members of various Christian denominations as of the 2021 census.^[193] Islam is practiced by 16.8% of the total population. According to a 2012 report by Pew Research, 60.71% of Muslims are followers of Sunni Islam, while around 9.52% identify with Shia Islam, while the remainder 29.76% are non-denominational Muslims.^[194]^[195] There is "no significant link between ethnicity and religion in Ghana". Approximately 16% belong to the Ahmadiyya religion. Rest 8.7% are others.^[196]

Ghana has around 150,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.^[197]

The Grand Orange Lodge of Ghana is a Protestant fraternal organization within the Orange Order.^[198] The most famous governed by the Grand Lodge is The Loyal Leopold Lodge No. 907. It was founded in 1894 by a British colonial official, Dr. A. D. MacDonald. The lodge initially served as a social club for European administrators, military officers, and merchants.^[199] Over time, it began to admit local African members, which was a significant departure from the lodges in Ireland and Britain that were overwhelmingly white and Protestant. Today, its members continue to participate in events and parades, including The Twelfth.^[200] They also are involved in community and charitable work.^[201]

Universal health care and life expectancy

File:Life expectancy in Ghana.svg

Development of life expectancy, 1921 to 2019

Ghana has a universal health care system, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), which is strictly designated for Ghanaian nationals.^[202] Health care is variable throughout Ghana and in 2012, more than 12 million Ghanaian nationals were covered by the NHIS.^[203] Urban centres are well served and contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are more than 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for medical tourism.^[204] In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and as of 2011^[update], 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.^[174] In 2010, 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health.^[205] In 2020, the WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the four-tiered WHO classification of National medicines regulatory systems.^[206]

Life expectancy at birth in 2021 was 68.6 for a female and 63.7 for a male.^[207] In 2013, infant mortality was to 39 per 1,000 live births.^[208] Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.^[209] The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.^[175] The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.^[210]

As of 2012^[update], the HIV/AIDS prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.^[211]

Education

File:Wikimedia Outreach in Ghana 6.jpeg

Education system's implementation of information and communications technology at the University of Ghana

The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).^[212] It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the Basic Education Certificate Examination.^[212]^[213] Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.^[214] Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts three years and leads to the West African Senior School Certificate Examination, which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.^[215]^: 7 Polytechnics are open to vocational students.^[216]

A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years.^[215]^: 9 A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years.^[216] Ghana possesses colleges of education.^[217] Some of the universities are the University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, and University of Cape Coast.^[218]

There are more than 95% of children in school.^[219]^[220] The literacy rate of youth ages 15 to 24 years old was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,^[221] and females at 80%.^[222] The education system annually attracts foreign students, particularly in the university sector.^[223]^[224]

Ghana has a free education six-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.^[225] The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.^[226] At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.^[227]

Culture

File:Jollof rice by Chef Phizzle. Native Delight. 04.jpg

Jollof rice is one of the most popular Ghanaian dishes and is known globally by many.

Food and drink

Ghanaian cuisine includes an assortment of soups and stews with varied seafoods; most Ghanaian soups are prepared with vegetables, meat, poultry or fish.^[228] Fish is important in the diet with tilapia, roasted and fried whitebait, smoked fish and crayfish, all being common components of Ghanaian dishes.^[228] Banku (akple) is a common starchy food made from ground corn (maize),^[228] and cornmeal based staples kɔmi (kenkey) and banku (akple) are usually accompanied by some form of fried fish (chinam) or grilled tilapia and a very spicy condiment made from raw red and green chillies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce).^[228] Banku and tilapia is a combo served in most restaurants.^[228] Fufu is the most common exported Ghanaian dish and is a delicacy across the African diaspora.^[228] Rice is an established staple meal across the country, with various rice-based dishes serving as breakfast, lunch and dinner, the main variants are waakye, plain rice and stew (either kontomire or tomato gravy), fried rice and jollof rice.^[229]

Literature

page-not-found

Clothing

File:Gyaman Adinkra Symbols.jpg

Adinkra symbols by Robert Sutherland Rattray

During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of adinkra printing. Hand-printed and hand-embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies. Each of the motifs that make up the corpus of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb, a historical event, human attitude, ethology, plant life-form, or shapes of inanimate and man-made objects. The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics, ethics, human relations, and concepts.^[230] The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos but also represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are many symbols with distinct meanings, often linked with proverbs. In the words of Anthony Appiah, they were one of the means in a pre-literate society for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".^[231] Kente cloth, the traditional or national cloth of Ghana, is worn by most southern Ghanaian ethnic groups, especially, the Akan Along with the adinkra cloth, Ghanaians use many cloth fabrics for their traditional attire.^[232] The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth. The most well known is the Kente cloth.^[232] Kente is a very important national costume and clothing, and these clothes are used to make traditional and modern Kente attire.^[232] Different symbols and different colours mean different things.^[232] Kente is the most famous of all the Ghanaian clothes.^[232] Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal treadle loom and strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths.^[232] Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs and are worn during very important social and religious occasions.^[232] In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth as it is a visual representation of history and also a form of written language through weaving.^[232] The term "kente" has its roots in the Akan word kɛntɛn, which means a basket, and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma; meaning "basket cloth".^[232] Kente is also woven by the Ewe people (Ewe Kente) in the Volta Region. The main weaving centres are Agortime area and Agbozume. Agbozume has a vibrant kente market that attracts patrons from all over West Africa and the diaspora.^[232]

File:Comtemporary Ghanaian men fashion.jpg

Contemporary Ghanaian men's fashion with Kente and other traditional styles

File:Comtemporary Ghanaian womenswear.jpg

Contemporary Ghanaian women's fashion with African print/Ankara and other fabrics

Contemporary Ghanaian fashion includes traditional and modern styles and fabrics and has made its way into the African and global fashion scene. The cloth known as African print fabric was created out of Dutch wax textiles. It is believed that in the late 19th century, Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine-made textiles that mimicked Indonesian batik stopped at many West African ports on the way. The fabrics did not do well in Asia. However, in West Africa—mainly Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles—the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs, colours and patterns to cater to the taste of the new consumers.^[233] Today outside of Africa it is called "Ankara", and it has a client base well beyond Ghana and Africa as a whole. It is popular among Caribbean peoples and African Americans; celebrities such as Solange Knowles and her sister Beyoncé have been seen wearing African print attire.^[234] Many designers from countries in North America and Europe are now using African prints, and they have gained a global interest.^[235] British luxury fashion house Burberry created a collection around Ghanaian styles.^[236] Internationally acclaimed Ghanaian-British designer Ozwald Boateng introduced African print suits in his 2012 collection.^[237]

Music and dance

File:Traditional Adowa dance form and music performance.ogv

Adowa dance form and music performance

Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, Akan Drum, goje fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akan Seperewa, the Akan atumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log xylophones used in asonko music.^[238] Afro-jazz — "the reuniting of African-American jazz with its African roots"^[239] — was created by Kofi Ghanaba.^[240] A form of secular music called highlife originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa.^[238]

In the 1990s, a genre of music was created incorporating the influences of highlife, Afro-reggae, dancehall and hip hop.^[238] This hybrid was called hiplife.^[238]

There are dances for occasions.^[241] Dances for celebrations include the Adowa, Kpanlogo, Azonto, Klama, Agbadza, Borborbor and Bamaya.^[241] The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services, also known as the Dancing Pallbearers, were featured in a BBC feature story in 2017, and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[242]

Media

File:Ghana Trustworthiness of Media.jpg

Mass media, news and information provided by television

Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees freedom of the press and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.^[243] Post-independence, private outlets closed during the military governments, and media laws prevented criticism of government.^[244] Press freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor, the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a libel law, and maintained that the media had to act responsibly.^[245] The media have been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa.^[246]

Architecture

File:A drone footage of Accra central, Ghana.jpg

High-rise buildings in Accra, the capital

There are two types of construction: the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common, and the round huts with grass roof.^[247] The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions, while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions. Postmodern architecture and high-tech architecture buildings are in the southern regions, while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country, such as Fort William and Fort Amsterdam. Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles, and two are situated inside a fort.^[248] The Military Museum and the National Museum organise temporary exhibitions.^[248]

Ghana has museums that allow an in-depth look at specific regions, with a number of museums providing insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas.^[248] The Cape Coast Castle Museum and St. George's Castle (Elmina Castle) Museum offer guided tours. The Museum of Science and Technology provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development.^[248]

File:2010 Opening Ceremony - Ghana entering.jpg

Ghanaian winter sports Olympic team at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics

Sports

Association football is the top spectator sport in Ghana.^[249] Ghana's men's national football team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times, the FIFA U-20 World Cup once, and has participated in five FIFA World Cups (2006, 2010, 2014, 2022, and 2026) and has also won the FIFA U-17 World Cup twice.^[249] The International Federation of Football History and Statistics crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the African club of the 20th century.^[250]

Ghana competes in the Commonwealth Games, sending athletes in every edition since 1954 (except for the 1986 games). Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games, including 15 gold, with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing. The country has also produced a number of boxers, including three-time world champion Azumah Nelson,^[251]^[252] three-time world champion Nana Yaw Konadu,^[252] Ike Quartey,^[252] and Joshua Clottey.^[252]

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External links

Government

Travel

Official website of Visit Ghana

Template:Ghana topics Template:Countries of Africa

Coordinates: 8°02′N 1°05′W / 8.03°N 1.08°W / 8.03; -1.08

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Country in West Africa}}
+{{Short description|Country in West Africa}}
 {{about|the country|the ancient empire|Ghana Empire|other uses}}
 {{Distinguish|Gana|Gaana}}
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | largest_city           = capital
 | coordinates            = {{Coord|05|33|18|N|00|11|33|W|type:city}}
-| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]<ref name="The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language for the nation">{{cite web |quote=English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are Dagbani, Ewe, Ga and Twi. |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |title=Language and Religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census |work=Government of Ghana |year=2010 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]<ref name="The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language for the nation">{{cite web |quote=English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are [[Twi]], Dagbani, Ga and Ewe . |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |title=Language and Religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census {{!}} Summary Report of Final Results|website=Government of Ghana |date=May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref>
-| national_languages     =
+| languages_type         = Government-sponsored languages
+| languages              = {{hlist|[[Twi]]|[[Fante dialect|Fante]]|[[Ewe language|Ewe]]|[[Dagaare]]|[[Dagbanli]]|[[Adangme]]|[[Ga language|Ga]]|[[Gonja language|Gonja]]|[[Kasem language|Kasem]]|[[Nzema language|Nzema]]}}
+| languages2_type        = [[Working language]]s
+| languages2             = {{hlist|English|[[French language|French]]}}
+{{hlist|[[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]<ref name="IMM">{{cite web|title=Immigration into Ghana Since 1990|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/poverty/46733734.pdf|publisher=Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon|year=2012|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
+| [[Arabic]]<ref name="IMM"/>
+|[[Ghanaian English]]
+|[[Ghanaian Pidgin English]]
+|}}
 | religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
   |{{Tree list}}
 * 71.3% [[Christianity in Ghana|Christianity]]
-** 10.0% [[Catholicism]]
+** 49.0% [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
-** 17.4% [[Protestantism]]
+** 10.0% [[Catholic Church in Ghana|Catholic]]
-** 43.9% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
+** 12.3% Other [[Christian]]
- {{Tree list/end}}
+{{Tree list/end}}
   |19.9% [[Islam in Ghana|Islam]]
-  |3.2% [[African traditional religion|traditional faiths]]
+  |3.2% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]]
-  |1.1% [[Irreligion in Ghana|No Religion]]
+  |1.1% [[Irreligion in Ghana|No religion]]
-  |4.5% [[Religion in Ghana|Others]]}}
+  |4.5% Other religions
+}}
 | religion_year          = 2021
 | ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
@@ Line 41: / Line 51: @@
 |2.7% [[Gurunsi peoples|Gurunsi]]
 |2.0% [[Mande people|Mande]]
-|1.6% [[Demographics of Ghana|Others]]
+|1.6% [[Demographics of Ghana|other]]
 }}
 | ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref name="statsghana1"/>
 | ethnic_groups_year     = 2021
-| religion_ref           = <ref name="statsghana1">{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service}}</ref>
+| religion_ref           = <ref name="statsghana1">{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service|date=November 2021}}</ref>
 | demonym                = Ghanaian
 | government_type        = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
 | leader_title1          = [[President of Ghana|President]]
-| leader_name1           = [[John Mahama]]
+| leader_name1           = [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]]
 | leader_title2          = [[Vice-President of Ghana|Vice-President]]
 | leader_name2           = [[Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]]
@@ Line 55: / Line 65: @@
 | leader_name3           = [[Alban Bagbin]]
 | leader_title4          = [[Chief Justice of Ghana|Chief Justice]]
-| leader_name4           = [[Gertrude Tokornoo]]
+| leader_name4           = [[Paul Baffoe-Bonnie|Justice Paul Baffoe-Bonnie]]
 | legislature            = [[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]]
 | sovereignty_type       = [[History of Ghana|Independence]]
@@ Line 66: / Line 76: @@
 | area_rank              = 80th
 | area_sq_mi             = 92101
-| percent_water          = 4.61 (11,000&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}; 4,247&nbsp;mi{{smallsup|2}})
+| percent_water          = 4.61 (11,000&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}; 4,247&nbsp;mi{{sup|2}})
-| population_estimate    = {{increase}} 35,039,451<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |language=en}}</ref>
+| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,039,451<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Ghana Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |language=en |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117005506/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | population_estimate_year = 2025
 | population_estimate_rank = 46th
@@ Line 73: / Line 83: @@
 | population_density_sq_mi = 392
 | population_density_rank = 90th
-| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $295.12 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
+| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $314,592 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GHA#:~:text=Here's%20some%20information%20about%20Ghana's%20GDP%20from,PPP%2C%20share%20of%20world**%200.14%25%20in%202026 |language=en |publisher = International Monetary Fund | title = World Economic Outlook: Ghana: Datasets | access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref>
-| GDP_PPP_rank           = 68th
+| GDP_PPP_rank           = 67th
 | GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
-| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $8,042<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $8,042<ref name="auto"/>
-| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 132nd
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136th
-| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $88.033 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
+| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $113,494 billion<ref name="auto"/>
-| GDP_nominal_rank       = 79th
+| GDP_nominal_rank       = 67th
-| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
+| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
-| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,520<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,179<ref name="auto"/>
-| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 143rd
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 137th
 | Gini                   = 44
 | Gini_year              = 2024
 | Gini_change            = steady
-| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |publisher=Statista |website=statista.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Ghana: gini index 2014–2029}}</ref>
+| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |publisher=Statista |website=statista.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Ghana: gini index 2014–2029 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115041322/https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | Gini_rank              =
 | HDI                    = 0.628
@@ Line 103: / Line 113: @@
 }}
-'''Ghana''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|GAH|nə}}}} officially the '''Republic of Ghana''', is a country in [[West Africa]]. It is situated with the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the south, and shares borders with [[Côte d’Ivoire]] to the west, [[Burkina Faso]] to the north, and [[Togo]] to the east. Ghana covers an area of {{convert|239567|km2|abbr=on}}, spanning diverse [[biome|ecologie]]s, from [[coast]]al [[savanna]]s to [[tropical rainforest]]s. With nearly 35 million inhabitants, Ghana is the [[List of African countries by population|second-most populous country]] in West Africa. The [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Ghana|largest city]] is [[Accra]]; other significant [[List of cities in Ghana|cities]] include [[Tema]], [[Kumasi]], [[Sunyani]], [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]], [[Cape Coast]], [[Techiman]], [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]], and [[Sekondi-Takoradi]].
+'''Ghana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|GAH|nə}}), officially the '''Republic of Ghana''', is a country in [[West Africa]]. It is situated with the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the south, and shares borders with [[Côte d'Ivoire]] to the west, [[Burkina Faso]] to the north, and [[Togo]] to the east. Ghana covers an area of {{convert|239567|km2|abbr=on}}, spanning diverse [[biome|ecologie]]s, from [[coast]]al [[savanna]]s to [[tropical rainforest]]s. With over 35 million inhabitants,<ref name=pop/> Ghana is ranked [[List of African countries by population|thirteenth-most populous country in Africa]], and the second-most populous country in West Africa. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ed |date=2024-08-13 |title=16 Regions in Ghana |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/16-regions-in-ghana/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en}}</ref>
-The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were [[Bono state|Bonoman]] in the south and the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.<ref name="NP">{{cite book |last1=Danver |first1=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46400-6 |page=25 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}</ref> The&nbsp;[[Asante Empire]]&nbsp;and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asante Kingdom |date=15 June 2002 |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in the 15th century, the [[Portuguese Empire]], followed by other [[European Powers|European powers]], contested the area for trading rights, until the [[British Empire|British]] ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th [[century]]. Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the current borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], [[Ashanti (Crown Colony)|Ashanti]], the [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast|Northern Territories]], and [[British Togoland]]. These were unified as an independent dominion within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. On 6 March 1957 Ghana became the first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video |year=1957 |title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) |url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization">{{cite web |title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=Exploring Africa – Michigan State University}}</ref> Under President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], it became influential in [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonisation efforts]] and the [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African movement]].<ref name="Ateku">{{cite web |last=Ateku |first=Abdul-Jalilu |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead |url=http://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063944/https://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |archive-date=Jun 29, 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghanaweb |date=2024-03-13 |title=Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics |work=GhanaWeb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329}}</ref>
+The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were [[Bono state|Bonoman]] in the south and the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.<ref name="NP">{{cite book |last1=Danver |first1=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46400-6 |page=25 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Asante Empire]] and other [[Akan people|Akan kingdoms]] in the south emerged over the centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asante Kingdom |date=15 June 2002 |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in the 15th century, the [[Portuguese Empire]], followed by other [[European Powers|European powers]], contested the area for trading rights, until the [[British Empire|British]] ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th [[century]]. Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the later borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], [[Ashanti (Crown Colony)|Ashanti]], the [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast|Northern Territories]], and [[British Togoland]]. These were unified as an independent dominion within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. On 6 March 1957, Ghana became the first [[colony]] in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to achieve sovereignty.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video |year=1957 |title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) |url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization">{{cite web |title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=Exploring Africa – Michigan State University}}</ref> Under President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], it became influential in [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonisation efforts]] and the [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African movement]].<ref name="Ateku">{{cite web |last=Ateku |first=Abdul-Jalilu |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead |url=http://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063944/https://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghanaweb |date=2024-03-13 |title=Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics |website=GhanaWeb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105231/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Ghana is a [[multi-ethnic]] country with diverse linguistic and religious groups;<ref name=popest>{{cite web |title=2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424110616/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Akan people|Akan]] are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaians]] are [[Christianity in Ghana|Christians]] (71.3%); almost a fifth are [[Islam in Ghana|Muslims]]; a tenth practice traditional faiths or report no religion.<ref name="statsghana1"/> Ghana is a unitary [[Liberal democracy|constitutional democracy]] led by a [[President of Ghana|president]] who is [[head of state]] and [[head of government]].<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web |last1= |title=Ghana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |archive-date=Jan 9, 2021 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=CIA World FactBook |publisher=}}</ref> For  political stability in Africa, Ghana ranked seventh in the 2012 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]] and fifth in the 2012 [[Fragile States Index]]. Since 1993, it has maintained one of the freest and most stable governments on the continent, and performs relatively well in [[Healthcare in Ghana|healthcare]], [[Economy of Ghana|economic]] growth, and human development,<ref name="Ateku"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219224816/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |url-status=live }}</ref>. It has a significant influence in West Africa and Africa as a whole.<ref name="South America and West Africa"/> Ghana is highly integrated in international affairs, being a founding member of the [[Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[African Union]], and a member of the [[Economic Community of West African States]], the [[Group of 24]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |title=Ghana-US relations |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>
+Ghana is a [[multi-ethnic]] country with diverse linguistic and religious groups;<ref name=popest>{{cite web |title=2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424110616/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> while the [[Akan people|Akan]] are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaians]] are [[Christianity in Ghana|Christians]] (71.3%); almost a fifth are [[Islam in Ghana|Muslims]]; a tenth practise traditional faiths or report no religion.<ref name="statsghana1"/> Ghana is a unitary [[Liberal democracy|constitutional democracy]] led by a [[President of Ghana|president]] who is [[head of state]] and [[head of government]].<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web |last1= |title=Ghana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=CIA World FactBook |publisher=}}</ref> For political stability in [[Africa]], Ghana ranked seventh in the 2022 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]] and fifth in the 2024 [[Fragile States Index]].<ref name="Ateku"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report|date=19 July 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219224816/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana is a founding member of the [[Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[African Union]], and a member of the [[United Nations]], [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], [[Economic Community of West African States]], the [[Group of 24]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |title=Ghana-US relations |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The name ''Ghana'' comes from [[Ghana Empire|Wagadu]], an empire in west Africa from the 3rd to 12th centuries; Wagadu was termed ''Ghana'' by Arab traders involved in the [[trans-Saharan trade]]. ''Ghana'' is thought to originate from the title ''[[Kaya-Magha|Kaya Maghan]]'' of the rulers of Wagadu, which translates as ''ruler of gold''. As the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast colony]] prepared for independence, the nation's leader and first prime minister later first president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] who together with five others known as [[The Big Six (Ghana)|The Big Six]], led Ghana to independence, settled on ''Ghana'', aiming to evoke a sense of unity and liberation among the [[Ghanaian people]]. The name was a powerful reminder of their shared heritage and the legacy of the ancient empire that once thrived in the wider region. It encapsulated the aspirations of the Ghanaian people for self-governance, progress, and a future marked by dignity and resilience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |chapter=Ghana Empire |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396}}</ref>
+===Empire of Ghana===
+{{Further| Ghana Empire}}
+The name ''Ghana'' comes from [[Ghana Empire|Wagadu]], an empire in west Africa from the 3rd to 12th centuries; Wagadu was termed ''Ghana'' by [[Arabs|Arab]] traders involved in the [[trans-Saharan trade]]. ''Ghana'' is thought to originate from the title ''[[Kaya-Magha|Kaya Maghan]]'' of the rulers of Wagadu, which translates as ''ruler of gold''.<ref name="Gestrich">{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |chapter=Ghana Empire |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396}}</ref>
+===Adoption in precolonial scholarship ===
+The earliest attempt to associate the peoples of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] with ancient Ghana had been made by Rev. J. B. Anaman around the turn of the 20th century. Anaman drew on D. W. Cooley's 19th-century interpretation of Arabic geographical sources to make an argument for a historical connection, suggesting an alternative derivation connecting the name to the Wangara. {{sfn|Kimble|1963|pp=xvi–xvii}} [[Flora Shaw, Baroness Lugard|Lady Flora Shaw]] later compiled both Arabic and European writings to create detailed narratives of the kingdom. She presented it as a major African power comparable to contemporary Western European states.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvi}}
+According to [[Jack Goody]], the theory that the [[Akan people]]s originated from the medieval [[Ghana Empire|Empire of Ghana]] was continuously promoted through the teachings of Rev. W. T. Balmer between 1907 and 1911, who instructed students that the Akan had migrated from the ancient kingdom located near the [[Niger River|Upper Niger]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=461–462}} Goody states that Balmer's hypothesis lacked linguistic and historical evidence, yet it later became influential among educated elites and nationalist intellectuals.{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=462–463}}
+The hypothesis gained more popularity when it was introduced into educational institutions, primarily in [[Achimota School|Achimota]], during the 1920s where it later spread to other schools.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvii}} The theory was later publicized by [[J. B. Danquah]]'s academic writings; he used [[Arabic]] and [[French language|French]] translations to claim that the [[Akan people|Akan]] migrated from the Upper Niger region. Danquah proposed that the term Ghana was a corruption of Akane or Akana and associated it with the ancient region of [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|p=468}} Eva L. R. Meyerowitz expanded this rhetoric through a series of publications that sought to reconstruct early history. She claimed that Akan origins and culture came from areas in the [[Sahara]] and the Near East, and argued that Akan culture was not mainly black African, but could instead be considered [[Libya]]-[[Berbers|Berber]] or connected to [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] or [[Near East]]ern cultures.{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=468–470}}
+===National acceptance and symbolic meaning===
+By the period leading to independence, the name "Ghana" was accepted and adopted as a symbol of precolonial prestige, cultural unity, and national legitimacy.<ref name="Gestrich"/>
 ==History==
@@ Line 117: / Line 139: @@
 ===Medieval kingdoms===
 {{main|Ashanti Empire|Kingdom of Dagbon|Bono state}}
 [[File:Guinea from Milner's Atlas.jpg|thumb|An 1850 map showing the [[Akan people|Akan]] [[Kingdom of Ashanti]] within the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea region]] and surrounding regions in West Africa|left]]
-The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were [[Bono state|Bonoman]] in the south and the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.<ref name="NP" /><ref name="col">{{cite web |title=Pre-Colonial Period |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235900/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php |archive-date=23 November 2010 |access-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> From the 17th century, different Akan states begun to emerge from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, mainly based on gold trading.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dennis M. |last=Warren|title=The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: An Ethnography of an Akan Society|publisher= Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company|date= 1975}}</ref> These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), [[Adansi]] and [[Asante Empire|Asante]] ([[Ashanti Region]]), [[Denkyira]] ([[Central Region (Ghana)|Western North region]]), [[Mankessim Kingdom]] ([[Western Region (Ghana)|Central region]]), [[Akyem]] and [[Akwamu]] [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|(Eastern region)]].<ref name="col" /><ref>Kwasi Konadu, "Quest for the River, Creation of the Path," in ''The Ghana Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', eds. Kwasi Konadu and Clifford C. Campbell (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016), pp. 30–35.</ref> By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the [[Ashanti Empire|Asante Kingdom]].<ref name="col" /> The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of [[Kumasi]].<ref name="col" /> Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and [[gold bar]] precious metals, which were traded with other states in Africa.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html |title=A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights |publisher=Rubens.anu.edu.au |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902030803/http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html |archive-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were [[Bono state|Bonoman]] in the south and the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.<ref name="NP" /><ref name="col">{{cite web |title=Pre-Colonial Period |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235900/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php |archive-date=23 November 2010 |access-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> From the 17th century, different Akan states began to emerge from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, mainly based on gold trading.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dennis M. |last=Warren|title=The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: An Ethnography of an Akan Society|publisher= Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company|date= 1975|page=5|isbn=978-0-8403-1122-1}}</ref> These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), [[Adansi]] and [[Asante Empire|Asante]] ([[Ashanti Region]]), [[Denkyira]] ([[Central Region (Ghana)|Western North region]]), [[Mankessim Kingdom]] ([[Western Region (Ghana)|Central region]]), [[Akyem]] and [[Akwamu]] [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|(Eastern region)]].<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Kwasi|last=Konadu|author-link=Kwasi Konadu|chapter=Quest for the River, Creation of the Path|title=The Ghana Reader: History, Culture, Politics|editor1=Kwasi Konadu|editor2=Clifford C. Campbell|location=Durham|publisher= Duke University Press|date= 2016|pages=30–35}}</ref> By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the [[Ashanti Empire|Asante Kingdom]].<ref name="col" /> The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of [[Kumasi]].<ref name="col" /> Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and [[gold bar]] precious metals, which were traded with other states in Africa.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html |title=A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights |publisher=Rubens.anu.edu.au |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902030803/http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html |archive-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The Ga-Dangme and Ewe migrated westward from south-western Nigeria. The Ewe, formerly known as Dogbo, migrated from Oyo area with their Gbe-speaking kinsmen (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera and Ogun/Gun) and, in transition, settled at Ketou in Benin Republic, Tado in Togo, and Dogbo Nyigbo in Benin Republic, with Nortsie (a walled town in present-day Togo) as their final dispersal point. Their dispersal from Nortsie was necessitated by the high-handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli), who was the reigning monarch of the tribe at that time. The Ewe in Ghana speak three principal dialects: Anlo (along the coast), Tongu (along the Volta river) and Ewedome (in the hill country side). The [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga-Dangme]] occupy the Greater Accra Region and parts of the Eastern Region, while the Ewe are found in the [[Volta Region]] as well as the neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria (around Badagry area).{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
+The Ga-Dangme migrated westward from south-western [[Nigeria]]. The Ewe, formerly known as Dogbo, migrated from Ketu (Benin) area with their Gbe-speaking kinsmen (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera and Ogun/Gun) and, in transition, settled at Tado in Togo, and Dogbo Nyigbo in Benin Republic, with Nortsie (a walled town in present-day Togo) as their final dispersal point. Their dispersal from Nortsie was necessitated by the high-handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli), who was the reigning monarch of the tribe at that time. The Ewe in Ghana speak three principal dialects: Anlo (along the coast), Tongu (along the [[Volta River]]) and Ewedome (in the hill country side). The [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga-Dangme]] occupy the Greater Accra Region and parts of the Eastern Region, while the Ewe are found in the [[Volta Region]] as well as the neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria (around Badagry area).{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ga-Adangbe |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/tribes/adangbe.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831061635/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/tribes/adangbe.php |archive-date=31 August 2025 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===European contact and colonialism===
-{{See also|Slave Coast of West Africa|Dutch Slave Coast}}[[File:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] established the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] with the construction of [[Elmina Castle]] (''Castelo da Mina'') by [[Diogo de Azambuja]] in 1482, making it the oldest [[Portuguese colonial architecture|European building]] in Sub-Saharan Africa.]]
+{{See also|Slave Coast of West Africa|Dutch Slave Coast}}
-Akan trade with European states began after contact with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/ashanti/ashanti.asp?menu_id=6&sub_menu_id=67&gender=&s=a |title=History of the Ashanti People |publisher=Modern Ghana |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731222849/http://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/ashanti/ashanti.asp?menu_id=6&sub_menu_id=67&gender=&s=a |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> European contact was by the [[Portuguese people]], who came to the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast region]] in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold.<ref name="History"/> The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah (the perpetual drink), which they renamed [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]].<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://www.tonyxworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=38 |title=History of Ghana |publisher=TonyX |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501201014/http://www.tonyxworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=38 |archive-date=1 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1481, King [[John II of Portugal]] commissioned [[Diogo de Azambuja]] to build the [[Elmina Castle]], which was completed in three years.<ref name="History" /> By 1598, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the [[Dutch Gold Coast]] (''Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea'' – 'Dutch properties at the Guinea coast') and building forts at [[Fort Komenda]] and Kormantsi.<ref name="Ghana book">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Patricia |author2=Wong, Winnie |title=Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/ghana0000levy |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/ghana0000levy/page/24 24] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-4847-1}}</ref> In 1617, the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and [[Axim]] in 1642 ([[Fort Saint Anthony|Fort St Anthony]]).<ref name="Ghana book" />
+[[File:Elmina Castle - Ghana.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] established the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] with the construction of [[Elmina Castle]] (''Castelo da Mina'') by [[Diogo de Azambuja]] in 1482, making it the oldest [[Portuguese colonial architecture|European building]] in West Africa.]]
+Akan trade with European states began after contact with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/ashanti/ashanti.asp?menu_id=6&sub_menu_id=67&gender=&s=a |title=History of the Ashanti People |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731222849/http://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/ashanti/ashanti.asp?menu_id=6&sub_menu_id=67&gender=&s=a |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> European contact was by the [[Portuguese people]], who came to the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast region]] in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold.<ref name="History"/> The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah ("the perpetual drink"), which they renamed [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]].<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://www.tonyxworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=38 |title=History of Ghana |publisher=TonyX |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501201014/http://www.tonyxworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=38 |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> In 1481, King [[John II of Portugal]] commissioned [[Diogo de Azambuja]] to build [[Elmina Castle]], which was completed in three years.<ref name="History" /> By 1598, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the [[Dutch Gold Coast]] (''Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea'' – "Dutch properties at the Guinea coast") and building forts at [[Fort Komenda]] and Kormantsi.<ref name="Ghana book">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Patricia |author2=Wong, Winnie |title=Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/ghana0000levy |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/ghana0000levy/page/24 24] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-4847-1}}</ref> In 1617, the Dutch captured Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and [[Axim]] in 1642 ([[Fort Saint Anthony|Fort St Anthony]]).<ref name="Ghana book" />
-European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the [[Swedes]], establishing the [[Swedish Gold Coast]] (''Svenska Guldkusten''), and [[Denmark–Norway]], establishing the [[Danish Gold Coast]] (''Danske Guldkyst'' or ''Dansk Guinea'').<ref name="History of Ghana">{{cite web |title=History of Ghana |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215170543/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/ |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=10 January 2011 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> European traders participated in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in this area.<ref name="Emmer">{{cite book |last=Emmer |first=Pieter C. |edition=1st |series=Variorum Collected Studies (Book 614) |title=The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880: Trade, Slavery, and Emancipation (Variorum Collected Studies) |page=17 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-86078-697-9}}</ref> More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the [[Brandenburger Gold Coast]] or Groß Friedrichsburg.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Bush Praises Strong Leadership of Ghanaian President Kufuor |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220141/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=26 June 2010 |work=iipdigital.usembassy.gov}}</ref> In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Gold Coast]].<ref name="colestablish">MacLean, Iain (2001), ''Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair'', p. 76, {{ISBN|0-19-829529-4}}.</ref> Military engagements occurred between British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of [[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]] defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long [[Anglo-Ashanti wars]] and eventually lost with the [[War of the Golden Stool]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |author=Puri, Jyoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEL4ToU8JSQC&pg=PA76 |title=Encountering Nationalism |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-77672-8 |pages=76– |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915131854/https://books.google.com/books?id=tEL4ToU8JSQC&pg=PA76 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chronology of world history">Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1975), ''Chronology of World History: A Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973'', Part 1973, [[Rowman & Littlefield]], {{ISBN|0-87471-765-5}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpwoVQ8?url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580620_3/Ashanti_Kingdom.html Ashanti Kingdom], Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009, Archived 31 October 2009.</ref>
+European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the [[Swedes]], establishing the [[Swedish Gold Coast]] (''Svenska Guldkusten''), and [[Denmark–Norway]], establishing the [[Danish Gold Coast]] (''Danske Guldkyst'' or ''Dansk Guinea'').<ref name="History of Ghana">{{cite web |title=History of Ghana |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215170543/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/ |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=10 January 2011 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> European traders participated in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in this area.<ref name="Emmer">{{cite book |last=Emmer |first=Pieter C. |edition=1st |series=Variorum Collected Studies (Book 614) |title=The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880: Trade, Slavery, and Emancipation (Variorum Collected Studies) |page=17 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-86078-697-9}}</ref> More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the [[Brandenburger Gold Coast]] or Groß Friedrichsburg.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Bush Praises Strong Leadership of Ghanaian President Kufuor |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220141/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=26 June 2010 |work=iipdigital.usembassy.gov}}</ref> In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Gold Coast]].<ref name="colestablish">MacLean, Iain (2001), ''Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair'', p. 76, {{ISBN|0-19-829529-4}}.</ref> [[Military]] engagements occurred between the British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of [[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]] defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long [[Anglo-Ashanti wars]] and eventually lost with the [[War of the Golden Stool]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last=Puri|first=Jyoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEL4ToU8JSQC&pg=PA76 |title=Encountering Nationalism |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-77672-8 |pages=76– |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915131854/https://books.google.com/books?id=tEL4ToU8JSQC&pg=PA76 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chronology of world history">Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1975), ''Chronology of World History: A Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973'', Part 1973, [[Rowman & Littlefield]], {{ISBN|0-87471-765-5}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpwoVQ8?url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580620_3/Ashanti_Kingdom.html "Ashanti Kingdom"], Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 31 October 2009.</ref>
 ===Transition to independence===
@@ Line 134: / Line 158: @@
 | image1 = Ghana Independence overprint on Gold Coast 1s stamp 1957.jpg
 | caption1 = A Gold Coast postage stamp overprinted for Ghanaian independence in 1957
-| image2 = Ghana (1957-03-07 A New Nation).ogg|thumbtime=0:55
+| image2 = Ghana (1957-03-07 A New Nation).ogg|thumbtime2=0:55
 | caption2 = Celebrations marking Ghana's independence on 6 March 1957
 | direction = vertical
 }}
-In 1947, the newly formed [[United Gold Coast Convention]] led by [[The Big Six (Ghana)|"The Big Six"]] called for "self-government within the shortest possible time" following the [[1946 Gold Coast general election|1946 Gold Coast legislative election]].<ref name="History of Ghana"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Gocking, Roger |title=The History of Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31894-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock/page/92 92]– |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]], a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country's first [[Prime Minister of Ghana|prime minister]] and [[President of Ghana|president]], formed the [[Convention People's Party]] in 1949 with the motto "self-government now".<ref name="History of Ghana"/> The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to one year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's [[1951 Gold Coast general election|1951 general election]], he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison.<ref name="History of Ghana"/> He became prime minister in 1952 and began a policy of Africanization.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
+In 1947, the newly formed [[United Gold Coast Convention]] led by [[The Big Six (Ghana)|"The Big Six"]] called for "self-government within the shortest possible time." Following the [[1946 Gold Coast general election|1946 Gold Coast legislative election]].<ref name="History of Ghana"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Gocking|first=Roger |title=The History of Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31894-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock/page/92 92]– |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]], a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country's first [[Prime Minister of Ghana|prime minister]] and [[President of Ghana|president]], formed the [[Convention People's Party]] in 1949 with the motto "self-government now".<ref name="History of Ghana"/> The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to one year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's [[1951 Gold Coast general election|1951 general election]], he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison.<ref name="History of Ghana"/>
-At midnight on 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and [[British Togoland]] were unified as one single independent dominion within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] under the name Ghana. This was done under the [[Ghana Independence Act 1957]]. The current [[flag of Ghana]], consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification.<ref name="Ghana flag and description">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/ghana.htm |title=Ghana flag and description |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224131743/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/ghana.htm |archive-date=24 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 July 1960, following the [[1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|Ghanaian constitutional referendum]] and [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|Ghanaian presidential election]], Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency.<ref name="Universal Newsreel"/><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa"/><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization" /><ref name="History of Ghana"/> 6 March is the nation's [[Independence Day (Ghana)|Independence Day]], and 1 July is celebrated as [[Republic Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africa.com/5-things-know-ghana-independence-day/ |title=5 Things To Know About Ghana's Independence Day |website=Africa.com |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225301/https://www.africa.com/5-things-know-ghana-independence-day/ |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/What-is-Republic-Day-in-Ghana-615882 |title=What is Republic Day in Ghana? |last=Oquaye |first=Mike |date=10 January 2018 |website=GhanaWeb |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211559/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/What-is-Republic-Day-in-Ghana-615882 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+At midnight on 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and [[British Togoland]] were unified as one single independent dominion within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] under the name Ghana. This was done under the [[Ghana Independence Act 1957]]. The current [[flag of Ghana]], consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification.<ref name="Ghana flag and description">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/ghana.htm |title=Ghana flag and description |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224131743/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/ghana.htm |archive-date=24 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 July 1960, following the [[1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|Ghanaian constitutional referendum]] and [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|Ghanaian presidential election]], Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency.<ref name="Universal Newsreel"/><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa"/><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization" /><ref name="History of Ghana"/> The nation's [[Independence Day (Ghana)|Independence Day]] is 6 March, and 1 July is celebrated as [[Republic Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africa.com/5-things-know-ghana-independence-day/ |title=5 Things To Know About Ghana's Independence Day |website=Africa.com |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225301/https://www.africa.com/5-things-know-ghana-independence-day/ |archive-date=10 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/What-is-Republic-Day-in-Ghana-615882 |title=What is Republic Day in Ghana? |last=Oquaye |first=Mike |date=10 January 2018 |website=GhanaWeb |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211559/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/What-is-Republic-Day-in-Ghana-615882 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Nkrumah led an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regime in Ghana, as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were not free and fair.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazrui |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Mazrui|date=1966 |title=Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar |journal=[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]] |issue=26 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.2307/2934320 |jstor=2934320 |issn=0041-1191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kilson |first=Martin L. |date=1963 |title=Authoritarian and Single-Party Tendencies in African Politics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/authoritarian-and-singleparty-tendencies-in-african-politics/C06E363B216E1DC2324E77AABDE4FE40 |journal=World Politics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=262–294 |doi=10.2307/2009376 |jstor=2009376 |s2cid=154624186 |issn=1086-3338 |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201210711/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/authoritarian-and-singleparty-tendencies-in-african-politics/C06E363B216E1DC2324E77AABDE4FE40 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretton |first=Henry L. |date=1958 |title=Current Political Thought and Practice in Ghana* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/current-political-thought-and-practice-in-ghana/01D51435240B4DD2FFCDF67F554FA682 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=46–63 |doi=10.2307/1953012 |jstor=1953012 |s2cid=145766298 |issn=1537-5943 |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201201816/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/current-political-thought-and-practice-in-ghana/01D51435240B4DD2FFCDF67F554FA682 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah: visionary, authoritarian ruler and national hero |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ghanas-kwame-nkrumah-visionary-authoritarian-ruler-and-national-hero/a-19070359|first=Hilke|last=Fischer |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201182454/https://www.dw.com/en/ghanas-kwame-nkrumah-visionary-authoritarian-ruler-and-national-hero/a-19070359 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-03 |title=Portrait of Nkrumah as Dictator |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/portrait-of-nkrumah-as-dictator.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201205439/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/portrait-of-nkrumah-as-dictator.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1964, a [[1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|constitutional amendment]] made Ghana a [[one-party state]], with Nkrumah as [[president for life]] of both the nation and its party.<ref>{{Citation |title=VII. The Reluctant Nation |date=1964-12-31 |work=One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast |pages=219–249 |place=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400876563-012 |isbn=978-1-4008-7656-3 }}</ref> Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of [[Pan-Africanism]], which he had been introduced to during his studies at [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]], Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when [[Marcus Garvey]] was known for his "Back to Africa Movement".<ref name="History of Ghana" /> He merged the teachings of Garvey, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] into the formation of 1960s Ghana.<ref name="History of Ghana" /> Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and in establishing the [[Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute]] to teach his ideologies of [[communism]] and [[socialism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Atta-Boakye|first=Ken |title=Of Nkrumah's Political Ideologies: Communism, Socialism, Nkrumaism |work=GhanaWeb |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110817 |publisher=Ghana Web |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725015602/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110817 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a [[Public holidays in Ghana|public holiday in Ghana]] ([[Founders' Day (Ghana)|Founders' Day]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Founders' day to be placed on Ghana's Holiday Calendar|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html |publisher=Modern Ghana |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093111/http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] led an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regime in Ghana, repressing political opposition and conducting elections that were not [[Free and fair election | free and fair]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazrui |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Mazrui|date=1966 |title=Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar |journal=[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]] |issue=26 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.2307/2934320 |jstor=2934320 |issn=0041-1191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kilson |first=Martin L. |date=1963 |title=Authoritarian and Single-Party Tendencies in African Politics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/authoritarian-and-singleparty-tendencies-in-african-politics/C06E363B216E1DC2324E77AABDE4FE40 |journal=World Politics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=262–294 |doi=10.2307/2009376 |jstor=2009376 |s2cid=154624186 |issn=1086-3338 |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201210711/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/authoritarian-and-singleparty-tendencies-in-african-politics/C06E363B216E1DC2324E77AABDE4FE40 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretton |first=Henry L. |date=1958 |title=Current Political Thought and Practice in Ghana* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/current-political-thought-and-practice-in-ghana/01D51435240B4DD2FFCDF67F554FA682 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=46–63 |doi=10.2307/1953012 |jstor=1953012 |s2cid=145766298 |issn=1537-5943 |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201201816/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/current-political-thought-and-practice-in-ghana/01D51435240B4DD2FFCDF67F554FA682 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah: visionary, authoritarian ruler and national hero |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ghanas-kwame-nkrumah-visionary-authoritarian-ruler-and-national-hero/a-19070359|first=Hilke|last=Fischer |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201182454/https://www.dw.com/en/ghanas-kwame-nkrumah-visionary-authoritarian-ruler-and-national-hero/a-19070359 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-03 |title=Portrait of Nkrumah as Dictator |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/portrait-of-nkrumah-as-dictator.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201205439/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/portrait-of-nkrumah-as-dictator.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1964, a [[1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|constitutional amendment]] made Ghana a [[one-party state]], with Nkrumah as [[president for life]] of both the nation and its party.<ref>{{Cite book |first = Aristide R. | last = Zolberg | chapter=VII. The Reluctant Nation |date=2016 | orig-date = 1964 |title=One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast |pages=219–249 |place=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400876563-012 |isbn=978-1-4008-7656-3 }}</ref> Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of [[Pan-Africanism]], which he had been introduced to during his studies at [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]], Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when [[Marcus Garvey]] was known for his "Back to Africa Movement".<ref name="History of Ghana" /> He merged the teachings of Garvey, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] into the formation of 1960s Ghana.<ref name="History of Ghana" /> Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and in establishing the [[Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute]] to teach his ideologies of [[communism]] and [[socialism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Atta-Boakye|first=Ken |title=Of Nkrumah's Political Ideologies: Communism, Socialism, Nkrumaism |website=GhanaWeb |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110817 |publisher=Ghana Web |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725015602/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=110817 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a [[Public holidays in Ghana|public holiday in Ghana]] ([[Founders' Day (Ghana)|Founders' Day]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Founders' day to be placed on Ghana's Holiday Calendar|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html |website=Modern Ghana |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093111/http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Operation Cold Chop and aftermath===
 {{main|History of Ghana (1966–1979)}}
-The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown in a coup by the [[Ghana Armed Forces]], codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with [[Zhou Enlai]] in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, to help end the [[Vietnam War]]. The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel [[Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka]] and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The [[National Liberation Council]] was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|Joseph A. Ankrah]].<ref name="political & social thought of Kwame Nkrumah">{{cite web |url=http://libyadiary.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/pdf-2011-the-political-and-social-thought-of-kwame-nkrumah.pdf |title=The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah |first=Ama|last=Biney|author-link=Ama Biney|year=2011 |access-date=28 April 2014 |work=Libyadiary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052034/http://libyadiary.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/pdf-2011-the-political-and-social-thought-of-kwame-nkrumah.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoro |first=Issah |date=24 February 2015 |title=The Other Side Of Operation Cold Chop' |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/600560/the-other-side-of-operation-cold-chop.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Modern Ghana |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708061634/https://www.modernghana.com/news/600560/the-other-side-of-operation-cold-chop.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-A series of alternating military and civilian governments, often affected by economic instabilities,<ref>{{cite book |title=A Country Study: Ghana |last=David |first=Owusu-Ansah |publisher=La Verle Berry |year=1994}}</ref> ruled Ghana from 1966, ending with the ascent to power of [[Flight lieutenant|Flight Lieutenant]] [[Jerry Rawlings|Jerry John Rawlings]] of the [[Provisional National Defence Council]] in 1981.<ref name="Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings)">{{cite news |url=http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/424/ |title=Ghana: Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings) |work=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191244/http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/424/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> These changes resulted in the suspension of the [[Constitution of Ghana|constitution]] in 1981 and the banning of [[List of political parties in Ghana|political parties]].<ref name="Rawlings: The legacy">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1050310.stm |title=Rawlings: The legacy |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2000 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828010357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1050310.stm |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The economy soon declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing many old economic policies, and growth recovered during the mid-1980s.<ref name="Rawlings: The legacy"/> A new constitution restoring [[multi-party system]] politics was promulgated in the [[1992 Ghanaian presidential election|presidential election of 1992]], in which Rawlings was elected, and again in the [[1996 Ghanaian general election|general election of 1996]].<ref name="Elections in Ghana">{{cite web |title=Elections in Ghana |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/gh.html |work=Africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530060759/http://africanelections.tripod.com/gh.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown in a coup by the [[Ghana Armed Forces]], codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with [[Zhou Enlai]] in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, to help end the [[Vietnam War]]. The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel [[Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka]] and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The [[National Liberation Council]] was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|Joseph A. Ankrah]].<ref name="political & social thought of Kwame Nkrumah">{{cite web |url=http://libyadiary.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/pdf-2011-the-political-and-social-thought-of-kwame-nkrumah.pdf |title=The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah |first=Ama|last=Biney|author-link=Ama Biney|year=2011 |access-date=28 April 2014 |website=Libyadiary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052034/http://libyadiary.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/pdf-2011-the-political-and-social-thought-of-kwame-nkrumah.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoro |first=Issah |date=24 February 2015 |title=The Other Side Of Operation Cold Chop' |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/600560/the-other-side-of-operation-cold-chop.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Modern Ghana |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708061634/https://www.modernghana.com/news/600560/the-other-side-of-operation-cold-chop.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+A series of alternating military and civilian governments, often affected by economic instabilities,<ref>{{cite book |title=A Country Study: Ghana |last=David |first=Owusu-Ansah |publisher=La Verle Berry |year=1994}}</ref> ruled Ghana from 1966, ending with the ascent to power of [[Flight lieutenant|Flight Lieutenant]] [[Jerry Rawlings|Jerry John Rawlings]] of the [[Provisional National Defence Council]] in 1981.<ref name="Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings)">{{cite news |url=http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/424/ |title=Ghana: Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings) |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191244/http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/424/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> These changes resulted in the suspension of the [[Constitution of Ghana|constitution]] in 1981 and the banning of [[List of political parties in Ghana|political parties]].<ref name="Rawlings: The legacy">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1050310.stm |title=Rawlings: The legacy |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2000 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828010357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1050310.stm |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The economy soon declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing many old economic policies, and growth recovered during the mid-1980s.<ref name="Rawlings: The legacy"/> A new constitution restoring [[multi-party system]] politics was promulgated in the [[1992 Ghanaian presidential election|presidential election of 1992]], in which Rawlings was elected, and again in the [[1996 Ghanaian general election|general election of 1996]].<ref name="Elections in Ghana">{{cite web |title=Elections in Ghana |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/gh.html |website=Africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530060759/http://africanelections.tripod.com/gh.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 In a [[Konkomba–Nanumba conflict|tribal war]] in [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Ghana]] in 1994, between the [[Konkomba people|Konkomba]] and other ethnic groups, including the [[Nanumba people|Nanumba]], [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]] and [[Gonja people|Gonja]], between 1,000 and 2,000 people were killed and 150,000 people were displaced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be33c.html |title=Refworld {{!}} Ghana: Conflict between the Konkomba and Nanumba tribes and the government response to the conflict (1994 – September 2000) |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |website=Refworld |date=26 September 2000 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426203557/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be33c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 155: / Line 180: @@
 After the [[2000 Ghanaian general election|2000 general election]], [[John Kufuor]] of the [[New Patriotic Party]] became president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and was [[2004 Ghanaian general election|re-elected in 2004]], thus also serving two terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another.<ref name="Elections in Ghana"/>
-[[Nana Akufo-Addo]], the ruling party candidate, was defeated in a very close [[2008 Ghanaian general election|2008 general election]] by [[John Atta Mills]] of the [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kokutse |first=Francis |title=Opposition leader wins presidency in Ghana |agency=Associated Press |date=3 January 2009 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-01-03-ghana-election_N.htm |work=USA Today |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072058/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-01-03-ghana-election_N.htm |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel, "The 2008 Freedom House Survey: Another Step Forward for Ghana." ''Journal of Democracy'' 20.2 (2009): 138–152 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262756/summary excerpt]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818201829/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262756/summary |date=18 August 2022 }}.</ref> Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President [[John Mahama]] on 24 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Nossiter |title=John Atta Mills, President of Ghana, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/world/africa/john-atta-mills-ghanas-president-dies-68.html |work=The New York Times |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709161829/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/world/africa/john-atta-mills-ghanas-president-dies-68.html |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012 general election]], Mahama became president in his own right,<ref name="Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in">{{cite news |url=http://english.sina.com/world/p/2013/0107/545991.html |title=Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in |publisher=[[Sina Corp]] |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011622/http://english.sina.com/world/p/2013/0107/545991.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Ghana was described as a "stable democracy".<ref name="OBG2012">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Economy: Keep calm and carry on: A strong and stable democracy has been built over the years |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/ghana/2012-report/economy/keep-calm-and-carry-on-a-strong-and-stable-democracy-has-been-built-over-the-years |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423125221/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/ghana/2012-report/economy/keep-calm-and-carry-on-a-strong-and-stable-democracy-has-been-built-over-the-years |archive-date=23 April 2023 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BTI 2016: Ghana Country Report |url=https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2016_GHA.pdf |website=BTI Transformation Index |publisher=[[Bertelsmann Stiftung]] |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127192937/https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2016_GHA.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |location=Gütersloh |date=2016}}</ref> As a result of the [[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016 general election]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yen.com.gh/85240-what-world-media-ghanas-2016-elections.html#85240 |title=What the world media is saying about Ghana's 2016 elections – YEN.COM.GH|first=M. |last=Quarshie |date=7 December 2016 |work=yen.com.gh |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208122522/https://yen.com.gh/85240-what-world-media-ghanas-2016-elections.html#85240 |archive-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] became president on 7 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Presidential Results |url=http://www.thumbsapp.com.gh/ |website=Ghana Electoral Commission |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519211542/http://www.thumbsapp.com.gh/ |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was re-elected after a tightly contested [[2020 Ghanaian general election|election in 2020]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55236356 |title=Ghana election: Nana Akufo-Addo re-elected as president |work=BBC News |date=9 December 2020 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209194653/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55236356 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Nana Akufo-Addo]], the ruling party candidate, was defeated in a very close [[2008 Ghanaian general election|2008 general election]] by [[John Atta Mills]] of the [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kokutse |first=Francis |title=Opposition leader wins presidency in Ghana |agency=Associated Press |date=3 January 2009 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-01-03-ghana-election_N.htm |work=USA Today |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072058/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-01-03-ghana-election_N.htm |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel, "The 2008 Freedom House Survey: Another Step Forward for Ghana." ''Journal of Democracy'' 20.2 (2009): 138–152 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262756/summary excerpt]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818201829/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262756/summary |date=18 August 2022 }}.</ref> Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President [[John Mahama]] on 24 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Nossiter |title=John Atta Mills, President of Ghana, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/world/africa/john-atta-mills-ghanas-president-dies-68.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709161829/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/world/africa/john-atta-mills-ghanas-president-dies-68.html |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012 general election]], Mahama became president in his own right,<ref name="Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in">{{cite news |url=http://english.sina.com/world/p/2013/0107/545991.html |title=Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in |publisher=[[Sina Corp]] |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011622/http://english.sina.com/world/p/2013/0107/545991.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Ghana was described as a "stable democracy".<ref name="OBG2012">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Economy: Keep calm and carry on: A strong and stable democracy has been built over the years |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/ghana/2012-report/economy/keep-calm-and-carry-on-a-strong-and-stable-democracy-has-been-built-over-the-years |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423125221/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/ghana/2012-report/economy/keep-calm-and-carry-on-a-strong-and-stable-democracy-has-been-built-over-the-years |archive-date=23 April 2023 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BTI 2016: Ghana Country Report |url=https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2016_GHA.pdf |website=BTI Transformation Index |publisher=[[Bertelsmann Stiftung]] |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127192937/https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2016_GHA.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |location=Gütersloh |date=2016}}</ref> As a result of the [[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016 general election]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yen.com.gh/85240-what-world-media-ghanas-2016-elections.html#85240 |title=What the world media is saying about Ghana's 2016 elections – YEN.COM.GH|first=M. |last=Quarshie |date=7 December 2016 |website=yen.com.gh |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208122522/https://yen.com.gh/85240-what-world-media-ghanas-2016-elections.html#85240 |archive-date=8 December 2016 }}</ref> Nana Akufo-Addo became president on 7 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Presidential Results |url=http://www.thumbsapp.com.gh/ |website=Ghana Electoral Commission |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519211542/http://www.thumbsapp.com.gh/ |archive-date=19 May 2017 }}</ref> He was re-elected after a tightly contested [[2020 Ghanaian general election|election in 2020]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55236356 |title=Ghana election: Nana Akufo-Addo re-elected as president |website=BBC News |date=9 December 2020 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209194653/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55236356 |url-status=live}}</ref> John Mahama is now the president after being elected again in [[2024 Ghanaian general election|2024]], by beating [[Mahamudu Bawumia]] by the 4th largest margin since 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Ghana presidential election result 2024: Region by region breakdown of Ghana election results |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c4gw75gjxzwo |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref>
-To combat deforestation, on 11 June 2021 Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day, with the aim of planting five million trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planting of Five Million Tres on 11th June, 2021 the Green Ghana in the Bosomtwe Constituency {{!}} Bosomtwe District Assembly |url=http://www.bosomtwe.gov.gh/article/planting-five-million-trees-11th-june2021-green-ghana-bosomtwe-constituency |website=www.bosomtwe.gov.gh |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216230232/http://www.bosomtwe.gov.gh/article/planting-five-million-trees-11th-june2021-green-ghana-bosomtwe-constituency |url-status=live}}</ref>
+To combat deforestation, on 11 June 2021, Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day, with the aim of planting five million trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planting of Five Million Tres on 11th June, 2021 the Green Ghana in the Bosomtwe Constituency {{!}} Bosomtwe District Assembly |url=http://www.bosomtwe.gov.gh/article/planting-five-million-trees-11th-june2021-green-ghana-bosomtwe-constituency |website=www.bosomtwe.gov.gh |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216230232/http://www.bosomtwe.gov.gh/article/planting-five-million-trees-11th-june2021-green-ghana-bosomtwe-constituency |url-status=live}}</ref>
+== Geography ==
+{{Main|Geography of Ghana|Geology of Ghana}}
-==Geography==
-{{Main|Geography of Ghana|Geology of Ghana|}}
 {{See also|Biodiversity of Ghana}}
-{{ multiple images
+{{multiple images
-| align=right
+| align             = right
-|image1=Ghana Topography.png
+| image1            = Ghana Topography.png
-|caption1 =[[Topographic map]]
+| caption1          = [[Topographic map]]
-|image2=Ghana sat.png
+| image2            = Ghana sat.png
-|caption2=[[Satellite imagery|Satellite image]]
+| caption2          = [[Satellite imagery|Satellite image]]
-|total_width=330
+| total_width       = 330
 }}
-Ghana is located on the [[Gulf of Guinea]], a few degrees north of the [[Equator]].<ref name="Geography Physical"/> It spans an area of {{convert|238540|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Geography Physical">{{cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_physical_setting.html |title=Ghana: Geography Physical |publisher=photius.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060123/http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_physical_setting.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}, {{cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_location_and_size.html |title=Ghana: Location and Size |publisher=photius.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060248/http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_location_and_size.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has an Atlantic coastline that stretches {{convert|560|km|mi|abbr=off}} on the Gulf of Guinea in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to its south.<ref name="Geography Physical"/> [[Dodi Island]] and [[Bobowasi Island]] are near the south coast.<ref name="Ghana low plains">{{cite web |title=Ghana low plains |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_the_low_plains.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060245/http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_the_low_plains.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=photius.com}}</ref> It lies between latitudes 4°45'N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15'E and 3°15'W. The [[prime meridian]] passes through Ghana, specifically through [[Tema]].<ref name="Geography Physical"/> Ghana is geographically closer to the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator than any other country, since this point, (0°, 0°), is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614&nbsp;km (382&nbsp;mi) off the south-east coast of Ghana.
+Ghana lies on the [[Gulf of Guinea]] in [[West Africa]], a few degrees north of the [[Equator]]. It covers {{convert|238540|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and has an [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coastline of about {{convert|560|km|mi|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Geography Physical">{{cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_physical_setting.html |title=Ghana: Geography Physical |publisher=photius.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060123/http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_physical_setting.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}, {{cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_location_and_size.html |title=Ghana: Location and Size |publisher=photius.com |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060248/http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_location_and_size.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is situated between latitudes 4°45′N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15′E and 3°15′W. The [[Prime Meridian]] passes through [[Tema]], near Accra, making Ghana the country closest to the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator (0°, 0°), located offshore in the Atlantic.<ref name="Geography Physical"/>
 Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana, with forest extending northward from the coast {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=off}} and eastward for a maximum of about {{convert|270|km|mi|abbr=off}} with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber.<ref name="Geography Physical"/> Ghana is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: [[Eastern Guinean forests]], [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic]], [[West Sudanian savanna]], [[Central African mangroves]], and [[Guinean mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-The [[White Volta]] River and its tributary [[Black Volta]], flow south through Ghana to [[Lake Volta]], the world's [[List of reservoirs by volume|third-largest reservoir by volume]] and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric [[Akosombo Dam]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.water-technology.net/features/feature-ten-largest-dams-in-the-world-reservoirs/ |title=Top 10 biggest dams |work=Water Technology |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182444/https://www.water-technology.net/features/feature-ten-largest-dams-in-the-world-reservoirs/ |url-status=live}}</ref> completed in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Akosombo dam |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=ghanaweb.com |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanamaritime.org/uploads/39536-profile-of-major-rivers-in-ghana.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215083109/http://www.ghanamaritime.org/uploads/39536-profile-of-major-rivers-in-ghana.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-15 |url-status=live |title=Profile of Major Rivers in Ghana |work=Ghana Maritime Authority |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is [[Cape Three Points]].<ref name="Geography Physical" />{{clear}}
+The [[White Volta]] River and its tributary [[Black Volta]], flow south through Ghana to [[Lake Volta]], the world's [[List of reservoirs by volume|third-largest reservoir by volume]] and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric [[Akosombo Dam]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.water-technology.net/features/feature-ten-largest-dams-in-the-world-reservoirs/ |title=Top 10 biggest dams |work=Water Technology |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182444/https://www.water-technology.net/features/feature-ten-largest-dams-in-the-world-reservoirs/ |url-status=live}}</ref> completed in 1965.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=History of Akosombo dam |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=ghanaweb.com |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanamaritime.org/uploads/39536-profile-of-major-rivers-in-ghana.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215083109/http://www.ghanamaritime.org/uploads/39536-profile-of-major-rivers-in-ghana.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-15 |url-status=live |title=Profile of Major Rivers in Ghana |work=Ghana Maritime Authority |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is [[Cape Three Points]].<ref name="Geography Physical" />{{clear}}
 [[File:Ghana Regions map.png|upright=1.35|thumb|right|{{center|Map with [[national border]], [[geographical region]]s and [[Plain|terrestrial plains]] colour-coded}}]]
@@ Line 204: / Line 230: @@
 | [[Wa, Ghana|Wa]], [[Bolgatanga]], [[Mole National Park]]
 | [[Savanna]] plains and north Ghana [[trade route]] and [[border crossing]]
-|}
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+ Landmarks, borders and regions
-|- style="background:#eee;"
-| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Settlements'''
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Accra]]
-|style="text-align:center;"| [[Seat of Government]] and Capital city.
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Bolgatanga]]
-|style="text-align:center;"| [[Paga Crocodile Pond]] location.
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Cape Coast]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|[[Cape Coast Castle]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Elmina]]
-|style="text-align:center;"| [[Coast]]al town with [[Elmina Castle]].
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Koforidua]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|[[Aburi Botanical Gardens]] location.
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Kumasi]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|Traditional centre of the [[Kingdom of Ashanti]].
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Obuasi]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|World's ninth largest [[gold mine]] location; and [[mining town]].
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Sekondi-Takoradi]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|[[Surfing]] beaches such as [[Busua Beach]],<ref name="11 of the world's most unusual surf spots">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/unusual-surf-spots/index.html |title=11 of the world's most unusual surf spots |work=CNN |publisher=CNN |first=Tamara |last=Hinson |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411081223/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/13/travel/unusual-surf-spots/ |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s.
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|Largest settlement in the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] and gateway to [[Mole National Park]].
-|-
-|border = "1"|[[Yendi, Ghana|Yendi]]
-|style="text-align:center;"|Traditional Capital of the [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] and seat of [[Yaa Naa]].
-|-
-|[[Akosombo]]
-| style="text-align: center;" |World's largest artificial reservoir lake with [[Akosombo Dam|Akosombo dam]]
 |}
 === Climate ===
 {{Main|Climate of Ghana|Climate change in Ghana}}
-The [[climate of Ghana]] is [[tropical climate|tropical]], and there is [[wet season]] and [[dry season]].<ref name="UNDP Climate">{{cite web |title=UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana |url=http://ncsp.undp.org/document/undp-climate-change-country-profile-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055503/http://ncsp.undp.org/document/undp-climate-change-country-profile-11 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013 |work=ncsp.undp.org}}</ref> Ghana sits at the intersection of three hydro-climatic zones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407044029/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Climatelinks |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dahomey Gap|eastern coastal belt]] is warm and comparatively dry, the south-west corner of Ghana is hot and [[Humidity|humid]], and the north of Ghana is hot and dry.<ref name="Ghana high plains">{{cite web |title=Ghana high plains |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_the_high_plains.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |work=photius.com}}</ref>
-[[Climate change in Ghana]] is having significant impacts on the people of Ghana. Increasing temperatures and changes in [[rainfall]], [[extreme weather]], [[drought]], [[Wildfire|wild fires]], [[flood]]s and [[Sea level rise|sea-level rise]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=Ghana's coastline, swallowed by the sea |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2021-1/ghanas-coastline-swallowed-sea |access-date=2023-03-16 |work=UNESCO}}</ref> are expected to negatively affect the country's infrastructure, hydropower production, [[food security]], [[water supply]], and coastal and agricultural [[livelihood]]s such as farming and fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tuebner |first=Robert |date=7 June 2023 |title=Ghana Climate Change Report |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Ghana%20Climate%20Change%20Report%20_Accra_Ghana_GH2023-0008.pdf |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service}}</ref><ref name="climatelinks">{{cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Climate Risk Profile: Ghana |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=USAID |via=climatelinks.org |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140733/https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Ghana's economy will be impacted by [[climate change]], due to its dependence on [[Climate sensitivity|climate-sensitive]] sectors such as [[agriculture]], [[energy]], and [[forestry]]. Diseases like [[malaria]], [[dengue fever]] and [[cholera]] are predicted to increase due to changes in water conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Awuni |first1=Stephen |last2=Adarkwah |first2=Francis |last3=Ofori |first3=Benjamin D. |last4=Purwestri |first4=Ratna Chrismiari |last5=Bernal |first5=Diana Carolina Huertas |last6=Hajek |first6=Miroslav |date=2023-05-01 |title=Managing the challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in Ghana |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e15491 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15491 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=10149250 |pmid=37131451|bibcode=2023Heliy...915491A }}</ref> Ghana signed the [[Paris Agreement]] in 2016. Ghana aims to avoid 64 million metric tons of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2030, compared to a business-as-usual scenario for 2020–2030. The country has committed to [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2060.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Ghana |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/GHA?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref>
+The [[climate of Ghana]] is [[tropical climate|tropical]], and there is [[wet season]] and [[dry season]].<ref name="UNDP Climate">{{cite web |title=UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana |url=http://ncsp.undp.org/document/undp-climate-change-country-profile-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055503/http://ncsp.undp.org/document/undp-climate-change-country-profile-11 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013 |website=ncsp.undp.org}}</ref> Ghana sits at the intersection of three hydro-climatic zones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407044029/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Climatelinks |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dahomey Gap|eastern coastal belt]] is warm and comparatively dry, the south-west corner of Ghana is hot and [[Humidity|humid]], and the north of Ghana is hot and dry.<ref name="Ghana high plains">{{cite web |title=Ghana high plains |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_the_high_plains.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |website=photius.com |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930004909/https://www.photius.com/countries/ghana/geography/ghana_geography_the_high_plains.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+[[Climate change in Ghana]] is having significant impacts on the people of Ghana. Increasing temperatures and changes in [[rainfall]], [[extreme weather]], [[drought]], [[Wildfire|wild fires]], [[flood]]s and [[Sea level rise|sea-level rise]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=Ghana's coastline, swallowed by the sea |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2021-1/ghanas-coastline-swallowed-sea |access-date=2023-03-16 |work=UNESCO |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321102628/https://en.unesco.org/courier/2021-1/ghanas-coastline-swallowed-sea |url-status=live }}</ref> are expected to negatively affect the country's infrastructure, hydropower production, [[food security]], [[water supply]], and coastal and agricultural [[livelihood]]s such as farming and fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tuebner |first=Robert |date=7 June 2023 |title=Ghana Climate Change Report |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Ghana%20Climate%20Change%20Report%20_Accra_Ghana_GH2023-0008.pdf |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503103203/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Ghana%20Climate%20Change%20Report%20_Accra_Ghana_GH2023-0008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="climatelinks">{{cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Climate Risk Profile: Ghana |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=USAID |via=climatelinks.org |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140733/https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127191008/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana's economy will be impacted by [[climate change]], due to its dependence on [[Climate sensitivity|climate-sensitive]] sectors such as [[agriculture]], [[energy]], and [[forestry]]. Diseases like [[malaria]], [[dengue fever]] and [[cholera]] are predicted to increase due to changes in water conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Awuni |first1=Stephen |last2=Adarkwah |first2=Francis |last3=Ofori |first3=Benjamin D. |last4=Purwestri |first4=Ratna Chrismiari |last5=Bernal |first5=Diana Carolina Huertas |last6=Hajek |first6=Miroslav |date=2023-05-01 |title=Managing the challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in Ghana |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=9 |issue=5 |article-number=e15491 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15491 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=10149250 |pmid=37131451|bibcode=2023Heliy...915491A }}</ref> Ghana signed the [[Paris Agreement]] in 2016. Ghana aims to avoid 64 million metric tons of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2030, compared to a business-as-usual scenario for 2020–2030. The country has committed to [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2060.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Ghana |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/GHA?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref>
+=== Relief and regions ===
+The country consists of low coastal plains, forested hills in the centre, and savanna in the north. Its main geographical units are:
+* the [[Coastal Plain]] along the Gulf of Guinea,
+* the [[Ashanti uplands]] in the centre,
+* the [[Volta Basin]] in the east, dominated by [[Lake Volta]],
+* the [[Northern Plains]] stretching to Burkina Faso.<ref name="Geography Physical"/>
+The highest point is [[Mount Afadja]] (885 m) in the Akwapim-Togo Range.<ref name="Geography Physical"/>
+=== Hydrology ===
+The [[Volta River]] system dominates Ghana. Its main tributaries, the [[White Volta]] and [[Black Volta]], converge in the north and flow into [[Lake Volta]], one of the world's largest artificial reservoirs, created by the [[Akosombo Dam]] in 1965.<ref name="auto2"/>
+The Volta exits into the Gulf of Guinea east of Accra. Other important rivers include the [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra River]], [[Ankobra River]], and [[Tano River]].<ref name="auto1"/>
+=== Extremities ===
+The northernmost settlement in Ghana is Pulmakong near the Burkina Faso border, while the southernmost point is [[Cape Three Points]].<ref name="Geography Physical"/>
 ==Politics==
 {{main|Government of Ghana|Politics of Ghana}}
 {{See also|Regions of Ghana}}
-[[File:Ghana Parliament House – Ghana Supreme Court – Osu Castle.JPG|thumb| [[Parliament House of Ghana]], the Supreme Court of Ghana and [[Judiciary of Ghana]] buildings and [[Jubilee House]] is the [[presidential palace]].]]
+[[File:Ghana Parliament House – Ghana Supreme Court – Osu Castle.JPG|thumb| [[Parliament House of Ghana]], the Supreme Court of Ghana, and [[Judiciary of Ghana]] buildings. [[Jubilee House]] is the [[presidential palace]].]]
-[[File:Presidents of Ghana and of the 4th Republic of Ghana.JPG|thumb| First President of the Republic of Ghana [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th presidents of the 4th Republic of Ghana [[Jerry Rawlings|Rawlings]]; [[John Kufuor|Kufuor]]; [[John Evans Atta Mills|Mills]] and [[John Dramani Mahama|Mahama]].]]
 Ghana is a [[Unitary executive theory|unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Liberal democracy|constitutional democracy]] with a parliamentary [[multi-party system]] that is dominated by two parties—the [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress (NDC)]] and the [[New Patriotic Party|New Patriotic Party (NPP)]]. Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993, when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after [[1992 Ghanaian presidential election|presidential]] and [[1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] in late 1992. The 1992 [[constitution of Ghana]] divides powers among a [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]] ([[President of Ghana]]), parliament ([[Parliament of Ghana]]), cabinet ([[Cabinet of Ghana]]), council of state ([[Council of State (Ghana)|Ghanaian Council of State]]), and an independent judiciary ([[Judiciary of Ghana]]). The government is elected by [[universal suffrage]] after every four years.<ref name="cs">"Government and Politics". ''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html A Country Study: Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713070609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html |date=13 July 2012}}'' (La Verle Berry, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html Lcweb2.loc.gov] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
-[[Nana Akufo-Addo]] won the presidency in the [[2016 Ghanaian general election|general election in 2016]], defeating incumbent [[John Mahama]]. He also won the [[2020 Ghanaian general election|2020 election]] after the presidential election results were challenged at the Supreme Court by flagbearer of the NDC, John Mahama. Presidents are limited to two four-year terms in office.
+The 2012 [[Fragile States Index]] indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/failed_states_index_2012_interactive |title=Foreignpolicy.com – Failed States List 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528161748/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/failed_states_index_2012_interactive |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 [[Corruption Perceptions Index|Transparency International Corruption Perception Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 |publisher=[[Corruption Perceptions Index|Transparency International Corruption Perception Index]] |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528032608/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cddghana.org/documents/Curbing%20Corruption%20and%20Improving%20Economic%20Governance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510115831/http://www.cddghana.org/documents/Curbing%20Corruption%20and%20Improving%20Economic%20Governance.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |title=Curbing Corruption and Improving Economic Governance: The Case of Ghana |publisher=Ghana Center for Democratic Development |access-date=1 June 2013 |page=5 |last=Agyeman-Duah|first=Baffour }}</ref> Ghana was ranked seventh in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]]. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables that reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/ |title=Mo Ibrahim Foundation – 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) |publisher=Moibrahimfoundation.org |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530015728/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/ |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> According to 2023 [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Ghana is ranked 67th electoral democracy worldwide and 10th [[democracy in Africa|electoral democracy in Africa]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The 2012 [[Fragile States Index]] indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/failed_states_index_2012_interactive |title=Foreignpolicy.com – Failed States List 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528161748/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/failed_states_index_2012_interactive |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 [[Corruption Perceptions Index|Transparency International Corruption Perception Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 |publisher=[[Corruption Perceptions Index|Transparency International Corruption Perception Index]] |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528032608/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cddghana.org/documents/Curbing%20Corruption%20and%20Improving%20Economic%20Governance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510115831/http://www.cddghana.org/documents/Curbing%20Corruption%20and%20Improving%20Economic%20Governance.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |title=Curbing Corruption and Improving Economic Governance: The Case of Ghana |publisher=Ghana Center for Democratic Development |access-date=1 June 2013 |page=5 |author=Agyeman-Duah, Baffour}}</ref> Ghana was ranked seventh in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]]. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/ |title=Mo Ibrahim Foundation – 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) |publisher=Moibrahimfoundation.org |year=2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530015728/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/ |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> According to 2023 [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Ghana is ranked 67th electoral democracy worldwide and 10th [[democracy in Africa|electoral democracy in Africa]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Foreign relations===
 {{main|Foreign relations of Ghana}}
 [[File:Kofi Annan at OYW.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kofi Annan]], Ghanaian diplomat and United Nations Secretary-General 1997–2006]]
 Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Ghana favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the [[United Nations]] and the [[African Union]].<ref name="H. E. Mr. Ken Kanda">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/ghana/ |title=Official page of Nations Permanent Mission of Ghana to the United Nations |access-date=20 May 2012 |date=20 September 2011 |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501042954/http://www.un.int/ghana/ |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Ghana has a strong relationship with the United States. Three recent U.S. presidents—[[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], and [[Barack Obama]]—and a Vice President—[[Kamala Harris]]—have made diplomatic trips to Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=US Vice President Kamala Harris' full speech upon arrival in Ghana - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/us-vice-president-kamala-harris-full-speech-upon-arrival-in-ghana/|first=Kenneth Awotwe |last=Darko  |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329174643/https://www.myjoyonline.com/us-vice-president-kamala-harris-full-speech-upon-arrival-in-ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[International Criminal Court]] Judge [[Akua Kuenyehia]], as well as former President [[Jerry Rawlings|Jerry John Rawlings]] and former President [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], who both served as diplomats of the United Nations.<ref name=cs/> The most notable among diplomats from Ghana is [[Kofi Annan]], who served as the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations.
+Three U.S. presidents have made diplomatic trips to Ghana ([[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]] and [[Barack Obama]]), along with a Vice President ([[Kamala Harris]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=US Vice President Kamala Harris' full speech upon arrival in Ghana - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/us-vice-president-kamala-harris-full-speech-upon-arrival-in-ghana/|first=Kenneth Awotwe |last=Darko  |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329174643/https://www.myjoyonline.com/us-vice-president-kamala-harris-full-speech-upon-arrival-in-ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[International Criminal Court]] Judge [[Akua Kuenyehia]], and former President [[Jerry Rawlings|Jerry John Rawlings]] and former President [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], who both served as diplomats of the United Nations.<ref name=cs/>
-In September 2010, President [[John Atta Mills]] visited China on an official visit. Mills and China's former President [[Hu Jintao]] marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two nations, at the [[Great Hall of the People]].<ref name="Hu Jintao-John Atta Mills">{{cite web |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/2999/3001/t755583.htm |title=Hu Jintao Holds Talks with President of Ghana Mills |access-date=4 January 2012 |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627115536/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/2999/3001/t755583.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China]], [[Zhou Tienong]] who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's president [[John Mahama]].<ref name="Xinhua2011">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-11/12/c_122269189.htm |title=Visiting senior Chinese official lauds Ghana for political stability, national unity |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=12 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |author=Deng, Shasha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909155705/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-11/12/c_122269189.htm |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> China recently became one of the top investing countries of Ghana, which predominantly focus on infrastructure, natural resources, and the [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]], have promoted economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in Ghana. However, concerns regarding the sustainability of Chinese-financed projects, environmental impacts, and the lack of transparency in their investments call for a careful assessment of these collaborations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Assamah |first1=Daniel |last2=Yuan |first2=Shaoyu |date=2024-04-05 |title=Greenfield investment and job creation in Ghana: a sectorial analysis and geopolitical implications of Chinese investments |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1057/s41599-024-02789-w |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and also co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian [[presidential palace]] [[Jubilee House|Flagstaff House]].<ref name="Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22733605 |title=Ahmadinejad: Iran's populist and pariah leaves the stage |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=BBCNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414120427/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22733605 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmadinejad2">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22193136 |title=Iranian leader Ahmadinejad's West Africa tour defended |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=17 April 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922183829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22193136 |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CPP welcomes President Ahmadinejad visit to Ghana">{{cite news |url=http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/cpp-welcomes-president-ahmadinejad-visit-to-ghana--59069 |title=CPP welcomes President Ahmadinejad visit to Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=18 April 2013 |agency=[[Ghana News Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215634/http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/cpp-welcomes-president-ahmadinejad-visit-to-ghana--59069 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana welcomed Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=https://www.iafrica.tv/ghana-welcomed-irans-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad/ |title=Ghana welcomed Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|first=Eddy|last=Adkins |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=iafrica.tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213620/https://www.iafrica.tv/ghana-welcomed-irans-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad/ |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/information/press-release/637-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-to-visit-ghana |title=President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad To Visit Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |year=2013 |publisher=Government of Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929200634/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/information/press-release/637-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-to-visit-ghana |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+In September 2010, President [[John Atta Mills]] visited China on an official visit. Mills and then-[[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Hu Jintao]] marked the 50th anniversary of [[China–Ghana relations|diplomatic ties]] between the two nations, at the [[Great Hall of the People]].<ref name="Hu Jintao-John Atta Mills">{{cite web |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/2999/3001/t755583.htm |title=Hu Jintao Holds Talks with President of Ghana Mills |access-date=4 January 2012 |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120627115536/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/2999/3001/t755583.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China]], [[Zhou Tienong]] who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's president [[John Mahama]].<ref name="Xinhua2011">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-11/12/c_122269189.htm |title=Visiting senior Chinese official lauds Ghana for political stability, national unity |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=12 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |last=Deng |first=Shasha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909155705/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-11/12/c_122269189.htm |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> China became one of the top investing countries of Ghana, which predominantly focus on infrastructure, natural resources, and the [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]], have promoted economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in Ghana. Concerns regarding the sustainability of Chinese-financed projects, environmental impacts, and the lack of transparency in their investments call for a careful assessment of these collaborations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Assamah |first1=Daniel |last2=Yuan |first2=Shaoyu |date=2024-04-05 |title=Greenfield investment and job creation in Ghana: a sectorial analysis and geopolitical implications of Chinese investments |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |article-number=487 |doi=10.1057/s41599-024-02789-w |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and also co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian [[presidential palace]] [[Jubilee House|Flagstaff House]].<ref name="Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22733605 |title=Ahmadinejad: Iran's populist and pariah leaves the stage |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=BBCNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414120427/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22733605 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmadinejad2">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-22193136 |title=Iranian leader Ahmadinejad's West Africa tour defended |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=17 April 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922183829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22193136 |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CPP welcomes President Ahmadinejad visit to Ghana">{{cite news |url=http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/cpp-welcomes-president-ahmadinejad-visit-to-ghana--59069 |title=CPP welcomes President Ahmadinejad visit to Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=18 April 2013 |agency=[[Ghana News Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215634/http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/cpp-welcomes-president-ahmadinejad-visit-to-ghana--59069 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana welcomed Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=https://www.iafrica.tv/ghana-welcomed-irans-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad/ |title=Ghana welcomed Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|first=Eddy|last=Adkins |access-date=10 May 2014 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=iafrica.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213620/https://www.iafrica.tv/ghana-welcomed-irans-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad/ |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/information/press-release/637-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-to-visit-ghana |title=President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad To Visit Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |year=2013 |publisher=Government of Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929200634/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/information/press-release/637-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-to-visit-ghana |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The [[Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana|Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and the budget. According to reports, the SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows for stakeholders' participation, such as in UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/ghana |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517021851/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/ghana |url-status=live}}</ref> The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals {{!}} United Nations in Ghana |url=https://ghana.un.org/en/sdgs |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=ghana.un.org |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918144931/https://ghana.un.org/en/sdgs |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Ghana was "the first Sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=SDGs implementation: Ghana will be a shinning example' – Akufo-Addo |language=en-GB |work=Graphic Online |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/sdgs-implementation-ghana-will-be-a-shinning-example-akufo-addo.html |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430020854/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/sdgs-implementation-ghana-will-be-a-shinning-example-akufo-addo.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The [[Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana|Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and the budget. According to reports, the SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows for stakeholders' participation, such as in UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/ghana |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517021851/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/ghana |url-status=live}}</ref> The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals {{!}} United Nations in Ghana |url=https://ghana.un.org/en/sdgs |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=ghana.un.org |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918144931/https://ghana.un.org/en/sdgs |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Ghana was "the first Sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=SDGs implementation: Ghana will be a shinning example' – Akufo-Addo |language=en-GB |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/sdgs-implementation-ghana-will-be-a-shinning-example-akufo-addo.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430020854/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/sdgs-implementation-ghana-will-be-a-shinning-example-akufo-addo.html |url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref>
 ===Military===
 {{main|Ghana Armed Forces}}
-In 1957, the [[Ghana Armed Forces]] (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles.<ref name="Canada's Military Assistance">Kilford, Christopher R. (2010), [http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/1876/1/Kilford_Chris_R_200905_PhD.pdf ''The Other Cold War: Canada's Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945–75''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020150101/http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/1876/1/Kilford_Chris_R_200905_PhD.pdf |date=20 October 2013}}, [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], Ontario: Canadian Defence Academy Press, p. 138, {{ISBN|1-100-14338-6}}.</ref> President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding the GAF to support the [[United States of Africa]] ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a [[Paratrooper|parachute]] [[Airborne forces|airborne unit]] originally raised in 1963.<ref>Baynham, Simon (1988), ''The Military and Politics in Nkumrah's Ghana'', Westview, Chapter 4, {{ISBN|0-8133-7063-9}}.</ref> Today, Ghana is a [[regional power]] and [[Regional hegemony|regional hegemon]].<ref name="South America and West Africa">{{cite book |last=Kacowicz |first=Arie M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itXKj0EY9zwC&pg=PA144 |title=Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3957-9 |page=144 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105201/https://books.google.com/books?id=itXKj0EY9zwC&pg=PA144 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his book ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil (book)|Shake Hands with the Devil]]'', [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian Forces]] commander [[Roméo Dallaire]] highly rated the GAF soldiers and military personnel.<ref name="Canada's Military Assistance" />
-The [[military operation]]s and [[military doctrine]] of the GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and [[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] agreements to which GAF is attestator.<ref name="Defence">{{cite news |url=http://www.mofep.gov.gh/?q=divisions/pbb/defence |title=Defence |work=[[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana)|Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201752/http://www.mofep.gov.gh/?q=divisions%2Fpbb%2Fdefence |archive-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana's Regional Security Policy">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_20.aspx |title=Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency |page=33 |format=PDF |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150900/http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_20.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="KAIPTC">{{cite news |url=http://www.kaiptc.org/about-us/History.aspx |title=KAIPTC |work=[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214613/http://www.kaiptc.org/about-us/History.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the [[Ministry of Defence (Ghana)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="Defence" /><ref name="Vision & Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=67&Itemid=101 |title=Vision and Mission of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) |access-date=10 May 2014 |work=gaf.mil.gh |publisher=Ghana Armed Forces |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032203/http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=67&Itemid=101 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Although Ghana is relatively peaceful and is often considered being one of the least violent countries in the region, Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ACLED_Conflict-Trends-Report_No.58-May-2017_pdf.pdf |title=Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence |date=May 2017 |publisher=Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204214/http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ACLED_Conflict-Trends-Report_No.58-May-2017_pdf.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 1957, the [[Ghana Armed Forces]] (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles.<ref name="Canada's Military Assistance">Kilford, Christopher R. (2009),[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020150101/http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/1876/1/Kilford_Chris_R_200905_PhD.pdf ''The Other Cold War: Canada's Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945–75'']. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020150101/http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/1876/1/Kilford_Chris_R_200905_PhD.pdf |date=20 October 2013}}, [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], Ontario: Canadian Defence Academy Press, p. 138, {{ISBN|1-100-14338-6}}.</ref> President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding the GAF to support the [[United States of Africa]] ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a [[Paratrooper|parachute]] [[Airborne forces|airborne unit]] originally raised in 1963.<ref>Baynham, Simon (1988), ''The Military and Politics in Nkumrah's Ghana'', Westview, Chapter 4, {{ISBN|0-8133-7063-9}}.</ref> Today, Ghana is a [[regional power]] and [[Regional hegemony|regional hegemon]].<ref name="South America and West Africa">{{cite book |last=Kacowicz |first=Arie M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itXKj0EY9zwC&pg=PA144 |title=Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3957-9 |page=144 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105201/https://books.google.com/books?id=itXKj0EY9zwC&pg=PA144 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his book ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil (book)|Shake Hands with the Devil]]'', [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian Forces]] commander [[Roméo Dallaire]] highly rated the GAF soldiers and military personnel.<ref name="Canada's Military Assistance" />
+The [[military operation]]s and [[military doctrine]] of the GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and [[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] agreements to which GAF is attestator.<ref name="Defence">{{cite news |url=http://www.mofep.gov.gh/?q=divisions/pbb/defence |title=Defence |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana)|Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201752/http://www.mofep.gov.gh/?q=divisions%2Fpbb%2Fdefence |archive-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana's Regional Security Policy">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_20.aspx |title=Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency |first=Emma |last=Birikorang|date= September 2007|page=33 |format=PDF |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150900/http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_20.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="KAIPTC">{{cite news |url=http://www.kaiptc.org/about-us/History.aspx |title=KAIPTC |work=[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214613/http://www.kaiptc.org/about-us/History.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the [[Ministry of Defence (Ghana)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="Defence" /><ref name="Vision & Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=67&Itemid=101 |title=Vision and Mission of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) |access-date=10 May 2014 |website=gaf.mil.gh |publisher=Ghana Armed Forces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032203/http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=67&Itemid=101 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ACLED_Conflict-Trends-Report_No.58-May-2017_pdf.pdf |title=Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence |date=May 2017 |publisher=Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204214/http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ACLED_Conflict-Trends-Report_No.58-May-2017_pdf.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Law enforcement===
 {{further|Law enforcement in Ghana|Crime in Ghana}}
 [[File:Ghana Police Service Motorbikes.jpg|thumb|[[Militarized police]] Unit of the [[Ghana Police Service]]]]
-The [[Ghana Police Service]] and the [[Criminal Investigation Department]] are the main law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security.<ref name="MINT">{{cite web |title=The Ghana Police Service |url=http://www.mint.gov.gh/police.htm |publisher=mint.gov.gh |access-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222320/http://www.mint.gov.gh/police.htm |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> The Ghana Police Service has eleven specialised police units, including a [[Militarized police]] [[Rapid deployment force]] and [[Ghana Police Service#Marine Police Unit|Marine Police Unit]].<ref name="UNIT">{{cite web |title=Ghana Police Service sets up Marine Police Unit |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/323575/1/ghana-police-service-sets-up-marine-police-unit.html |publisher=modernghana.com |date=7 April 2011|access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193158/http://www.modernghana.com/news/323575/1/ghana-police-service-sets-up-marine-police-unit.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="POLICE" /> The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: ten covering the regions of Ghana, one assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of [[Tema]], and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division.<ref name="POLICE">{{cite web |title=Police Administration |url=http://www.ghanapolice.info/regional.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218115805/http://www.ghanapolice.info/regional.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=ghanapolice.info |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from the country's offshore [[oil and gas industry]].<ref name=POLICE/>
+The [[Ghana Police Service]] and the [[Criminal Investigation Department]] are the main law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security.<ref name="MINT">{{cite web |title=The Ghana Police Service |url=http://www.mint.gov.gh/police.htm |publisher=mint.gov.gh |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222320/http://www.mint.gov.gh/police.htm |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> The Ghana Police Service has eleven specialised police units, including a [[Militarized police]] [[Rapid deployment force]] and [[Ghana Police Service#Marine Police Unit|Marine Police Unit]].<ref name="UNIT">{{cite web |title=Ghana Police Service sets up Marine Police Unit |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/323575/1/ghana-police-service-sets-up-marine-police-unit.html |publisher=modernghana.com |date=7 April 2011|access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193158/http://www.modernghana.com/news/323575/1/ghana-police-service-sets-up-marine-police-unit.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="POLICE" /> The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: ten covering the regions of Ghana, one assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of [[Tema]], and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division.<ref name="POLICE">{{cite web |title=Police Administration |url=http://www.ghanapolice.info/regional.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218115805/http://www.ghanapolice.info/regional.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=ghanapolice.info |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from the country's offshore [[oil and gas industry]].<ref name=POLICE/>
-The [[Ghana Prisons Service]] and the sub-division [[Borstal Institute for Juveniles]] administers incarceration.<ref name="Ghana Prisons Service General Information">{{cite web |title=Ghana Prisons Service General Information |url=http://www.ghanaprisons.gov.gh/page-content?page=43393a37-a28e-4f1c-8540-e8eaf28825e8&menu=29899081-5de7-4bd0-8656-6473ac6f2c3e |publisher=ghanaprisons.gov.gh |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024072237/http://www.ghanaprisons.gov.gh/page-content?page=43393a37-a28e-4f1c-8540-e8eaf28825e8&menu=29899081-5de7-4bd0-8656-6473ac6f2c3e |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> Ghana retains and exercises the death penalty for treason, corruption, robbery, piracy, drug trafficking, rape, and homicide.<ref name="Ghana – Death Penalty">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Death Penalty |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000446&idcontinente=25 |publisher=handsoffcain.info |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020214250/http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000446&idcontinente=25 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Criminal Code and Courts">{{cite web |title=Ghana Criminal Code and Courts |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5351.html |publisher=country-data.com |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034443/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5351.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The new sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels.<ref name="DIPNote: Promoting Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions in the Great Lakes">{{cite web |last1=Perriello |first=Tom|title=Promoting Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions in the Great Lakes |url=https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2015/10/01/promoting-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions-great-lakes |website=DIPNote |publisher=US Department of state|date=1 October 2015 |access-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520085847/https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2015/10/01/promoting-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions-great-lakes |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>[[File:Drugtrade.png|thumb|Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by [[drug cartel]]s and drug traffickers (shown in orange).]]
+The [[Ghana Prisons Service]] and the sub-division [[Borstal Institute for Juveniles]] administers incarceration.<ref name="Ghana Prisons Service General Information">{{cite web |title=Ghana Prisons Service General Information |url=http://www.ghanaprisons.gov.gh/page-content?page=43393a37-a28e-4f1c-8540-e8eaf28825e8&menu=29899081-5de7-4bd0-8656-6473ac6f2c3e |publisher=ghanaprisons.gov.gh |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024072237/http://www.ghanaprisons.gov.gh/page-content?page=43393a37-a28e-4f1c-8540-e8eaf28825e8&menu=29899081-5de7-4bd0-8656-6473ac6f2c3e |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> The new sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels.<ref name="DIPNote: Promoting Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions in the Great Lakes">{{cite web |last1=Perriello |first1=Tom|title=Promoting Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions in the Great Lakes |url=https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2015/10/01/promoting-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions-great-lakes |website=DIPNote |publisher=US Department of state|date=1 October 2015 |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520085847/https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2015/10/01/promoting-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions-great-lakes |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>[[File:Drugtrade.png|thumb|Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by [[drug cartel]]s and drug traffickers (shown in orange).]]
-Ghana is used as a key narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, usually from South America as well as some from other African nations.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade"/> In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from [[Colombia]] and [[Latin America]] have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe."<ref name="DW Made for minds: Illegal drug use on the rise in Africa">{{cite web |first=Leylah |last=Ndinda |title=Drug abuse in Africa |url=https://www.dw.com/en/illegal-drug-use-on-the-rise-in-africa/a-16614023 |website=dw.com |publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=20 February 2013 |access-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035220/http://www.dw.com/en/illegal-drug-use-on-the-rise-in-africa/a-16614023 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is not a wide or popular knowledge about the narcotics industry and intercepted narcotics within Ghana, since it is an [[black market|underground economy]]. The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana an attractive country for the narcotics business.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/ghana-hit-by-illegal-drug-trade-1.1236396 |title=Ghana hit by illegal drug trade |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212171614/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/ghana-hit-by-illegal-drug-trade-1.1236396 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if">{{cite web |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-20th/ghana-could-be-taken-over-by-drug-barons-ifkwesi-aning.php |title=Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if |publisher=myjoyonline.com |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210062520/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-20th/ghana-could-be-taken-over-by-drug-barons-ifkwesi-aning.php |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Narcotics Control Board (Ghana)|Narcotics Control Board]] has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the [[Takoradi Harbour]]. These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of [[Ghanaian cedi|Ghana cedis]]. However, drug seizures saw a decline in 2011.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> [[Drug cartel]]s are using new methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana's position in the narcotics industry.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> President Mills initiated ongoing efforts to reduce the role of airports in Ghana's drug trade.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" />
+Ghana is used as a key narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, usually from South America and some from other African nations.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade"/> In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from [[Colombia]] and [[Latin America]] have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe."<ref name="DW Made for minds: Illegal drug use on the rise in Africa">{{cite web |first=Leylah |last=Ndinda |title=Drug abuse in Africa |url=https://www.dw.com/en/illegal-drug-use-on-the-rise-in-africa/a-16614023 |website=dw.com |publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=20 February 2013 |access-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035220/http://www.dw.com/en/illegal-drug-use-on-the-rise-in-africa/a-16614023 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana a more attractive country for the narcotics business.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/ghana-hit-by-illegal-drug-trade-1.1236396 |title=Ghana hit by illegal drug trade |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212171614/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/ghana-hit-by-illegal-drug-trade-1.1236396 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if">{{cite web |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-20th/ghana-could-be-taken-over-by-drug-barons-ifkwesi-aning.php |title=Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if |publisher=myjoyonline.com |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210062520/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-20th/ghana-could-be-taken-over-by-drug-barons-ifkwesi-aning.php |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Narcotics Control Board (Ghana)|Narcotics Control Board]] has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the [[Takoradi Harbour]]. These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of [[Ghanaian cedi|Ghana cedis]]. Drug seizures saw a decline in 2011.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> [[Drug cartel]]s are using new methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana's position in the narcotics industry.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" /><ref name="Ghana could be taken over by drug barons if" /> President Mills initiated ongoing efforts to reduce the role of airports in Ghana's drug trade.<ref name="Ghana hit by illegal drug trade" />
 === Human rights ===
 {{see also|Human rights in Ghana|LGBT rights in Ghana}}
-[[Homosexuality|Homosexual acts]] are prohibited by law in Ghana.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2016 |title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> According to a 2013 survey by the [[Pew Research Center]], 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<ref name="pewglobal.org">[http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/|date=3 November 2013}} [[Pew Research Center]]. 4 June 2013.</ref> Sometimes elderly [[women in Ghana]] are accused of [[witchcraft]], particularly in rural Ghana. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called [[witch camp]]s. These are said to house a total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft.<ref name="Camps">{{cite web |date=1 September 2012 |title=Ghana witch camps: Widows' lives in exile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020122329/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=BBC News |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Ghanaian government has announced that it intends to close the camps.<ref name="Camps" />{{update inline|date=July 2025}}
+[[Homosexuality|Homosexual acts]] are prohibited by law in Ghana.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2016 |title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> According to a 2013 survey by the [[Pew Research Center]], 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<ref name="pewglobal.org">[http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/|date=3 November 2013}} [[Pew Research Center]]. 4 June 2013.</ref> Sometimes elderly [[women in Ghana]] are accused of [[witchcraft]], particularly in rural Ghana. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called [[witch camp]]s. These are said to house a total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft.<ref name="Camps">{{cite web |date=1 September 2012 |title=Ghana witch camps: Widows' lives in exile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130|first=Kati|last=Whitaker |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020122329/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> The Ghanaian government has announced that it intends to close the camps.<ref name="Camps" />{{update inline|date=July 2025}}
 ==Economy==
 {{main|Economy of Ghana}}
 {{see also|Agriculture in Ghana|Manufacturing in Ghana#Automobile manufacturing|l3=Automobile manufacturing in Ghana}}
-[[File:GDP per capita development development of Ghana.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars]]
+[[File:GDP per capita development development of Ghana.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]]
 [[File:Ghana Export Trends.jpg|thumb|right|Ghana's [[petroleum]], gold, and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]; exports in [[percentage]]{{clarification needed|date=April 2025}}<!-- percentage of what? chart is poorly labelled. what exactly does it show? -->]]
-Ghana possesses [[industrial mineral]]s, [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[precious metal]]s. It is an emerging designated [[digital economy]] with [[mixed economy]] hybridisation and an [[emerging market]]. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a [[developed country]] between 2020 and 2029 and a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialised country]] between 2030 and 2039.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |website=Vizocom – Satellite Internet and VSAT Solutions |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608091316/https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This excludes fellow [[Group of 24]] member and Sub-Saharan African country [[South Africa]], which is a newly industrialised country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |title=Is Ghana the next African economic tiger? |publisher=standardmedia.co.ke|first=XN|last=Iraki |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174443/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
+Ghana possesses [[industrial mineral]]s, [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[precious metal]]s. It is an emerging designated [[digital economy]] with [[mixed economy]] hybridisation and an [[emerging market]]. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a [[developed country]] between 2020 and 2029 and a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialised country]] between 2030 and 2039.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |website=Vizocom – Satellite Internet and VSAT Solutions |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608091316/https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This excludes fellow [[Group of 24]] member and Sub-Saharan African country [[South Africa]], which is a newly industrialised country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |title=Is Ghana the next African economic tiger? |publisher=standardmedia.co.ke|first=XN|last=Iraki |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174443/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
-Ghana's economy has ties to the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan renminbi]] along with Ghana's vast gold reserves. In 2013, the [[Bank of Ghana]] began circulating the renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as [[hard currency]] along with the national [[Ghanaian cedi]] for second national trade currency.<ref name="BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |title=BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market |publisher=[[Bank of Ghana]] |year=2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926191724/http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>
+Ghana's economy has ties to the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan renminbi]] along with Ghana's gold reserves. In 2013, the [[Bank of Ghana]] began circulating the renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as [[hard currency]] along with the national [[Ghanaian cedi]] for second national trade currency.<ref name="BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |title=BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market |publisher=[[Bank of Ghana]] |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926191724/http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>
-Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas only 11% of urban dwellers were.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |title=Ghana's Request for IMF Assistance |first=Temesgen Deressa and Amadou |last=Sy |date=30 November 2001 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160601/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while nearly all (94 percent) of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |title=Economic Importance of Agriculture for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: Findings from a Case Study of Ghana |first=Xinshen |last=Diao |conference=Global Forum on Agriculture 29–30 November 2010 – Policies for Agricultural Development, Poverty Reduction and Food Security |location=Paris |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618215948/http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas 11% of urban dwellers were.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |title=Ghana's Request for IMF Assistance |first=Temesgen Deressa and Amadou |last=Sy |date=30 November 2001 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160601/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while 94% of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |title=Economic Importance of Agriculture for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: Findings from a Case Study of Ghana |first=Xinshen |last=Diao |conference=Global Forum on Agriculture 29–30 November 2010 – Policies for Agricultural Development, Poverty Reduction and Food Security |location=Paris |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618215948/http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The [[Volta River Authority]] and the [[Ghana National Petroleum Corporation]], both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers.<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Gross Domestic Product |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417045744/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012 |publisher=statsghana.gov.gh}}</ref> The [[Akosombo Dam]], built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the [[Bui Dam]], the [[Kpong Dam]] and several other hydroelectric dams, provide [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |title=A new era of transformation in Ghana |publisher=ifpri.org |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409195949/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2012}}{{rp|12}}</ref><ref name="New fuel for faster development">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |title=New fuel for faster development |publisher=worldfolio.co.uk |date=August 2011|access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624100025/http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, the government sought to [[Nuclear power in Ghana|build the second nuclear power plant in Africa]].
+The [[Volta River Authority]] and the [[Ghana National Petroleum Corporation]], both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers.<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Gross Domestic Product |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417045744/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf|date=April 2012 |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012 |publisher=statsghana.gov.gh}}</ref> The [[Akosombo Dam]], built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the [[Bui Dam]], the [[Kpong Dam]] and other hydroelectric dams, provide [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |title=A new era of transformation in Ghana |publisher=ifpri.org|year=2011 |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409195949/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2012}}{{rp|12}}</ref><ref name="New fuel for faster development">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |title=New fuel for faster development |publisher=worldfolio.co.uk |date=August 2011|access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624100025/http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref>
-The [[Ghana Stock Exchange]] is the fifth largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a [[Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of [[Ghana Cedi|GH¢]] 57.2&nbsp;billion or [[Renminbi|CN¥]]180.4&nbsp;billion in 2012 with the South Africa [[JSE Limited]] as first.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |title=Ghana Market Update|date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |access-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012}}{{rp|13}}</ref> The [[Ghana Stock Exchange]] was the second best performing [[stock exchange]] in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |title=Top-Performing African Stock Markets in 2013 |publisher=africastrictlybusiness.com |year=2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321014630/http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |archive-date=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The [[Ghana Stock Exchange]] is the fifth largest on continental Africa and third largest in sub-Saharan Africa, having a [[Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of [[Ghana Cedi|GH¢]] 57.2&nbsp;billion or [[Renminbi|CN¥]]180.4&nbsp;billion in 2012, with the South Africa [[JSE Limited]] ranked first.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |title=Ghana Market Update|date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012}}{{rp|13}}</ref> The Ghana Stock Exchange was the second best performing [[stock exchange]] in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |title=Top-Performing African Stock Markets in 2013 |publisher=africastrictlybusiness.com |year=2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321014630/http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |archive-date=21 March 2014 }}</ref>
-Ghana produces high-quality [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]].<ref name="Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era">{{cite web |url=http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |title=Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era? |work=[[African Business]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718204528/http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its [[International Cocoa Organization|ICCO]] membership helps in its international cocoa trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cocoa facts and figures – Kakaoplattform |url=https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.kakaoplattform.ch |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617043810/https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana is classified as a middle-income country.<ref name="IMFWEO.GH" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012 |title=Ghana Market Update |author=Forrest, Paul |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=26 March 2012 |page=13}}</ref> [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]] account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), [[Primary sector of the economy|extractive industries]] (5%), and taxes (20.9%).<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product" />
+Ghana produces [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]].<ref name="Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era">{{cite web |url=http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |title=Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era? |work=[[African Business]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718204528/http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its [[International Cocoa Organization|ICCO]] membership helps in its international cocoa trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cocoa facts and figures – Kakaoplattform |url=https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.kakaoplattform.ch |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617043810/https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana is classified as a middle-income country.<ref name="IMFWEO.GH" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012 |title=Ghana Market Update |last=Forrest |first=Paul |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=26 March 2012 |page=13}}</ref> [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]] account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), [[Primary sector of the economy|extractive industries]] (5%), and taxes (20.9%).<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product" />
-Ghana's economy is characterized by a growing manufacturing sector and the export of digital technology products. The country is also engaged in the assembly and export of automobiles and ships. Additionally, Ghana's economy benefits from a diverse range of resource-rich exports, including industrial minerals and agricultural products, with cocoa being a primary commodity. The nation is also a significant producer and exporter of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]].<ref name="Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator">{{cite news |title=Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932|date=23 April 2013|access-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201001/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932 |archive-date=25 January 2021 }}</ref>
+Ghana's economy is characterized by a growing manufacturing sector and the export of digital technology products. The country is also engaged in the assembly and export of automobiles and ships. Ghana's economy benefits from a range of resource-rich exports, including industrial minerals and agricultural products, with cocoa being a primary commodity. The nation is a producer and exporter of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]].<ref name="Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator">{{cite news |title=Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932|date=23 April 2013|access-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201001/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932 |archive-date=25 January 2021 }}</ref>
-The [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) sector plays a crucial role in Ghana's industrial landscape, with companies such as [[Rlg Communications]], a state-affiliated digital technology corporation, leading in the production of tablet computers, smartphones, and various consumer electronics.<ref name="The Top 5 Countries for ICT in Africa">{{cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=The Top 5 Countries for ICT4D in Africa |url=http://www.ictworks.org/2012/03/26/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614035416/http://www.ictworks.org/2012/03/26/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/ |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=ICT Works |publisher=ictworks.org}}</ref>
+The [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) sector plays a role in Ghana's industrial landscape, with companies such as [[Rlg Communications]], a state-affiliated digital technology corporation, leading in the production of tablet computers, smartphones, and consumer electronics.<ref name="The Top 5 Countries for ICT in Africa">{{cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=The Top 5 Countries for ICT4D in Africa are Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and…? |url=https://www.ictworks.org/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/|first=Wayan |last=Vota |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614035416/http://www.ictworks.org/2012/03/26/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/ |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=ICT Works |publisher=ictworks.org}}</ref>
-Urban [[electric car]]s have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model vehicle unveiled by Suame Magazine artisans |first=Kofi Adu |last=Domfeh |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |publisher=Modernghana.com |date=13 April 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927144319/http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model car attracts Dutch government support |url=http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |publisher=Myjoyonline.gh |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084526/http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |archive-date=23 September 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Urban [[electric car]]s have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model vehicle unveiled by Suame Magazine artisans |first=Kofi Adu |last=Domfeh |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |publisher=Modernghana.com |date=13 April 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927144319/http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model car attracts Dutch government support |url=http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |publisher=Myjoyonline.gh|first=Kofi Adu |last=Domfeh  |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084526/http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref>
-Ghana announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in autumn of 2021, making it the first African country to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|first= Moses Mozart |last=Dzawu |title=Ghana to Sell Sustainable Bonds for up to $1 Billion by July |date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718005927/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |title=Ghana Mulls Africa's First Social Bonds with $2 Billion Sale|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706081855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |url-status=live}}</ref> The country, which was planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets,{{when|date=October 2023}} would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. Only a few other nations have sold them so far, including [[Chile]] and [[Ecuador]]. The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, despite having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |title=Ghana plans to issue Africa's first social bonds with $2B sale |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale|date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706055819/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Ghana announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in autumn of 2021, making it the first African country to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|first= Moses Mozart |last=Dzawu |title=Ghana to Sell Sustainable Bonds for up to $1 Billion by July |date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718005927/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |title=Ghana Mulls Africa's First Social Bonds with $2 Billion Sale|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706081855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |url-status=live}}</ref> The country, which was planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets,{{when|date=October 2023}} would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, while having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |title=Ghana plans to issue Africa's first social bonds with $2B sale |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale|date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706055819/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale |url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[File:Jubilee Oil Field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) and National Petroleum Authority.png|thumb|right|[[Jubilee Oil Field]] of the [[Ghana National Petroleum Corporation]] and [[National Petroleum Authority]], located off the coast of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]]]]
-Ghana produces and exports [[hydrocarbon]]s such as [[sweet crude oil]] and natural gas.<ref name="Five Countries to Watch">{{cite web |url=http://www.individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-&-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |title=Five Countries to Watch |work=individual.troweprice.com |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412023853/http://individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-%26-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |title=Africa |publisher=Aluworks.com |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210059/http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> The 100%-state-owned [[filling station]] company, [[Ghana Oil Company]], is the number one petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees [[hydrocarbon exploration]] and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to {{convert|2.2|e6oilbbl}} per day and gas to {{convert|1.2|e9cuft|m3|order=flip}} per day.<ref name="cs2">Clark, Nancy L. "Petroleum Exploration". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html ''A Country Study: Ghana'']. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713070609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html |date=13 July 2012}} (La Verle Berry, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (November 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].'' [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html Lcweb2.loc.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Jubilee Oil Field]], which contains up to {{convert|3|Goilbbl|m3}} of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |title=Ghana leader: Oil reserves at 3B barrels |work=Yahoo News |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> Ghana is believed to have up to {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} to {{convert|7|Goilbbl|m3}} of petroleum in reserves,<ref>McLure, Jason (1 December 2010). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html "Ghana Oil Reserves to Be {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} in 5 years as fields develop"]. [[Bloomberg Television]], 1 December 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191618/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html |date=29 October 2013}}.</ref> which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-[[List of countries by proven oil reserves|largest proven reserves]] in the world. It also has up to {{convert|6|e12cuft|m3|order=flip}} of natural gas in reserves.<ref name="Atuabo gas project to propel more growth">{{cite web |url=https://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |title=Atuabo gas project to propel more growth |first=Moses Dotsey |last=Aklorbortu |work=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]] |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140503021413/http://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalise]] petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fm%3Fq%3DGhana%2520privatise%2520mining%26client%3Dms-opera-mobile%26channel%3Dnew |title=Ghana: Why Privatise Ghana Oil? |publisher=allafrica.com |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015429/http://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252Fm%253Fq%253DGhana%252520privatise%252520mining%2526client%253Dms-opera-mobile%2526channel%253Dnew |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Ghana produces and exports [[hydrocarbon]]s such as [[sweet crude oil]] and natural gas.<ref name="Five Countries to Watch">{{cite web |url=http://www.individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-&-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |title=Five Countries to Watch |work=individual.troweprice.com |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412023853/http://individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-%26-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |title=Africa |publisher=Aluworks.com |access-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210059/http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> The 100%-state-owned [[filling station]] company, [[Ghana Oil Company]], is the number one petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees [[hydrocarbon exploration]] and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to {{convert|2.2|e6oilbbl}} per day and gas to {{convert|1.2|e9cuft|m3|order=flip}} per day.<ref name="cs2">Clark, Nancy L. "Petroleum Exploration". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html ''A Country Study: Ghana'']. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713070609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html |date=13 July 2012}} (La Verle Berry, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (November 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].'' [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html Lcweb2.loc.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Jubilee Oil Field]], which contains up to {{convert|3|Goilbbl|m3}} of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |title=Ghana leader: Oil reserves at 3B barrels |work=Yahoo News|first=Francis |last=Kokutse |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> Ghana is believed to have up to {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} to {{convert|7|Goilbbl|m3}} of petroleum in reserves,<ref>McLure, Jason (1 December 2010). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html "Ghana Oil Reserves to Be {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} in 5 years as fields develop"]. [[Bloomberg Television]], 1 December 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191618/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html |date=29 October 2013}}.</ref> which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-[[List of countries by proven oil reserves|largest proven reserves]] in the world. It also has up to {{convert|6|e12cuft|m3|order=flip}} of natural gas in reserves.<ref name="Atuabo gas project to propel more growth">{{Cite news |url=https://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |location=Accra, Ghana|title=Atuabo gas project to propel more growth |first=Moses Dotsey |last=Aklorbortu  |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140503021413/http://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |archive-date=3 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalise]] petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fm%3Fq%3DGhana%2520privatise%2520mining%26client%3Dms-opera-mobile%26channel%3Dnew |title=Ghana: Why Privatise Ghana Oil? |publisher=allafrica.com |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015429/http://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252Fm%253Fq%253DGhana%252520privatise%252520mining%2526client%253Dms-opera-mobile%2526channel%253Dnew |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 2015, Ghana produced 88 metric tonnes of gold as per the our world in data report.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Our World in Data  |title=Gold production, 1681 to 2015 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table}}</ref> As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 [[tonne]]s that year.<ref name="CEIC">{{cite web |title=Ghana Gold Production |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=CEIC Data |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029183111/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |url-status=live}}</ref> This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Whitehouse, David |date=8 October 2019 |title=Ghana now Africa's largest gold producer, but reforms await |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=The Africa Report |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100547/https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to gold, Ghana exports [[silver]], timber, [[diamond]]s, [[bauxite]], and [[manganese]], and has other mineral deposits.<ref name="Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k1AqMwEACAAJ&dq=%22Ghana+Mineral+and+Mining+Sector+Investment+and+Business+Guide%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks |title=Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |date=2013 |publisher=International Business Publications, USA |isbn=978-1-4330-1775-9 |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://eiti.org/ghana |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185204/https://eiti.org/ghana |url-status=dead}}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalize]] mining industry to increase government revenue.<ref name="Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Minerals and Mining Act |url=http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021012648/http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=ghanalegal.com}}</ref>
+In 2015, Ghana produced 88 metric tonnes of gold as per the ''Our World in Data'' report.<ref>{{Cite web  |website=Our World in Data  |title=Gold production, 1681 to 2015  |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table  |access-date=15 December 2024  |archive-date=29 November 2023  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table  |url-status=live  }}</ref> As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 [[tonne]]s that year.<ref name="CEIC">{{cite web |title=Ghana Gold Production |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=CEIC Data |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029183111/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |url-status=live}}</ref> This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Whitehouse |first=David |date=8 October 2019 |title=Ghana now Africa's largest gold producer, but reforms await |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=The Africa Report |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100547/https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to gold, Ghana exports [[silver]], timber, [[diamond]]s, [[bauxite]], and [[manganese]], and has other mineral deposits.<ref name="Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1AqMwEACAAJ&q=%22Ghana+Mineral+and+Mining+Sector+Investment+and+Business+Guide%22 |title=Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |date=2013 |publisher=International Business Publications, USA |isbn=978-1-4330-1775-9 |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://eiti.org/ghana |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185204/https://eiti.org/ghana }}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalize]] mining industry to increase government revenue.<ref name="Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Minerals and Mining Act |url=http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021012648/http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=ghanalegal.com}}</ref>
-"Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to [[dumsor]] ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),<ref name="germany">{{cite web |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |title=I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany – See more at |date=21 January 2015 |website=Graphic Online |publisher=Graphic Communications Group Ltd (GCGL) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424025905/http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> increasing the interest in renewables.<ref name="graphic1">{{cite web |url=http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |title=Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy? |publisher=graphic.com.gh |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |author=Agbenyega, E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701211205/http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |title=Lessons to be learnt from Ghana's excess electricity shambles |last=Sarkodie |first=Samuel Asumadu |website=The Conversation |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108022101/http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+"Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to [[dumsor]] ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),<ref name="germany">{{Cite news |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |location=Accra, Ghana|title=I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany |first=Samuel K. |last=Obour |date=21 January 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424025905/http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> increasing the interest in renewables.<ref name="graphic1">{{Cite news |url=http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |location=Accra, Ghana|title=Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy? |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |last=Agbenyega |first=E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701211205/http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref> As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |title=Lessons to be learnt from Ghana's excess electricity shambles |last=Sarkodie |first=Samuel Asumadu |website=The Conversation |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108022101/http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 The [[Judiciary of Ghana|judicial system of Ghana]] deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency. According to Transparency International's [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=OUR WORK IN Ghana |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/ghana |website=Transparency.org |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608091309/https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/ghana |url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 330: / Line 336: @@
 Ghana launched a cellular mobile network in 1992. It was later connected to the Internet and introduced [[ADSL]] broadband services.<ref name="Ghanaweb">{{cite web |title=Science & Technology |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/technology/ |publisher=Ghanaweb |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623022534/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/technology/ |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Ghana was ranked 99th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website= |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29|date=2 November 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Global Innovation Index |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Ghana was ranked 101st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ghana |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012035001/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre]] (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee [[space exploration]] and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a [[national security]] [[Earth observation satellite|observational satellite]] launched into orbit in 2015.<ref name="BBCSpace">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |title=Africa's journey to space begins on the ground |year=2012 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613213302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |archive-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghanas-home-grown-space-program-takes-off/1686704.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032244/http://www.voanews.com/a/1686704.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Ghana's Home-Grown Space Program Takes Off |year=2013 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=United States |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the [[Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South]] (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the [[South African National Space Agency]].<ref name="BBCSpace" />
+The [[Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre]] (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee [[space exploration]] and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a [[national security]] [[Earth observation satellite|observational satellite]] launched into orbit in 2015.<ref name="BBCSpace">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |title=Africa's journey to space begins on the ground |date=10 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613213302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |archive-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghanas-home-grown-space-program-takes-off/1686704.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032244/http://www.voanews.com/a/1686704.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Ghana's Home-Grown Space Program Takes Off|first=Robbie |last=Corey-Boulet |date=21 June 2013 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=United States |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the [[Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South]] (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the [[South African National Space Agency]].<ref name="BBCSpace" />
 ===Tourism===
 {{Main|Tourism in Ghana}}
-[[File:Surfers Surfing at Busua Beach in Western region, Ghana.jpg|thumb|[[Surfer]]s at [[Busua Beach]] in the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]]<ref name="11 of the world's most unusual surf spots"/>]]
-In 2011, tourists visiting Ghana numbered 1,087,000,<ref name="WAO">{{cite web |work=Ministry of Tourism Ghana |publisher=ghana.gov.gh |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |title=We Are Serious About Overcoming The Challenges Confronting Tourism Development |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718223300/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with arrivals including South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana"/> Among the attractions and tourist destinations are waterfalls such as [[Kintampo waterfalls]] and the largest waterfall in west Africa, [[Wli waterfalls]], the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as [[Lake Bosumtwi]] and the largest human-made lake in the world by surface area, [[Lake Volta]], dozens of [[List of castles in Ghana|forts and castles]], [[World Heritage Site]]s, nature reserves and national parks.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |title=Trade Expo International Ghana |publisher=uniquetrustex.com |access-date=14 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221713/http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Notable castles are [[Cape Coast Castle Museum|Cape Coast Castle]] and the [[Elmina Castle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Forts and Castles in Ghana |url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523044732/https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=27 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027113800/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Convention]] of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments: "The Castles and Forts of Ghana shaped not only Ghana's history but that of the world over four centuries as the focus of first the gold trade and then the slave trade. They are a significant and emotive symbol of European–African encounters and of the starting point of the African Diaspora."<ref name="Centre" />
+[[File:Surfers Surfing at Busua Beach in Western region, Ghana.jpg|thumb|[[Surfer]]s at [[Busua Beach]] in the Western Region<ref name="11 of the world's most unusual surf spots">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/unusual-surf-spots/index.html |title=11 of the world's most unusual surf spots |work=CNN |first=Tamara |last=Hinson |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411081223/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/13/travel/unusual-surf-spots/ |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
+In 2011, tourists visiting Ghana numbered 1,087,000,<ref name="WAO">{{cite web |work=Ministry of Tourism Ghana |publisher=ghana.gov.gh |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |title=We Are Serious About Overcoming The Challenges Confronting Tourism Development |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718223300/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with arrivals including South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana"/> Among the attractions and tourist destinations are waterfalls such as [[Kintampo waterfalls]] and the largest waterfall in west Africa, [[Wli waterfalls]], the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as [[Lake Bosumtwi]] and the largest human-made lake in the world by surface area, [[Lake Volta]], dozens of [[List of castles in Ghana|forts and castles]], [[World Heritage Site]]s, nature reserves and national parks.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |title=Trade Expo International Ghana |publisher=uniquetrustex.com |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221713/http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Castles include [[Cape Coast Castle Museum|Cape Coast Castle]] and the [[Elmina Castle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Forts and Castles in Ghana |url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523044732/https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=27 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027113800/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The World Heritage Convention of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments: "The Castles and Forts of Ghana shaped not only Ghana's history but that of the world over four centuries as the focus of first the gold trade and then the slave trade. They are a significant and emotive symbol of European–African encounters and of the starting point of the African Diaspora."<ref name="Centre" />
-The [[World Economic Forum]] statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.<ref name="RANK">{{cite web |title=Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |publisher=vibeghana.com |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071955/http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country had moved two places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine published that Ghana was ranked the 11th most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.<ref name="RANK" /> Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.<ref name="RANK" /> In 2024, Ghana ranked as the [[Global Peace Index|55th most peaceful country]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
+The [[World Economic Forum]] statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.<ref name="RANK">{{cite web |title=Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |publisher=vibeghana.com |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071955/http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country had moved two places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine published that Ghana was ranked the 11th most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.<ref name="RANK" /> Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.<ref name="RANK" /> In 2024, Ghana ranked as the [[Global Peace Index|55th most peaceful country]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|title=2024 Global Peace Index|access-date=20 November 2025|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Up and down the coastline, surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals. Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves. Surfers carried their boards amid [[Traditional fishing boat|traditional fishing vessels]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxena |first=Kanika |date=2018-12-21 |title=Wish To Experience The Thrill Of Surfing in Ghana? Here's Where You Should Go! |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/surfing-in-ghana/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521092011/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/surfing-in-ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 348: / Line 355: @@
 ==Demographics==
 {{Main|Demographics of Ghana}}
 {{Further|Ghanaian people}}
 {{bar box
@@ Line 365: / Line 373: @@
 {{bar percent|Other|darkgray|1.4}}
 }}
-{{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports Ghana has a population of 34,581,288.<ref name="GH">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Health Nutrition and Population Statistics – DataBank |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225150240/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan (47.3%), the Mole-Dagbani (18.5%), the Ewe (13.9%), the Ga-Dangme (7.4%), the Gurma (5.7%) and the Guan (3.7%).<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh">{{cite web |date=May 2013 |title=2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports the median age of Ghanaian citizens is 21 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age of population |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/67/locations/288/start/1990/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=b41781d3-8dca-46c2-9b2c-31721453af2a |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=United Nations Data Portal Population Division}}</ref> Ghana contributes 0.42% to the total world population.<ref name="GH" />
+{{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports Ghana has a population of 34,581,288.<ref name="GH">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117005506/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Health Nutrition and Population Statistics – DataBank |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225150240/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the [[Akan people|Akan]] (47.3%), the [[Mole-Dagbon people|Mole-Dagbani]] (18.5%), the [[Ewe people|Ewe]] (13.9%), the [[Ga-Dangme people|Ga-Dangme]] (7.4%), the [[Gurma people|Gurma]] (5.7%) and the [[Guang people|Guan]] (3.7%).<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh">{{cite web |date=May 2013 |title=2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports the median age of Ghanaian citizens is 21 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age of population |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/67/locations/288/start/1990/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=b41781d3-8dca-46c2-9b2c-31721453af2a |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=United Nations Data Portal Population Division}}</ref> Ghana contributes 0.42% to the total world population.<ref name="GH" />
-With [[Immigration to Ghana|recent legal immigration]] of [[skilled worker]]s who possess [[Ghana Card]]s, there is a small population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern and European nationals. In 2010, the [[Ghana Immigration Service]] reported many [[economic migrant]]s and [[Illegal immigration to Ghana|undocumented immigrants inhabiting Ghana]]: 14.6% (or 3.1&nbsp;million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by then Prime Minister [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]],<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |title=Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order |publisher=vibeghana.com |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075540/http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Border Guard Unit]] deported more than 3,000,000 aliens and undocumented immigrants in three months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order" /><ref name="The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |title=The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order |work=davidson.edu |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917165858/http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daly |first=Samuel Fury Childs |date=2022-07-30 |title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006 |journal=Past & Present |issue=259 |pages=229–261 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006 |issn=0031-2746 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064513/https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtac006/6652271?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2013, there was a mass deportation of undocumented miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals.<ref>
+With [[Immigration to Ghana|recent legal immigration]] of [[skilled worker]]s who possess [[Ghana Card]]s, there is a small but increasing population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern, American and European nationals and their  descendants born in Ghana. In 2010, the [[Ghana Immigration Service]] reported many [[economic migrant]]s and [[Illegal immigration to Ghana|undocumented immigrants inhabiting Ghana]]: 14.6% (or 3.1&nbsp;million) of Ghana's 2010 population (mostly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by then Prime Minister [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]],<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |title=Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order |publisher=vibeghana.com |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075540/http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Border Guard Unit]] deported more than 3,000,000 aliens and undocumented immigrants in three months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order" /><ref name="The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |title=The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order |website=davidson.edu |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917165858/http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daly |first=Samuel Fury Childs |date=2022-07-30 |title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985 |journal=Past & Present |issue=259 |pages=229–261 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006 |issn=0031-2746 }}</ref> In 2013, there was a mass deportation of undocumented miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals.<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |title=Ghana deports thousands of illegal Chinese miners |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231106/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}
+{{cite news |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |title=Ghana deports thousands of illegal Chinese miners |newspaper=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231106/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}
-</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |title=Ghana deports thousands in crackdown on illegal Chinese goldminers |work=The Guardian |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214119/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |title=Ghana deports thousands in crackdown on illegal Chinese goldminers |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214119/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 {{Largest cities
 |country   = Ghana
@@ Line 405: / Line 413: @@
 |city_8    = Sekondi-Takoradi
-|div_8     = Central Region (Ghana){{!}}Central Region
+|div_8     = Western Region (Ghana){{!}}Western Region
 |pop_8     = 138,872
@@ Line 419: / Line 427: @@
 ===Languages===
 {{main|Languages of Ghana}}
-[[File:Predominant tribe in the area - (Ghana) LOC 88692692.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of Ghana's ethno-linguistic areas.]]
-English is the [[official language]] of Ghana.<ref name="USA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy Washington DC, USA |year=2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022204947/http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&pg=PA847 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |author=Bernd Kortmann Walter de Gruyter |year=2004 |access-date=11 November 2013 |isbn=978-3-11-017532-5}}</ref> Additionally, there are eleven languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages:
+[[File:Predominant tribe in the area - (Ghana) LOC 88692692.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of Ghana's ethno-linguistic areas]]
+English is the [[official language]] of Ghana.<ref name="USA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy Washington DC, USA |year=2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022204947/http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&pg=PA847 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |first=Bernd Kortmann Walter |last=de Gruyter |year=2004 |access-date=11 November 2013 |isbn=978-3-11-017532-5}}</ref> Additionally, there are 11 languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages:
 *[[Akan languages]] ([[Asante dialect|Asante Twi]], [[Akuapem Twi]], [[Fante dialect|Fante]], [[Bono language|Bono]] which have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, and [[Nzema language|Nzema]], which is less intelligible with the above)
 *[[Dangme language|Dangme]]
@@ Line 427: / Line 436: @@
 *[[Gua language|Guan]]
 *[[Kasena language|Kasem]]
-*[[Mole–Dagbani languages]] ([[Dagaare]] and [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]])<ref name="NCA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |publisher=National Commission on Culture |year=2006 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001558/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Study of Ghanaian Languages |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |publisher=africa.upenn.edu |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001739/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+*[[Mole–Dagbani languages]] ([[Dagaare]] and [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]])<ref name="NCA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |publisher=National Commission on Culture |year=2006 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001558/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Study of Ghanaian Languages |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |publisher=africa.upenn.edu |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001739/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Of these, Asante Twi is the most widely spoken.<ref name="Introduction To The Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan">{{cite web |title=Introduction to the Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan |url=http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |work=ling.hf.ntnu.no |year=2013 |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085659/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
+Of these, Asante Twi is the most widely spoken.<ref name="Introduction To The Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan">{{cite web |title=Introduction to the Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan |url=http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |work=ling.hf.ntnu.no |year=2013 |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085659/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
-Because Ghana is surrounded by [[List of countries and territories where French is an official language|French-speaking countries]], French is widely taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Since 2005, Ghana has been an associate member of the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |title=Ghana – Jeux de la francophonie |website=www.jeux.francophonie.org |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131331/https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on six continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |title=La Lettre Diplomatique – La revue des Relations internationales et diplomatiques depuis 1988 – La Francophonie et le Ghana |website=www.lalettrediplomatique.fr |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072205/http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and it is in the process of becoming an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |title=Ghana's president wants to make French a formal language, but it's not a popular plan |work=QZ.com |date=7 April 2019 |last=Asiedu |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135708/https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |title=Ghana adopts French as its second official language |website=pulse.com |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802174130/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Because Ghana is surrounded by [[List of countries and territories where French is an official language|French-speaking countries]], French is widely taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Hausa is also widely spoken in the northern part of Ghana especially among the Muslim communities. Since 2005, Ghana has been an associate member of the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |title=Ghana – Jeux de la francophonie |website=www.jeux.francophonie.org |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131331/https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on six continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |title=La Lettre Diplomatique – La revue des Relations internationales et diplomatiques depuis 1988 – La Francophonie et le Ghana |website=www.lalettrediplomatique.fr |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072205/http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |archive-date=11 February 2018 }}</ref> and it is in the process of becoming an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |title=Ghana's president wants to make French a formal language, but it's not a popular plan |website=QZ.com |date=7 April 2019 |last=Asiedu |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135708/https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |title=Ghana adopts French as its second official language |website=pulse.com |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802174130/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Ghanaian Pidgin English]], also known as Kru English (or in Akan, ''kroo brofo''), is a variety of [[West African Pidgin English]] spoken in Accra and in the southern towns.<ref name="Huber 1999 p139">Magnus Huber, ''Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context'' (1999), page 139</ref> It can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities.<ref name="Huber 1999 p138-153">Huber (1999), pp. 138–153</ref>
@@ Line 437: / Line 446: @@
 ===Religion===
 {{Main|Religion in Ghana}}
-[[Christianity]] is the largest religion in Ghana, with 71.3% of the population being members of various [[Christian denomination]]s as of the 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam]] is practised by 20% of the total population. According to a 2012 report by [[Pew Research]], 51% of Muslims are followers of [[Sunni Islam]], while approximately 16% belong to the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement and around 8% identify with [[Shia]] Islam, while the remainder are [[non-denominational Muslim]]s.<ref name= "TheWorld'sMuslims:UnityandDiversity">{{cite report |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=August 9, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]], Forum on Religious & Public life |pages=29–31 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091620/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rs>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society".</ref> There is "no significant link between ethnicity and religion in Ghana".<ref name="stte.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=USA state.gov |access-date=December 17, 2014 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213625/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Ghana has around 150,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>
+[[Christianity]] is the largest religion in Ghana, with 71.3% of the population being members of various [[Christian denomination]]s as of the 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam]] is practiced by 16.8% of the total population. According to a 2012 report by [[Pew Research]], 60.71% of Muslims are followers of [[Sunni Islam]], while around 9.52% identify with [[Shia]] Islam, while the remainder 29.76% are [[non-denominational Muslim]]s.<ref name="TheWorld'sMuslims:UnityandDiversity">{{cite report |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=August 9, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]], Forum on Religious & Public life |pages=29–31 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091620/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rs">Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society".</ref> There is "no significant link between ethnicity and religion in Ghana". Approximately 16% belong to the [[Ahmadiyya]] religion. Rest 8.7% are others.<ref name="stte.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=USA state.gov |access-date=December 17, 2014 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213625/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Ghana has around 150,000 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>
+The [[Orange Order in Africa|Grand Orange Lodge of Ghana]] is a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Fraternity|fraternal organization]] within the [[Orange Order]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Boyne Foundation |url=https://www.theboynefoundation.com/plots11-20.php |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.theboynefoundation.com |archive-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930005038/https://www.theboynefoundation.com/plots11-20.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The most famous governed by the [[Grand Lodge]] is The Loyal Leopold Lodge No. 907. It was founded in 1894 by a British [[Colonialism|colonial]] official, Dr. A. D. MacDonald. The lodge initially served as a [[social club]] for European administrators, [[military officers]], and merchants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulster-Scots & Irish Unionist Resource - Origins of Orangeism in Ghana |url=https://www.ulster-scots.co.uk/docs/orange/originsghana.htm |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.ulster-scots.co.uk |archive-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930005054/https://www.ulster-scots.co.uk/docs/orange/originsghana.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Over time, it began to admit local African members, which was a significant departure from the lodges in Ireland and Britain that were overwhelmingly white and Protestant. Today, its members continue to participate in events and [[parade]]s, including [[The Twelfth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title='I'm looking forward to walking with my ancestral lodge': Orangemen from around the world set to take part in NI's Twelfth celebrations |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/im-looking-forward-to-walking-with-my-ancestral-lodge-orangemen-from-around-the-world-set-to-take-part-in-nis-twelfth-celebrations/a1709881437.html |first=Bret |last=Campbell |access-date=2025-09-10 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714235846/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/im-looking-forward-to-walking-with-my-ancestral-lodge-orangemen-from-around-the-world-set-to-take-part-in-nis-twelfth-celebrations/a1709881437.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They also are involved in community and charitable work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - Heart and Soul, Discovering an Orange Order sash in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037bs5x |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 === Universal health care and life expectancy ===
 {{main|l1 = NHIS|2 = Health in Ghana}}
 {{further|Eye care in Ghana|Optometry in Ghana}}
 [[File:Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy, 1921 to 2019]]
-Ghana has a [[universal health care]] system, [[National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)|National Health Insurance Scheme]] (NHIS), which is strictly designated for [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaian nationals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhis.gov.gh/ |title=National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |publisher=nhis.gov.gh |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205524/http://nhis.gov.gh/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Health care is variable throughout Ghana and in 2012, more than 12&nbsp;million Ghanaian nationals were covered by the NHIS.<ref name="Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)">{{cite web |title=Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |url=http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |publisher=jointlearningnetwork.org |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213346/http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Urban centres are well served and contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are more than 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for [[medical tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |title=Medical tourism is emerging market for Ghana |publisher=eturbonews.com |date=5 August 2009 |access-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224254/http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org"/> In 2010, 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health.<ref name="Field Listing: Health expenditures">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html Field Listing :: Health expenditures] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html |date=26 March 2014}}. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> In 2020, the WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the four-tiered WHO classification of [[National medicines regulatory systems]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Ghana bolsters medicines regulatory system, guarantees product quality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520001950/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>
+Ghana has a [[universal health care]] system, [[National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)|National Health Insurance Scheme]] (NHIS), which is strictly designated for [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaian nationals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhis.gov.gh/ |title=National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |publisher=nhis.gov.gh |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205524/http://nhis.gov.gh/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Health care is variable throughout Ghana and in 2012, more than 12&nbsp;million Ghanaian nationals were covered by the NHIS.<ref name="Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)">{{cite web |title=Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |url=http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |publisher=jointlearningnetwork.org |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213346/http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> Urban centres are well served and contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are more than 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for [[medical tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |title=Medical tourism is emerging market for Ghana |publisher=eturbonews.com |date=5 August 2009 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224254/http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org"/> In 2010, 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health.<ref name="Field Listing: Health expenditures">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html Field Listing :: Health expenditures] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html |date=26 March 2014}}. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> In 2020, the WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the four-tiered WHO classification of [[National medicines regulatory systems]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Ghana bolsters medicines regulatory system, guarantees product quality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520001950/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>
-Life expectancy at birth in 2021 was 68.6 for a female and 63.7 for a male.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://data.who.int/countries/288 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=datadot |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, [[infant mortality]] was to 39 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="Listing: Infant mortality rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |title=Field Listing – Infant mortality rate |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |title=Ghana Statistics |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927001635/https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh" /> The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman), Ghana, 1960 – present |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=GH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622190721/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Flocations%3DGH |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019 |website=World Bank}}</ref>
+Life expectancy at birth in 2021 was 68.6 for a female and 63.7 for a male.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://data.who.int/countries/288 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=datadot |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, [[infant mortality]] was to 39 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="Listing: Infant mortality rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |title=Field Listing – Infant mortality rate |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref> Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |title=Ghana Statistics |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927001635/https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh" /> The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman), Ghana, 1960 – present |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=GH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622190721/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Flocations%3DGH |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019 |website=World Bank}}</ref>
-{{As of|2012}}, the [[HIV/AIDS]] prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |title=Library publications |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+{{As of|2012}}, the [[HIV/AIDS]] prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |title=Library publications |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>
 ===Education===
@@ Line 455: / Line 468: @@
 [[File:Wikimedia Outreach in Ghana 6.jpeg|thumb|Education system's implementation of [[information and communications technology]] at the [[University of Ghana]]]]
-The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).<ref name="GEScurr"/> It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the [[Basic Education Certificate Examination]].<ref name="GEScurr">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum-1 |title=Basic Education Curriculum |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195225/http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum-1 |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="GEScurr2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum |title=Basic curriculum Education: The junior High Education |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605133413/http://ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.<ref name="BECE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |title=BECE |access-date=6 June 2014 |author=West African Examinations Council(corporate site: Ghana) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519130523/http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the [[West African Senior School Certificate Examination]], which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.<ref name="nab.gov.gh">{{cite web |url=http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |title=Country module Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171810/http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Polytechnics are open to vocational students.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |title=Vocational Education in Ghana |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC |date=July 2012 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230631/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).<ref name="GEScurr"/> It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the [[Basic Education Certificate Examination]].<ref name="GEScurr">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum-1 |title=Basic Education Curriculum |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195225/http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum-1 |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="GEScurr2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum |title=Basic curriculum Education: The junior High Education |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605133413/http://ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.<ref name="BECE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |title=BECE |access-date=6 June 2014 |author=West African Examinations Council (corporate site: Ghana) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519130523/http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts three years and leads to the [[West African Senior School Certificate Examination]], which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.<ref name="nab.gov.gh">{{cite web |url=http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |title=Country module Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171810/http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Polytechnics are open to vocational students.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |title=Vocational Education in Ghana |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC |date=July 2012 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230631/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years.<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/>{{rp|9}} A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years.<ref name="UNEVOC"/> Ghana possesses colleges of education.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana |publisher=SageOpen |date=23 July 2013 |author=Atuahene, Ansah |journal=SAGE Open |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=2 |doi=10.1177/2158244013497725 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the universities are the [[University of Ghana]], [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], and [[University of Cape Coast]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Top 10 Best Universities in Ghana |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=Pulse Gh |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163953/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |url-status=live}}</ref>
+A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years.<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/>{{rp|9}} A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years.<ref name="UNEVOC"/> Ghana possesses colleges of education.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana |publisher=SageOpen |date=23 July 2013 |last=Atuahene |first=Ansah |journal=SAGE Open |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=2 |article-number=2158244013497725 |doi=10.1177/2158244013497725 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the universities are the [[University of Ghana]], [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], and [[University of Cape Coast]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Top 10 Best Universities in Ghana |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=Pulse Gh |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163953/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |url-status=live}}</ref>
-There are more than 95% of children in school.<ref name="UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |title=UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality |publisher=unicef.org |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803061043/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |title=Africa |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=26 June 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054024/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The literacy rate of youth ages 15 to 24 years old was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813172150/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> and females at 80%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192409/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An education system annually attracts [[foreign student]]s particularly in the university sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |title=Plight of Foreign Students in Ghana |publisher=modernghana.com |date=2 November 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101531/http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Nyarota, Geoffrey; Against the Grain; pp. 101–102.</ref>
+There are more than 95% of children in school.<ref name="UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |title=UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality |publisher=unicef.org |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803061043/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |title=Africa |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |access-date=26 June 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054024/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The literacy rate of youth ages 15 to 24 years old was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813172150/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> and females at 80%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192409/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> The education system annually attracts [[foreign student]]s, particularly in the university sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |title=Plight of Foreign Students in Ghana |publisher=modernghana.com |date=2 November 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101531/http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Nyarota, Geoffrey; Against the Grain; pp. 101–102.</ref>
-Ghana has a [[free education]] six-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.<ref name="Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program">{{cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211948/http://www.voanews.com/content/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |title=Free SHS Begins in September – Government of Ghana |website=www.ghana.gov.gh |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210954/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.<ref name="KoinzerNikolai2017">{{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Koinzer |first2=Rita |last2=Nikolai |first3=Florian |last3=Waldow |title=Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education: Global Change and National Challenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-17104-9 |page=143 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064508/https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Ghana has a [[free education]] six-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.<ref name="Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program">{{cite web |date=16 February 2012|first= Joana |last=Mantey |title=Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211948/http://www.voanews.com/content/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |title=Free SHS Begins in September – Government of Ghana |website=www.ghana.gov.gh |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210954/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.<ref name="KoinzerNikolai2017">{{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Koinzer |first2=Rita |last2=Nikolai |first3=Florian |last3=Waldow |title=Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education: Global Change and National Challenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-17104-9 |page=143 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064508/https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Culture ==
-[[File:FB 20151104 19 47 22 Saved Picture(1).jpg|thumb|[[Hogbetsotso festival]] in the [[Volta Region]]]]{{Main|Culture of Ghana}}
+{{Main|Culture of Ghana}}
+[[File:Jollof rice by Chef Phizzle. Native Delight. 04.jpg|thumb|Jollof rice is one of the most popular Ghanaian dishes and is known globally by many.]]
 ===Food and drink===
-[[Ghanaian cuisine]] includes an assortment of soups and stews with varied seafoods; most Ghanaian soups are prepared with vegetables, meat, poultry or fish.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup"/> Fish is important in the diet with tilapia, roasted and fried [[whitebait]], smoked fish and crayfish, all being common components of Ghanaian dishes.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup"/> [[Banku (dish)|Banku]] (akple) is a common starchy food made from ground corn (maize),<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> and cornmeal based staples kɔmi ([[kenkey]]) and banku (akple) are usually accompanied by some form of fried fish (chinam) or grilled tilapia and a very spicy condiment made from raw red and green chillies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce).<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> Banku and tilapia is a combo served in most restaurants.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup">{{cite web |url=http://www.kadirecipes.com/2011/10/22/banku-and-okra-soup/ |title=Ghanaian cuisine, dokonu, banku, okra and soup |publisher=kadirecipes.com |first=Oumoupoo |last=Bah |date=22 October 2011 |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121174204/http://www.kadirecipes.com/2011/10/22/banku-and-okra-soup/ |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fufu]] is the most common exported Ghanaian dish and is a delicacy across the [[African diaspora]].<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> Rice is an established staple meal across the country, with various rice-based dishes serving as breakfast, lunch and dinner, the main variants are waakye, plain rice and stew (either kontomire or tomato gravy), fried rice and [[jollof rice]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana's rice market |url=https://www.ifpri.org/publication/ghanas-rice-market |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=www.ifpri.org |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010120/https://www.ifpri.org/publication/ghanas-rice-market |url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Ghanaian cuisine]] includes an assortment of soups and stews with varied seafoods; most Ghanaian soups are prepared with vegetables, meat, poultry or fish.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup"/> Fish is important in the diet with tilapia, roasted and fried [[whitebait]], smoked fish and crayfish, all being common components of Ghanaian dishes.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup"/> [[Banku (dish)|Banku]] (akple) is a common starchy food made from ground corn (maize),<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> and cornmeal based staples kɔmi ([[kenkey]]) and banku (akple) are usually accompanied by some form of fried fish (chinam) or grilled tilapia and a very spicy condiment made from raw red and green chillies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce).<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> Banku and tilapia is a combo served in most restaurants.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup">{{cite web |url=http://www.kadirecipes.com/2011/10/22/banku-and-okra-soup/ |title=Ghanaian cuisine, dokonu, banku, okra and soup |publisher=kadirecipes.com |first=Oumoupoo |last=Bah |date=22 October 2011 |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121174204/http://www.kadirecipes.com/2011/10/22/banku-and-okra-soup/ |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> [[Fufu]] is the most common exported Ghanaian dish and is a delicacy across the [[African diaspora]].<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine, banku, okra and soup" /> Rice is an established staple meal across the country, with various rice-based dishes serving as breakfast, lunch and dinner, the main variants are waakye, plain rice and stew (either kontomire or tomato gravy), fried rice and [[jollof rice]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana's rice market |url=https://www.ifpri.org/publication/ghanas-rice-market |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=www.ifpri.org |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010120/https://www.ifpri.org/publication/ghanas-rice-market |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Literature===
@@ Line 473: / Line 488: @@
 === Clothing ===
-[[File:Adinkra motifs Rattray 1927.jpg|thumb|[[Adinkra symbols]] by [[Robert Sutherland Rattray]]]]
+[[File:Gyaman Adinkra Symbols.jpg|thumb|[[Adinkra symbols]] by [[Robert Sutherland Rattray]]]]
-During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of ''[[Adinkra symbols|adinkra]]'' printing. Hand-printed and hand-embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies. Each of the motifs that make up the [[Text corpus|corpus]] of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb, a historical event, human attitude, [[ethology]], [[plant life-form]], or shapes of inanimate and man-made objects. The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics, ethics, human relations, and concepts.<ref name="LIT">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.amadeus.net/home/destinations/es/guides/gh/cul.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223225901/https://www.amadeus.net/home/destinations/es/guides/gh/cul.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=1 August 2013 |work=Amadeus |language=es |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos but also represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are many symbols with distinct meanings, often linked with proverbs. In the words of [[Kwame Anthony Appiah|Anthony Appiah]], they were one of the means in a pre-literate society for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".<ref>{{cite book |last=Appiah |first=Kwame Anthony |title=In my father's house : Africa in the philosophy of culture |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506852-8 |edition=1.paperbackedition 1993. |author-link=Anthony Appiah}}</ref>[[File:Kent wove.jpg|thumb|upright|Kente cloth, the traditional or national cloth of Ghana, is worn by most southern Ghanaian ethnic groups, including the [[Akan people|Akan]], the [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga]], and the [[Ewe people|Ewe]].]]
+During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of ''[[Adinkra symbols|adinkra]]'' printing. Hand-printed and hand-embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies. Each of the motifs that make up the [[Text corpus|corpus]] of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb, a historical event, human attitude, [[ethology]], [[plant life-form]], or shapes of inanimate and man-made objects. The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics, ethics, human relations, and concepts.<ref name="LIT">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.amadeus.net/home/destinations/es/guides/gh/cul.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223225901/https://www.amadeus.net/home/destinations/es/guides/gh/cul.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=1 August 2013 |work=Amadeus |language=es }}</ref> The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos but also represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are many symbols with distinct meanings, often linked with proverbs. In the words of [[Kwame Anthony Appiah|Anthony Appiah]], they were one of the means in a pre-literate society for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".<ref>{{cite book |last=Appiah |first=Kwame Anthony |title=In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506852-8 |edition=paperback |author-link=Anthony Appiah}}</ref> [[Kente cloth]], the traditional or national cloth of Ghana, is worn by most southern Ghanaian ethnic groups, especially, the [[Akan people|Akan]] Along with the ''adinkra cloth,'' Ghanaians use many cloth fabrics for their traditional attire.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth"/> The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth. The most well known is the Kente cloth.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth"/> Kente is a very important national costume and clothing, and these clothes are used to make traditional and modern Kente attire.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth">{{cite web |url=http://www.kentecloth.net/ghanaian-kente-cloth/ |title=Ghanaian Kente Cloth |date=19 October 2009 |publisher=kentecloth.net |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002652/http://www.kentecloth.net/ghanaian-kente-cloth/ |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Different symbols and different colours mean different things.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Kente is the most famous of all the Ghanaian clothes.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal [[Loom|treadle loom]] and strips measuring about 4&nbsp;inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs and are worn during very important social and religious occasions.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth as it is a visual representation of history and also a form of written language through weaving.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> The term "kente" has its roots in the Akan word ''kɛntɛn'', which means a basket, and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like ''kenten'' (a basket); and thus were referred to as ''kenten ntoma''; meaning "basket cloth".<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Kente is also woven by the Ewe people (Ewe Kente) in the Volta Region. The main weaving centres are Agortime area and Agbozume. Agbozume has a vibrant kente market that attracts patrons from all over West Africa and the diaspora.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" />
-Along with the ''adinkra cloth,'' Ghanaians use many cloth fabrics for their traditional attire.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth"/> The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth. The most well known is the [[Kente cloth]].<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth"/> Kente is a very important national costume and clothing, and these clothes are used to make traditional and modern Kente attire.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth">{{cite web |url=http://www.kentecloth.net/ghanaian-kente-cloth/ |title=Ghanaian Kente Cloth |date=19 October 2009 |publisher=kentecloth.net |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002652/http://www.kentecloth.net/ghanaian-kente-cloth/ |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Different symbols and different colours mean different things.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> [[Kente cloth|Kente]] is the most famous of all the Ghanaian clothes.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal [[Loom|treadle loom]] and strips measuring about 4&nbsp;inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs and are worn during very important social and religious occasions.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth as it is a visual representation of history and also a form of written language through weaving.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" /> The term kente has its roots in the Akan word ''kɛntɛn'' which means a basket and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as ''kenten ntoma''; meaning basket cloth.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" />
-Kente is also woven by the Ewe people (Ewe Kente) in the Volta Region. The main weaving centres are Agortime area and Agbozume. Agbozume has a vibrant kente market attracting patrons from all over west Africa and the diaspora.<ref name="Ghanaian Kente Cloth" />
 {{multiple image
-| align = left
+| align             = left
-| width1 = 150
+| width1            = 150
-| width2 = 150
+| width2            = 150
-| image1 = Comtemporary Ghanaian men fashion.jpg
+| image1            = Comtemporary Ghanaian men fashion.jpg
-| image2 = Comtemporary Ghanaian womenswear.jpg
+| image2            = Comtemporary Ghanaian womenswear.jpg
-| caption1 = Contemporary Ghanaian men's fashion with Kente and other traditional styles
+| caption1          = Contemporary Ghanaian men's fashion with Kente and other traditional styles
-| caption2 = Contemporary Ghanaian women's fashion with African print/Ankara and other fabrics
+| caption2          = Contemporary Ghanaian women's fashion with African print/Ankara and other fabrics
 }}
-Contemporary Ghanaian fashion includes traditional and modern styles and fabrics and has made its way into the African and global fashion scene. The cloth known as [[African wax prints|African print fabric]] was created out of Dutch wax textiles. It is believed that in the late 19th century, Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine-made textiles that mimicked Indonesian [[batik]] stopped at many West African ports on the way. The fabrics did not do well in Asia. However, in West Africa—mainly Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles—the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs, colours and patterns to cater to the taste of the new consumers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewrendesign.com/the-story-behind-african-wax-print-cloth/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925182125/http://thewrendesign.com/the-story-behind-african-wax-print-cloth/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2010 |title=The Story Behind African Wax Print Cloth |publisher=Thewrendesign.com |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Today outside of Africa it is called "Ankara", and it has a client base well beyond Ghana and Africa as a whole. It is popular among Caribbean peoples and [[African Americans]]; celebrities such as [[Solange Knowles]] and her sister [[Beyoncé]] have been seen wearing African print attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/red-carpet-society/2013/04/05/beyonce-vs-solange-prints// |first=Erin |last=Wilson |title=Beyonce vs. Solange: Which Sister Wears Bold Prints Best |work=Fashionmagazine.com |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230934/http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/red-carpet-society/2013/04/05/beyonce-vs-solange-prints/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many designers from countries in North America and Europe are now using African prints, and they have gained a global interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://munaluchibridal.com/african-inspired-spring-2012-collections-takes-over-lfw-nyfw/ |title=African-Inspired Spring 2012 Collections Takes Over LFW & NYFW |author=ChiomaChinweoke |publisher=munaluchibridal.com |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216214432/http://munaluchibridal.com/african-inspired-spring-2012-collections-takes-over-lfw-nyfw/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> British luxury fashion house [[Burberry]] created a collection around Ghanaian styles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/african-style-finds-global-following-but-little-support-from-african-leaders/ |title=African Style Goes Global, Despite Little Tangible Support From African Leaders |first=Frankie |last=Edozien |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910140503/http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/african-style-finds-global-following-but-little-support-from-african-leaders/ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Internationally acclaimed Ghanaian-British designer [[Ozwald Boateng]] introduced African print suits in his 2012 collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanprintinfashion.com/2012/09/african-icons-show-at-nyfw-ozwald.html |title=African Icons Show at NYFW: Ozwald Boateng |publisher=Africanprintinfashion.com |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216215105/http://www.africanprintinfashion.com/2012/09/african-icons-show-at-nyfw-ozwald.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Contemporary Ghanaian fashion includes traditional and modern styles and fabrics and has made its way into the African and global fashion scene. The cloth known as [[African wax prints|African print fabric]] was created out of Dutch wax textiles. It is believed that in the late 19th century, Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine-made textiles that mimicked Indonesian [[batik]] stopped at many West African ports on the way. The fabrics did not do well in Asia. However, in West Africa—mainly Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles—the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs, colours and patterns to cater to the taste of the new consumers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewrendesign.com/the-story-behind-african-wax-print-cloth/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925182125/http://thewrendesign.com/the-story-behind-african-wax-print-cloth/ |archive-date=25 September 2010 |title=The Story Behind African Wax Print Cloth|author=Wendren |publisher=Thewrendesign.com |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Today outside of Africa it is called "Ankara", and it has a client base well beyond Ghana and Africa as a whole. It is popular among Caribbean peoples and [[African Americans]]; celebrities such as [[Solange Knowles]] and her sister [[Beyoncé]] have been seen wearing African print attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/red-carpet-society/2013/04/05/beyonce-vs-solange-prints// |first=Erin |last=Wilson |title=Beyonce vs. Solange: Which Sister Wears Bold Prints Best |work=Fashionmagazine.com |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230934/http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/red-carpet-society/2013/04/05/beyonce-vs-solange-prints/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many designers from countries in North America and Europe are now using African prints, and they have gained a global interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://munaluchibridal.com/african-inspired-spring-2012-collections-takes-over-lfw-nyfw/ |title=African-Inspired Spring 2012 Collections Takes Over LFW & NYFW |author=ChiomaChinweoke |publisher=munaluchibridal.com |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216214432/http://munaluchibridal.com/african-inspired-spring-2012-collections-takes-over-lfw-nyfw/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> British luxury fashion house [[Burberry]] created a collection around Ghanaian styles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/african-style-finds-global-following-but-little-support-from-african-leaders/ |title=African Style Goes Global, Despite Little Tangible Support From African Leaders |first=Frankie |last=Edozien |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910140503/http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/african-style-finds-global-following-but-little-support-from-african-leaders/ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Internationally acclaimed Ghanaian-British designer [[Ozwald Boateng]] introduced African print suits in his 2012 collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanprintinfashion.com/2012/09/african-icons-show-at-nyfw-ozwald.html |title=African Icons Show at NYFW: Ozwald Boateng |publisher=Africanprintinfashion.com |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216215105/http://www.africanprintinfashion.com/2012/09/african-icons-show-at-nyfw-ozwald.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Music and dance===
-{{Main|2 = Azonto|3 = Kpanlogo}}
+{{Main|Azonto|Kpanlogo}}
-[[File:Traditional Adowa dance form and music performance.ogv|thumb|[[Adowa dance]] form and music performance.]]
-Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, [[Akan Drum]], [[goje]] fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akan [[Seperewa]], the Akan atumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log [[xylophone]]s used in asonko music.<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife" /> Afro-jazz — "the reuniting of African-American jazz with its African roots"<ref>{{cite news|first=Jon|last=Lusk|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kofi-ghanaba-drummer-who-pioneered-afro-jazz-1640302.html|title=Kofi Ghanaba: Drummer who pioneered Afro-jazz|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=9 March 2009}}</ref> — was created by [[Guy Warren|Kofi Ghanaba]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html |title=Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba – Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=Ghanaian Chronicle |access-date=30 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008182524/http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> A form of secular music called [[highlife]] originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa.<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/ghana-from-highlife-to-hiplife/ |title=Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife |publisher=worldmusic.net |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607004721/http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/ghana-from-highlife-to-hiplife/ |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+[[File:Traditional Adowa dance form and music performance.ogv|thumb|left|150px|[[Adowa dance]] form and music performance]]
+Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, [[Akan Drum]], [[goje]] fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akan [[Seperewa]], the Akan atumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log [[xylophone]]s used in asonko music.<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife" /> Afro-jazz — "the reuniting of African-American jazz with its African roots"<ref>{{cite news|first=Jon|last=Lusk|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kofi-ghanaba-drummer-who-pioneered-afro-jazz-1640302.html|title=Kofi Ghanaba: Drummer who pioneered Afro-jazz|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=9 March 2009|archive-date=13 February 2019|access-date=22 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213074615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kofi-ghanaba-drummer-who-pioneered-afro-jazz-1640302.html|url-status=live}}</ref> — was created by [[Guy Warren|Kofi Ghanaba]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html |title=Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba – Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=Ghanaian Chronicle |access-date=30 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008182524/http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> A form of secular music called [[highlife]] originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa.<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/ghana-from-highlife-to-hiplife/ |title=Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife |publisher=worldmusic.net |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607004721/http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/ghana-from-highlife-to-hiplife/ |archive-date=7 June 2014 }}</ref>
 In the 1990s, a genre of music was created incorporating the influences of highlife, Afro-reggae, [[dancehall]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]].<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife" /> This hybrid was called [[hiplife]].<ref name="Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife" />
-There are dances for occasions.<ref name="Dance, Ghana">{{cite web |work=Temple |url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf |title=Dance, Ghana |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226065738/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dances for celebrations include the [[Adowa dance|Adowa]], [[Kpanlogo]], [[Azonto]], [[Klama]], [[Agbadza]], [[Borborbor]] and [[Bamaya]].<ref name="Dance, Ghana" /> The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services, also known as the [[Dancing Pallbearers]], were featured in a BBC feature story in 2017, and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=How Prampram pallbearers became an international sensation – and a meme |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=The Ghana Report |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502190849/https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+There are dances for occasions.<ref name="Dance, Ghana">{{cite web |work=Temple |url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf |title=Dance, Ghana |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226065738/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2011 }}</ref> Dances for celebrations include the [[Adowa dance|Adowa]], [[Kpanlogo]], [[Azonto]], [[Klama]], [[Agbadza]], [[Borborbor]] and [[Bamaya]].<ref name="Dance, Ghana" /> The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services, also known as the [[Dancing Pallbearers]], were featured in a BBC feature story in 2017, and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=How Prampram pallbearers became an international sensation – and a meme |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=The Ghana Report |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502190849/https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{clear}}
 ===Media===
 {{Main|Mass media in Ghana}}
-[[File:Ghana Trustworthiness of Media.jpg|thumb|Mass media, news and information provided by television.]]
+[[File:Ghana Trustworthiness of Media.jpg|thumb|Mass media, news and information provided by television]]
-Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees [[freedom of the press]] and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.<ref name="gov">{{cite web |url=http://ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp |title=Constitution of Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324233340/http://ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp |archive-date=24 March 2008}}, ''Government of Ghana''.</ref> Post-independence, private outlets closed during the military governments, and media laws prevented criticism of government.<ref name="Anokwa">Anokwa, K. (1997). In ''Press Freedom and Communication in Africa''. Erbio, F. & Jong-Ebot, W. (Eds.) Africa World Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-551-3}}.</ref> Press freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor, the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a [[Defamation|libel]] law, and maintained that the media had to act responsibly.<ref name="pr">[http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html Basic Data] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031932/http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html |date=16 January 2009}}. pressreference.com</ref> The media have been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media BBC Country Profile: Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615131247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media |date=15 June 2006}}, [[BBC News]].</ref>
+Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees [[freedom of the press]] and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.<ref name="gov">{{cite web |url=http://ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp |title=Constitution of Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324233340/http://ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp |archive-date=24 March 2008}}, ''Government of Ghana''.</ref> Post-independence, private outlets closed during the military governments, and media laws prevented criticism of government.<ref name="Anokwa">Anokwa, K. (1997). In ''Press Freedom and Communication in Africa''. Erbio, F. & Jong-Ebot, W. (Eds.) Africa World Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-551-3}}.</ref> Press freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor, the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a [[Defamation|libel]] law, and maintained that the media had to act responsibly.<ref name="pr">[http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html Basic Data] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031932/http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html |date=16 January 2009}}. pressreference.com</ref> The media have been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media BBC Country Profile: Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615131247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media |date=15 June 2006}}, [[BBC News]].</ref>
 ===Architecture===
@@ Line 511: / Line 527: @@
 {{see also|Ghana's material cultural heritage|List of museums in Ghana|l2=Ghanaian museums}}
 [[File:A drone footage of Accra central, Ghana.jpg|thumb|[[High-rise building]]s in [[Accra]], the capital]]
-There are two types of construction: the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common, and the round huts with grass roof.<ref name="ARC">{{cite web |work=Countriesquest |url=http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm |title=Culture, Art and Architecture: Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304203925/http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm |archive-date=4 March 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions, while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions. [[Postmodern architecture]] and [[high-tech architecture]] buildings are in the southern regions, while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country, such as [[Fort William, Ghana|Fort William]] and [[Fort Amsterdam, Ghana|Fort Amsterdam]]. Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles, and two are situated inside a fort.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" /> The [[Armed Forces Museum (Ghana)|Military Museum]] and the [[National Museum of Ghana|National Museum]] organise temporary exhibitions.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php |title=Ghana Museums and Monuments Board |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130235605/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php |archive-date=30 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+There are two types of construction: the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common, and the round huts with grass roof.<ref name="ARC">{{cite web |website=Countriesquest |url=http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm |title=Culture, Art and Architecture: Ghana |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304203925/http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm |archive-date=4 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions, while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions. [[Postmodern architecture]] and [[high-tech architecture]] buildings are in the southern regions, while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country, such as [[Fort William, Ghana|Fort William]] and [[Fort Amsterdam, Ghana|Fort Amsterdam]]. Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles, and two are situated inside a fort.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" /> The [[Armed Forces Museum (Ghana)|Military Museum]] and the [[National Museum of Ghana|National Museum]] organise temporary exhibitions.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php |title=Ghana Museums and Monuments Board |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130235605/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php |archive-date=30 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Ghana has museums that allow an in-depth look at specific regions, with a number of museums providing insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" /> The [[Cape Coast Castle]] Museum and St. Georges Castle ([[Elmina Castle]]) Museum offer guided tours. The [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Museum of Science and Technology]] provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" />
+Ghana has museums that allow an in-depth look at specific regions, with a number of museums providing insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" /> The [[Cape Coast Castle]] Museum and St. George's Castle ([[Elmina Castle]]) Museum offer guided tours. The [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Museum of Science and Technology]] provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development.<ref name="Museums and Monuments Board" />
+[[File:2010 Opening Ceremony - Ghana entering.jpg|upright|thumb|Ghanaian [[winter sport]]s Olympic team at the [[opening ceremony]] of the 2010 [[Winter Olympics]]]]
 ===Sports===
 {{main|Sports in Ghana}}
-[[File:2010 Opening Ceremony - Ghana entering.jpg|upright|thumb|Ghanaian [[winter sport]]s Olympic team at the [[opening ceremony]] of the 2010 [[Winter Olympics]]]]
+[[Association football]] is the top spectator sport in Ghana.<ref name="Ghana thrilled by historic title"/> [[Ghana national football team|Ghana's men's national football team]] has won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] four times, the [[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] once, and has participated in five [[FIFA World Cup]]s (2006, 2010, 2014, 2022, and 2026) and has also won the FIFA U-17 World Cup twice.<ref name="Ghana thrilled by historic title">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm |title=Ghana thrilled by historic title |publisher=BBC Sport |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216171504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|International Federation of Football History and Statistics]] crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#Continental Clubs of the 20th century|African club of the 20th century]].<ref name="Africa's club of the Century">{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b |title=Africa's club of the Century |website=IFFHS official website |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110231/http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Association football]] is the top spectator sport in Ghana.<ref name="Ghana thrilled by historic title"/> Ghana has won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] four times, the [[FIFA U-20 World Cup]] once, and has participated in four [[FIFA World Cup]]s (2006, 2010, 2014 and 2022) and has also won the FIFA U-17 World Cup twice.<ref name="Ghana thrilled by historic title">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm |title=Ghana thrilled by historic title |publisher=BBC Sport |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216171504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|International Federation of Football History and Statistics]] crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#Continental Clubs of the 20th century|African club of the 20th century]].<ref name="Africa's club of the Century">{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b |title=Africa's club of the Century |work=IFFHS official website |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110231/http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Ghana competes in the [[Commonwealth Games]], sending athletes in every edition since [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1954]] (except for the [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986 games]]). Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games, including 15 gold, with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing. The country has also produced a number of boxers, including [[Azumah Nelson]] a three-time world champion,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/ |title=Is Azumah Nelson Africa's greatest boxer? |first=Errol |last=Barnett |author-link=Errol Barnett |publisher=CNN |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213758/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> [[Nana Konadu|Nana Yaw Konadu]] also a three-time world champion,<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> [[Ike Quartey]],<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> and [[Joshua Clottey]].<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers">{{cite news |url=http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/ |title=Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers |publisher=proboxing-fans.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222940/http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Ghana competes in the [[Commonwealth Games]], sending athletes in every edition since [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1954]] (except for the [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986 games]]). Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games, including 15 gold, with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing. The country has also produced a number of boxers, including three-time world champion [[Azumah Nelson]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/ |title=Is Azumah Nelson Africa's greatest boxer? |first=Errol |last=Barnett |author-link=Errol Barnett |publisher=CNN |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213758/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> three-time world champion [[Nana Konadu|Nana Yaw Konadu]],<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> [[Ike Quartey]],<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers" /> and [[Joshua Clottey]].<ref name="Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers">{{cite news |url=http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/ |title=Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers |publisher=proboxing-fans.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222940/http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{clear}}
+{{Portal|Countries|Africa
+}}
+== See also ==
+* [[Outline of Ghana]]
 {{Clear}}
-==See also==
-{{portal|Africa}}
-*[[Index of Ghana-related articles]]
-*[[Outline of Ghana]]{{Clear}}
-== Notes==
-{{notelist}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
-{{refbegin}}
+{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
-*{{cite book |last=Dankwa |first=Serena |title=Knowing Women: Same-Sex Intimacy, Gender, and Identity in Postcolonial Ghana |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/knowing-women/0EEF984E4BEEE02AC7258F48A6760794 |year=2021 |isbn=9781108863575 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
+*{{cite book |last=Birmingham |first=David |author-link=David Birmingham|title=Kwame Nkrumah: Father of African Nationalism |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=1998}}
-*{{cite book |last=Nott |first=John |title=Between Feast and Famine: Food, health, and the history of Ghana's long twentieth century |url=https://uclpress.co.uk/book/between-feast-and-famine/ |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-80008-794-1 |publisher=UCL Press}}
+*{{cite book |last=Boafo-Arthur |first=Kwame |title=Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State |publisher=Zed Books |year=2007}}
-*Birmingham, David, ''Kwame Nkrumah: Father Of African Nationalism'' ([[Ohio University Press]], 1998)
+*{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |title=Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide) |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2010}}
-*Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, ''Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State'' ([[Zed Books]], 2007)
+*{{cite book |last=Burke |first=Laura |author2=Armando García Schmidt |title=Ghana: Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment |publisher=Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung |location=Gütersloh |pages=127–147 |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-86793-491-6}}
-*Briggs, Philip, ''Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide)'' (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010)
+*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Gracia |title=African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010}}
-*Clark, Gracia, ''African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana'' ([[Indiana University Press]], 2010)
+*{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |author-link=Basil Davidson|title=Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah |publisher=James Currey |year=2007}}
-*[[Basil Davidson|Davidson, Basil]], ''Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah'' ([[James Currey]], 2007)
+*{{cite book |last=Dankwa |first=Serena |title=Knowing Women: Same-Sex Intimacy, Gender, and Identity in Postcolonial Ghana |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/knowing-women/0EEF984E4BEEE02AC7258F48A6760794 |isbn=978-1-108-86357-5 |year=2021}}
-*[[Toyin Falola|Falola, Toyin]], and Salm, Stephen J, ''Culture and Customs of Ghana'' (Greenwood, 2002)
+*{{cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |author-link=Toyin Falola|author2=Stephen J. Salm |title=Culture and Customs of Ghana |publisher=Greenwood |year=2002}}
-*Grant, Richard, ''Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana'' (Syracuse University Press, 2008)
+*{{cite journal |last=Goody |first=Jack |year=1968 |title=The Myth of a State |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=461–473 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159327 |jstor=159327}}
-*Hadjor, Kofi Buenor, ''Nkrumah and Ghana'' (Africa Research & Publications, 2003)
+*{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Richard |title=Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2008}}
-*Hasty, Jennifer, ''The Press and Political Culture in Ghana'' (Indiana University Press, 2005)
+*{{cite book |last=Hadjor |first=Kofi Buenor |title=Nkrumah and Ghana |publisher=Africa Research & Publications |year=2003}}
-*[[C. L. R. James|James, C.L.R.]], ''Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution'' ([[Allison & Busby]], 1977)
+*{{cite book |last=Hasty |first=Jennifer |title=The Press and Political Culture in Ghana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005}}
-*Kuada, John, and Chachah Yao, ''Ghana. Understanding the People and their Culture'' (Woeli Publishing Services, 1999)
+*{{cite book |last=James |first=C. L. R. |author-link=C. L. R. James|title=Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution |publisher=[[Allison & Busby]] |year=1977}}
-*Miescher, Stephan F, ''Making Men in Ghana'' (Indiana University Press, 2005)
+* {{cite book |last=Kimble |first=David |title=A Political History of Ghana: The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism, 1850–1928 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1963 |edition=Reprint |pages=587 |isbn=0198216238 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000kimb/page/n19/mode/2up}}
-*[[June Milne|Milne, June]], ''Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography'' (Panaf Books, 2006)
+*{{cite book |last=Kuada |first=John |author2=Yao Chachah |title=Ghana: Understanding the People and their Culture |publisher=Woeli Publishing Services |year=1999}}
-*Nkrumah, Kwame, ''Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah'' (International Publishers, 1971)
+*{{cite book |last=Miescher |first=Stephan F. |title=Making Men in Ghana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005}}
-*Utley, Ian, ''Ghana – Culture Smart!: the essential guide to customs & culture'' (Kuperard, 2009)
+*{{cite book |last=Milne |first=June |author-link=June Milne|title=Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography |publisher=Panaf Books |year=2006}}
-*Various, ''Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited'' (Peter E. Randall Publisher, 2007)
+*{{cite book |last=Nkrumah |first=Kwame|author-link=Kwame Nkrumah |title=Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah |publisher=International Publishers |year=1971}}
-*Younge, Paschal Yao, ''Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching'' (Mcfarland & Co Inc., 2011)
+*{{cite book |last=Nott |first=John |title=Between Feast and Famine: Food, health, and the history of Ghana's long twentieth century |publisher=UCL Press |url=https://uclpress.co.uk/book/between-feast-and-famine/ |isbn=978-1-80008-794-1 |year=2025}}
-*{{cite book |first1=Laura |last1=Burke |author2=Armando García Schmidt |title=Ghana: Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment |publisher=Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-86793-491-6 |pages=127–147}}
+*{{cite book |last=Utley |first=Ian |title=Ghana – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |publisher=Kuperard |year=2009}}
+*{{cite book |last=Various |title=Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited |publisher=Peter E. Randall Publisher |year=2007}}
+*{{cite book |last=Younge |first=Paschal Yao |title=Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=2011}}
 {{refend}}
 == External links ==
-{{Sister project links|b=y|commons=Ghana|n=y|q=y|s=y|v=y |voy= y}}
+{{Sister project links|wikt=n|c=yes|n=yes|q=yes|s=no|v=no|voy=yes}}
-* {{Official website|https://www.ghana.gov.gh/}}, Government of Ghana
-* [http://www.parliament.gh/ The Parliament of Ghana]
-* [http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/ National Commission on Culture]
 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
-* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana Ghana] from ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
 * [https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Ghana Ghana] profile from [[ECOWAS]]
-* [https://www.aljazeera.com/where/ghana/ News headline links] from [[Al Jazeera]].
+* [https://www.aljazeera.com/where/ghana/ News headline links] from [[Al Jazeera]]
 * {{Wikiatlas|Ghana}}
-* The [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] website has photographs of the All Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, 5–13 December 1958 including [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=476 Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana], addressing the conference, the [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=85 American Committee on Africa delegation] meeting with Nkrumah, and of [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=470 Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson] of South Africa at the conference.
+'''Government'''
+* [https://www.ghana.gov.gh/ Government of Ghana]
+* [http://www.parliament.gh/ Parliament of Ghana]
+* [http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/ National Commission on Culture]
+'''Travel'''
+* {{Official website|https://visitghana.com/}} of Visit Ghana
 {{Ghana topics}}