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←Created page with '{{this|the pronunciation of words in English|sounds not found in English|Help:IPA|a basic introduction to the IPA|Help:IPA/Introduction|a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}} {{pp-template|small=yes}} {{IPA key|H:IPA-EN|H:IPAE|H:IPAEN}} Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' ('''IPA'''). The follo...'
{{this|the pronunciation of words in English|sounds not found in English|Help:IPA|a basic introduction to the IPA|Help:IPA/Introduction|a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}
{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-EN|H:IPAE|H:IPAEN}}
Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''' ('''IPA'''). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia and differ from those used by dictionaries.
If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the [[#See also|links below]].
If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template {{t|IPAc-en}}. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions.
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}
==Key==
If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see [[Help:IPA]], which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see {{section link|English orthography|Sound-to-spelling correspondences}}. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see {{section link|English orthography|Spelling-to-sound correspondences}}.
The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce [[Cot–caught merger|''cot'' and ''caught'' the same]], ''do'' and ''dew'', or ''marry'' and ''merry''. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles [[English phonology]] and [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects]]). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well.{{refn|name=localterms|This rule is generally employed in the pronunciation guide of our articles, even for local terms such as place names. However, be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if a pronunciation of an English town ending in ‑ford reads /‑fəd/, it doesn't mean that the /r/ would be absent in a rhotic dialect.}} Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger.<ref>For example, if you have the ''marry–merry'' merger, you probably only merge {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. You would still distinguish ''man'' and ''men''.</ref> The footnotes explain some of these cases.
{| style="background:none"
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%"
! colspan="2"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! style="width:3em" | IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|b}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|d}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er{{refn|name=flapping|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and sometimes also {{IPA|/d/}} between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making ''latter'' sound similar or identical to ''ladder''. Some dictionaries transcribe {{IPA|/t/}} subject to this process as {{angbr IPA|d}} or {{angbr IPA|t̬}}, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as a [[nasalized]] tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, making ''winter'' sound similar or identical to ''winner''. This is also not distinguished in this system.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ew{{refn|name=yod|In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} is not pronounced after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}} and {{IPA|/dj/}} mostly merge with {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''. In some dialects {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are also affected and frequently merge with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. Where {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} following a coronal is still pronounced in yod-dropping accents, place a syllable break before it: ''menu'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛn.juː/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''g'''iant, ba'''dg'''e
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|f}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''f'''ind, lea'''f'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɡ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|h}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|hw}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''wh'''ine{{refn|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|The IPA value of the letter {{angbr IPA|j}} may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like ''[[hallelujah]]'' and ''[[fjord]]''.}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|k}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''k'''ind, s'''k'''y, '''c'''ra'''ck'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|l}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, p'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}{{refn|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|lj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''l'''ute{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|m}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''m'''y, s'''m'''ile, ca'''m'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|n}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''igh, s'''n'''ide, ca'''n'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|nj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]], {{angbr IPA|r}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɹ}} in broad transcriptions of English.}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|s}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''s'''igh, ma'''ss'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|sj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | con'''s'''ume{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|t}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', la'''tt'''er}}{{refn|name=flapping}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''t'''une{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''Ch'''ina, ca'''tch'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''igh, pa'''th'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | en'''th'''use{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|v}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, lea'''v'''e}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|w}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''w'''ine, s'''w'''ine
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|z}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''z'''oo, ha'''s'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|zj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''Z'''eus{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | plea'''s'''ure, bei'''g'''e{{refn|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background: #fff" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Marginal phoneme|Marginal segments]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|x}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} can also be replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as ''Chanukah''.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʔ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | uh'''-'''oh {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈʔʌʔoʊ/}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | b'''on''' viv'''an'''t{{refn|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/}}}}, ''ensemble'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/}}}}, etc.{{efn|{{harvp|Jones|2011}}.}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | f'''in''' de siècle{{refn|name=nasalvowel}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | M'''ö'''bius {{small|(UK only)}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɜː/}} is only found in loanwords and represents a situation where such an ''r''-less vowel is used only in British or Southern Hemisphere accents, and therefore a transcription that includes it must always be prefaced with a label indicating the variety of English. It is to be used only when a reliable source shows that General American has a different vowel in the same position. If ''r''-ful {{sc2|NURSE}} is used even in GA, even if spelled without {{angbr|r}}, as in ''Goethe'' and ''hors d'oeuvre'', use {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}. {{IPA|/ɜː/}} is also not the same as {{angbr|œ}} seen in some American dictionaries. {{angbr|œ}} in those dictionaries is merely a notational convention and does not correspond to any vowel in any accent of English, so a transcription containing {{angbr|œ}} cannot be converted to one that uses this key.}}
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="2" | Strong vowels !! colspan="2" | ...followed by R{{refn|In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accents]] like RP, {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|P'''A'''LM}}, br'''a'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|ST'''AR'''T}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|L'''O'''T}}, bl'''o'''ckade{{refn|In dialects with the [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] such as General American, {{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''or'''al{{refn|In most of the United States, {{IPA|/ɒr/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, except for a handful of words such as ''borrow'', ''tomorrow'' and ''sorry'', which instead have {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In Canada, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TR'''A'''P}}, t'''a'''ttoo, s'''a'''ng{{refn|In North America, {{IPA|/æ/}} is often pronounced like a diphthong {{IPA|[eə~ɛə]}} before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''arr'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry|Many North American accents have the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]] and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds {{IPA|/ɛər/}}, {{IPA|/ær/}}, and {{IPA|/ɛr/}}. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically {{IPA|/ɛər/}} with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.{{efn|{{cite web|last1=Vaux|first1=Bert|last2=Golder|first2=Scott|year=2003|url=http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html|title=How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|publisher=Harvard University Linguistics Department}}}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|PR'''I'''CE}}, p'''ie'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising|In much of North America, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} or {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a [[voiceless]] consonant, as in ''price'' or ''mouth'', from that in ''ride/pie'' or ''loud/how'', a phenomenon known as [[Canadian raising]]. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | h'''ire'''{{refn|name=triphthong|Some speakers pronounce ''higher, flower'' and ''coyer'' ("more coy") with two syllables, and ''hire, flour'' and ''coir'' with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ər/}}, to differentiate from the latter. Also, the distinction between {{IPA|/aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪər/}} and {{IPA|/aɪr, aʊr, ɔɪr/}} is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in {{IPA|[ˈdaəri]}} ''diary'').}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|M'''OU'''TH}}, h'''ow'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | fl'''our'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|DR'''E'''SS}}, pr'''e'''stige, l'''e'''ngth{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''err'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''A'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}}, h'''i'''storic, s'''i'''ng{{refn|name=strong-weak|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|oʊ}} represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=91–2}}.}}{{efn|{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John|date=25 March 2011|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html|title=strong and weak|work=John Wells's phonetic blog}}}}}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|FL'''EE'''CE}}, pedigr'''ee''', id'''e'''a{{refn|name=smoothing|Words like ''idea, real,'' and ''theatre'' may be pronounced with {{IPA|/ɪə/}} and ''cruel'' with {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}},{{efn|name=wells-smoothing|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=240}}.}} but since they are not pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}} in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with {{IPA|/iːə, uːə/}}, not with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}}, in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''EAR'''}}, s'''er'''ious{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o}}, particularly in North American literature.}}{{refn|name=strong-weak}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OR'''CE}}, h'''oar'''se{{refn|name=horse|Some conservative dialects make a distinction between the vowels in ''horse'' and ''hoarse'', but the number of speakers who make this distinction any longer is very small and many dictionaries do not differentiate between them ([[horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]]).}}
|-
| | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TH'''OUGH'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} in dialects with the [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''OR'''TH}}, h'''or'''se{{refn|name=horse}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|CH'''OI'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | c'''oir'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OO'''T}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | c'''our'''ier
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|uː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OO'''SE}}, cr'''u'''el{{refn|name=smoothing}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | t'''our''', {{nowrap|{{sc2|C'''URE'''}} {{small|({{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}})}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[cure–force merger|''cure''–''force'' merger]], including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English {{IPA|/ʊər/}} is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence {{IPA|/uːər/}} ({{IPA|/uːr/}} before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, '''u'''ntidy, tr'''u'''stee, s'''u'''ng{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the {{IPA|/ʊ/}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, bl'''urr'''y, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʌr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | h'''urr'''y{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌr/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} in dialects with the [[Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'' merger]] such as General American.}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Stress and vowel reduction in English|Weak vowels]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|COMM'''A'''}}, abb'''o'''t, b'''a'''zaar
| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|LETT'''ER'''}}, forw'''ar'''d, hist'''or'''y{{refn|name=syllabic}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rabb'''i'''t, b'''i'''zarre, Lat'''i'''n{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the [[weak vowel merger]] such as most Australian and American accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is not distinguished from schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}, making ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' homophonous. (Pairs like ''roses'' and ''Rosa's'' are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=94–5}}.}} but may be homophonous in Australian.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=601}}.}}) In these accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/}} merge with {{IPA|/əl, ən, əm/}}, so that the second vowel in ''Latin'' may be lost and ''cabinet'' may be disyllabic (see the previous note).}}
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | mott'''o''', retr'''o'''active, foll'''ow'''er{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|name=schwa-w|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as {{IPA|/əw/}} by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.{{efn|{{cite web |last=Windsor Lewis |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Windsor Lewis |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174 |title=The Elephant in the Room |work=PhonetiBlog}}}} Hence a difference between {{IPA|/əw/}} in Merriam-Webster and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so {{IPA|/əw/}} in such cases may be better replaced with {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} accordingly, to minimize confusion: {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/}} → {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/}}, {{IPA|/ˈfɒləwər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfɒloʊər/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|HAPP'''Y'''}}, med'''i'''ocre{{refn|name=i-u|{{angbr IPA|i}} represents variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to {{IPA|/iː/}} in accents with [[Happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]], such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in others. {{angbr IPA|u}} likewise represents variation between {{IPA|/uː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in unstressed prevocalic positions.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|iə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | Californ'''ia'''{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|iə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[i.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[jə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|NEAR}} vowel ({{IPA|/ɪər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|iə}}, not {{angbr IPA|i.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɪə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|u}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | fr'''u'''ition{{refn|name=schwa-w}}{{refn|name=i-u}}
| {{big|{{IPA|uə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | infl'''ue'''nce{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|uə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[u.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|CURE}} vowel ({{IPA|/ʊər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|uə}}, not {{angbr IPA|u.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ʊə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Syllabic consonant]]s{{refn|name=syllabic|In a number of contexts, {{IPA|/ə/}} in {{IPA|/ər/}}, {{IPA|/əl/}}, {{IPA|/ən/}}, or {{IPA|/əm/}} is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show {{IPA|/ə/}} in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit {{IPA|/ə/}}. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that ''doubling'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/}}}} may alternatively be pronounced as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈdʌb.lɪŋ]}}}}, and ''Edinburgh'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/}}}} as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈɛd.ɪn.brə]}}}}.<!-- Symbols are deliberately kept diaphonemic since their realizations vary. -->{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|2008|pp=173, 799}}.}} When not followed by a vowel, {{IPA|/ər/}} merges with {{IPA|/ə/}} in non-rhotic accents.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|əl}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | bott'''le''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əl]}} or {{IPA|[l̩]}})}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ən}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | butt'''on''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[ən]}} or {{IPA|[n̩]}})}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|əm}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rhyth'''m''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əm]}} or {{IPA|[m̩]}})}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background:#fff" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]{{refn|The IPA stress mark {{angbr IPA|ˈ}} comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].}}
! colspan="2" | [[Syllabification]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˈ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|.}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} hire}}, {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}} higher{{refn|Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot {{angbr IPA|.}} may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.}}}}<br>{{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈtæks.peɪər/}} taxpayer}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˌ}}}}
|}
|}
'''Notes'''
* Words in {{sc2|SMALL CAPITALS}} are the standard [[lexical set]]s. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets {{sc2|BATH}} and {{sc2|CLOTH}}, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/æ/}}, the latter with {{IPA|/ɒ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}}.
* The length mark {{angbr IPA|ː}} does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a [[polysyllabic]] word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see {{section link|Clipping (phonetics)|English}}).
==Dialect variation==
{{further|English phonology|International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects}}
This key represents [[diaphoneme]]s, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate <!--"standard ... English ... pronunciations" is not OK, so "English" alone is not OK-->[[General American]], [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) and to a large extent also [[Australian English|Australian]], [[Canadian English|Canadian]], [[Irish English|Irish]] (including [[Ulster English|Ulster]]), [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[Scottish English|Scottish]], [[South African English|South African]] and [[Welsh English|Welsh]] pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
* {{angbr IPA|i}} does not represent a phoneme but a variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with [[happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]] (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed {{IPA|/iː/}}, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, as in ''take''. Before {{IPA|/ə/}} within the same word, another possible pronunciation is {{IPA|/j/}} as in '''''y'''et''.
* Many speakers of American and Canadian English pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=473–6, 493, 499}}.}} You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.
* Speakers of rhotic dialects (Irish English, North American English, Scottish English) do not distinguish between the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}}, ''cure'' {{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} on the one hand and ''fr'''eer'''unning'' {{IPA|/ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/}}, '''''Q-r'''ating'' {{IPA|/ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/}} and ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}} on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/}} as {{IPA|/iːr, uːr, eɪr/}}.{{Dubious|Inaccurate_description_of_rhotic_dialects|date=February 2022}}
* In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''c'''our'''ier'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}}.
** In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''goose'' {{IPA|/ˈɡuːs/}} also have the same vowel.{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=58}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Corrigan|2010|pp=33–5}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} in all contexts.
** In North America, the {{IPA|/ʊr/}} of ''c'''our'''ier'' and the {{IPA|/ʊər/}} of ''cure'' may instead merge with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} as in ''north'' or {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as in ''nurse''. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as {{IPA|/uːr/}} as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.
** In North American dialects that do not distinguish between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} there is also no distinction between the {{IPA|/ɪr/}} of ''m'''irr'''or'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɪr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}.
** In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in ''m'''err'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛri/}}, ''M'''ar'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛəri/}} and ''m'''arr'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmæri/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɛr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ær/}}. Some speakers keep ''m'''arr'''y'' and/or ''m'''err'''y'' separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from {{IPA|/eɪr/}} as in ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}}.
** In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}} and ''lett'''er''''' {{IPA|/ˈlɛtər/}}. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}. The {{IPA|/ʌr/}} of ''hurry'' often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, {{IPA|/ər/}} and {{IPA|/ʌr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}.
* Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} and ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=361, 372}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* In New Zealand English, the vowels of ''kit'' {{IPA|/ˈkɪt/}} and ''foc'''u'''s'' {{IPA|/ˈfoʊkəs/}} have the same [[schwa]]-like quality.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=605–7}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98–9}}.}} If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/ɛər/}}.
* In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''strut'' {{IPA|/ˈstrʌt/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=351–3, 363–4}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.
* In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of '''''u'''northodoxy'' {{IPA|/ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} and '''''a'''n orthodoxy'' {{IPA|/ən ˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=380–1}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʌ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before {{IPA|/l/}}, so that e.g. ''fill'' {{IPA|/ˈfɪl/}} and ''feel'' {{IPA|/ˈfiːl/}} or ''pull'' {{IPA|/ˈpʊl/}} and ''pool'' {{IPA|/ˈpuːl/}} may not be distinguished. [[L-vocalization]] may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g. ''cord'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːrd/}} and ''called'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːld/}} may be homophonous as {{IPA|/ˈkɔːd/}} in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See [[English-language vowel changes before historic /l/]] for more information.
* In many dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore {{IPA|/r/}} in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in ''cart'' {{IPA|/kɑːrt/}}.
* In other dialects, {{IPA|/j/}} ('''y'''es) cannot occur after {{IPA|/t, d, n/}}, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the {{IPA|/j/}} in transcriptions such as ''new'' {{IPA|/njuː/}}. For example, ''New York'' is transcribed {{IPA|/njuː ˈjɔːrk/}}. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/r/}} in {{IPA|/jɔːrk/}} is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/njuː/}} is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See ''[[yod-dropping]]''.)
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
* The vowels of ''kit'' and ''bit'', distinguished in South Africa.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=612–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in stressed syllables and as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}} in unstressed syllables.
* The difference between the vowels of ''fir'', ''fur'' and ''fern'', maintained in some [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]] but lost elsewhere.{{efn|name=scottishprer|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=56}}.}} All of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''north'' and ''force'', distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers.{{efn|name=scottishprer}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''pause'' and ''paws'', distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 310–1}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔː/}} when the spelling does not contain {{angbr|r}} and {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} or {{IPA|/ʊər/}} (depending on the word) when it does.
* The vowels of ''manning'' and ''Manning'', distinguished in some parts of the United States (see [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]]). Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''pain'' and ''pane'' found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/eɪ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''holy'' and ''wholly'' found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 312–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/oʊ/}}.
* Any [[allophone|allophonic]] distinctions, such as:
** The vowels of ''bad'' and ''lad'', distinguished in many parts of [[Australian English|Australia]]. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
** The vowels of ''spider'' and ''spied her'', distinguished in many parts of Scotland,{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=57}}.}} plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''rider'' and ''writer'', distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''powder'' and ''pouter'' distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aʊ/}}.
** Allophonic vowel length (including the [[Scottish vowel length rule]]), as in ''knife'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪf/}} vs. ''knives'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪvz/}}. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as {{IPA|/ɛ/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is also not marked explicitly. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} do not represent phonemes; see above.
** [[Flapping]] in words such as ''better'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɛtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɛdər/}}.
** [[Glottalization]] in words such as ''jetlag'' and, in some accents, ''daughter'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːʔər/}}. In this system, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is used only for [[paralanguage]] or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.
** [[L-vocalization]] in words such as ''bottle'' and ''Alps'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɒtəl/}} and {{IPA|/ˈælps/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɒtʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈæwps/}}.
** The difference between allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} in ''bal'''a'''nce'' ({{IPAblink|ə}}) vs. the ones in '''''a'''bout'' and ''Russi'''a''''' (and, in non-rhotic dialects, ''bett'''er'''''), both of which may be closer to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in dialects with the foot-strut split (that is, {{IPAblink|ɐ}}) vs. the one in ''butt'''o'''n'' (the [[syllabic consonant|syllabicity]] of the following consonant). All are transcribed as {{IPA|/ə/}} in our system.
** The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects. ''Let's pick some grapes for Betty'' should be transcribed {{IPA|/lɛts ˈpɪk səm ˈɡreɪps fər ˈbɛti/}} regardless of the variety of English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like {{IPA|[lɛʔs ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɹɛɪps fə ˈbɛtˢɪi]}}, a Scot as {{IPA|[ɫɛts ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɾeps fɚ ˈbɛte]}}, whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as {{IPA|[ɫɪts ˈpʰək səm ˈɡɹæɪps fə ˈbɪɾi]}}. Because we are transcribing [[diaphoneme]]s rather than [[Phone_(phonetics)|phones]] (actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in ''let's'' as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in ''pick'', or that the Scottish realization of {{IPA|/r/}} after {{IPA|/ɡ/}} overlaps with the New Zealand realization of {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels. In other words, the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} does not stand specifically for the [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] in our system but ''any'' vowel that can be identified as the vowel in ''let's'', depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} for the second sound in ''grapes''.
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.
The pronunciation of the {{IPA|/æ/}} vowel in most dialects of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and Wales has always been closer to {{IPAblink|a}}. Received Pronunciation has moved away from the traditional near-open front realization {{IPAblink|æ}} towards almost fully open front realization {{IPAblink|a}}, and both the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' and the 2014 edition of ''Gimson's Pronunciation of English'' transcribe the vowel in ''lad'', ''bad'', ''cat'', ''trap'' with {{IPA|/a/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=119–20}}.}}
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|IPA chart for English dialects]].
Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of England ending ''-{{zwj}}ford'', which although locally pronounced {{IPA|[-{{zwj}}fəd]}} are transcribed {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fərd/}}. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fəd/}} is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the {{IPA|/r/}} would be absent even in a [[rhoticity in English|rhotic]] dialect.
==Other transcriptions==
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key]].
* To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Pronunciation respelling for English]], which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
* To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]], which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
==See also==
* If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for [[Gentium]] and the more complete [[Charis SIL]]; for a monospaced font, see the complete [[Everson Mono]])
* To add IPA pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{tl|IPA}} template
* For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|Entering IPA characters}}.
* [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]]
* [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key]]
* [[Pronunciation respelling for English]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{notelist|20em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Bauer
|first1=Laurie
|last2=Warren
|first2=Paul
|last3=Bardsley
|first3=Dianne
|last4=Kennedy
|first4=Marianna
|last5=Major
|first5=George
|title=New Zealand English
|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]
|year=2007
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=97–102
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830
|s2cid=145584883
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Corrigan
|first=Karen P.
|year=2010
|title=Irish English, volume 1 – Northern Ireland
|publisher=Edinburgh University Press
|isbn=978-0-7486-3429-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv2qBgAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Cruttenden
|first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|edition=8th
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Flemming
|first1=Edward
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Stephanie
|year=2007
|title=''Rosa's roses'': reduced vowels in American English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=83–96
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002817
|s2cid=145535175
|url=http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf
}}
* {{Cite EPD|18}}
* {{cite book
|last=Stuart-Smith
|first=Jane
|chapter=Scottish English: phonology
|year=2004
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=47–67
|doi=10.1515/9783110175325.1.47
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{Accents of English}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|year=2008
|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Longman
|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0
}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols] – for help on getting the [[screen reader]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
* [http://ipa-reader.xyz/ IPA Reader] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[Amazon Polly]]
* [https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/ Phoneme Synthesis] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[eSpeak]]
{{IPA keys}}
{{IPA templates|state=collapsed}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}
{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-EN|H:IPAE|H:IPAEN}}
Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''' ('''IPA'''). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia and differ from those used by dictionaries.
If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the [[#See also|links below]].
If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template {{t|IPAc-en}}. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions.
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}
==Key==
If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see [[Help:IPA]], which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see {{section link|English orthography|Sound-to-spelling correspondences}}. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see {{section link|English orthography|Spelling-to-sound correspondences}}.
The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce [[Cot–caught merger|''cot'' and ''caught'' the same]], ''do'' and ''dew'', or ''marry'' and ''merry''. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles [[English phonology]] and [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects]]). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well.{{refn|name=localterms|This rule is generally employed in the pronunciation guide of our articles, even for local terms such as place names. However, be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if a pronunciation of an English town ending in ‑ford reads /‑fəd/, it doesn't mean that the /r/ would be absent in a rhotic dialect.}} Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger.<ref>For example, if you have the ''marry–merry'' merger, you probably only merge {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. You would still distinguish ''man'' and ''men''.</ref> The footnotes explain some of these cases.
{| style="background:none"
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%"
! colspan="2"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! style="width:3em" | IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|b}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|d}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er{{refn|name=flapping|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and sometimes also {{IPA|/d/}} between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making ''latter'' sound similar or identical to ''ladder''. Some dictionaries transcribe {{IPA|/t/}} subject to this process as {{angbr IPA|d}} or {{angbr IPA|t̬}}, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as a [[nasalized]] tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, making ''winter'' sound similar or identical to ''winner''. This is also not distinguished in this system.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ew{{refn|name=yod|In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} is not pronounced after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}} and {{IPA|/dj/}} mostly merge with {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''. In some dialects {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are also affected and frequently merge with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. Where {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} following a coronal is still pronounced in yod-dropping accents, place a syllable break before it: ''menu'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛn.juː/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''g'''iant, ba'''dg'''e
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|f}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''f'''ind, lea'''f'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɡ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|h}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|hw}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''wh'''ine{{refn|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|The IPA value of the letter {{angbr IPA|j}} may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like ''[[hallelujah]]'' and ''[[fjord]]''.}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|k}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''k'''ind, s'''k'''y, '''c'''ra'''ck'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|l}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, p'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}{{refn|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|lj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''l'''ute{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|m}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''m'''y, s'''m'''ile, ca'''m'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|n}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''igh, s'''n'''ide, ca'''n'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|nj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]], {{angbr IPA|r}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɹ}} in broad transcriptions of English.}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|s}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''s'''igh, ma'''ss'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|sj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | con'''s'''ume{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|t}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', la'''tt'''er}}{{refn|name=flapping}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''t'''une{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''Ch'''ina, ca'''tch'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''igh, pa'''th'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | en'''th'''use{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|v}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, lea'''v'''e}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|w}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''w'''ine, s'''w'''ine
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|z}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''z'''oo, ha'''s'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|zj}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''Z'''eus{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | plea'''s'''ure, bei'''g'''e{{refn|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background: #fff" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Marginal phoneme|Marginal segments]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|x}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} can also be replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as ''Chanukah''.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʔ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | uh'''-'''oh {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈʔʌʔoʊ/}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | b'''on''' viv'''an'''t{{refn|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/}}}}, ''ensemble'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/}}}}, etc.{{efn|{{harvp|Jones|2011}}.}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | f'''in''' de siècle{{refn|name=nasalvowel}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | M'''ö'''bius {{small|(UK only)}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɜː/}} is only found in loanwords and represents a situation where such an ''r''-less vowel is used only in British or Southern Hemisphere accents, and therefore a transcription that includes it must always be prefaced with a label indicating the variety of English. It is to be used only when a reliable source shows that General American has a different vowel in the same position. If ''r''-ful {{sc2|NURSE}} is used even in GA, even if spelled without {{angbr|r}}, as in ''Goethe'' and ''hors d'oeuvre'', use {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}. {{IPA|/ɜː/}} is also not the same as {{angbr|œ}} seen in some American dictionaries. {{angbr|œ}} in those dictionaries is merely a notational convention and does not correspond to any vowel in any accent of English, so a transcription containing {{angbr|œ}} cannot be converted to one that uses this key.}}
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="2" | Strong vowels !! colspan="2" | ...followed by R{{refn|In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accents]] like RP, {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|P'''A'''LM}}, br'''a'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|ST'''AR'''T}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|L'''O'''T}}, bl'''o'''ckade{{refn|In dialects with the [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] such as General American, {{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''or'''al{{refn|In most of the United States, {{IPA|/ɒr/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, except for a handful of words such as ''borrow'', ''tomorrow'' and ''sorry'', which instead have {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In Canada, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TR'''A'''P}}, t'''a'''ttoo, s'''a'''ng{{refn|In North America, {{IPA|/æ/}} is often pronounced like a diphthong {{IPA|[eə~ɛə]}} before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''arr'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry|Many North American accents have the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]] and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds {{IPA|/ɛər/}}, {{IPA|/ær/}}, and {{IPA|/ɛr/}}. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically {{IPA|/ɛər/}} with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.{{efn|{{cite web|last1=Vaux|first1=Bert|last2=Golder|first2=Scott|year=2003|url=http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html|title=How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|publisher=Harvard University Linguistics Department}}}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|PR'''I'''CE}}, p'''ie'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising|In much of North America, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} or {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a [[voiceless]] consonant, as in ''price'' or ''mouth'', from that in ''ride/pie'' or ''loud/how'', a phenomenon known as [[Canadian raising]]. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | h'''ire'''{{refn|name=triphthong|Some speakers pronounce ''higher, flower'' and ''coyer'' ("more coy") with two syllables, and ''hire, flour'' and ''coir'' with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ər/}}, to differentiate from the latter. Also, the distinction between {{IPA|/aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪər/}} and {{IPA|/aɪr, aʊr, ɔɪr/}} is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in {{IPA|[ˈdaəri]}} ''diary'').}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|M'''OU'''TH}}, h'''ow'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | fl'''our'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|DR'''E'''SS}}, pr'''e'''stige, l'''e'''ngth{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''err'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''A'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}}, h'''i'''storic, s'''i'''ng{{refn|name=strong-weak|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|oʊ}} represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=91–2}}.}}{{efn|{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John|date=25 March 2011|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html|title=strong and weak|work=John Wells's phonetic blog}}}}}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|FL'''EE'''CE}}, pedigr'''ee''', id'''e'''a{{refn|name=smoothing|Words like ''idea, real,'' and ''theatre'' may be pronounced with {{IPA|/ɪə/}} and ''cruel'' with {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}},{{efn|name=wells-smoothing|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=240}}.}} but since they are not pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}} in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with {{IPA|/iːə, uːə/}}, not with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}}, in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''EAR'''}}, s'''er'''ious{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o}}, particularly in North American literature.}}{{refn|name=strong-weak}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OR'''CE}}, h'''oar'''se{{refn|name=horse|Some conservative dialects make a distinction between the vowels in ''horse'' and ''hoarse'', but the number of speakers who make this distinction any longer is very small and many dictionaries do not differentiate between them ([[horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]]).}}
|-
| | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TH'''OUGH'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} in dialects with the [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''OR'''TH}}, h'''or'''se{{refn|name=horse}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|CH'''OI'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | c'''oir'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OO'''T}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | c'''our'''ier
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|uː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OO'''SE}}, cr'''u'''el{{refn|name=smoothing}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | t'''our''', {{nowrap|{{sc2|C'''URE'''}} {{small|({{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}})}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[cure–force merger|''cure''–''force'' merger]], including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English {{IPA|/ʊər/}} is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence {{IPA|/uːər/}} ({{IPA|/uːr/}} before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, '''u'''ntidy, tr'''u'''stee, s'''u'''ng{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the {{IPA|/ʊ/}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, bl'''urr'''y, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʌr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | h'''urr'''y{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌr/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} in dialects with the [[Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'' merger]] such as General American.}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Stress and vowel reduction in English|Weak vowels]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|COMM'''A'''}}, abb'''o'''t, b'''a'''zaar
| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|LETT'''ER'''}}, forw'''ar'''d, hist'''or'''y{{refn|name=syllabic}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rabb'''i'''t, b'''i'''zarre, Lat'''i'''n{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the [[weak vowel merger]] such as most Australian and American accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is not distinguished from schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}, making ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' homophonous. (Pairs like ''roses'' and ''Rosa's'' are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=94–5}}.}} but may be homophonous in Australian.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=601}}.}}) In these accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/}} merge with {{IPA|/əl, ən, əm/}}, so that the second vowel in ''Latin'' may be lost and ''cabinet'' may be disyllabic (see the previous note).}}
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | mott'''o''', retr'''o'''active, foll'''ow'''er{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|name=schwa-w|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as {{IPA|/əw/}} by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.{{efn|{{cite web |last=Windsor Lewis |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Windsor Lewis |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174 |title=The Elephant in the Room |work=PhonetiBlog}}}} Hence a difference between {{IPA|/əw/}} in Merriam-Webster and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so {{IPA|/əw/}} in such cases may be better replaced with {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} accordingly, to minimize confusion: {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/}} → {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/}}, {{IPA|/ˈfɒləwər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfɒloʊər/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|HAPP'''Y'''}}, med'''i'''ocre{{refn|name=i-u|{{angbr IPA|i}} represents variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to {{IPA|/iː/}} in accents with [[Happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]], such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in others. {{angbr IPA|u}} likewise represents variation between {{IPA|/uː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in unstressed prevocalic positions.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|iə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | Californ'''ia'''{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|iə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[i.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[jə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|NEAR}} vowel ({{IPA|/ɪər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|iə}}, not {{angbr IPA|i.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɪə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|u}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | fr'''u'''ition{{refn|name=schwa-w}}{{refn|name=i-u}}
| {{big|{{IPA|uə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | infl'''ue'''nce{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|uə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[u.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|CURE}} vowel ({{IPA|/ʊər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|uə}}, not {{angbr IPA|u.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ʊə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Syllabic consonant]]s{{refn|name=syllabic|In a number of contexts, {{IPA|/ə/}} in {{IPA|/ər/}}, {{IPA|/əl/}}, {{IPA|/ən/}}, or {{IPA|/əm/}} is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show {{IPA|/ə/}} in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit {{IPA|/ə/}}. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that ''doubling'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/}}}} may alternatively be pronounced as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈdʌb.lɪŋ]}}}}, and ''Edinburgh'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/}}}} as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈɛd.ɪn.brə]}}}}.<!-- Symbols are deliberately kept diaphonemic since their realizations vary. -->{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|2008|pp=173, 799}}.}} When not followed by a vowel, {{IPA|/ər/}} merges with {{IPA|/ə/}} in non-rhotic accents.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|əl}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | bott'''le''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əl]}} or {{IPA|[l̩]}})}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ən}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | butt'''on''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[ən]}} or {{IPA|[n̩]}})}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|əm}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rhyth'''m''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əm]}} or {{IPA|[m̩]}})}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background:#fff" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]{{refn|The IPA stress mark {{angbr IPA|ˈ}} comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].}}
! colspan="2" | [[Syllabification]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˈ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|.}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} hire}}, {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}} higher{{refn|Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot {{angbr IPA|.}} may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.}}}}<br>{{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈtæks.peɪər/}} taxpayer}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˌ}}}}
|}
|}
'''Notes'''
* Words in {{sc2|SMALL CAPITALS}} are the standard [[lexical set]]s. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets {{sc2|BATH}} and {{sc2|CLOTH}}, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/æ/}}, the latter with {{IPA|/ɒ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}}.
* The length mark {{angbr IPA|ː}} does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a [[polysyllabic]] word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see {{section link|Clipping (phonetics)|English}}).
==Dialect variation==
{{further|English phonology|International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects}}
This key represents [[diaphoneme]]s, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate <!--"standard ... English ... pronunciations" is not OK, so "English" alone is not OK-->[[General American]], [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) and to a large extent also [[Australian English|Australian]], [[Canadian English|Canadian]], [[Irish English|Irish]] (including [[Ulster English|Ulster]]), [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[Scottish English|Scottish]], [[South African English|South African]] and [[Welsh English|Welsh]] pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
* {{angbr IPA|i}} does not represent a phoneme but a variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with [[happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]] (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed {{IPA|/iː/}}, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, as in ''take''. Before {{IPA|/ə/}} within the same word, another possible pronunciation is {{IPA|/j/}} as in '''''y'''et''.
* Many speakers of American and Canadian English pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=473–6, 493, 499}}.}} You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.
* Speakers of rhotic dialects (Irish English, North American English, Scottish English) do not distinguish between the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}}, ''cure'' {{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} on the one hand and ''fr'''eer'''unning'' {{IPA|/ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/}}, '''''Q-r'''ating'' {{IPA|/ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/}} and ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}} on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/}} as {{IPA|/iːr, uːr, eɪr/}}.{{Dubious|Inaccurate_description_of_rhotic_dialects|date=February 2022}}
* In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''c'''our'''ier'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}}.
** In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''goose'' {{IPA|/ˈɡuːs/}} also have the same vowel.{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=58}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Corrigan|2010|pp=33–5}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} in all contexts.
** In North America, the {{IPA|/ʊr/}} of ''c'''our'''ier'' and the {{IPA|/ʊər/}} of ''cure'' may instead merge with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} as in ''north'' or {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as in ''nurse''. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as {{IPA|/uːr/}} as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.
** In North American dialects that do not distinguish between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} there is also no distinction between the {{IPA|/ɪr/}} of ''m'''irr'''or'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɪr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}.
** In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in ''m'''err'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛri/}}, ''M'''ar'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛəri/}} and ''m'''arr'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmæri/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɛr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ær/}}. Some speakers keep ''m'''arr'''y'' and/or ''m'''err'''y'' separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from {{IPA|/eɪr/}} as in ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}}.
** In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}} and ''lett'''er''''' {{IPA|/ˈlɛtər/}}. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}. The {{IPA|/ʌr/}} of ''hurry'' often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, {{IPA|/ər/}} and {{IPA|/ʌr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}.
* Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} and ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=361, 372}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* In New Zealand English, the vowels of ''kit'' {{IPA|/ˈkɪt/}} and ''foc'''u'''s'' {{IPA|/ˈfoʊkəs/}} have the same [[schwa]]-like quality.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=605–7}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98–9}}.}} If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/ɛər/}}.
* In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''strut'' {{IPA|/ˈstrʌt/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=351–3, 363–4}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.
* In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of '''''u'''northodoxy'' {{IPA|/ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} and '''''a'''n orthodoxy'' {{IPA|/ən ˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=380–1}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʌ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before {{IPA|/l/}}, so that e.g. ''fill'' {{IPA|/ˈfɪl/}} and ''feel'' {{IPA|/ˈfiːl/}} or ''pull'' {{IPA|/ˈpʊl/}} and ''pool'' {{IPA|/ˈpuːl/}} may not be distinguished. [[L-vocalization]] may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g. ''cord'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːrd/}} and ''called'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːld/}} may be homophonous as {{IPA|/ˈkɔːd/}} in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See [[English-language vowel changes before historic /l/]] for more information.
* In many dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore {{IPA|/r/}} in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in ''cart'' {{IPA|/kɑːrt/}}.
* In other dialects, {{IPA|/j/}} ('''y'''es) cannot occur after {{IPA|/t, d, n/}}, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the {{IPA|/j/}} in transcriptions such as ''new'' {{IPA|/njuː/}}. For example, ''New York'' is transcribed {{IPA|/njuː ˈjɔːrk/}}. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/r/}} in {{IPA|/jɔːrk/}} is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/njuː/}} is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See ''[[yod-dropping]]''.)
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
* The vowels of ''kit'' and ''bit'', distinguished in South Africa.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=612–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in stressed syllables and as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}} in unstressed syllables.
* The difference between the vowels of ''fir'', ''fur'' and ''fern'', maintained in some [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]] but lost elsewhere.{{efn|name=scottishprer|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=56}}.}} All of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''north'' and ''force'', distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers.{{efn|name=scottishprer}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''pause'' and ''paws'', distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 310–1}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔː/}} when the spelling does not contain {{angbr|r}} and {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} or {{IPA|/ʊər/}} (depending on the word) when it does.
* The vowels of ''manning'' and ''Manning'', distinguished in some parts of the United States (see [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]]). Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''pain'' and ''pane'' found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/eɪ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''holy'' and ''wholly'' found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 312–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/oʊ/}}.
* Any [[allophone|allophonic]] distinctions, such as:
** The vowels of ''bad'' and ''lad'', distinguished in many parts of [[Australian English|Australia]]. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
** The vowels of ''spider'' and ''spied her'', distinguished in many parts of Scotland,{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=57}}.}} plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''rider'' and ''writer'', distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''powder'' and ''pouter'' distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aʊ/}}.
** Allophonic vowel length (including the [[Scottish vowel length rule]]), as in ''knife'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪf/}} vs. ''knives'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪvz/}}. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as {{IPA|/ɛ/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is also not marked explicitly. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} do not represent phonemes; see above.
** [[Flapping]] in words such as ''better'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɛtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɛdər/}}.
** [[Glottalization]] in words such as ''jetlag'' and, in some accents, ''daughter'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːʔər/}}. In this system, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is used only for [[paralanguage]] or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.
** [[L-vocalization]] in words such as ''bottle'' and ''Alps'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɒtəl/}} and {{IPA|/ˈælps/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɒtʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈæwps/}}.
** The difference between allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} in ''bal'''a'''nce'' ({{IPAblink|ə}}) vs. the ones in '''''a'''bout'' and ''Russi'''a''''' (and, in non-rhotic dialects, ''bett'''er'''''), both of which may be closer to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in dialects with the foot-strut split (that is, {{IPAblink|ɐ}}) vs. the one in ''butt'''o'''n'' (the [[syllabic consonant|syllabicity]] of the following consonant). All are transcribed as {{IPA|/ə/}} in our system.
** The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects. ''Let's pick some grapes for Betty'' should be transcribed {{IPA|/lɛts ˈpɪk səm ˈɡreɪps fər ˈbɛti/}} regardless of the variety of English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like {{IPA|[lɛʔs ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɹɛɪps fə ˈbɛtˢɪi]}}, a Scot as {{IPA|[ɫɛts ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɾeps fɚ ˈbɛte]}}, whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as {{IPA|[ɫɪts ˈpʰək səm ˈɡɹæɪps fə ˈbɪɾi]}}. Because we are transcribing [[diaphoneme]]s rather than [[Phone_(phonetics)|phones]] (actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in ''let's'' as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in ''pick'', or that the Scottish realization of {{IPA|/r/}} after {{IPA|/ɡ/}} overlaps with the New Zealand realization of {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels. In other words, the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} does not stand specifically for the [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] in our system but ''any'' vowel that can be identified as the vowel in ''let's'', depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} for the second sound in ''grapes''.
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.
The pronunciation of the {{IPA|/æ/}} vowel in most dialects of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and Wales has always been closer to {{IPAblink|a}}. Received Pronunciation has moved away from the traditional near-open front realization {{IPAblink|æ}} towards almost fully open front realization {{IPAblink|a}}, and both the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' and the 2014 edition of ''Gimson's Pronunciation of English'' transcribe the vowel in ''lad'', ''bad'', ''cat'', ''trap'' with {{IPA|/a/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=119–20}}.}}
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|IPA chart for English dialects]].
Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of England ending ''-{{zwj}}ford'', which although locally pronounced {{IPA|[-{{zwj}}fəd]}} are transcribed {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fərd/}}. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fəd/}} is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the {{IPA|/r/}} would be absent even in a [[rhoticity in English|rhotic]] dialect.
==Other transcriptions==
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key]].
* To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Pronunciation respelling for English]], which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
* To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]], which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
==See also==
* If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for [[Gentium]] and the more complete [[Charis SIL]]; for a monospaced font, see the complete [[Everson Mono]])
* To add IPA pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{tl|IPA}} template
* For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|Entering IPA characters}}.
* [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]]
* [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key]]
* [[Pronunciation respelling for English]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{notelist|20em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Bauer
|first1=Laurie
|last2=Warren
|first2=Paul
|last3=Bardsley
|first3=Dianne
|last4=Kennedy
|first4=Marianna
|last5=Major
|first5=George
|title=New Zealand English
|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]
|year=2007
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=97–102
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830
|s2cid=145584883
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Corrigan
|first=Karen P.
|year=2010
|title=Irish English, volume 1 – Northern Ireland
|publisher=Edinburgh University Press
|isbn=978-0-7486-3429-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv2qBgAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Cruttenden
|first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|edition=8th
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Flemming
|first1=Edward
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Stephanie
|year=2007
|title=''Rosa's roses'': reduced vowels in American English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=83–96
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002817
|s2cid=145535175
|url=http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf
}}
* {{Cite EPD|18}}
* {{cite book
|last=Stuart-Smith
|first=Jane
|chapter=Scottish English: phonology
|year=2004
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=47–67
|doi=10.1515/9783110175325.1.47
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{Accents of English}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|year=2008
|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Longman
|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0
}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols] – for help on getting the [[screen reader]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
* [http://ipa-reader.xyz/ IPA Reader] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[Amazon Polly]]
* [https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/ Phoneme Synthesis] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[eSpeak]]
{{IPA keys}}
{{IPA templates|state=collapsed}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}